..

01061158101

: ...

..
:

..

: ,

..
: ..

: ,

,

...
:

...

..

01061158101

:
(

)
-

: 2

*************************************************************************

( )

( )
"

"
1

"

( )
f

01061158101

( ) .

.
.

*******************************************************************************
.

( )

( -
- )

( )

.. . 1

1
.. . 1
1

01061158101

1
( ) ( ).
2
= .
3

4
.
5
( . )
6
.
7
.
.
8

V
E
9
.
10
.
11
.
12
( )
13
I2 R
14

15

V = VB Ir
*************************************************************************
-16
= 0 F = B I L sin 0 = 0
17
18
= 0 Sin = Sin 0 = 0

01061158101

19
Sin

BIAN Sin

20

21

22


23

24
-1 :
-2
-3
25

26


27

28


29




30

31
.
32
.
33
.
34

01061158101

35
( = = . )F
36
( = 90o = . )

37
.
38

************************************************************************
39
= 0
emf = BLv Sin 0 = 0
40



41


42
100
42
:
-1 (
)
-2

-3

43

= I2 R ( ) I
) R (

44
220
45


46


47

01061158101

-1 .
-2 .
-3

-4
-5
- . .W
W
= Pw

t
1

-6
-

Kol
Sec

Q
t

.-7 :




:
-1

-2
-3
( )
-4
-5
-6 ( )
:
-1
-2 ( )
-3
-4 ( )
-5
:
-1 [ = . / ]
-2 [ / / ]
.. :
-1
-2
-3
f

01061158101

:




( )

( -
)

BI

1
d

BI

N B

1
r

BI

N B

1
L

FI FB
FL L I

......

..

N
.
( )

..

L


V

M



f

01061158101

L

( ) ( )


..

.

-1 -2 ( )

-1 -2

( )

( )

I = I1 + I 2 + I 3

V = V1 = V 2 = V 3

I = I 1 = I2 = I3

V = V 1 + V2 + V3

R = R1 + R 2 + R 3

-1

-1

R = r N
-3
R = R1 + R2

10

1
1
1
1

R
R1
R2
R3

-1

-2
r

=R

R1 R 2
-3
R1 R 2

=R

01061158101

V
R

V = V

-1 = I r

E
Rr

=E

V = V = E
V = VB - I r

-2 ( )I r .

VB = V

()

( )









( )

.
2 d

NI
2r

N
I
L

( )

: .

.
:


. !

11

01061158101

-1
-2
-3

-4

-1
-2
-3

-4

( )

-1

-2

-3

-4
-5

:
-1
-2

-3

:
-1

-2

-3

: . !

12

01061158101

-1
-2

-3

-4

-1
-2


-3

-4

-1

-2

-3
-4

-5

-6


------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---

()
()

(
)




( )
( )

---------------------- ---------------------------------------------
!
:
!

: !

13

01061158101

----------------------------------------------- -------------------- :

/

1-

. .
.

1-

. . 1-

1- 1-

.
1-

. / =

./

. =

/.

. = . /

. . = .

. = . .

. /
/ .

/.
/

1-

/ .

. /

. /

14

01061158101

-2
-1
-3

( )
( )

( )

15

01061158101

:
-1 = 2 10-6 . .
=
1 -2 6 107 .

2 10-6

1
=
6 10 7

-3 7 10-6.
= 7 10-6 .
-3 4 .
4 =
1 =
4
-4 100 =
100
-5 = 10
1 10 =
-6 = 0.1 / . . ( )

0.1
= 0.1
-7 = 2
= 2
-8 = 0.5.
: 0.5

-9 = 5.

= 5
-10 = 40
: 40

-11 90 % =
90 / 100 =
10 %
-12 = 4
:
4
-13 0.1 =
00 0.1
/
-14 = 240

= 240
-15 ( ) 10 % =
90
90 % =
100
f

16

01061158101

-13 .

:

-14 .

:
-15
S .
L1 (emf)2
L2
L2
-16 ..... .

:


-17

:

-18 ( )

:
-19

: V VB Ir Ir
V
-20

:


21
-27

:

17

01061158101

slope = 0

..

18

01061158101

19

01061158101

20

01061158101

-1 :
-2 :
-3 :

1
: : 0

-1

-2

21

01061158101

Ig
-2 .

Rg
-1 :

-1

R g RS
R g RS

Rs

-2 .

) IRS I g ( Rg RS

) I g ( Rg RS
RS

IRS I g RS I g Rg

I g Rg
I Ig

RS

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------N
A

3
B

BIAN
-1 abcd
-2 ( ) ad , bc
-3 ) cd , ab (
F BI cd = ad
bc :
=

BI cd . bc BIA

A = bc . cd
-4 N :
BIAN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
-1
:

:


( )

22

01061158101

:
:
:
-1


-2 Ig
-3 :
) Vg = Ig Rg .( 1
-4 Vg
Rg
-5 V :
V = Vg + Vm
V g = Ig R g
,
Vm = I g Rm
V = Vg + I g Rm
V - Vg = Ig Rm
V - Vg
= Rm
Ig
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ig
Rg
6
-1 : Ig > I

-2 : : Vg > V

:
-1 I :
( ) Is
( ) Ig

-2
=

Vg = V s
I = I g + Is
Vg = I g R g
Vs = Is Rs
Ig Rg = Is Rs
Is = I - Ig
Ig Rg = ( I - Ig ) Rs
Ig Rg
:
= Rs
Rs
I - Ig
Rg
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

23

01061158101

7
v B x
t
A x
:

m BA

m Bx
emf
Bx
emf

emf Bv
t

m
t

emf

emf Bv
:
:

emf Bv Sin

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
-1 A V B
*

emf Bv Sin

v r
-2 r
emf Br Sin
:
-3

emf 2 NBr Sin

* N :

A 2r
emf NBA Sin

* :

emf 2 Br Sin

24

01061158101

. . . .
... .

. . . . . ... .

... .. ! !

25

01061158101

VS N P
100
VP N S

26

01061158101

20 1 5
1000 .

I 5 10 3

1 10 3 20
5
I 1 10 3

I g Rg
I Ig

RS

I g R g

R1 R2
20 5

4
R1 R2 20 5

Rg

V I g R g I g Rm 5 10 3 4 5 10 3 1000 5.02

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- B A 400 = A 1000 = B 5

A 410-4 A 210-4 B :
-2
-1 A
-3 B A 0.1

LI N
H

emf N

L 0.032

I
t

emf L

L 5 400 4 10 4

MI1 N

emf N

m 0.04

I1
t

(emf ) 2 M

M 5 1000 2 10 4

B A 0.1

05
2
0.1

emf 0.04

I1
t

27

(emf ) 2 M

01061158101

7 4
3.5210-5
30 1.5

NI
2r

22
) 10 7 I 4
7
3.52 10 5
I 0.98 A
2 0.07
22
2r N 2 0.07 4 1.76 m

7

F BISin 1.5 .98 1.76 Sin30 1.29 N
(4

-------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- 22 49 710-5

11

22
7

2r

NI

22
) 10 7 I 49
5
7
7 10
I 0.25 A
2 0.11
22
4 ( ) 10 7 0.25 49
7
B
I 1.4 10 4
0.11
(4

NI
2r

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------- 2 5 10 :
-1 2
4 10 7
-2
-3 0.4
60

22
7

V 10

2 A
R 5
-1 2
I
4 10 7 2
5
B

2 10
T
2d 2 2 10 2
2r N
-2
1
2 2r 1 r
I

22 2
) 10 7 2
7
3.95 10 6
2

(4

NI

4 10 7 1 2
B

1
2r
2

28

01061158101

 BIANSin BI r 2 N Sin

-3

N .m

22
7
( ) 2 1 Sin30 0.127
7
22

0.4 2

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3000 120 .

15 80% 4000 . :
-2 .
-1 .

N S 200

I S 125

A
A

80 120 4000

100 3000 N S

I P 6.25

15000 I S 120
80 120 125

100 3000 I P

VS N P
VP N S

PS I SVS
VS I S
VP I P

--------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------- I 100Sin18000t :

-3 0.005
-2
-1

I 100Sin18000t
I I max Sint

:
18000

Rad / S

I max 100

I eff 0.707 I max 0.707 100 70.7

f 50

Hz

18000 2 180 f

2f

1
1

0.02
f 50

0.005
A

I 100Sin(18000 0.005) 100

I 100Sin18000t

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- B , A 5 A 2 A 20
2 4 10 7

I1 I 2 L 4 10 7 2 5 2
F

2 10 5 N
2d
2 0.2
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- 5 15
1.5 1 .
10 400

RC 94

R 50

1.5
5 RC 1

1.5
5 94 1 R
29

15 10 3

10 10 3

VB
Rg RC r

VB
Rg RC r R

01061158101

I 3 10 3

1.5
5 94 1 400

VB
Rg RC r R

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 .

I 3I g :

15

I g 30
3I g I g

15 30
10
15 30

I g Rg

I Ig

RS R g
RS R g

RS

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0.1 5 10 .

10 :
I 11I g

0.01

I g 0.1
11I g I g

I g Rg
I Ig

RS

I 10 5 5 55 A
10 :
I g Rg
5 0.1

RS

0.01
I I g 55 5

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------

, .

30

01061158101

max

. K

L

) M

N

) ) O .
.

31

01061158101

( )

( )

) ( 10 -18 - 10 -13


( )

-: ( )

-: .

.
( )

-:
. ( . )
-:
.

( )

: .
( )
- : .

- :
.
- :

-1 - : .
-2 .
-3 .
-:

32

01061158101

( ) :

- :

-: .

-: .

: .

( )
.

-: =

) ( n - type
( ( p - type
-: P n n P
- : n , P

: n P

) ( P - type .
) ( n - type .

) ( P - type .
) ( n - type
.
) ( P( n
) .
( e ) I C I E
( V CB )
( ) e I C

I B ( )

I c
I B

: .

: 1 , 0

) ( RAM

) ( 0 ) ( 1

) ( Data

33

01061158101

- R - C - L

- n p

-: .

: .
( : )
.

= 0.3 v
= 0.3v

0.99 = e
= 0.99
200 = e
= 200

. -

.
.
.

34

01061158101

( )

--

(
)

( )

1 , 0

: IBIC
( On )
IC = 0
( Off )

) ( 1 , 0

( 1 , 0 )

-1
-3
-2 =

35

01061158101

( )
( )

(
)

-1 : :

-2 :

( )


( )

-1
-3
-2
---

-1

-3 -4 -5
-2

-1
-2
-3

36

01061158101

-1


-2



.
-3

max= 9.66 m
-4

-5

( )
-6

1
mV 2 E h h c
2
-7

-8 X
.
-9

2 PW
C

.
-10
E = m C 2
) ( 9 x 10 16
-11

(
)
-12 X
X
f

37

01061158101

-13 .

.
2

-14

-15
h
h

PL
mV

-16 ( )


-17 .

-18

-19

-20 .

- 21 .
( )
- 22

- 23

-24 -
-


- 25

( )

- 26

-26
K
O
( O )
- 27 .
f

38

01061158101

)
-28

-29

-30


-31 X

-32 X


-33

-34



-35

-36

-37
X

-38 .
.
-39 .
.
-40 ) ( He - Ne

-41 .

f

39

01061158101

-42 . -


-43
.

-44 .

.
-45 .

-46 .

-47 .

-48 .

-49

-50


-51

.
-52

-53
.

-54

-55



-56 P n

f

40

01061158101

-57

-58 .

-59

-60 .
( )
( )
-61 .

-62


-63 .

- 64 .
( )

- 65

-66
n P n on
off
-67 e e .
IE Ic e
) ( ( 1 - e ) e .

-68 .

( )

-1

-2


f

41

01061158101

-3 ( )

-4 .

-5

-6

-7

-8

-9

-10

-11 ( )

-12

-13

-14 ( h = E2 - E 1 ) . E2
E 1
-15 .
.
-16 .
.
-17 .

-18 .

-19

:

-20

:
f

42

01061158101

-21

-22

:

-23
:


-24

( )
( X )
:
-25
( X )
: X
-26
( )
:

E E2 E1 h

:
-1 . -

-2 . -

-3 .

.
-4
.

-5 .
.
-6 .
( )

43

01061158101

-7 ( )

( )
-8 . .

-1



-2

-3 2 1011 joul =
= 2 1011 joul
-4





-5
. :
( ) :

( ) : .
.
-6

-7 : (
)
-8 :

-9


: ( )
-- --
-10
f

44

01061158101

( )
( )
-11 = 99
= 99
-12 = 0.99
= 0.99

( ) :
-- -- -- --
-- --)

200 .

100

-1
-2

h =
h
=
2

-3 ( )

h / , m v

h
h
, , m v , =
C

45

01061158101

-1 ) 2007 ( ) (
)

1
Ve

46

01061158101

( )

( )

( )

.
47

01061158101

H e - N e

( )

-1

-2
-3
:

:

-1
( ) 0 , 1
-2
-3
:
*

*

( )
n

* *

*
*
*
*

48

01061158101

P,n

] [ p N

)( n-type

)( n-type

On Off

( )

On

Off

( )

IC

IC

IC

P , n
P, n
P
n
n P

49

01061158101

:
:
-1
-2
-3 -3
-4

-5

( )

-1 :

-4 :

:
-3 :
-4 :
-5 = 0.6
:
-1 2007
( ) : ( )
( ) : ( )
-2 2007
( ) :

( ) : (
)
f

50

01061158101

-3
:
( ) :
( ) ( ) :

( ) .





.



.
.


f

51

01061158101

.





.
-1 n
-3 P
-4

52

01061158101

( ) (
)


( )

n
( )
P


( )

53

01061158101

( 0 ) 1 0 1
( )






X
X
X
X
( )

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

:

m .T Const

0.499 10 6 6000 9.66 10 6 T2

m 1 / T

m1 .T1 m 2 .T2

T2 310K 37C

------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------f

54

01061158101

 -1 1 w 3108 m/s
2 PW
= 0.67X10-10 N
C

=F
c= 3x108m/s

-2 h = 6.625x10 -34J.S

= 380nm

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -3 20KV
1.610-19 9.110-31Kg
1
mev2 = eV
2
2 1.6 10 1 9 20000
83.86m / s
9.1 10 3 1

2e V
v
m

h
6.625 10 34

8.68 10 12 m
31
6
m v 9.1 10 83.86 10

h
h
6.625 10 34
PL PL
7.63 10 23 kg.m / s
12
PL

8.68 10

-5 1 ( )1nm
=
h
h
v
v 728.0219 103 m / s
mv
m

V 1.5 volt

1
1
m v 2 e V 9.1 10 31 (728.0219 103 ) 2 1.6 10 19 V
2
2

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------- -6 x- RAY ray 100nm X

0.05nm

x rays
c
3 108
3 1015 Hz
100 10 9

h
6.63510 34 31015

2.2 1035 kg
2
8 2
c
) (310
f

55

01061158101

rays

c
3108

1019 Hz
9
0.05 10

h 6.63510 34 1019

7.3610 32 kg
2
8 2
c
) (310

---------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------ -8 ( )92.4MHZ

100 KW
6.62510 -34 J.S
= 106

26

18.2 10 6.1215 10

34

E h E 6.625 10
PW = 100103 W

Pw
6

34

3
nh
n 6.625 10 92.4 10
Pw
100 10
t
1

6
30

1.6 10

92.4 10
3

34

n 6.625 10

100 10

-9 100kw 10 kg

F= 2pW / C = 6.67 10-4 N

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------ -10 3.3 105 m / s
1.7 10-27Kg 6.6X10-34 J.S

h
6.6 10 34
-12
= 1. 176 10 m
mv 1.7 10 27 3.3 10
5

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------f

56

01061158101

-11 600nm
4.2 10-7m 9.1 10-31Kg J.S
6.610-34
8

14
c
3 10

c
5 10 HZ
9
c
600 10
:

14
c
3 10

7.1428 10 HZ
7

4.2 10

2
1
m e v h h c
2

31
2
34
14
34
14
1
9.1 10 v 6.625 10 7.1428 10 6.625 10 5 10
2

558570 .58 m / s

11

11

v 3.12 10 v 3.12 10

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -12 5 10 -19 J

200 nm :
-1 ( ) .
-3

-2 .

:
c 1 2
mv
2

1
hc h mv 2
2

hc h

6.625 10 34 3 108
5 10 19 4.9375 10 19
9
200 10
6.625 1034 3 108
c
4 10 7 m
19
4.9375 10

hc
EW

1
mv 2
2

Ew

hc

h h c

EW h h

5 10
V
1.6 10

19

= eVS

3.125 V

19

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-14 4.6 10 5m / s 623mm

9.1x10-31kg = 3 10 8 m / s 6.62510-34J.S
-2

-1

57

01061158101

 h hc
1
C
mV 2 h
EW

1
mV
2

1
mV 2 h EW
2

1
3 10 8
31
5 2
34
E W 22.1962 10 20 J 2 9.1 10 ( 4.6 10 ) 6.625 10 3 623 10 9 E W

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -15 3.968 10 -19 J

3100A - 5000A - 6200A

- .
- .
9.110-31kg

6.62510-34J.S

1m= 1010A

hc

E h

-:

1
mV 2 h h c
2

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -1 1.987510-34
1.610-19 =
= 6.625 10-34 J.S

hc
6.625 1034 3 108

1013 m
E
1.9875 1012

E h h

-------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -3 50000 v - 10000v

1. 6 10-19 = = 6.625 10-34 J.S 3x108 m / s

58

01061158101

hc
eV

hc

eV = hv

-11

-11

) 12.4X10 m - 2.48x10

----------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- -1 E = -85

E = -1.36
-:
c

6.625 1034 3 108

E4 E1 h h

0.85 (13.6) 1.6 1019

6.625 1034 3 108

0.97426 10 7 m
12.75 1.6 1019

---------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -2

L k
hc

6.625 10 34 3 10 8

=E2-E1

(3.4 (13.6) 1.6 10 19

6.625 1034 3 108

121.78 10 9 m
19
10.2 1.6 10

( ) k
6.625 10 34 3 10 8

(0 (13.6) 1.6 10 19

6.625 1034 3 108

99.337 108 m
19
13.6 1.6 10

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -3 8212A

f

59

01061158101

E En

6.625 1034 3 108

0.00242 1016
8212 1010
=
En 0.00242 10 16 J

hc

En
0.00242

13.6
=
n2

13.6 1.6 10 19
n2

13.6 1.6 10 19
2
8.9917 n =n 8.9917 n
16
0.00242 10

) M )
E3 E4
)

6.625 10 34 3 108 1.6 1019

(-0.85-(-1.51)

01061158101

60

6.625 1034 3 108

18.821 10 7 m
(0.85 1.51) 1.6 1019

61

01061158101

RC

IC RC

RC

IC RC
VCC

VCC

RB

RB

VCE = Vout

VCE = Vout

Vin

Vin

OFF
C

n P

ON
C

E
n

n
E

62

01061158101

3 :
-1

-2 .
-3 .

-1
( )
-2




-3

:

f

63

01061158101

...
...... !

... ....

... ...
... ... ...
( / )

01061158101 /
f

64

01061158101