SPE 187 Imbibition Oil Recovery from Fractured, Water-Drive Reservoir GG. MATTAX 3. RA KYTE MEMBERS AINE ABSTRACT Previous workers have developed differential equations to describe oil displacement by water imbibition, but bave not explicitly defined the re- lationship between recovery behavior for a single reservoir matrix block and ‘ts size. In the present ‘work, imbibition theory is extended to show that the time required to recover a given fraction of the oil from a matrix block is proportional to the square of the distance between fractures. Using this rela- tionship, recovery bebavior for a large reservoir matrix block is predicted from an imbibition test on 4 small reservoir core sample. The prediction is then extended to analyze recovery bebavior for fractured matrix, water- drive reservoirs in which imbibition is the dominant oil-producing mechanism. Experimental data are presented to support the basic imbibition theory relating matrix block size, fluid viscosity level and permeability to recovery bebavior. INTRODUCTION Imbibition has long been recognized as an im- portant factor in recovering oil from water-wet, fractured-matrix reservoirs subjected to water flood for water drive.-3 Recently, two approaches have been published which might be used to predict im- bibition oil-recovery behavior for reservoit- sized matrix blocks. Graham and Richardson used 2 synthetic model co scale a single element of a fractured-matrix reservoir. Blair,> on the other hand, used numerical techniques to solve the differential equations describing imbibition in linear and radial systems. This latter method requires auxiliary ex- perimental data in the form of capillary pressure and relative permeability functions. ‘These two approaches, ive., synthetic models and numerical techniques, have been used to study a variety of reservoir fluid-flow problems. One pure SPET JERSEY PRODUCTION RESEARCH CO. TULSA, OKLA. (87 pose of this work is to present, with experimental Verification, a thied method for predicting imbibition oil recovery for large reservoir matrix blocks. This method uses scaled imbibition tests on small res- exvoir core samples to predict field performance. ‘The imbibition teste are easier to perform than the capillary pressure and relative permeability vests requited to apply the numerical method. Furthermore, when suitably preserved reservoirrock samples are sed, the properties of the laboratory system are the same as those of the field, This offers an in- portant advantage over the use of syathetic models because there is usually some question as to how accurately reservois-rock properties can be dupli- cated in such models. ‘Based on the recovery behavior for a unit matrix block, an analysis is presented to predict oil recovery for a fractured, waterdeive reservoir made xp of many such unit biocks. In the analysis, it is assumed that the flow resistance and the volume of the reservoir fracture system are negligible compared with that of the porous matrix. These assumptions are generally consistent with observed character- istics of many fractured-matrix reservoirs, and have been employed in previous studies 2368 Ie is further assumed that the elfect of gravity on flow the matrix blocks is negligible. On first thoughe, the latter assumption might appear to seriously limit application of the method. However, in a fractured reservoir, the effect of gravity on flow in a matrix block will be restricted by the height of the block. Furthermore, matrix permeabilities are often very low (10 md or less) in such reservoirs. This means that capillary or imbibition forces will be large, thus tending to minimize the relative importance of gravity. For these reasons, imbibition should be the dominane oil-recovery mechanism in many fractured-matrix, water-drive reservoirs. The predictive method presented in this report is appli- cable to such reservoirs. SCALING IMBIBITION THEORY The “scaling laws” applicable to the operationof wateroil flow models are outlined in a paper by Rapoport.? Alehough Rapoport deals primasily with scaled water floods, the scaling laws which he derived are also applicable to model tests of imbi- bition oil displacement. Thus, the conditions which must be met for scaling imbibition are the same as those requited for scaling water floods. If gravity effects ate neglected, the scaling conditions are as follows. 1, The shape of the model must be identical to that of the matrix block, 2. The reservoir waterto-oil viscosity ratio must bbe duplicated in the laboratory tests. 3. Initial fluid distributions in the reservoir matrix: block and the pattern of water movement in the surrounding fractures must be duplicated in the laboratory tests. 4, The ‘elative permeability functions must be the same for the matrix block and the laboratory model. 5. The capillary pressure functions for the matrix block and the laboratory model must be related by direct proportionality. When these conditions are satisfied, saturations in the laboratory model will be che same as those in the reservoir matrix block at “corresponding” times. Corresponding times for the model and the matrix block are related as follows (see Rapoport’s Eq. 37). a Pe) ( a Be 7 Pw” Fw froder \Ptwh” Sw fmateix Seer eee eee o Usually, the most difficult requirement to meet in constructing 2 scaled flow model is the simultaneous matching of both the relative permeability functions and the capillary pressure functions. These func- tions are matched automatically if a representative core sample from the matrix block is used as the laboratory model. A “representative” sample should have the same wettability and relative permeability characteristics as the matrix block which i repre- sents. Using a representative sample, variations in absolute permeability from one matrix block to another can be scaled because the same relative permeability functions will often apply to all matrix blocks of the same rock type, regardless of their absolute permeabilities. Variations in capillary pressure can be scaled because capillary pressure functions of matrix blocks of the same rock type usually can be related to each other through Leverett’s dimensionless J-function. - [i e, ~ of OVO Since 0, ((0), k and ¢ ate independent of water saturation, this expression may be differentiated with respect to S,, as follows. Is, ds, 4 of) iE e a,” ae Replacing with its equivalent, o/(0) soting that tothe mode nl the reset Bok, yee Ptah? matrix Fee eee eee 2 @ In other words, if imbibit n oil recovery is plotted against the dimensionless scaling parameter f the same recovery curve will be obtained for a ty ll be obrained the model and for all matrix blocks of the same rock type and geometry. This means thet imbibition tests on a small reservoir sample can scale imbi tion behavior for all reservoir matrix blocks of the same shape and rock type. A similar scaling parameter was recognized by Graham and Richardson’ and may be deduced feom the wotk of Miller and Miller.19 Eq, 2 shows that, if all other factors are equal, the time to reach a siven water saturation is proportional te the square of the matrix block size, where block size is de- fined by L, a characteristic linear dimension of the block. EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION No experimental evidence has been published previously to verify the scaling theory for the im- bibieion mechanism. In che present otk, Linear and three-dimensional experiments wers performed to demonstrate that permeability, length and vise cosity level can be scaled as indicated by theory. ‘The linear imbibition tests were cun on three cylia- sical alundum samples encased in plastic 0 that water could imbibe into only one end (see Fig. 1). inven ras cai FIG, 1 LINEAR IMBIBITION TEST SAMPLE.‘The samples were saturated with oil and immersed in water in an apparatus similar to chat described by Bobek, ef al.11 Oil displaced by water inbibition was measured as a function of time. Samples of different lengths and permeabilities were used in these tests, An 8.5-cp oil and 0.9-cp brine were used in all tests except one, in which the viscosity level was increased about If-fold alchough the 8.5 10.0.9 oil-to-water viscosity ratio was maintained. The three-dimensional imbibition tests were per formed on cylindrical samples of Weiler sandstone of similar shape but different sizes. These tests were performed in the same manner as the linear tests except that the samples were not sealed in plasti Properties of the rock-fluid systems used in both the linear and the three dimensional tests are shown in Table 1. The imbibition curve of the Alundum Samples used in tests are illustrated ia Fig. 2, Imbib tion oil recovery in per cent of total oil recoverable by imbibition is plotted against actual time in minutes. (Usually, about che same quantity of oil can be recovered from a strongly water-wet rock by imbibi- tion as by water flooding. In these tests, in which the rocks contained no connate water, 65 per cent Vp of oil was recovered from the alundum samples and 47.5 per ceat Vp of oil was recovered from the sandstone samples by imbibition.) Experimental verification of the theory for scaling length, permeability and viscosity level is demon- strated in Fig. 3 (a and b) for linear and three- dimensional tests, cespectively. Imbibition oil re- covery in percent of recoverable oilis plotted against is permerer 1 /E ty for both types of tests. Inspection of the data shows that a single correlation is obtained in each case, regardless of the viscosity level of the fluids, and the dimensions and permeability of the porous medium. This result is predicted from Eq. 2 the dimensionless scal Bite ie oF FIG. 2—LINEAR IMBIEITION TEST DATA, RESERVOIR BEHAVIOR In addition to the assumption of negligible flow resistance in the fractures and no gravity effects within the matrix blocks, a third assumption is made in analyzing reservoir behavior. This is that the water level in the fractures advances uniformly in a vertical direction throughout the reservoir. While gravity may have little effect on flow in the matrix blocks, it is reasonable to assume that it will keep the water in the fractures at the same evel throughout a fractured, waterdrive reservoir. Deviations should be observed only near producing wells where water coning may occur at high pro- ducing rates. For purposes of discussion, it is convenient to introduce the concept of “critical rate” of water advance in fractured-matrix reservoirs. The critical rate is the vertical rate of water advance at which the water level in the fractures is the same as the “water Level” in the matrix. This is schematically illustrated in Fig, 4. At rates less than the critical value (Fig. 4a), water will rise in the matrix block to a level above that in the fractures. Thus, all the recoverable oil will be displaced from the matrix block before the water in che fractures reaches the top of the block. At rates greater than the critical value (Fig. 4b), the water level in the fractures will move ahead of the water in the matrix. In this case, the matrix block will be completely surrounded by water before imbibition is complete. When oper ating at the critical rate (Fig. 4c), the water in the fractures will reach the top of the matrix block at the same time imbibition is completed in the block. SCALING RECOVERY BEHAVIOR FOR A UNIT MATRIX BLOCK Homologous times for a representative reservoir sample and the corresponding reservoir matrix block can be related by rearranging Eq. 2 as fellows. @ tewatein = fmodel block To illusteate how cecovery from a single reservoir natrix block may be scaled, a laboratory experiment was petformed on a 1.9-md rock sample from a fractured-matrix reservoir. Io this example, it is assumed that the reservoir matrix blocks are 9-f cubes and that the vertical rate of water advance in the feactures is 1 in./day. The scaled laboratory test was performed on a 3-in. cubical sample at an advance rate of 24 in./day, using the apparatus shown in Fig. 5. The viscosity of the water used in che test was 0.9 ep, compared to 0.6 ep in the field. The sample, saturated with oil and connate water, initially was placed ia a transparent oil- filled’ vessel. Water was then introduced at the bottom of the vessel and the rate of advance of the' ] OO e z | a é § 3 Hl a8 in} g : ) fal ale _ 1 | ELE |e oe wut es ated al . O- 1475 200 os O- 0120 206 2 Bose IS 8k Sleue M 5 Xo com 3a 88 Qo tee tea FIG. 3—EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF IMBIBITION SCALING. water-oil interface in the annulus between the sample and the vessel was controlled to scale the reservoir rate of water advance. When the water passed the top of the sample, it was maintained at 4 constant level slightly above the sample but below the oil overflow. The hold-up volume in the annulus FIG. 4IMBIBITION AT DIFFERENT RATES OF WATER "ADVANCE. Beare tc FIG, 5—APPARATUS FOR SCALING MA- ‘TRIX BLOCK RECOVERY BEHAVIOR. between the sample and the vessel was known. Thus, oil recovery at any time could be calculated by subtracting the volume of water ia the annulus from the total volume of water introduced. Pertinent scaling information for the laboratory test sample and the corresponding rese:voir matrix block is summarized in Table 2. In Fig. 6, oil re- covery in per cent of the total oil recorered in the test is plotted against time. Time scal for both the prototype reservoir matrix block and the cest sample. The figure shows that only 60 per cent of the total recoverable oil* is obtained when water reaches the top of the block. This means that the rate of water advance is greater than the critical rate, re shown FIG. 6—OIL-RECOVERY BEHAVIOR FOR A SINGLE MATRIX BLOCK.‘TABLE 1 PROPERTIES OF ROCK ANO FLUIDS USED IN EXPERIMENTS TO VERIFY SCALING LAWS Semple q Woter Rook Tenor Perosity Viscosity Vineany Tyee co) Georcont) "GH eh” Gyne/em) vedi 2.00 BA 09 35 6 Aundum 435, 29 09 35 6 ‘undum 305 zs 09 35 “ AAlundum 435 9 as 36 6s Sondstone 2.06 81 09 35 “ Sendstone 110 158 09 35 a ‘TABLE 2—CHARACTERISTICS OF SAMPLE AND ‘PROTOTYPE RESERVOIR MATRIX BLOCKS Choracteristc Cora Sample Size, Bin, cube ht cube Porosity, (per cant) on a Matrix Permeability, k (ms) 19 we Woter Viscosity. tty (es) 0.9. 06 Oit Viscosity, (co) 27 1 Inverfacel Tension (dynes/em) 35 3s Connate-Water Salvation, per cert Vp 43 Wetability, (6) Stonaly WorerWet Water Advance Rate (in/day) 1 Retio of Homologous Times! tmatria/taamgte= 864 (rom Eg 3- DETERMINING THE CRITICAL RATE OF WATER ADVANCE The critical rate of water advance for the reser voir matrix block referred to in Table 1 was deter- mined in a series of experiments. The experimental procedure, apparatus and reservoir sample were the same as previously described. In this case, however, several tests were performed at different rates, and oil recovery was measured just when the water ‘outside the sample reached the top of the sample. So long as the rate is at or below the critical value, the maximum imbibition oil zecovery is obtained by the time water in the fractures reaches the top of the sample. When the critical cate is exceeded, however, recovery at this stage is less than the maximum value. Fig. 7 shows the volume of oil recovered when water reached the top of the sample ploteed against the rate of water advance. Both actual test rates and corresponding scaled reservoir rates are shown. The data in Fig. 7 show that the ctitical rate of water advance is 3 in,/day for che test sample and 1/8 in./day for the prototype reser RESERVOIR OIL RECOVERY AT RATES LESS THAN THE CRITICAL VALUE Recovery behavior will be the same for all rates equal to of less than che critical value, Production will be water-free until the water level in the frac- tures reaches the top of the producing formation, at which time all of the recoverable oil will have been produced. RESERVOIR OIL RECOVERY AT RATES GREATER THAN THE CRITICAL VALUE Some concern has been exptessed previously regarding the recovery of oil at rates above the ctitical.® This concern arose from the possibility that, once a reservoir matrix block is completely surrounded by water, oil can no longer be displaced into the fracture system. Laboratory tests show that this is not true. Two strongly water-wet cores were used in the tests. As shown in Fig, 8, each core was encased plastic, but with one face open. The open faces of the two cores were separated by a small metal spacer so that the space between the cores repre- co + FIG, 7—DETERMINING CRITICAL RATE OF WATER ADVANCE. [SPasetume wot IMPERMEABLE PLASTIC conriNG ——~ . 8 -CORE-SAMPLE ARRANGEMENT TO SIMULATE, ‘A FRACTURED MATRIXsented a fracture, The cores were saturated with oil and connate water, clamped together with the spacer between them and immersed in water. Inbibi- tion oil recovery was then measured as a function of time. Imbibition oil recoveries for different fracture ‘widths are plotted against time in Fig. 9. The re sults show that almost identical imbibition oil- recovery behavior is obtained, even at laboratory rates, for all fracture widths 0.0025 em or greater. Even for fracture widths as small as 0.001 em, the otal amount of imbibition is unchanged, although the rate of imbibition is somewhat lower. Approxi mate calculations show that a fracture system com- posed of parallel fractures 0.0025-cm wide and spaced I-em apart should have a petmeability of about 100 md. Because matrix blocks are usually much larget than 1 em and reservoir fracture systems usually have much greater permeabilities than 100 md, it is probable that reservoir fractures are wider than 0.0025 cm. Thus, the data in Fig. 9 demon strate that imbibition can proceed unhindered in a reservoir matrix block that has been completely surrounded by water. Laboratory imbibition data such as those shown in Fig. 6 can be used to predict recovery behavior fat water-advance rates above the critical. For ‘example, consider a hypothetical water-drive reser- voir in which the total oil closure is 450 ft, the rate of water advance in the fractures is 1 in./day (30.5. fr/year), and all matrix blocks are identical ‘and have the properties of the matrix block com sidered earlier. (See Fig. 6 and Table 2.) The res- cervoit is schematically illustrated in Fig. 10. Recovery vs time for one of the reservoir matrix blocks is given by the curve in Fig. 6. Since all matrix blocks are assumed identical, the recovery behavior shown in Fig. 6 is also applicable to any given row of matrix blocks contacted by water. Reservoir performance can be predicted by con- sidering each row of matrix blocks separately, and summing the recovery from all rows at any given time, To illustrate, if the water rises 1 in./day in the fractures, it will rise 61 fe in two years, totally immersing six rows of matrix blocks and partially FIG, 9—EFFECTS OF FRACTURE WIDTH ON IMBIBI- TION OIL-RECOVERY BEHAVIOR. immersing the seventh row. As indicated in Fig. 6, 99.8 per cent of the recoverable oil will have been displaced from the first row of matrix blocks in two years, However, water would not contact the sec~ fond row of matrix blocks until almost 0.3 years (9 fe divided by 30.5 ft/year) after the start of the ‘two-year period. Therefore, recovery fron the second row of matrix blocks will be 99 per cent, correspond- ing to an exposure of 1.7 years. Similarly, the third, fourth, fifth, sith and seventh rows will have been in contact with water for 1.41, 1.11, 0.32, 0,52 and 0.22 years, respectively, and the corresponding recoveries will be 97, 93, 88, 78 and 42 per cent of the maximum recoverable oil. Thus, oil recovery at the end of two years, expressed in per cent of the total oil recoverable from the entice reservoir, will be equal to the sum of the recoveries for the rows of matrix blocks contacted by water divided by che total number of cows in the reservoir. In this case, the recovery would be: 99.8% + 99% 4 97% + 93% + 88% + 78% + 429% 50 19 per cent. Oil recovery from the reservoir at any time can be calculated in a similar manner. The production history for the entire life of this hypothetical reser~ voit is plotted as in Fig. 11. Early in the life of the reservoir, the production rate increases until it reaches a constant value of 6.8 per cent of the total recoverable oil per year after 2.2 years. The early period of variable production rate represents the time cequired for imbibition to be completed in the bottom row of matrix blocks. Once this happens, the height of the watered-out zone in the matrix in- creases at the same rate as the height of che water in the fractures, After this “equilibriun’” imbibition zone is established, it moves upstructure and dis FIG, 10-SCHEMATIC ILLUSTRATION OF FRACTURED- MATRIX RESERVOIR.places oil at constant rate, When water in the fractures reaches the top of the reservoir, the thick- ness of the imbibition zone and the rate of oil pro- Guction decreases with time until the entire forma- tion is watered-out. Oil production will be water-free until water in the fraceures reaches the top of the reservoir. After this, the oil-production rate will continually de- crease because of the decreasing cate of water imbibition by the matrix blocks. Attempts to produce oil at higher races will result only in excessive ‘water production with no increase in oil flow. In the foregoing sample, a constant vertical rate of water advance in the fractures was assumed in order to simplify presentation of the method. In most cases it is more useful to be able to predict recovery behavior for a given rate of oil production. Labora- tory data obtained at 2 constant rate of water advance can be used to make such a prediction, because afcer imbibition is complete in the bottom row of matrix blocks a constant rate of water advance is equivalent to a constant volume rate of oil produc- tion. For instance, in the example a constant pro- duction rate of 6.8 per cent of the recoverable oil was realized during most of the reservoir life. Except for the period during which the equilibrium imbibition zone is being established, the production histories for a constant water-advance rate and for 1 constant oil-production rate will be identical. The cumulative production for a constant oil-production rate of 6.8 per cent per year is shown as the dotted curve in Fig. 11. Obviously, the constant rate can be maintained only until the water in the fractures reaches the top of the producing formation. After this, the rate of imbibition oil recovery must decrease as previously described. The example reservoir can be produced at even higher rates without seriously affecting the recovery behavior. For example, at @ constant production rate of 13.6 per cent/year, over 90 per cent of the total recoverable oil can be produced without water production. In this case, also, oil not recovered when water in the fractures reaches the top of the reservoir must be produced at a constantly declining rate governed solely by the rate at which the top rows of matrix blocks will imbibe water. FIG, 11 CUMULATIVE PRODUCTION HISTORY FOR FRACTURED-MATRIX. RESERVOIR. In the example, reservoir properties (including formation thickness) were assumed to be uniform and the volume of oil in the fractures was neglected. If the matrix-block properties vary with their posi- tion in the reservoir, this can be accounted for by performing kests on samples which represent these heterogeneities. Variations in formation thickness ‘and the volume of oil in the fractures can be handled by simple volumetsic-balance considerations. Total recovery for a fractured-matrix, waterdrive reservoir is independent of production rat. fas water surrounds a matrix block, imbibie proceed independently of the rate of water flow in the fractures until the ultimate imbibition oil recov- ery from the block is realized. In some cases, how- fever, it may be desirable to maintain a constant rate of oil production for most of the reservoir life. From the preceding example, it is apparent that the fraction of the recoverable oil which can be pro- duced at a constant rate will decrease as the thick- ness of the equilibrium imbibition zone increases. The thickness of this imbibition zone will increase ‘as the rate increases, and it can be calculated as follows. le nn) From Eq, 4 it is noted that, for very low rates of water advance, He can be negative. This corresponds co operation at rates below the critical, so water in the matrix imbibes ahead of the water in the frac- tures. When operating at or below the critical rate, fa constant oil-production rate can be maintained for reservoir life. ‘CONCLUSIONS ion theory indicates that, for a given rock type and oil-to-water viscosity ratio, oil- recovery behavior can be scaled by the dimension less parameter: Vie 2, Experimental results verify imbibition theory with regard to the effects of length (size), perm: bility and fluid viscosity on recovery behavior. 3. Scaled imbibition tests on small reservoir samples can be used to predict imbibition oil- recovery behavior for large reservoir matrix blocks. 4, With laboratory imbibition tests on reservoir samples as a basis, a method is presented to pre dict oil-recovery behavior for fractured-matrix, water- drive reservoirs. Assumptions made in development of the method ate the following: (a) the volume of oil contained in the fractures is negligible com- pared with the volume of oil in the matrix blocks; (b) resistance to fluid flow in the fractures is neg- ligible compared with that in the matrix blocks; (c) gravity has no effect on fluid flow in the matrix Blocks; and (d) water in the fractures rises uni-forly in a horizontal plane throughout the reservoir. These assumptions are believed to be good approx- mations of conditions existing in many fractured: matrix, water-drive reservoirs. NOMENCLATURE capillary pressure, m/Le? water saturation, dimensionless porosity, dimensionless water viscosity, m/Lt characteristic dimension of matrix block or sanple, L absolute permeability, L? interfacial tension, m/t? wettability, dimensionless heighe of couilibrium imbibieion zone, L = vertical rate of water advance in fractures, Lie 17 = time required to complete imbibition in a unit matrix block, € Hy = height of a unit ma block, L ACKNOWLEDGMENT ‘The authors wish to express their appreciation to the Jersey Production Research Co. for permission to publish,this paper. They are indebted to Mrs. M. W. Rey and to W. J. Leas, who obtained much of the experimental data used in this paper. 10, 4. |. Brownscombe, E.R: . Bale, P.M: 1 Chee, A. REFERENCES ind Dyes, A. Bu: “Water Imbibi- tion Displacement—Can It Roleare Relsctant Spr ‘berry Oil?” Oil and Gas Jour. (Nov. 17, 1952) Vol. 51, 268, . Birks, J: “Recovery of Olt from Fissured Limestone Formations”, Proc., Fourth World Pet. 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