Ez az 3 28 24% zFeudalism is the name given to-the system of government William the Conqueror introduced after he defeated Harold at the Battle of Hastings. William could not rule every part of the country himself - this was physically impossible. So he’ needed-a way of controlling the country so that. the people remained loyal. Building Castles was one way of maintaining control. However, he a way of actually governing the country.” This was the Feudal System. 3 ree iG Lio R #4 ‘William divided up the country into very large plots of land - similar to our regions today. ‘These were 'given' to those noblemen who-had fought bravely for him in battle. The and simply given to these noble: They to swear arr oath of a Even loyalty to William, they collected tax in their area for him and they had to provide the king with soldiers if they _| were told to do so, The men ese pieces of land were large and difficult to govern. The barons. had to further divide up their land and these were 'given' to trusted Norman knights who had also fought who got these parcels of land well in battle. Each knight was would have been barons, given a segment of land to earls and dukes. Within} astswauamTHe | govern. He had to swear an their Gwn area, they were the | CONQUEROR Tie Mw | oath fo the baron, duke or earl, most important person there. FEUDAL SYSTEM. collect taxes when told to do so These men, the barons were and provide soldiers from his known as tenants-in-chief. land when they were needed, “Ar the bottom of the ladder were the peasants or serfs who had to do what they were told. The Peasants were given land by Knights. They had to provide the Knight with free labour, food and service whenever it was demanded. They had no rights. They were not allowed to leave the Manor and had to ask their Lord's permission before they could marry.LEVEL E KU J. Copy and complete the above diagram into your workbook. 2. Why did William need to introduce the Feudal System? 3. What other method did the Normans use to maintain law and order? 4. Your teacher will give you the diagram over the page complete the pyramid using all of the information that you now know.teplaced by Stone Keep casties as they of the 12th and 13th Centuries and were virtually impossible to Motte and Bailey castles had two parts: the Motte and the Bailey. ‘The Motte was a large hill made of earth on top of which was built a wooden keep or lookout, The outer edge was then surrounded with a large wooden fence called a palisade, The Bailey was separated from the Motte by a wooden bridge that could be removed if the Bailey was occupied by enemies. The Bailey was the part of the castle where people lived and animals were kept. 1 The castle would be surrounded by a ditch, sometimes filled with “rater. A drawbridge was used for access to the castle, The fact that they were wooden made them vulnerable to fire. They were Gaey to build (They could be built in less than a week) and easy to | These castles were usually temporary and defend. They could easily be modified tafer with a stone tower. | after a while start to 101. The steep sides on Over 70 were built during William's reign. feMete helped to stop cavalry attacks, The stone keep castle soon replaced the Motte and Bailey castle as it offered a better form of defence. A stone keep was the central feature, with thick walls and few windows, Entrance to the keep was by stone steps leading to the first floor. The kitchens were situated on the ground floor while living quarters were on the upper floors. The first keeps were rectangular in shape but later ones were often circular. The Stone Keep would be surrounded by a thick stone wall containing turets for lookouts. The Bailey was now the area outside the keep but within the outer walls and shelter for animals or craft workshops might be built against the walls. The entire castle might be surrounded by a ditch or moat and entrance to the castle was by drawbrid: | ‘The Concentric castle was the best protection against attack. The main feature is its walls. An inner wall built of thick stone with turrets positioned at intervals is then surrounded by a thick but lower stone wall. The walls are built at different levels so that archers on the inner walls can fire over the archers on the outer walls. The space between the two walls was known as the ‘death hole’ for being trapped within the walls would almost certainly result in death for the attacker. The entire castle was then often surrounded with a moat, Round towers couldn't be mined as easily. ‘They held more troops. Once inside the outer wall an attacker was still vulnerable to archers. Low walls mean that defenders on the inner and outer walls can sec attackers. A small number of men could defend a large part of the castle. These castles were very expensive to build.FACT FILE ON CASTLES MOTTE & BAILLEY [ FEATURES | GOOD POINTS | BAD POINTS FEATURES | GOODPOINTS || BAD POINTS CONCENTRIC FEATURES | GOODPOINTS [BADPOINTSo~ Medieval Arms Race War in medieval times was about the control of land. around their stone fortresses. To conquer a territory, these strongholds. To do so, the: 'y would launch a siege. Over the centutie: ge Tower Attackers sometimes built a siege tower to scale castle walls, Soldiers lay in wait inside the structure as others wheeled it to the castle. Once there, the soldiers lowered a drawbridge at the top of the tower onto the castle wall Siege towers were difficult and time- consuming’ to build and castle defenders could burn them down with fire arrows or fire pots (flaming liquids such as tar). Sometimes castle knights launched surprise raids on a tower to destroy it during construction. To protect their siege engine, attackers draped it with rawhides of mules or oxen. Soldiers who lived in castles controlled the land an attacking army would have to strike and take , medieval armies developed military strategies to fight a siege. Weapons of war also evolved. By the mid-l2th century, siege warfere had developed into a science Here we describe some of the major weapons and strutegi¢s used in what became a medieval arms race, Let the siege begin! Tunnelling underground. Men called sappers sometimes dug tunnels to gain entrance to a castle and thereby launch a sneak attack, but more often, these miners dug tunnels beneath a castle wall to destabilize and topple it. They supported their tunnels with timbers, which they then burned to collapse the tunnel -- and, hopefully, the wall above. To defend themselves, castle dwellers put out a bowl of water and watched for ripples that might indicate digging. Sometimes the castle's garrison built counter-iunnels; if the two tunnels met, fierce battles ensuedDirect Assault This was the most dangerous way to try to take a castle, It involved scaling walls with ladders, overrunning castle walls breached by tunnels, battering rams, or artillery. Soldiers attacked two or three spots around the castle at once to surprise their foe or divide castle defences. Archers and crossbowmen would cover soldiers while they tried to break a wall or storm over it. Defenders perched on the castle wall or in narrow windows called loopholes had the advantage. Archers rained arrows down on attackers, while soldiers pushed ladders off the wall with forked poles, dropped rocks or fireboats filled with burning tar, or poured scalding water, wine, or hot sand (which could enter armour) down onto those below. Attackers used blockades. They tried to starve occupants out of # castle. It was not easy as attackers often hired mercenaries, who were reluctant to wait duting winter. ‘Defenders had stores of food and drilled water wells within the castle's walls, Battering Ram Siege armies used a battering ram to break down a gatehouse door or even smash a castle wall. To shield themselves from attack, they built a covered shed, in which they hung a thick tree trunk on chains suspended from a beam above. Carpenters tapered the trunk into a blunt point and capped it with iron, They battered the target until they were broken down, Castle defenders tried to burn the shed down with flaming arrows, though attackers responded by covering the shed with animal pelts or earth to make it fireproof. Defenders lowered grappling irons to grasp the trunk, preventing it from swinging. Moat Moats surrounding castles protected them from siege towers and battering rams. It also made digging tunnels undemeath the wall far more challenging. To get across a moat, the attacking army sometimes filled the moat with rocks and soil or built portable wooden bridgesDuring a siege, these missile launchers were one of the most fearsome weapons of medieval times. Early trebuchets relied on @ huge counterweight that swung a Jong arm. When the counterweight was dropped, the device launched a missile from a sting at the end of the arm. Trebuchets could launch missiles hundreds of yards in large, lobbing missiles over a castle wall. The best trebuchets fired stone | anissiles weighing up to 400 pounds -- big enough to do serious damage to a castle wall. Attackers also used them to launch dung or dead animals into the castle with the intention of spreading discase. They even shot out the severed heads of | enomy soldiers or even messengers who delivered unsatisfactory peace terms. Ia trebuchet was set up too close to a castle, archers would fire arrows. Castle defenders also would try to destroy rising trebuchets with catapults shot from the castle wall or with steak attacks to bum it down. Archers Both sides had archers. Castle archers were almost always launching arrows from 2 higher position than castle attackers, which extended their range and provided them with 2 good view of their targets. The defending archers tad tne advantage. The castle wall protected them well. Loopholes, the natrow slits that archers shot through, allowed castle archers a wide view of targets. The design enabled archers to hide eff to the side of the loopholes while reloading, giving them protection from the rare arrow that did find its way it ‘The archer had a number of weapons to choose from. The most powerful was the crossbow. They could pierce armour and were so powerful that the Pope later banned them. Longbow archers could shoot 12 arrows in the time it took to launch a single crossbow. Moreover, the longbow could send arrows as far as 1.000 feet. But longbows took huge strength to shoot and much practice to control. [ Gatehouse The gatehouse, the castles entrance, was the early castle's most vulnerable point. Tt was bolstered with impressive defences, A drawbridge could be pulled back. Castle dwellers could also slide wooden beams behind the doors to reinforce them. If attackers entered the gate's passageway, they ran the risk of being trapped. Sometimes defenders would drop a portcullis behind them. Roofs often had so-called “murder holes" through which castle soldiers could drop burning oil, hot sand or scalding water onto enemy soldiers. Loopholes in the walls of the gate passage also gave defending archers -- only feet away from trapped attackers ~ a deadly advantage,Ladder Belfry TowerFra ‘TREBUCHET TUNNELING DIRECT SIEGE 10LEVEL EKG Medieval Law and Order Law and order was very harsh during the Middle Ages. It was believed that people | would only learn how to behave properly if they feared what would happen to them if they broke the law. Even the ‘smallest’ offences had serious punishments. Each accused person had to go through an ordeal. There were three ordeals: 2 Ordeal by fire. An accused person held a red hot iron bar and walked three paces. His hand was then bandaged and left for three days. If the wound was better after three days, the accused was innocent. If the wound had not got any better the accused was guilty. cOrdeal by water. An accused person was tied up and thrown into water. If they floated they were guilty of the crime you were accused of. o Ordeal by combat. This was used by noblemen who had been accused of something. They would fight in combat with their accuser. Whoever won was right. Whoever lost was usually dead at the end of the fight! Henry Il of England (1154-1189) did not think these methods were fair or sensible. When Henry Il came to the throne in 1154 his first job was to restore order and make everyone obey his laws. Scotland adopted similar laws. By the time of Henry Il, the system of law had been improved because Henry sent out his ‘own judges from London to listen to cases throughout the country SOURCE1 FROM HISTORY TEXTBOOK: In 1215, the Pope decided that priests must not help with ordeals. As a result, ordeals were replaced by trials by juries. To start What Henry II did to restore order: / Henry brought in with, these were not popular with the people, as they felt that their neighbours might have a grudge against them and use the opportunity of a trial to get their revenge. After 1275, a law was introduced which allowed people to be tortured if they Tefused to go to trial before a jury. trial by jury and did away with trial by ordeal and battle. v Henry sent his judges to different towns to try cases so everyone saw the law working.o Law and Order if someone was found guilty of a crime they would expect to face a severe punishment. Thieves had their hands cut off. Women who committed murder were strangled and then bumt People who illegally hunted in royal parks had their ears cut off and high treason was punishable by being hung, drawn and quartered. There were very few prisons as they cost money and local communities were not prepared to pay for their upkeep. It was cheaper to execute someone for bad crimes or mutilate them and then let them go. Most towns had a gibbet just outside of it. People were hung on a gibbet, This was a large wooden pole were the bodies would be left to rot for a few weeks so that people would be put off committing a crime and as a warning to others. However, such violent punishments clearly did not put off people. SOURCE 2. FROM A WEB SITE ON CRIME & PUNISHMENT. In 1202, the city of Lincoln had 114 murders, 89 violent robberies and 65 people were wounded in fights. Only 2 people were executed for these crimes and it can be concluded that many in Lincoln got away with their crime, i TASKS — Put the title ‘Medieval Law and Order’ in your exercise books. Copy out these questions and answer them in you books. 1, Why were punishments so severe in the Middle Ages? 2. What things did Henry II do to restore order? 3. (a) Describe the 3 types of ordeal and (b) do you think they are fair methods to decide whether someone was guilty of a crime?, explain your answer. 4. In 1215 the Pope did something which helped to replace ordeals, what did he do? 5. List 3 different crimes and the punishment you might expect for each. 6. Why were there so few prisons in the Middle Ages? 7. (a) What was a ‘gibbet’ used for? and (b) why were the bodies left to rot?, 8. How useful is Source 1 as evidence of crime in the Middle Ages? 12PUNISHMENT LEVEL E KU Many crimes such as murder were punished by death. Ordinary people were hanged. Rich people were beheaded. a. Burning >. Ifa person sald bad things about God they were called a heretic and were burned at the stake This was a very slow and painful death, but the idea was that the guilty person would then be allowed into heaven by God rather than sent to hell ~ because they had already burned enough! b. Mutilation Cutting off parts of the body was common. A person who stole a purse might have their hand cut off, a person who had spread vicious rumours could have their tongues cut out! c. Hung, drawn and quartered A person guilty of treason (planning to kill or overthrow the King) would get the nastiest punishment of all. They would firstly be hanged until they were blue in the face. They would then be cut down, and sliced open from the neck to the belly. Still alive, their guts would be pulled out and thrown into a cauldron of boiling water. Finally, they would be chopped into four pieces, from the legs upwards. d. The Stocks Lesser criminals would be locked into the stocks and have rotten food thrown at them. Bakers who _-~ put sawdust in their bread or brewers who watered down their beer were often punished like this. TASK 1: Diagram + Ona clean side, put the title — "Types of punishment in the Middle Ages’. + Divide the page into 3 columns. + Put the following headings in each column: 1. Name of the punishment 2. What sort of crime got this punishment? 3. What did the punishment involve? + Fill in the table for the first punishment (‘Burning’). + Repeat this process for the other three punishments. . TASK 2: ‘A. What one word would you use to describe these types of punishments (examples — unfair, mean, soft, and reasonable). B. Explain why you chose the word In as much detail as you can. C. Do you think that itis right to have a death penalty (in other words, should we ever be able to execute people for their crimes)? Explain your -~ |} answer by considering two sides to the case. 131, Wooden Raff. For women who violated clothing | ~-gulations, ‘Mask of Shame. For women. The long tongue and big ears symbolize gossip and nosiness. 3. Rosary. Church punishment for people who did not go to church, or fell asleep during the service. 4. Mask of Shame (with long snout). 5. Drank Barrel. For imbibers. 6. Mask of Shame, For men who acted like a swine. 7. Chastity belt. guarantees faithfulness of the wife. 8. Double-neck-violin, For quarrelsome women, 13. Stock. For men being exposed publicly. 14, Iron Maiden. A mantle of infamy for women and girls, 16th century. 15. Mask of Shame. For men, 16, Donkey of Shame. For lazy pupils. 18. Neck-violin, Degrading punishment for women and girls. 19. Shame-flute. For bad musicians. “Baker's Baptism" was the common penalty of the day for a baker whose loaf of bread did not weigh enough. The baker was dunked in the central fountain until the punishment administers thought that the baker was out of breath, There was no standard amount of time; it was left up to the "Master of Ceremonies." Above is a Double-neck- violin. For quarrelsome women, Anitsinuzentof toce 4AN INTRODUCTION TO THE CHURCH IN THE MIDDLE AGES LEVEL E KU/EV INTRODUCTION Today, only a small percentage of the population go to chui Keywords Catholic —the onily teligion in. Medieval Britain Priest man in:charge of féligious céremonies in a village ~ -oF parish, ‘Doom:painting picture to show people what Heaven and Hell were like, Latin — language used In. Catholic'services. ‘Christendom ~ all the countries ‘Where Christianity was the main Feligion:. rch every Sunday, but in the Middlo Ages, everyone was religious. The Church was the centre of their lives. The biggost building In a town or village was the church. It was a Catholic church because i],’2 the Middle Ages the Catholic religion was the only ‘one. All men id women believed in Heaven and Hell. Rich people would even leave their land and money to the Church, hoping I them into Heaven. Why were parish priests so important? Village priests were simple men, but they had very Important jobs. After the Lord of the Manor, the priest was the most important man in the village. On Sundays, during mass, he would tell people all about Heaven and Hell. Because services were in Latin, many ordinary folk could not understand them. Statues and ‘Doom Paintings’ were used to explain to people the horrors of Hell and the joys of Heaven. Look at the doom painting above. ‘What things can you see going on? it would get The Parish Priest will: ‘Say mass in the village church (and say it in Latin) Perform weddings and baptisms. Hear confessions. Visit villagers regularly and listen to thelr problems. Bury the dead Heal the sick. Teach children of wealthy families to read and write, Work the land, growing crops in the church grounds. Make sure everyone pays their tithe. Keep village records.AN INTRODUCTION TO THE CHURCH IN THE MIDDLE AGES LEVEL E KU/ EV ARCHBISHOP MONKS AND NUNS How was the Church Organised? The Catholic Church wanted everyone in Christendom to be taught the same things about God and religion. The Church was able to do this because of the way it was organised. At the head of the Church was the Pope, in Rome. Under him were all the Bishops and Archbishops in Christendom, including Scotland and England. Under the bishops and Archbishops, came the parish priests. They had everyday contact with the ordinary people. This organisation made the Church very powerful. As well as being able to influence peoples’ minds the Church owned land and money in Christendom. te etter; tetTHE CHURCH IN THE MIDDLE AGES LEVEL E KU/EV ACTIVITIES tTttttt 1) In your book, write out the following KEYWORDS and their meanings. Catholic Priest 5 Doom Painting O Latin Christendom 2) Copy and complete these few sentences. In the middle ages, the only religion was the religion. Everybody went to church. The services were in but there were statues and to help ordinary people understand, 3) Look at source 2. Draw a similar diagram in your book showing the organisation of the church. 4) Write @ paragraph to explain how the church was organised. Use the following words in your paragraph. Pope, Archbishops, Bishops, Parish priests, Ordinary people. 5) You read that the church was powerful. What made It powerful? 6) What were Doom Paintings and why were they used. Write down some of the things that you can see happening in source 1? 7) Draw your own Doom Painting. Try not to copy the one shown in source 2. Remomber that your picture should show scenes from Heaven and Hell. 8) Look at BOX 2. Write a short paragraph explaining what priests were expected to do in a village. 9) Some of the jobs done by parish priests in the middle ages are done by ‘someone else today. Find four of them. For each, write down the job, who did it in the middle ages, and who does it today. E.g. Healing the sick ~ in the middle ages, this job was done by the parish priest. Today, it is done by doctors 17~ : THE CHURCH middle ages the Church controlled everybody's life, All Medieval people believed that God, Heaven and Hell all existed. From the very earliest of ages, the people were taught that the only way they could get to Heaven was if the Roman Caiholic Church let them. Everybody would have been terrified of Hell and the | people would have been told of the sheer horrors waiting for them in Hell in the weekly services they attended. The Medieval Church played a far greater role in the middle ages than the Church does today. In | ~ WHY WAS THE CHURCH SO RICH? The control the Church had over the people was total. Peasants worked for free on Chureh land. This proved dificult for peasants as the time they spent working on Church land, could have been better spent working on their own plots of land producing food for their families. They paid 10% of what they earned in a year to the Church (this tox was called tithes). Tithes could be paid in either money or in goods produced by the peasant farmers. As peasants had little money, they almost always had to pay in seeds, harvested grain, animals etc. This usually caused a peasant a lot of hardship as seeds, for example, would be needed to feed a family the following, year, What the Chureh got in tithes was kept in huge tithe barns; a lot of the stored grain would have been eaten by rats or poisoned by their urine. A failure to pay tithes, so the peasants were (old by the Church, would lead to their souls going to Hell after they had died. People were too scared uot to pay tithes despite the difficulties it meant for them. The Church could also sell what was known as indulgencies, simply put this was buying forgiveness in order to get a path straight to heaven. Rich people very often left land, money and gold to the Church. This would lessen the time in purgatory (hell). AND FINALLY! You also had to pay for baptisms (if you were not baptised you could not go to Heaven when you died), marriages (there were no couples living together in Medievai times as the Church taught that this equalled sin) and burials - you had to be butied on holy land if your soul was to get to heaven. Whichever way you looked, the Church received money! The Church also did not have to pay taxes. This saved them a vast sum of money and made it far more wealthy than any king at this time. CHURCH. wear | Why were so many people religious during this period? ‘What was meant by a tithe? ‘Why did paying the tithe cause problems for so many people? Give a reason why paying the tithe was often a waste. What were indulgencies? Copy and complete the diagram opposite. Saw 18 — _YORK CATHEDRAL CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL sas Nee wa The = most — famous To work on the building of Py e ahi cathedrals were at a cathedral was a great Canterbt ‘honour. Those who did the . | Cathet are big wae skilled work had to belong Le i ea standards today, but in “a guild. They would have ; He Medieval times they were used just the most basic of bigger than all buildings toois. However, if you were including royal palaces. killed in an accident while Their sheer size meant working in a cathedral or a that people would see church, you were them from miles around, guaranteed a place in and remind them of the Heaven - or so the workers huge power of the were told! ‘The sheer wealth of the Church is best shown in|} Catholic Church. its buildings cathedrals, churches and monasteries. THE CHURCH WAS THE: ‘The church was therefore the centre of community Community centre life, the place where you met your husband or Market place wife, where your children were christened, where Place of refuge when under attack or during bad you sought sanctuary during bad weather, where weather you would be blessed in health and buried in the ‘Newsroom and gossip corer grounds of the church after death, As most people Courting, marriage and divorce court never travelled further than the fimits of the Storage area for weapons community, the church and all it could provide Prison ‘was as muich as the people ever knew. The Church Library ‘was very powerful in Britain, An example of this Hospitat power is the crusades. The First Crusade had been (Primitive) Schoo! called by the Pope. who was the head of the ‘Training school for priests Roman Catholic Church, Many thousands of men Embiem of the Catholic Church had travelled to the Holy Land to fight against the Sanctuary for poor, homeless and infirm Muslim invaders who took over Jerusalem. 19‘You have just traveled back to the Middle Ages and your time machine has landed beside a cathedral of all places! You have met up with some of the locals and yes you've guessed it you want fo find out how important the cathedral is in the community. _~ Here are the questions you thought up, write down what they told you. 1. This seems really strange to me but perhaps you can tell me why. everyone seems so religious around here? All I seem to hear is God this and God that! eee ee 2. Imust say those buildings are magnificent, who do they belong to and how can they afford to build them? 3. You say that you have worked on Canterbury Cathedral. What is it like and was it not dangerous? 4, [hear that the Cathedral is also used as a market place and a prison is this true? 5. What ceremonies have you been involved in at the Cathedral?THE CHURCH Why was the Church So powerful? SUMMARY 1. It owned land, ‘The Church owned many large areas of farmland. People who grew crops on this land had to give one tenth of everything they grew to the Church. This was called the Tithe. This was a lot of crops for many poor people ta lose, 2. It controlled people’s beliefs. The Church told people that when they died, their souls lived on either in Heaven or in Hell. Hell, they said, was a place of great pain and suffering. The people were understandably frightened of going there. So, the Church gave them hope. It said that after you die your soul goes first to a piace called Purgatory, where it would stay until any sins had been burnt away. 3. It was rich. As you can imagine, people wanted to be in purgatory for the shortest possible time. The Church said that you could shorten your stay in purgatory if you did several things. These ineinded: (Attend Church and live a good life Go on a pilgrimage (Buy a special pardon These pardons were known as Indulgences, The Church made a lot of money this way, as people - especially rich people - ttied to buy their way to heaven. The Church also made money through the Tithes. 4, [twas not controlled by the King. The Church was Roman Catholic and therefore was lead by the Pope, This meant that the King could not, tell anyone from the Church what to do, Even if'a churchman committed a crime, they could not be tried by anormal court, but instead were tried by fellow churchmen, who were ofien very lenient. TASK Use the information that you have gathered to make a poster based on the 4iagram oppositeThe Almoner It is your job to make sure the poor | in your area are well cared for. You give gifts of charity e.g.: money, food of clothes — to beggars outside the gates Nurse You are a nun that works in a medieval hospital. It is your job to wash and feed patients you also make and give medicines to the sick. You often have to help with the burial of dead patients. Farmer You come from an y order of monks who | rather than setting up monasteries. It is your job to teach and people you meets on It is your job to make and repair all the furniture used in the You are a monk who works the land given to the Monastery by the rich. You are part of the (Lworkforce that provides food for the monastery. The Cellarer It is your job to make sure there is enough food for the |} monks, You have to look after the stores and make sure they last all year round. The Abbot You are the leader of the Monastery. It is your job to look after the monks and make sure they obey the rules | of the Monastery. You will’ also receive important guests who come to the monastery.Novice Master It is your job to teach the } novices what they need to know to become monks, You will teach ] the boys Latin (so they can read and write) and all about the Christian faith and how to take part in the monastery The illuminator It is your job to copy down the books in the Monastery library. All of this needs to be done by hand. The first letter on each page is often very decorated and contains many pictures. guests for. The Tnfirmarian Knight Templar You belong to a special order of monks. It is your job to fight in the Crusades in the Holy land. You are expected to take care of the holy shrines in Jerusalem. The Preceptor You are responsible for the music making in the monastery. It is your job to train the monks in plain chant for the daily services and prayers. The Hospitaller It is your job to make sure all pilgrims to the monastery and other are well cared You need to provide food and | lodgings. You also find medical care for those It is your job to care for the Nuns who become ill, You also have to care for any old and sick people living at the nunne ery. The Abbess You are the head of the Nunnery. It is your job to make sure the Nuns are doing their jobs properly. You are their to protect, teach and discipline the nuns in your careUsing all of the information over the Pages copy and complete the table. LEVEL E KUMost people in Scotland during | the Middle Ages had to make their own food. Most people ate bread. People preferred white bread made from wheat flour. However, only the richer farmers and lords in villages were able to grow the wheat needed to make white bread. Wheat could only be grown in soil that had received generous amounts of manure, s0 peasants usually grew rye and Darley instead, Rye and barley produced dark, heavy bread. Maslin bread was made from a mixture of rye and wheat flour. ‘Afier a poor harvest, when grain ‘was in short supply, people were forced to include beans, peas and even acorns in their bread. Lords of the manor did not allow peasants on his land to bake their breed in their own homes. All peasants had to pay to use the lord’s oven, How greedy was that? ee : . their regular supply of meat. As pigs were capable of finding their own food in summer and winter, they could be slaughtered throughout the year. Pigs ate acorns and as these were free from the woods and forests, pigs were also cheap to keep. Peasants also ate mutton. This comes irom sheep. But sheep and lambs were small, thin creatures and their meat was not highly valued. People also used the blood of the dead animal to make a dish called black pudding (blood, milk, animal fat, onions and oatmeal). Animals such as deer, boar, hares and rabbits lived in woodland surrounding most villages. These animals were the property of the lord and villagers were not allowed to bunt them. If they did and were caught killing these animals, they faced being punished by having their hands cut off, However, many villages did get permission from their lord to unt animals such as hedgehogs and squirrels. The peasants relied mainly on pigs for Lords might also grant permission for people in his village to catch dace, grayling and gndgeon from the focal river. Most villages were built next to a river so these could be a good source of food even if they were small, Trout and salmon were for the lord only, Many lords kept a large pond on their estates filled with large fish. If @ peasant was caught stealing from this, he would fave a very severe punishment. ALE The villagers drank water and milk, The water from a river ‘was dirty and the milk did not stay fiesh for long. The main drink was ale, It was difficult to brew ale end the process took time. People in most villagers were not allowed to sell their beer unless they firstly had pemnission from their lord. To ‘get permission to sell ale at a fair, you needed a license which had io be paid for. POTTAGE People ate a great deal of pottage. This is a kind of soup-stew made from ats. People made different kinds of pottage. Sometimes they added beans and peas. On other occasions they used other vegetables such as turnips and pparsnips. Leek pottage was especially popular - but the crops used depended ‘on what a peasant had grown in the croft around the side of his home a5had rules about what you could (or could not) eat. Until the start of the 13th century, for example, adults. were ‘forbidden four footed flesh’. And no one was allowed meat on a Friday — only fish. The trouble was, people cheated. If they couldn’t eat “four-footed flesh? then they ate large birds. When it came to sweet dishes the rich people ate all the sugar they could get their teeth on ... until the sugar rotted their teeth, of course. One flavour that was popular then is rare now — the flavour of roses, Villagers ate the food that they grew so if their crops failed then they had no food. Sometimes if peasants were desperate they might eat cats, dogs and ratst eai. They ate fresh meat, chickens and geese. Salted meat was eaten in winter and boiled in large cauldrons and served as stew. Everybody drank cider, beer and wine. Even children drank beer for breakfast. Large towns even had takeaway food! You could buy delicious hot thrushes, two for a penny, and a tasty hot sheep's foot. They would even deliver food to your door. Some food sellers cheated though. Many added sand to their loaves and in one disgusting case a loaf was found that contained cobwebs. forest? ACTIVITIES 1. What was Bread like in the Middle Ages. 2, Make a list of the type of animals that were eaten. 3. What was the punishment for killing animals in the lord’s 4. Why was ale so popular during this period? 5. What was pottage? 6. What was the rule introduced by the Church and how did people get round this? 7. What kind of things could you buy for a takeaway? 26h The Manor House at BXGe, Momingside with s\ its large kitchen and four huge fireplaces is a hive of activity today in preparation for the great feast that takes place tomorrow. The Manor is expecting a large number of visitors from all over the country to celebrate the birthday of the Lord. Joints of fresh meat, venison, chickens and geese were delivered this morning and the scullion boys are preparing the large fires and spits where most of the meat is slowly tumed and cooked. After the first course of chicken the guests are expected to delve into the meat ‘that has been salted all winter in order to ensure that it stays fresh. The stew will be served in big cauldrons. A variety of fish is also being | served. Ale and wine have also been delivered in huge caskets. The Lord of the manor has brewed ale and is expecting his workers to buy it at a good price. Complaints have been made by locals suggesting that it is unfair that he is selling it at a high price and that it is just another form of tax. In response the Lord has declared that the bachelors of the village are in for a challenging treat. They can drink as much of the ale as they want, free ... so long as they stand on their feet. If they sit down they will have to pay. Butchers will no longer be allowed to sell meat by candlelight. This is so the customer can see what they are getting! It follows the trial of a local butcher who has been caught trying to sell pork from a dead pig he found in a ditch. He is to be fastened in the pillory and will be forced to eat the meat himself - a common punishment for this sort of fraud. Last year the town had to start checking bread after some were bakers were found guilty of adding sand to loaves, in one disgusting case, a loaf contained cobwebs. The popularity of Bustards is becoming so wortying that they may be on the verge of, extinction in Britain! Fancy a bit of red meat on a Friday? Then eat a beaver! Not Anymore! They are almost extinct. Beavers use their tails for swimming, so they could be called fish ... cant they? Remember the church forbids four legged animals to be eaten on Fridays. For the sake of your soul don’t break this order. NEW TAKEAWAY OPENED 158 HIGH STREET HOME DELIVERY AVAILABLE SPECIAL OFFER ON THRUSHES --2 FOR A PENNY, SHEEP’S FOOT ONLY 2. PENCE BACH! 27FOUL FOOD WHAT DID PEOPLE EAT? *@ er 4. What types of food has been brought in to the House for preparation? 2. How is the meat A) Preserved B) Cooked? 3. How are the birds cooked? 4, What happened to the local butcher and why? B) Can you think of an alternative punishment for him? 5. For what other reasons might you need to see the food you are going to buy? 6. What animals aro on the verge of being wiped out? 7. Why did people eat beavers? 8. Why are the locals complaining about the price of Ale? 9. What has the Lord decided to do in response? 10. Complete the task below using all of the information that you have read about. ACTIVITY WHAT WE SELL Complete the table opposite. SPECIAL OFFERS ON You are an owner of a canteen in the middle ages. Make up a poster to advertise your canteen. DELIVERY? Remember you want to make as much money as possible so make it sound good! ‘THE BEST QUALITY FOOD DON’T GET CAUGHT OUT - DID YOU KNOW? aeWORK RENT TAXES TITHES WORK RENT TAXES TITHES The lifestyle of peasants in the Middle Ages was extremely hard and harsh. Many worked as farmers in fields owned by the lords and their lives were controlled by the farming year. Certain Jobs had to be done at certain times of the year. Their lives were harsh but there were few rebellions due to a harsh system of law and order. The peasants were at the bottom of the Feudal System and had to obey their local lord to whom they had swom an oath of obedience on the Bible. Because they had swom an oath to their lord, it was taken for granted that they had sworn a similar oath to the duke, carl or baron who owned that lord’s property. SOURCE 1. The position of the peasant was made clear by Jean Froissart when he wrote: It is for the nobility to have great power over the common people, who are serfs. This means that they are bound by law and custom to plough the field of their masters, harvest the corn, gather it into barns, and thresh and winnow the grain; they must also mow and carry home the hay, cut and collect wood, and perform all manner of tasks of this kind, (Written in 1385) The peasants had to pay rent for his land to his lord and also pay a tax to the church called a tithe, This was a tax on all of the farm produce he had produced in that year. A tithe was 10% of the value of what he had farmed. A peasant could pay in cash or in kind — seeds, equipment ot even food. Either ways, tithes were a deeply unpopular tax. The church collected so much produce from this tax that it had to be stored in huge tithe barns. Some of these barns can. still be seen today. Peasants also had to work for free on church land. The power of the church was such that no-one dared break this rule as they had been taught from a very early age that God would see thei sins and punish them. A tithe barn from the middie ages. After taxes, rent, tithes and work peasants could keep what was left — which was not a great deal. Giving away seeds could be especially hard as peasants might end up with not having enough to grow Iet alone to feed themselves. 29- Box one states that the life of a peasant was harsh. Why then did the peasants not revolt? . What did the oath of obedience mean for the peasants? . Using source 1 make a list of bullet points explaining what the peasants had to do? . What was the tithe and how much was this? Why was the tithe such an unpopular tax? 3. Why did peasants not complain about working for the church for free? THE LIFE OF A PEASANT kX A >< The lives of peasant children would have figg@ar i c le TRUE OR been very different compared to today. iia Bane FALSE They would not have attended school for a start. Very many would have died| The children of peasants had a good before they were six months old, as life. disease would have been very common, As soon as was possible, children joined their parents working on the land. They could not do any major physical work but they could ciear stones off the land — which might damage farming tools - and they could be used to chase birds away| — Most of the children at the time during the time when seeds were sown. would have been well educated Peasant children could only looked forward to a life of great hardship. The children would do all of the heavy jobs on the farms. Many children died before the age of one year old. 30awe cE Peasants lived in cruck houses. These had a wooden frame onto which was plastered wattle and daub. This was a mixture of mud, ACRUCK HOUSE ‘straw and manure. The straw added insulation to the wall while the manure was considered good for binding the whole mixture together and giving it strength. The mixture was left to dry in the sun and formed what was a strong building material. Cruck houses were not big but repaits were quite cheap and easy to do, The roofs were thatched. There would be little furniture within the cruck houses and straw would be used for lining the floor. The houses are likely to have been very hot in the summer and very cold in the winter. Windows were just holes in the walls as glass was very expensive. Doors might be covered with a curtain rather than having a door as good wood could be expensive. WHAT ABOUT THE ANIMALS! At night, peasants animals would be brought inside for safety. There were a number of reasons for thi First, wild animals roamed the countryside ae HEY, LET ME Scotland still had wolves and bears in the forests INITS COLD and these could easily have taken a pig, cow or 5 chickens. The loss of any animal could be a disaster but the loss of valuable animals such as an ox would be a calamity. They could also have been stolen or simply have wandered off, If they were inside your house this would not happen and they were safe. However, they must have made the house even more dirty than it ususlly would have been, as none of these animals would have been house-trained. “They would have also brought in fleas and parasites, increasing the unhygienie nature of the house. Families would have cooked and slept in the same room as the animals ACTIVITIES 1. Draw a pictire of a cruck house and label it using the information in the box. Use as much detail as you can. . Why were animals so important to the peasants? . What did the peasants do with their animals at night? . What problems did this cause?LEVEL E KU/EV ‘The houses would have had none of the things we accept as normal today — no running water, no toilets, no baths and washing basins, Soap was unheard of as was shampoo. People would have been covered with dirt, fleas and lice, Beds were simply straw stuffed mattresses and these would have attracted Lice, fleas and all types of bugs. Your toilet would have been a bucket which would have been emptied into the nearest river at the start of the day. Water had a number of purposes for peasants — cooking, washing ete. Unfortunately, the water usually came fiom the same source, A local river, stream or well provided a village with water but this water source was also used as a way of geiting rid of your waste at the start of the day. It was usually the job of a wife to collect water first thing in the moming. Water was collected in wooden buckets. Villages that hhad access to a well could simply wind up their water from the well itself. A rich person might hhaye a bath just several times a year but to make life easier, several people might use the water before it was got rid off It was said that a peasant could expect to be fully bathed just twice in their life; once, when they were born and when they had died! Face and hand washing was more common but knowledge of hygiene was fon-existent. No-one knew that germs could be spread by dirty hands, One of the problems with living in a cruck house was the lack of = People very rarely and would be covered with dirt, lice and ‘These carried disease and this would easily spread from person to . There were no and people used buckets. Again this could also caused disease because the waste was into the local rivers that people used for drinking. It was usually the job of the to collect the water from the river. At that time people did not realize that there was a link between health and hygiene and as a result people did not wash often. In fact it was common for people to go through their whole hhaving just two baths.THE FARMING YEAR OF A PEASANT MENDING AND MAKING TOOLS, REPAIRING FENCES SHOWERS PLOUGHING AND SPREADING MANURE | DRY, NO SEVERE FROSTS DIGGING DITCHES, FIRST PLOUGHING OF FALLOW FIELDS DRY EARLY, SHOWERS: LATER THRESHING, PLOUGHING AND PRUNING FRUIT TREESThe land that was owned by the lord was called the manor. A manor consisted of a village with land around it. The peasants lived in the village, which was surrounded by three large fields. Buch field was divided into long strips. A peasant would farm strips in each of the fields. This made sure that everyone had a share of the good land and the bad land. The strips were divided by mounds of earth or by rocks. Each year, the peasants changed the crops they grew in cach field. ‘This was called crop rofation, Have a look at the table below to see how it worked. WEST FIELD Barley Wheat Fallow Every year, one field was left fallow, or empty, so that the soil could get its goodness back. Strip forming meant that peasants had to work together. A whole field would be sown and harvested, and ‘cach peasant worked closely with his neighbour to get his work done. The other land around the village was also important. People collected wood from the woodland; their animals grazed on the common land, fish could be collected from the river, which was also used for washing and cooking, The land around the village supplied the peasants with nuts, berries and mushrooms. As you know, peasants lived on the manor in cruck-houses. Their house would have a small garden, where vegetables like carrots and cabbages could be grown. The peasants usually built their own house, and had very few possessions. They would have some animals like pigs, sheep, cows and chickens, but other than their day-to-day tools and equipment, they owned very little. 34source 3: A Peasants food for the day. DAnimals 6 am — Breakfast. Coarse black bread, with ale to drink. GGruek house 10 a.m — Dinner. Coarse black bread, eggs and Silas fo wear as socks, 10 cheese, ‘mattress with ale to drink, A chest DA few stools OTable (One change of clothes {JA few small blankets 4 p.m ~ Supper. Coarse black bread, pottage (a thick soup of vegetables and sometimes meat), with ale to drink. 1. On your own copy of the Medieval manor map, below add the following labels: Woodland, River, Road. Then, draw and label a church, tithe barn, water mill and cottages. Finally, add colour. 2. a) Copy and complete the paragraph: A Village had fields around it, Each field was divided into and each strip was farmed by a . Different crops were grown in each field, and every ycar the Peasants changed the crops they grew. This is called » One field was always left so that the soil could get its goodaess back. bb) Make your own copy of source 1. 3. The Woodland, River, Common Jand and land around the village were important too. Make a list of each area of land and give reasons why it was important. E.g. The River was important for cooking and washing and for collecting fish. 4, Look at source 4. List all the items that a peasant would own, 5, Look at source 3. What did a Peasant eat for: a) Breakfast? b) Dinner? c) Supper? d) What kinds of meat did they eat? @) How did they keep meat fresh?LEVEL E EV Very few people cared about the poor during the Middle ages and the lifestyle of peasants was harsh with no structured support services available to them if things went wrong - though a local monastery or convent might help though this depended on the abbot or mother superior in charge, Lis is a poem called “The Crede of Piers the Ploughman”. It was written by William Langland about 600 years ago. It must be remembered that few people could read or write when Langland lived, so very few people would have read this poem. Some estates had a reeve employed io ensure that peasants worked well and did not steal from a lord. SOURCE A SOURCE B Written by Walter of Henley in 1275 "As I went on my way, 1 saw @ poor man over the plough bending, His hood was fall of holes, And his hair was sticking out, His shoes were patched. Let the reeve be all the time with| ithe serfs (peasants) in the lord’s| His toes peeped out as he the ground trad, His wife walked by him Tn a skirt cut fll and high. ‘Wrapped in a sheet to keep her from the weather. Bare foot on the bare ice So that the blood flowed. At the ficld’s end lay a little bowl, ifields....because serfs .negléct their work-and:it is necessary to} guard against their fraud... reeve must oversee jwork... if they (serfs) do not work well, let them be punished. And in there lay-a little child wrapped in rags And two more of two years old upon another side. ‘And all of them sang a song, ‘That was sorrowful to hear, The all oried a cry, A sorrowful note. And the.poor man sighed sore and said uestions ? In your own words describe what the life of the poor was like according to William Langland. 2. This is a sad poem. Which words and phrases make it sad? 3. Using your knowledge of the poor, is this poem by Langland accurate? Explain your answer. 4. One writer called life then “nasty, brutal and short”. Does the poem by Langland agree with this description ? Explain your answer. SOURCE B 1, What is the attitude of the Lord towards the Peasants? 2. What was the job of the reeve? 36IVESTIGATING PLANNING PROBLEM SOLVING LEVEL E Town A Help me decide where to set up my business. Look at the map and use the descriptions to complete the table over the page. Situated near a bridge which crosses a small market held twice a week. It is quite a poor town with little money, but it is near a number of villages Town B Situated on the coast near to the sea. A main feature of the town is its castle. The town is built around the castle which is on @ hill overlooking both the coast and inland areas. The town does not have a market, but it does have a number of tradesmen who depend upon ‘the castle for most of their business. It has a medium size population. The town has a quarry nearby. Town C ‘Also has a Bridge over the river. Its main feature is a large and important Monastery which is visited by many pilgrims. The town has 2 small but busy market. The main problem for the ‘town is that it is offen affected by disease brought by the pilgrims. This affects trade. Town D Situated in @ country area on a main road to other larger settlements. It has a population that changes all the time. A small number of Rich peopis live in the area and a market is held three times a week. The town is surrounded by flat well watered land. The main problem is that the town is often affected by disease. Town E Situated on a busy crossroads. Many pilgrims and other visitors pass through the town. The population is very small and it only holds a market once a week. It has a large number of ‘smail villages nearby who use the town as a point of trade.You are an Apothecary Your job was to mix and sell medicines, making them out of herbs and other ingredients. You have worked all over Europe and you y are welt known especially among the rich. Since you use herbs |] I and spices your cures have been very successful. A Miller was a person who ground Up grain to make flour. Once you make the flour, you sell it to people so that they can make bread. You have decided to move to an area that requires a miller so that you can make more money. You are a Goldsmith. A Goldsmith was a person who made Jewellery, fine tableware and other | Precious objects. You have customers all over the country but now want to settle down, | You are a Blacksmith. A Blacksmith was a person who made and repaired iron objects, like tools and cooking pots. You could make ‘weapons and horse shoes. You are a Mason. A Mason was a person who used heavy mallets and chisels to cut stone blocks into shape. You would work on monasteries castles and | cathedrals. You are in demand especially from the rich and the church. You are a Spicer. A Spicer was a person who sold spices. You sell to shops especially butchers but you also sell to individuals at the market place. Your spices are used by the rich especially when banquets are being held. Your specialty is in preserving meat.IVESTIGATING PROBLEM SOLVING LEVEL E IMAKE MEDICINES Apothecary| TOSTRE FROM DISEASES Miller Goldsmith ~ Blacksmith. Mason. Spicer - 39_TOWNS IN BRITAIN, There were few towns in Medieval Britain and those that existed were very small by our standards. Most people during the Middle Ages were village peasants but religious centres did attract people and many developed into towns or cities, Outside of London, the largest towns in were the cathedral cities of Lincoln, Canterbury, Chichester, York, Bath, Hereford and in Scotland it was Edinburgh, Stirling and Galsgow. That many of these cities. were big can be explained simply because they were cathedral cities, ‘These cities attracted all manner of people but especially traders and pilgrims. The Domesday Book of 1087 only included six towns in its enquiry. By the time of the SAFETY? As homes were made of wood, fire was another danger in a town ot city. Walking in 2 town at night could also be dangerous. Though towns had a curfew (@ time when everyone had to be in their homes) no town had a police foree to deal with those who broke the law. No town had street lights - the only choice was candles but in a wooden city or town, these ‘street lights” could prove disastrous, wy A MEDIEVAL TOWNg Middle Ages we do not have accurate figures for these § towns and cities as no count was ever made of population [* and the figure would have changed throughout the year in all large towns and cities. [tis estimated that about ten percent of the population lived in towns and cities during the Middle Ages, VISITING FHE TOWNTAS Village people came to towns to trade therefore those who were in charge of a town had to do what was needed to ensure that their town was safe, Many towns had large fences built around them and the : ==! gates of these fences were locked at night to keep out undesirables. Cities such as York and Canterbury had city walls that served the same purpose ~ but a town would not have had enough wealth to build such an expensive protection. Successful towns attracted many merchants to it. Medieval houses that exist today appear odd in that they have a small ground floor, a larger second floor and an even larger top floor as builders built up and out. This kept the cost down The shops also doubled as a home for the craftsman that worked in it. A sign outside of the shop showed people what that person did for a living. Signs had to be used as so few people could read or write. ‘A charter gave people in a town certain tights that were clearly stated in the charter that town had. Many charters gave towns the right to collect their own : taxes thus removing corrupt sheriffs from doing so. ‘was also common for a town to ask for its own law court so that legal problems couid be settled quickly. Royal Charters would be given by the King. i Towns were dirty places to live in. There was no sewage system as we would know it today. Many people threw foilet waste into the street along with other rubbish. Rats were very ‘common in towns and cities and lead to the Black Death of 1348 to 1349. Towns might use pigs to eat what rubbish there was. Water was far from clean as a local river would have been polluted with toilet waste thrown into it from villages both upstream and downstream. Therefore, as people would have used this as a source of water (they liad no other choice) and because people knew little about health and hygiene, disease was common. Life expectancy could be shortA MEDIEVAL TOWN LEVELEKU Your Teacher will read through this short play with you. It will give you an idea of what it was like to visit a town in the Middle Ages, Presenter — Hello this is. Tam going to take you on a tour of Chichester. You cannot mistake the town, Even from here I ‘can see the walls and the great spire of the church. Why walls? Well there was plenty of fighting in the Middle Ages and they needed protection. They could also control who came in and went out by controlling the gate. Let's go in through the gate. ‘Market seller L,Come and buy your silken hose only 2 pence. ‘Market seller 2 Capons plump eapons only 3 pence each. ‘Market seller 3, Cherry pie lovely cherry pie only 4 pence, como and buy your cherry pie, ‘Market seller 4, Come and get your goose grease, get your goose grease here now only 5 pence, help case those sores!? Presenter ~ What a noise, and we're not in the town yet, These traders are getting tothe customers frst and not paying rent for the stalls. Clever eh! Guard — Good Moming young ones, Welcome to the town of Chichester. Don't forget thatthe gates to the town close at sun down. Presenter — No ,I won't t's dark here — the houses almost touch each other atthe top and block out the sunlight Prosenter - Watch it woman!! She has just thrown the contents of the Chamber pots all over me] No wonder there is a terible smell in this town, Watch where you are walking everybody. There are even pigs sniffing around. People seem to be hurrying towards somewhere. I will try to find out what is going on, follow me! Presenter — What is happening? Passer By - Why young Sir / Madam itis the Town Crier, If you and your group don"t hurry you will miss the announcements! All the important messages for the people of this towa will be read out by the town crier, Presenter ~ There is quite a crowd straightshead by the cross. Oh look there is the town erier mounting the steps now! ‘Town Crier ~ Oyez, Oyer, Oyez, Hear Ye , Hear Ye. Good people of Chichester, The news on this dey is that there are pickpockets in this town of Chichester. Look after your belongings, and keep all valuables safely with you at all times. If we catch these pickpockets their punishment will be the chopping off af one hand. So if pickpockets are listening now you bave been warned! notice a large group in the crowd, be very carefull Presenter — Right we had better be careful everyone. Lets move on around the town. “Market Seller ~ Water, pure water. Clean water, fresh from a spring. Water, water come and buy your water. Presenter — Hello can Lhave 19 bottles of your finest spring water please, here 19 pence should cover the cost, thank you. Right drink up we need to think about leaving the town now, if we don’t leave before sunset we get locked in the tovn for the night, and I don't know about you lot but I don’t fancy staying out all night, there will be boggars and thieves around no doubt about that! ‘Snobhy man — Out of my way fellow, out of my way can’t you see I am busy, clear the way. Presenter — Fey look out. You nearly knocked me over then. He was a posh looking fellow was'nt he full of his own importance though, very nude. Right we have to find a way out of here now. Oh look there is a Punch and Judy show down there, a least i is better than bear baiting, come on wo will try down here. ‘Presenter —T will ask this person how we get can get ont ofthe town. Excuse me can you tell me in which direction we have to goto leave this town? Can you direct me to the Hastgate please. ‘Helpful person ~ Why good sit ‘madam it just behind you, But if you want to leave Chichester tonight you and your group will have to hurry, The keepers close the gate promptly at 6 of the clock and itis nigh that now. So quickly go just behind you. Guard — You and your group have just made it Si. Thave already got my keys out, you were all close to spending the night inthe town, end unless you had somewhete to stay it could lave been a very nasty night for you. Presenter — Why is there a hand nailed to the gate Guard? Guard — Oh well, we eaught one of the pickpockets earlier on today, lots hope that it acts as a deteeront for any other would be pickpockets, Chichester does not want them! Now God Speed, come again! Presenter — Well I hope you enjoyed our brief tour of the town of Chichester. Itis certainly vary prefer 2004 to 1397. At least you don't got a chamber pot tipped all over you! 41 Terent from today! As for meTLEVELEKU . Why were towns small in the middie Ages? . What were the main reasons for people going to the towns? . Draw a Pie Chart showing the distribution of population during the Middle . How safe were towns in the middle ages? Explain your answer in detail. . What did towns do to for protection? . How could you tell if a town was successful? Make a list of some of the main towns at the time. Ages. What seems odd about Middle Age Housing in towns? .. Why were signs used instead of words in the towns? }.. Draw a sign for the a) Baker b) Butcher c) Blacksmith d) Barber e) Ale House . Using the information you have read over the page complete the diagram below giving all of the reasons why the towns were unpleasant places to live. | a2LEVELEES USING SOURCES. q What were medieval towns like? How clean were medieval towns? Medieval towns were ‘small, dirty and smelly places. Parliament passed laws to clean up the towns. But people did not take much notice of these new laws. They still threw their waste into the streets. The sources below help us to understand what towns were like in medieval times: B Cc Ebgate Lane used to be a The floors of the The streets and lanes | public path until Thomas houses are made of must be cleared of ‘White built toilets on the clay covered with : first floor of the houses, straw. Under this palects such as dung. The filth from these toilets there are layers of ‘ach person must fell onto the heads of the dirt which have clean away the filth passers-by. never been from the front of his cleaned. The dirt is house. a mixture of beer, From Court records of 1321 Grease, bones and the hody waste er From the White Book animals. of London in 1419. It was a book of rules to Written by a foreign clean up the streets. visitor to London in ~ the early 1500s, 1. In Source A, why was it risky for people to walk along the lane next to the houses? 2. The houses and streets in Source B and C were very different from our houses and streets. Write down two things about them which were different: 3. Source € was written a long time after Source B. How do we know from Source C that the rules in Source B did not work? 4. There was a lot of disease in medieval towns. Why do you think disease spread so quickly? 437 LEVEL E Keep in mind that this little creature was responsible for what you are about to read! WHAT WAS THE BLACK DEATH? In the early 1330s an outbreak of deadly bubonic plague occurred in China, Plague mainly affects rodents, to people. Once people are infected, they infect others very rapidly. swelling of the lymph glands called buboes, but fleas can transmit the disease Plague causes fever and a painful name. The disease also causes spots on of the busiest of the world's trading nations, China spread to westem Asia and Europe, In from a trip to the Black Sea, one of the key of those on board were already dying of the skin thet are red at first and then tum black. Since China was one it was only a matter of time before the outbreak of plague in October of 1347, several Italian merchant ships returned links in trade with China. When the ships docked in Sicily, maay plague. Within days the disease sprend to the city and the which is how it gets its surrounding countryside, _| SOURCE 1! SOURCE 2 SOURCE 3 ‘An eyewitness tells what happened in 1347 yh ation writer A contemporary writer states Boccaccio explains | pee "Realizing what a deadly disaster had come to them, the people quickly drove the Italians from their city. But lunch with their . | the disease remained, and soon deuth friends and groin or armpits, After ‘Was everywhere. Fathers abandoned dinner with their this, livid black spots their sick sons. Lawyers refused to ancestors in appeared on the arms and [come and make out wills for the | dying. Friars and nuns were left to | care for the sick, and monasteries and convents were soon deserted, as they were stricken, (oo. Bodies were | left in empty houses, and there was no one to give them a Christian [burai.” SYMPTOMS Swellings blotches sneezing ‘high temperature. OUTCOME “It’s victims ate paradise." PNEUMONIC. SYMPTOMS Attacked tungs pain in chest spitting of blood highly infectious, Passed through a patients breath, OUTCOME DEATH IN TWO DAYS "The first signs of the plague were lumps in the thighs and other parts of the body. Few recovered. Almost all died within three days, —_ usually without any fever." SEPTICAEMIC SYMPTOMS Infection of blood. Sudden agonising pain, OUTCOME FATAL, DEATH WITHIN A FEW HOURS1. Make a diagram to Explain how the Plague spread to Europe. 2. Describe the reactions of some of the citizens when they heard of the Plague? 3. Copy out Source 2 and explain what point it the writer is trying to make, 4. Write down the symptoms of the each type of Plague. 5. Match up the letter with the correct plague. ‘A. Many people who were healthy in the morning, before mid day were snatched from human affairs, B. Men suffer in their lungs and breathing and whoever has these corrupted even slightly cannot by any means escape. C. The victim complains, either of a blotch or a purple swelling on any part of his body, or falls otherwise dangerously sick. L__ 45aid the bubonic plag ue Why did the bubonic plague spread so quickly EVALUATING & INVESTIGATING LEVEL E spread 46 Information Box 1 SOURCE 1 Source 2. From a History textbook, a edn medical ‘The filth that Fittered wledge meant ote f that le tried perieet canons ne _ peop’ perfect environment to anything to help breed and increase them escape the their number. It is disease. One of the commonly thought more extreme was jwith Plague, Soon 1 that it was the rats that © the flagellants, These | J@"Eo=t Dalf the peopte caused the disease, people wanted to This is not true ~ the show their love of fleas did this, God by whipping However, it was the themselves, hoping rats that enabled the disease to spread very that God — would “ * fori quickly and the filth in forgive them for 2 give streets of our their sins and that towns and cities did they would be spared Wher the aun an aig, ot help to stop the the Black Death, suober ter nea spread of the disease. ~ eo INFORMATION BOX 2 M4 In towns and cities people lived very close together and they knew nothing about contagious diseases. Also the disposal of bodies was very crude auid helped to spread the disease still further as. those who hhandled the dead bodies did not protect themselves in any way. 1. Draw your own diagram of how the Black Death spreads. | 2. According to box 1 why was the plague spread. 3. Who were the Flagellants? 4. Is source 2 useful as evidence of how the plague spread? 5. What does box three say about the spread of the disease? — |EVALUATING & INVESTIGATING LEVEL E ‘The Plague probably began in China. Many people visited China to buy and sell goods and they travelled there and back along the trade routes. When they came back to Europe they brought the Plague with them. In 1347 the Disease reached the port of Kaffa in the Crimea. This Port belonged to the Italian town of Genoa, When the Black Death broke out in Kaffa the Italian traders were terrified. They were so | frightened that they sailed back to Italy, hoping that they might escape the Plague Within a few years the disease reached all of the major towns in Europe. Paris, London Vienna, York, Birmingham, Florence and Milan. Mar 4 MaP2 Your Teacher will give you a copy of Map One Fill it in and stick it in your jotter using the information below. Put some colour into your Map using the information in Map 2. KAFFA January, 1347 SICILY October, 1347 m- -December 1347 G --Jamuary, 1348 V—--- Januarys 1348 F —--- Spring 1348 p---- June, 1348 Sune, 1348 L--— January, 1349 -~ YY —May, 1349 SCOTLAND Spring 1350[m Black Death was to kill 1.5 million peopie out of an estimated total of 4 million in Scotland and England between 1348 and 1350. No medical knowiedge existed to cope with the disease. After 1350, it was to strike another six times by the end of the century. Understandably, peasants were terrified at the news that the Black Death might be approaching their village or town, Its impact on society from 1348 to 1350 was terrible, No amount of medical knowledge could help when the bubonic plague struck. It was also to have a major impact on social structures which lead to the Peasants Revolt of 1381. SOURCE 1 SOURCE 2. The Black Death had a huge impact on society Fields went unploughed as the men who usually did this were victims of the disease. DISASTER STRIKES Estimated population of Europe from 1000 to 1352. os Harvests were not brought in as the manpower did not exist. 1000 38 million Animals would have been lost as the people in a village would not have been around to tend them, | 1100 48 million ‘Therefore whole villages would have faced starvation. Towns and cities 1200 59 million would have faced food shortages as the villages that surrounded them could not provide them with enough food.. 1300 70 million One consequence of the Black Death was inflation - the price of food 1347 75 million went up creating more hardship for the poor. In some paris of England, | food prices went up by four times. 1352 50 million | Peasants could demand higher wages as they knew that a lord was despetate to get in his harvest. 1. How many people died from the Black Death between the years 1348 and 1350? 2. Using the Information in source 1 draw a line graph - headed “European Population 1100 - 1352 (In millions)”. On the left of your graph start at 0 and go up in 10’s. Along the base of your graph put in the dates as indicated in the box. Highlight the years of the Black Death and indicate beside the line on the graph what is happening. 3. Complete this ‘The Price of food went up because.. ‘Wages went up because... People went hungry and even starved hecause.... Animals were lost because.Happened To The Jews ” What Happened To The k ows? ‘As you are aware people were so frightened of the Black Death that they prayed to God for forgiveness. People believed that perhaps it was their sins that caused them to be punished from God, Others, like the flagellants whipped themselves in public to show God that they were sony. The Black Death continued and people looked for a Scapegoat (someone to blame). The Jews, because of their different religion and culture ‘were a perfect target. In Europe and especially in Germany Jews were blamed for poisoning the water supplies with plague infected liquid, The confession of Agimet of Geneva on October 20, 1348 gave authorities the excuse they wanted, ‘The Cremation of Strasbourg Jewry St, Valentine's Day, Pebruary 14 1349 « About The Great Plague And The Buming Of The Iews, These sources come from an eyewitness account of what happened to Jews in Germany in 1349 after one Jew confessed under severe torture to the crime of poisoning a well and thus spreading the plague. In Basel the citizens marched to the city-hall and compelled the council to take an oath thet they would bum the Jews, and that they would allow no Jew to enter the city for the next two hundred years ...... and wherever they were expelled they were caught by the peasants and stabbed to death or drowned. A On St. Valentine's Day-they burnt the Jews on a wooden platform in their cemetery, There were about two thousand of them. Those who wanted to baptize themselves were spared. Some say that about a thousand accepted baptism. Many small children were taken out of the fice and baptized against the will of their parents. Everything that was owed to the Jews was cancelled. The council took the cash that the Jews owned and divided it among the working-men. The money was indeed the thing that killed the Jews. If they had been poor and if the feudal lords had not been in debt to them, they would not have been burnt. Some gave their share to the Church on the advice of their confessors. ‘What is meant by a Scopegoat? B) Why were Jews a perfect target? ‘What two things were the council forced to do to the Jews? What happened to the Jews on Valentines Day? Were all of these Jews killed? ‘What is meant by “the money was indeed the thing that killed the Jews”? veep 49oe mY @ EVALUATING LEVEL E PRIMARY SOURCE 1 “Some shut themselves away and waited for death, others _rioted from tavern to tavern. The sickness fell upon all classes without distinction, The rich passed out of this world without a single person to comfort them. The poor fell sick by the thousand and most of them died. The terror was such that brother even fled from brother, wife from husband, yea the mother from her own child.” PRIMARY SOURCE 2 Peasants dropped dead on the roads, in the fields, and in their houses. Oxen and sheep, goats, pigs, and chickens ran wild and also succumbed to the disease. Sheep, bearers of the precious English wool, died throughout the land. Knighton reported 5,000 dead in one field alone, "their bodies so disgusting that neither beast nor bird ‘would touch them." Hungry wolves, descending from the mountains to prey on sheep, "as if alarmed by some invisible warning, ‘tured and fled back into the wildemess.” 1, Plague infected flea bites victim. 3. Victim feels tired and weak but finds it difficult to sleep. 50 5, Vietim feels giddy appears dazed and begins to talk wildly. a 7. Bleeding under the skin causes blue black or purple blotches.EVALUATING LEVEL E Put the heading in your workbook Symptoms of the Plague. 1. How long did it take someone to die from the plague? 2. What were the chances of someone surviving the plague? 3. Imagine that you are a monk and that you have just visited someone who has the plague. Make a diary entry about what happened to the person, what the person was saying and how the person looked. YOU CAN DECIDE WHAT HAPPENS TO YOUR PATIENT! a) Draw the outline of a person in your workbook. b) Highlight the main areas of the body that would affected by the plague. ©) Label at some of the main symptoms ll ~ of the plague on the body that you have put into your jotter. 5. Give three pieces of evidence from Source 1 that shows that the plague caused widespread fear and panic. 6. “The sickness fell upon alll classes without distinction”. What does this mean? 7. What impact did the plague have on animals? 8. What evidence in source 2 tells us that even the wolves were frightened disease? SiLEVEL EEV Healing the Sick? [ you were an ordinary doctor what could you do? | You could wear your special protective suit. The nose of this frightening looking costume was supposed to act as a filter, | as it was filled with perfumes and what were thought of a¢ cleaning vapours. The lenses were glass and protected the eyes from bad air (miasma). You were protected with gloves and a long robe as well as boots. You could make sure your Patient had sweet smelling perfumes and herbs around to get rid of bad smells, you could try bleeding them. These outfits ‘were known as Ouacks. Patients must be put to bed. They should be washed with vinegar and rose water The swellings should be cut open to allow the disease to leave the body. A mixture of tree resin, roots of white tilies and dried human excrement should be applied to the places where the body has been cut open. ‘The disease must be in the blood, The veins leading to the heatt should be cut open, This wil allow the discase to leave the body. An ointment made of clay and violets should be applied to the place where the cuts have been made. ‘We should not eat food that goes off easily and smells badly such as meat, cheese and fish. Instead we should eat bread, fruit and vegetables The streets should be cleaned of all human and animal waste. It should be taken by a cart toa field outside of the village and burnt. All bodies should be buried in deep pits outside cof the village and their clothes should also be bumt. Roast the shells of newly laid eggs. Ground the roasted shells into a powder. Chop up the leaves and of marigold flowers. Put the egg shells and marigolds into a pot of ale. Add treacle and warm over up. Patients should drink this mixture every momning and nig Place a five hen next to the swelling to draw out the pestilence from the body. To aid Jecovery you should drink a.A MESSAGE FROM YOUR KING How to avoid the plague - Avoid breathing in the same air as a plague victim. 2. Sit next to a blazing hot fire, (it worked for the Pope in the summer of 1348). 3. Live in a house sheltered from the wind and keep the window closed, 4. Attack foreigners and people of a different religion. (Twenty thousand Jews were burned to death in Strasbourg in 1348). 6. You could walk around carrying flowers, herbs or spices, which you would often raise to your nose. 7. Go to church and ask for forgiveness. 8. Go ona pilgrimage. Punish yourself by joining the flagellants. 9... “No poultry should be eaten, no pig, no old beef, altogether no fat meat, ...Jt is injurious to sleep during the daytime... Fish should not be eaten, and nothing should be cooked in rainwater. 10. “In the first place no man should think on death... Nothing should: distress him, but all his thoughts should be directed to pleasing, agreeable -and delicious things... Beautiful landscapes, fine gardens should, be. visited, particularly when aromatic plants are flowering... Listening ‘to: beautiful, melodious songs is wholesome. The contemplating of gold and silver and other precious stones is comforting to the heart.” Task Can you create a poster advertising ways of avoiding the plague? Use colour and remember not to use any words about germs — they didn’t know about them.No one knew what caused diseases in the Middle Ages. There was no knowledge of germs. Medieval peasants had been taught that any illness was a punishment from God for sinful behaviour. The fact that people lived so close together in both villages and towns meant that contagious diseases could be rampant when they appeared; as happened with the Black Death. Many physicians believed that illness was due to common sense reasons (bad smells etc.}, imbalance of the four humours, position of the sun and planets, punishment from God, or poisonous fumes. THE FOUR HUMORS? Four humors, or body fluids, were related to the four elements: fire=yellow bile, water =phlegm; earth=black bile; air=blood. These four humors had to be balanced. Too much of one was thought to cause a change in Physicians would have had thelr own ideas as to what caused illnesses. 1. Those who blamed bad smelis developed a ‘cure’ to make the bad smells go Experiments on dead bodies were forbidden. Physicians went to universities. Physicians charged for their services and only the rich could afford them. Their cures could be bizarre though some cures, including bleeding and the use of herbs, had some logic to them even if it was very much a hit-or-miss approach. Physicians would often study a patient's urine before deciding on a suitable treatment, They often worked as army doctors, treating those injured during the many wars of this period. Herbal concoctions such as hemlock, mandrake, wine or opium were used for pain relief. Herbal remedies were widely used for _-+| many everyday illnesses. When by some luck, a patient got better or simply improved, this was a sure sign that a cure worked. It also meant that the cure used would be used again. If it did not work on the next patient, this was the fault of the patient rather than of the cure. away. 2. Those who blamed bad luck used prayers and superstitions. 3. Those who blamed the body's four humours used bleeding, sweating and vomiting to restore the balance of the four humours. butchers and barbers. The traditional red and white pole outside of a barber's shop today is a throwback to this period. When barbers did operations. The red stood for blood and the white for the bandages used at the end of an operation. Operations could end in death as infections were common. Instruments used in an operation were not cleaned - as there was no knowledge of germs, there was no need to clean instruments used in operations. Patients might recover from small operations, such as a tooth extraction, but operations that included a deep cut through the skin were very dangerous, Some monasteries had cottage hospitals attached to them. The monks who worked in these hospitals had basic medical knowledge but they were probably the best qualified people in the country to help the poor and those who could not afford their own physician. By 1200, there may have been as many as 400 hospitals in the Scotland and England, 54Ot Sint Lask you heartily that you will send me a pot of treacle quickly. For | have been very worried, since you rode away. One of the tallest young men in the parish lies sick and has a great fever. What wiil happen to him, God only Knows? Uncle Berney the pot of treacle that you had bought for him. | have sent my Si Sir, | ask you to send me, two pots of treacle from Genoa, They will cost 16 pence. | have used all that | had on my young wife and my young people and myself. I ask that you do it quickly. Many people are dying in Norwich and especially around my house. We dare not go out. At the end of the Middle Ages it was a common sight at fairs to see a “Toady” a man that swallowed poisonous live toads. The toad eater was employed by a "Quack" - a fake doctor. After swallowing the toad the man would fall to the ground in a faint. The Quack would then bring him back to life with a potion, which he would then sell to the crowd as a cure all medicine. | cut off the heads of crickets and mix them with beetles and oil in 2 pot. | covered it and left it a day and a night in a bread oven. | drew out the pot and heated it at a moderate fire. | ground it all together and rubbed the sick parts. In three days the pain disappeared. Monasteries St. Benedict, founder of the Benedictine monks believed that the cure of the sick was one of the most important duties of monks. During the dark ages, monasteries were the only hospitals in Europe. Patients were cared for in the hospitals until they recovered or died. Their fate was God's will. Prayer and/or pilgrimages to holy shrines were considered the best methods of effecting a cure. Hospitals The Catholic church taught that it was a religious duty to care for the sick, but it was not until the twelfth century that the church provided medical schools. Of the hospitals that were in existence, only 10% actually provided medical care. They were called hospitals because they provided hospitality (housing, food and clothing) for the needy. Monks and nuns cared for people in hospitals. Physicians were rarely seen in hospitals, they treated kings, nobles and wealthy merchants, not ordinary people. 35ee gh La or general ilnesse: People were told that a pilgrimage to a holy Shrine to show your love of God would eure thom of llesss especially if they had some Holy water sold atthe place of Fletimege After the death of Thomas Becket in 1170, Canterbury Cathedral became a ‘place of: pilarimage rrmmpoe For toothache: Take a candle and bum it close to the tooth. The worms that are gnawing the tooth will fall out into @ cup of water haeld by the mouth. For evil spirits in the head: For this, surgcons used trepanning. This was where a surgeon cut a hole info the skull to release evil spirits trapped in the brain. The operation ‘might also include cutting out the part of the brain that bad been “infected” » ‘with these evil spirits. Incredibly, people are known to have survived operations such as these as skulls have been found which show bone srowth around the hole cut by a surgeon ~ a sign that someone did survive such an operation if only for a white Blood letting: This was when blood was drained from a certain spot ia your body. The idea behind this was similar to trepanning in that it released bad blood from your body. ‘The use of lecches was common for this but | dirty knives were also used which only, sive isk to the patients Cauterisation: This was where a physician identified that certain part of your body was ill andACTIVITIES 1. What did people think caused diseases? 2. What were the four Humours? 3. Copy and complete the table into your jotter. Education Patients Cures Other Experience Methods used Success | ‘4. Tn what way do sources one and two agree about the importance of treacle? 5. After reading sources three and four do you think that people were desperate to find cures for = illnesses? Explain your answer with evidence from the source. §. How important were hospitals and monasteries in providing help for the sick? 7. You are ¢ physician. Draw an advert showing what you sell and what you can cure, Remember make it colorful and make it realistic, mT L 37