SOCIAL RESEARCH Philosophy, Politics and Practice edited by MARTYN HAMMERSLEY © in asoxation with a8 The Open University SAGE PublicationsAcknowledgements eed othe a Sera Gia Ca 6) a ‘th sea, el ae om 8 Fs, Te seme Fran Bou Ppa Sey tec uae ma ogoad mnt NF Pe’ uate rae Pe Sam mek 9 aa ee finer ee ie ‘or ie Pol Tho tw im en) Fac i or cn rs Recestg: Pot, Debate 1 PART I PHILOSOPHY 1 An Overall View of Positivism Leszek Kolakowski “The term postive ploophy’ was coined by Auguste Comte, ad Iehas lasted down tothe preset time in the thot form of ‘poss’. Not al, howeter, who according lo historia oe lites profess te pois doctlne, would agre to be caifiod ‘der ds heading. Ass rl thee thinkers object ens they are ‘eluant to admit tha hey profes doctine tha ae had og tnd compler hstery. To. rapes thee wihes, one would be ‘bigd in discussing each thinker, single ot those ements i Dosivim that are motto hs tase, athe sme Ue polis out bow much of the eat of it be nase the les eerie to. Also, ‘many thinkers are conscious of the eors and ovrsinplifiont that grow up around docral label, and for ths reson estate tovenol themselves under any bane Ths meas that etng Boundaries to the cument of tought pestvsm represents Insect. apd tenth cetary intel {al story fogs deon that party arbitrary. Te se Droblem arise in many olber cases (for campl, when one scuses the history af ental ce Mart piosopy). A ‘meanure of arbitrariness, however, i unavodabie both fr the ‘storian and forthe stadent of pilosopical eats: One has 0 ‘organi the material at hand secording to some schema, deg ‘in ferences im matters one looks upon as secondary In order to bring ou the comin in primary contents. Nee his dite: tion between primary and secondary sain in philosophy erly trotvary IB based on certain histor da that SOW, maybe From Psi Pint, gn Haron.2 Lesok Kelakowstt With te ald of purely quantitative (hough approximate) indices, that certain thems, propostions, oF sseroas Hel the ateation fof renders, polemics, and adherents overs ven perio, we ‘ters went slot unnoticed, The casi or Moran ‘who ‘cera certain ‘earn in the ior of plsophy oes on Fefr solely to Mtrial, factual ceria Justifying his construc tion, Others he might be suspected of acelin itll trends on the bate of array chowen pincples (hough ever this i permisible, provided he cleanly formulates his criti). Morcover he refers a see of sotinuty that actualy was fe by sucesve generations of adherens, ad given expression by ‘aaily mers feng talen ino acount Ts the proveat insane, however, Iam dealing wit a mater hat hineteenh-— and” wenteth century philosophy is. univesally Schnowledged. Doubts rie only when we ty 10 define tht rent, and to formulate rigorous cite seting jt off from the ‘ther currents, This stuaon Is as poral and ieseapable Inthe Nstory of plosphie thought aia the story of athe ier penetration of dea, the ways in which one caren infenses Shotber or reas agains i not to mention genuine ambigues in thetene thoes mean tat thc alway oom for more has fe tnerpretaons prfesty cea vison are raed out By the face of the xe. So le hey to characterize he postvst mode of hiking in ‘Posiivism sands fr a certain philosophical ate to human ‘owfedae sty speaking, it doesnot preiadge quesion aboot how men ative at Knowledge nether the peyhologcal nor the ‘nstoreal foundations of knowindge. Butt a cllecion of res fd cyaluative exes referring to human Snowedge: tlk os ‘tha kind of conten in our atementr about the world dese the mame of knowledge aod supplies us wis noms that make Dose fodtnguehtetwecn tht wich maya ha which ay Sot reasonably be asked Thus posits i a normative aad, ‘eating Row we ae to use sch terms a5 “knowlege sence’ ‘comin’, and "aformaion’ By the same token the post rus distin between philosophic! and ete pots that, ‘tay profitably be pursued and those that have oo chance of tog ‘eile and hence deve no consideration “The mos important ofthe rules tha, according to the poste toca, are o be observed in ode, 50 Lo Speak, 10 sparte the Wheat from the chaff i any statement about te worl = Le. 10 An Overall View of Positivism 3 keermine the questions worth considering and to dard questions ‘hac ae fly formated or inva teptinateeonceps~ are as 1. The rule of phonomeralin. This may bey be formulated ss follows, there tno real ffernce baween “sence and “phenomenon” Maxy Wadslonal meaphysal doctrine asued ‘of ality tat we cannot eet fo now he ordinary way; ths ‘Ssamoton jute the we of sah ere a ‘substance substan {al form, “aca qualiy’, te. According 10 poskivim, the Sininction benween sense and phenome shoul be ciated from sence onthe round that i is misleading. We are ened to record onty that which is actualy manfesed in experience pinion conctaing octets of which experienced thngs are Stopol the munifsasons ar otrstwortsy. Dispreemeats ‘over qutns that oo beyond the down of expeene are Paely ‘han character. I must be noted hee at poss do not Tojct every sinetion between ‘munfeaion and ‘aus’ Aer fi ils wel Known that whooping cough manifexs elf by ‘harris feof coughing, and poce such a typeof disease has teen bolted, we are ented to recognize the cough a6 manifestation ao to nase it the specie hidden mechan? ‘Of ts mansion. Discovery of acs peru cryin this ‘rotary, a the caeal agen ofthe lection, was max obviously compatible withthe sumptions of phusoneaaisn. For Doutvts do not object to lagu ato the immedi lavisible huss of any observed penowenon, they object only 0 any ‘Srsouting fori inten of cost eee that are by defiition inmost to human Kaowiedge. Clase example of ens the pvt condemn ae legitimate itrpaations Tying beyond the Alonaia of posable expenence are mate” and “spr. Since tater i supposed io be tmeting differen om the tty of the word's abseved genes, and since wit tis concept we do tot svount for eburved phenomena mote elfoively than without there uo remo to make use of tall Sty sou to denote» certain object sfforet ftom the totabiy of the flecibale qualities of human metal Wiese a superTuous strc, for no one sn tll how the word without woul woul ‘iter from the world with soa ‘Needle to say, the phnomcnalt ‘don’ 10 formulated can tive rt to dou, for x hard to sate in ach form tha t ‘il setlc once ad forall, im every posible case wheter the ques Ton ot leinte one wheter trepreets the Sear forthe ‘Meanie beled the manifetation, or whether iso be throws4 Lacok Kolakowskt Imo the dustbin as ‘metaphysical In some catreme ais the des Solely unknowable objes est, posts wool consider him an icorpbe metptyscan on the ground that be bas made ‘experimental contol. Conversely there can be ro doubt about ‘whether it makes sease to Ingu ito the powibleesence ad Properties ofa specifi cancers, fr all ti forthe ane being obserable only through ls manifestations, Bat thee are ‘many cater in which the dtson i ot wo obvious anton this ‘bot as en objosion o psiivin but to cll ateaon fo he Highly barat way in which Ihave. charncerned the pstivit Propane, ase 10 the fact cat Incompatbe Ineprtations of ‘ir aame oveal rule are fo be found win postive tel For {he moment, However, I shal not 30 into the overall alr st eater deta ut et ther stand out arly asa mens of teat: {ng one fat Inportant caren in piowophicl thought. Ths ‘would appear more isroctve than to reer the deigaton ‘Postini to certsin branches ofthis caren ony % The rule of nominal. Selly speaking, ts rule may be segarded a consequence ofthe preceding one, but its preferable fo'state b separately, in View of the fact that In plesophial feotroversy terminological angus are such that addoral Sisineion low ws to affirm two jodgemsnts that tem incom ple at fist glance. The rule of nominal states that we my ot asume that aay ight ormulued la geatal eras ca have ty real referent ther than idvial conte objec A swe now, attempt te define Kaowelge inthe way were made fom. the vey begining of Europenn thought. Wher Plato considered the auiston of what we are actualy speaking about when for Instance, we speak about the triangle or about jst, be formulsied a quetion that hs ot ots valley dow to our ows ‘ay, ough often pore in ferent mors We say that the ‘sam ofthe ange In any tangle sequal to two right angles. But ‘what des the statment actualy reer to? Netto hs of that ‘anealar body, ce thee no solely perfect tingle hat ‘meets all the requiements of gomery bor can I eer, for tbe Same reason, fo all ladda ranula objec. Abd fot can Ihrly be said that geometry doer aot rler 10 anything atl Heace oar smertion must refer tothe’ tangle pare and snp [Bur whats this ung, whic so be fund aowhere fn nature I has none of the physical carats we ual ascribe odie For oe thing i ot lel in tace. Ali properter eve from the fac that isa angle and ashing ee we ust An Overall View of Positviom $ cowie that i exist in Some way, although iti an existence ot poocvd by the sens, sce oaly to reflection, ‘Nena rejet this Ene of razoning. We have the ight 0 scknowiodge the exstene of thing, the) say, only when ‘aperene oes to do a0. No experince oblige (0 asume thar our general Knowledge about the properties of “the ingle Correspood toa certain ey ferent from idvidal angular Sotir and possessing separate existence from them. Tt trae that our sence requires the wee of sone! lstruments that describe certain Sel sales, which are never achisved ib the prcal word. Not only thr mathemateal sciences bu also ‘hyo make wa of sc consracts, More paral, the physics [nitted by Galleo mu ineviably make owe of dexipdons of ‘Gea stations, in which cersin observable Tenures of the reat Wold are cared ton abstract point of refinement Stuy ofthe Froperice of such ideal situation lps wr tndendaad the ea ‘taktion that ‘only approximate then ‘more of less cosy. But ‘how ideal stations the conept of 2 vacua mechanical Iheory, self-contained ssn, gues in yoomety ~ are cestons Sou own that serve ara supei, more coscise nd more geeral ‘dscrpion of empirical rely. Thee Ino reason To suppose, tesure we sume sch stations for the conenleace of ou {Slsaltos, tat they mst actly sanyo ln ely. The roid we Know i 8 colletion of indvidel obeenable facts ‘SSenoe aims a ordering thee facts, snd only thanks to his ordng work tha & becomes & tre scene, he, towethine that in be a to practise we and that enbls to predict cal ‘vente om the basis of oer A our estat concepts all the ‘Shem of the mania slnces, and al the Ieaioaions Grown up in the natral scenes are cootaloed in these ordering ‘Seema Only thanks to dem an we ge experience a coherent, once form, dat cay former and pared ofthe aden” {al devitons and deformations tht are necesaly preset in ‘rey individual fac, Though absolutely prfst cls are found ‘Stein uatre nor in he products of haman technology, we can roduc rela bodies that que cosy approximate to hel, ‘hanks to the fet that we operate with the Perfect cle In Out ‘ntact ealeiatons A sytem ordering our experiences ust be {het tat it does mot iirodue Sno experience more ete han ‘contained Inexpesence- But since inva ses bsteactions Sinong ie teins i ut suo be sh that we donot forge hat there abstrstion are no more o le than meas, human efeations ‘hat seve to organise experience Bot that are Rot ened C0 Lay Stan To any separate een.6 Leset Kolotowskd According to nomialsm, i other words, every abstract scence {is @metbod of abridging the recording of eiperiences and gives us to era, Independent hnowige inthe sense tht, vi is sbtae- ‘ons i opens acest enpinsallyiasceble domain of realty. [A the general enti, the abstract reatlony, lh whlch the od ‘taps fled the wordy ate tons, for they depmately ‘Seribedealstence 1 thngs tha have no custence Save as Mae. fr words. Inthe language of the old cotroveres uve it tery @ character of gus contracts or - scoring Some interpretations = of menial ace associated with operations Involving toe consrucss In the word of aual expen, ower, hence in the world pure and simple, there ano ch "Le The phenomenalst, aominaist conception of scence has nother important cowequnse, namely, the re Tht reise (0 fil value judgements and normative statements Knowledge Experience, postivim anges, conse po such quale of me, fein or things a "oblesagaoble “poo, “ei bea ‘aly te. Nor cam any expeence ole us, ihroush ary lope ‘operons whatever, 19 aslo temonts contiaing command ‘Bent or probit, telling sto do something or not do ‘More accurately i is lear that i powable fo spp logis ‘round for udemens made om the basa ofa dear am onthe ‘fecvenes ofthe meas employed craluations ofthis ype have ‘tecnal character and ay e qualified a ir at fae tothe {ea that they have atechal sense, it the exten tht they {al us what operations afe or ate aot elecive in aciving & ‘desed end. Enample of soc techial jugemens woud be ‘Motsnets (othe effet that we shold adminirer pein fn 2 ‘cof porumoni or that eildren ough att be tested Wt ‘tening if they won't emt Sock statements can cleat) be Juste i thle meaning le respectively that penile a ee five remedy senintpeimonia and ha hveatenig ten Wh ‘unisment foie thm eat harme thir characters. And If we ‘sume tacily tata srl it «god ting to crete ck and {bad thing to infict peycolopkal damage on children, these Stateets canbe Jastfied, even though they do have he form of normative jadgements. Bu we ae lt assume that any assertion ‘of wales that we seep for themes, rather than In ration to Sometng ese, can be justified by experience. For instance, the ‘nip at hana fei an weoplsrale food caaot be 19 Justified: we may aceot i or we may reject but we mast be ‘conscious of the atbivaribess of our option. For on the pheno- Ienalt rule we are obliged fo rejet the esomption of values as ‘An Overall View of Pastvim 7 characteris of the world for they ate no dacoveable in the Slate way a the only kindof knowledge worthy of te mame. At {Be sung time the role of omnis eies us 10 eee the tSeumtion that beyond the vl word there exis «domain of “acs in themseee, with whch our evavations are coed In {ne mpsterous way. Comequenly we are eiled to. express ‘te jadpements ov the human mor, Sut we te ot etited to ‘sme that our grounds forsaking them ae seni in ober ‘wordy the only grounds for making tbem are our own arbiraty hoe “SFally among the fundamental iets of post pllosophy tore ira bet Inthe encatialunty ofthe sete method. To ince gener etent than the previo priciest meanig of this ove"amits of varios interpeatios, For ll dt the Hea {lt invacaby prowent Sn postvst dscusion, te is most fener form express th tle thatthe metods for acquiring ‘ald Knowles, and she roa sages in aborting expenence Through theoretcleflestion, are ential the same mal spheres fof expeence Consguenly we have no reson (0 asim tht the ‘qualatve ferences terwcen pariuat scenes come to anyhing fhore than charatasic of parler atorcal stage i the relopmen of siecey ws may expect that further frogs wil [Eaduly clinnate such differences eve, as many sutors have ‘Sieve, ll reduc all the domain of Lnowiedge to «single ‘lene that often Been supposed at thi ge ene inthe ‘rope sense ofthe term wl be py, on the around hat of ail The‘copiscal dicot has deveopod the most ext metods ‘of desrption, and that encompasses the most wiveral of the ‘lig tnd phenomena found in ature ~ hose without which 0 Siete ocr, This asumption— thant knowledge wl be reeves {o the popsal scenom, that all scleaife statements wil be ean at pyial terms ~ doer not, tobe sure, follow from the forepoine pov rules witout forthe ssumpos” More fre, bol la the unity of the scenic method canbe speed eer wage ae. wel. However, this laeprcaion ®Tuty "Around tse four bdeiy sated rales pestis pilsopby tas ‘ut op an extensive network of theory ever all the domains ff human knowledge, Defined is che most penta eras polis 2 llc of probbisons consering human knowlede, Incnéed to confine the ae “knowledge” oradeace tothe sults ‘of thove operations that are observable In the evolution of the ‘odernsaenses of aatre, Trowekout Ks story the pater ‘Soveum of pits has boo or pole euting edge 108 Lesot Kolakowsts ‘metaphysical speculation of every kind, and hence aginst all fefeston that ‘iher cannot fownd He coaclaons on empire! tao formulates ts judgement sch 3 way tha hy can never be contre by empital data. "Thus, according tothe post. its Noth de materialist and the spits oerpetions ot the sake fem which tthingcoreron at Gitfeeat fom what itn were we to assume Unt nt, ‘aterilists think, « manifestation of the existence and movemeat ‘of mate, or were we fo asin tat ts not aoe adherens of ‘sous denominations ink, convalled by the spel fre! of Providence. Since neither of thee assumptions eal cone quences tabling us to preitor to describe atonal Teaues of {he wel tee sno eon to concen ourcves wih than, Thes Posivom consandy diets Ia ciickas agnnt Boh repens ‘cscs of he wor at mati ep and ee {0 werk out an enpiral postion enely fee of metaphyseal ‘smog, Tipton consul cafind he ee tural soeuzs oberve in prcice According tothe pestis, Ieaphyscal assumptions seve no purpoe In tho eens ‘whose im is to formulate the interdependence f phenomens ‘hou penetrating more deeply into their hidden “oat and ‘hou ying wo hd out wheter he word ‘ne a eters Siber tan those axel, ty oF nde To experience 2 ‘Two Traditions GH. von Wright Two maintains canbe distinguished in the bistry of ides, differing sf the eondions sn explanation ha 0 sat in det to be sien repecable. The one traion is Somctines Satled Arstovlon the eter Galleon. The names suggest thatthe fit har very ances roots the intdectual story of map, whe {he second i of reitvly recent origin. Tere some a ats, bot shouldbe taken wid again of Salt. What Thee call the alleen ation has an ancestry going back beyond Aro 10 Plato. One should also Beware of thinking that the Aritotian train today cepesets merely the fading survival of obolete ftements foot which scence gradually becoming “Uberatt 'Aro thu views of scelifieexplanao, the contrast between te two. tradions is sual characterised as causa. versus {seoloncl explanation. The fist ype of explanation fa called ‘mechanic, the second flnalsic. Te Galen tradition in sence ‘ns part with the advance ofthe causal mechanistic oun of ew in man’s efforts to. explain and predic pheoomena, the ‘Arstotan tradition wih his efforts to make fet teleology (or fnalisicaly understandable Lo) ‘The great swakenng or revoton ia the aaturalslnces during {he ate Renusunce and the Baroque era was fo a certain extent lod ia the nietnath Sentry ln the sweat Stody of man, Eis history, languages, mores and roa natations. The werk of ‘Ranke sod Mommsen i historigraphs, Wilhelm von Humboldt, ‘Rasmes Rash, Jasob Orne in gusts and phology, yor in foci anthropolory, i comprabi 10 the serene, Wo Of free centuries ele, of Copeices and Kepler in sonar), (Glia and Newton in piles, or Ves and Harvey in anstouny and piosoley. See natural scence was akeady established om he inlets! stage, sad the homanisie sues wih « acetic dim were10 GH. vom Wight newcomer, it was but ataral tat one of the hie ues of inteent-cntury methodology and philosophy of scene con ermal tbe relationship. between thee two main branche. of fmpircal inquiry. The principal sands on this oe can be inked Wit the (wo main tradidons in metodlogeal tang we hive ising (ne stad isthe pilosophy of science mot typically repented by Auguste Comte and Jota Stuart Mi Iv ual called ‘postvsm, The name was coined ty Comte, bat ward with due aon il separ othe oon of Mi ad fv a ‘nly dowa othe present dey bt alo par nthe ream of te ‘o Hume and the pilosopty of the Ealghenment. ‘One of the tenets of posiisn” is methodological moni, of the idee of the aly scene method amit the vera of Subject matter of sient ivesstion” A second tent ithe view thatthe exact natural sleoces, in parler material Dhyscs, set ¢ methodologies! or standard hich messes the Segre of development and perfection ofall he oer alone, incoting the humanities" A third tenet, Sal 8 characteris ‘iw of sdalife explanation’ Such explanation Is in = broad sense, ‘cau’ Tt const, more specially, nthe sabsomption (of intvdual cases under hypothetically assed genera laws of ‘ature, ncuding "haman natore’” The sttude towards fle plantions, ie towards attempis 1 account for facts tems of Intentions, goals, purposes, eter to rej them a unetic (Fo Uy to show that they can, when daly uted of stimi" or ‘Sil remain, be transformed into cnt explanations" Through is enpbasis on unity of method, on the mara ‘daly of cence, and'oa the lnptace of feeral laws fo ‘xplnution, postivem is laked with that longer and’ mote ‘amie dion ie he history of eas which I ave ete called Gales, ‘Another sand on the question of the relationship between the ‘clnces of natore and of man was rection sexnst postin ‘The antipasti pilot of ence which became promnert ‘ovads the end ofthe nlptceuth cena & a much more diver: Sid and heterogeneos tread than posi. The ame deal {sn whichis somsins used to carats appropiate oly for some facas ofthis rend. A eter ame for ie to me to be herent. Representatives of thie typeof thought inde ‘one eminent German philosopers, hitorias and Sela sie {iss. Perhap the be’ Kaow of em are Droyten, Dilhey, Simmel snd Max Weber, Windeltand and Rickert of the neo- Kant Baden Scot are related to them. ‘The lian Croce st ‘Sunes Bish phlowopber of history and art Collmawood may be Seid to belong (0 the Teast wing of this anos rend in ‘matnoology. “A thee thinkers eet the methodlogel monism of posi iam and refute to vow the pater e by Ue exact natal Since, 4 the sole and suprene ideal Tor atonal understanding of realty, Many of them emphasize contrast between thse since Imblch ite ptysies or chemistry payology, aim apnea Tons about reproducible an prediable phocomeas, nd those ‘wich tke fistory. ant to azasp the Individual and unique Feature oftheir abjsts.Windehand coed the abel “mothe for scenes which Search Tor las, abd ideographi’ forthe ds ‘pve soy of individ The antgativins al atacked the posivist view of expan tion The Geran Hstorian-pilsopher Droyen appears to have ben the firs to inrodoce methodaogia ichotomsy whch has Na great lavence, He coined for tthe samen exontin a tindertanding, in Gecna Erk and Verstohen" The i of the mtural scenes, he st o expla: the lm of Sor Is 10 Understand the phenomens which ‘all within is domi These ‘methodologies were then Worked out to systematic als: by Wii Dithey" For the endze domain ofthe understanding ‘ehod he used the nase Geteswiserschafen. Thee i n0 good avivlent in Engi, but it should be mentioned that the Word ‘st oily coined for the purpose of waiting Into Gea {he English term moral seas ‘Ondnary wage dows not make & sharp distinction between the sword ‘expan’ and understand Practeal every explanation, be Ir catal ‘or tlologial or of some otber Kindy can be sd 1 furtber oor understanding of things. But “understalng lo has 4 psjhologcal sing which ‘explanation’ has ot. This poco logit featre was emphasized by several of the aneterath century Sipestiit matodologas,pettaps most forcetuly by Simm, ‘tho thought tbat undestandlng as method characte ofthe Tomas it form of empathy (i German Eiyuhlg) or re {retin in the mind of the star ofthe mental ampere the ‘Gouge and fesings and motvaions, of the objets of Ms Tris ot only through this psychological wit, however, that sodertanding may be silleeatated from explanation. Under ‘anding it to cnnosed with ifetonaly Ina way explanation [eno One undersands the aime tad porposes of aa spel, the12 OH. von wright meaning of « sign oF symbol, and the sigifeance of a soci Insituon of religous rte. This intenionaite on, a one Gould Devapala semantic denson of undentasding he ome {0 pays promineat olin more cet eethodolopea cussion TF one sceptsfamental methodological sree betwech ‘he natural sence and the Moria Geteisenscaftn, the ‘etn wl mmeditely ae of where te vol tod Fehr ‘eines stand. These since were born largely under the fflaeace Df across pressure of pout and atipostivit tendencies inthe Tas century. Ie theretore not sorprsing that they sould have become a batlegound forthe two oppose tends le the plo Sopty of seen mathed. ‘The spptaton of mathematica methods to poiical economy and ote forms of soil study was 4 Inbertance of the eightenb-centuy Enlightenment. which Found favour with aineeats century potivit. Comte himselt led the name ‘socloey” forthe scene tudy of human Seeley. OF the two grat sociologists of the turn of the century, Eile Durkhcim wa exentally a postvist a far as his meted! ‘logy is concerned, wae in Max Weber 8 postivist colourig Combined with emphasit of tceclogy (veckrationaer Mande) tnd eopathis understaniing (vrstohende Solo). fais pont wis sore st sauna thay f hud, a ie Rh OY vn Sy a mi Ae novia ad Ks wm. Mil mae of posit the ex se a i, amp se ls ny of ae fe Com {Cone Ht Lo i, oe &) Wh the comand fm St th 4 Gam 9 eo i pec? nd om © Ma Gt Ba se A ad me ‘tet pei ac sore 1S Ce dat oe ‘eo Traditions 13 8 hcote 149, I me 6 Dy if, tot io, Hs athe sro, on Dba References Ang. (965 nan sd edie: her ao Pry af Come Dour Le Pn thy.) Bane me Cememchaien Die W cen abe ne Boe td rede cae Die: W: (a) De Execs er Moment ie: (09) er ta serpin Ma den Crier von Sr 0 Goin dr Ha rtm (es Ler Rr Moe Sco Me 0 be os Pt! ump C6. 80) “The fen of ge ee in ta ur of “Aion Mage 8) Ac fe pat’ AC eee Ae of “Su puna nt or ne Psy of SNe Yon SEI aye Sac af i Ri a of Mth SCH) 4 Sst 9 op Lado: oe W. Pate Peo ) La osama ‘Si 85) ron peeon snc, a oral te ‘py of ee sind 0) De rote der Cachicuptanpl, Lect nce & SSE 0 he in tne Sel; Ln