Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Politics and Society in LA (2015)
Politics and Society in LA (2015)
PUZZLE-UL LATINO
PERIOADA: AL 2LEA SEMESTRU 2014/2015
Numele i prenumele responsabilului de curs / Name of the person in charge of the class / Nom et
prnom du responsable de cours : Caterina Preda
Gradul didactic / Academic title / Titre acadmique : Lector Dr.
Semestrul / Semester / Semestrul
II
This is an introductory class for 2 year students meant to present the political study of Latin
America. So as to comprehend current events and trends of Latin American politics one has
to first have a comprehensive view of modern political history of Latin America. How else
could one understand the election of Daniel Ortega at the presidency of Nicaragua in 2006 if
not by a return on the Sandinist revolution? The current debate on neo-populism can also be
understood solely by knowing the history of populisms in Latin America. This type of
questions will find an answer at the end of this introductory class.
Bibliografie general / References / Bibliographie gnrale
Skidmore, Thomas E. and Peter H. Smith, Modern Latin America. Oxford: Oxford University
th
Press, 2010 (7 edition)
+ the texts for each weekly discussion by email or online on my professor page
(fspub.unibuc.ro)
Forme i criterii de evaluare / Requirements and evaluation / Formes et critres
dvaluation
1. Attending the classes is mandatory.
2. The final examination consists of a written exam of 20 to 24 very specific questions
evaluating the information presented during the classes and seminars.
NOTA :
Studenii sunt obligai s cunoasc politica de probitate intelectual a Facultii: plagiatul,
copiatul, neltoria, multipla utilizare a unui referat, recursul nemrturisit la surse bibliografice
sau la internet vor conduce la anularea notei i a creditelor alocate cursului.
Students should be aware of the Departments policy of academic integrity: cheating,
falsification, forgery, multiple submission, plagiarism, complicity and computer misuse will
result in the invalidation of both grade and credits
Les tudiants sont tenus connatre la politique de la Facult en matire dhonntet
intellectuelle : le plagiat, la contrefaon, le dpt multiple des travaux, la falsification, le
recours inavou aux sources bibliographiques et lInternet entranent lannulation des
crdits et de la note du cours.
Refer to: Skidmore, Thomas E. and Peter H. Smith, Modern Latin America. Oxford: Oxford
th
University Press, 2005 (6 edition), Prologue. Why Latin America? pp. 1-12.
2. Discovery, conquest and colonial administration (XVI-XVIII c.)
Independence(s): 1810-1830
- The Hispanic and Portuguese colonial models
- The other colonies: English (Jamaica, Belize), French (Guyana and Antilles) and Dutch
(Suriname and Antilles)
th
- The independence models and the recent 20 c. independences (Cuba, Panama)
Refer to: Skidmore and Smith, Chapter One pp. 13-34.
Discussion: the dream of Latin American unity the permanent utopia (from Bolivar to
Chvez)
Simon Bolivar: Letter of Jamaica (1815), Angostura Address (1819) and Cartagena Manifest
(1812);
The Bolivarian revolution of Hugo Chavez: Jennifer McCoy, Venezuela: Leading a New
Trend
in
Latin
America?,
ReVista
(2008)
http://www.drclas.harvard.edu/revista/articles/view/1105
th
8. Linz, Juan & Stepan Alfred, The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Crisis, Breakdown and
Reequilibration, Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 1978
9. Linz, Juan, Totalitarian and Authoritarian regimes, Boulder & London: Lynne Rienner Publishers,
2000
10. Mainwaring, Scott & Valenzuela Arturo, Politics, society and Democracy: Latin America, Boulder,
Colorado: Westview Press, 1998
11. Mainwaring, Scott and Prez-Lin Anbal, Level of Development and Democracy. Latin
American Exceptionalism, 1945-1996, Comparative Political Studies 36:9 (2003): 1031-1067
12. ODonnell, Guillermo & Schmitter Philippe C., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule. Tentative
Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies, Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University
Press, 1986
13. Prez-Lin, Anbal, Democratization and Constitutional Crises in Presidential Regime. Toward
Constitutional Supremacy?, Comparative Political Studies 38:1 (2005): 51-74
14. Valenzuela, Arturo, Latin American presidencies interrupted, Journal of Democracy 15:4 (2004):
5-19
Websites
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
53.96
16.87
11.5
Legislativ (Congreso Nacional) are dou camere: Camera Deputailor (257) i Senat (72 senatori din
provincii & Buenos Aires).
The president and the vice-president are elected together. They can only exert two successive mandates.
Since 2001 they are elected directly and not anymore through provincial legislatures. The mandate has been
shortened also from 9 to 5 years and the number of senators grew from 48 to 72 (Constitutional reform of
1994, enacted for the 2001 elections).
3
http://www.congreso.gov.ar
2
10
11
%
26.46
5.65
2.31
%
53.7
28.5
Legislative: National Congress: Chamber of Deputies (Cmara de Diputados) 130 5 years &
Chamber of Senators (Cmara de Senadores) 36 5 years (PR)
Last elections (12 october 2014)
MAS
Democratic Unity
Christian Democratic Party
Senate
Deputies
25
9
2
88
25
10
(6 December 2009)
Deputies Senate
Alianza para la Refundacin de Bolivia MAS IPSP
88
26
Plan Progreso para Bolivia Convergencia Nacional
37
10
Alianza para el consenso y la unidad nacional
3
Alianza Social
2
25 January 2009 Constitutional referndum: Yes 61%, No 39 %
Presidents since the transition
Hernn Siles Zuazo (UDP)
Victor Paz Estenssoro
Jaime Paz Zamora
Gonzalo Snchez de Lozada (MIR)
Hugo Banzer Suarez7
Jorge Quiroga Ramrez
Gonzalo Snchez de Lozada
Carlos Mesa Gisbert
Eduardo Rodrguez Veltz
In a 2001 census, 62% of the population of more than 15 years identified itself with one of the Indian peoples
www.evomorales.net
5
Evo Morales had participated to the preceding elections (2002) and had won: 20,9% of the votes (1,6% behind
the victorious Snchez de Lozada). At the legislative elections of 2002 MAS had won 11.9% (27 deputies and 8
senators).
6
Movimiento Al Socialismo (Evo Morales) http://www.masbolivia.org
7
Ex dictator 1971-1978
12
56.01%
43.99%
Legislative: National Congress: Chamber of deputies (Cmara dos Deputados) & Federal Senate
(Senado Federal)
Federal Senate (81 representatives) 8 years (elections every 4 years for alternatively 1/3 and 2/3 of
the seats); 2/3 renewed (or 54 senators) .
Chamber of Deputies (513 repr. ) 4 years 4 years
Coalition of government power to the people
PT Workers' Party
PMDB Brazilian Democratic Movement Party
PSD Social Democrat Party
PDT Democratic Labor Party
PP Progressive Party
PRB Republican Party
PROS Republican Party of social order
PCdoB Comunist Party
Coalition Change Brazil
Coalition United for Brazil
others
304
70
66
37
19
36
21
11
10
128
53
28
Senate (81)
53
19
7
2
2000 census: 6%-Blacks and 39% - parda or mulata (black and white blood), mestica or mameluca (white and
Indian blood), cafuza (black and Indian blood) or simply Indians.
9
Except for the period 1961-1963 when a parliamentary system was imposed.
10
Through a constitutional amendment in 1997, the president and vice-president can be reelected for a successive
mandate for the first time.
13
14
46.7%
25.03
62.1%
37.8
2nd round (15 Jan 2006) %
53.50
46.50
(120)
67
49
3
1
(38)
21
16
1
Sebastian Pinera
2010-2014
11
15
50.9%
45%
%
69.06%
27.52
%
62
22
11
List of the presidents since the end of the National Front in 1974
1974-1978
1978-1982
1982-1986
1986-1990
1990-1994
1994-1998
1998-2002
2002-2010
Until 2006 when the president Uribe modified the Constitution so that he can be reelected for a 2nd mandate,
immediate reelection was forbidden.
16
9
1
1
1
2
14
17
Council of Ministers proposed by the president of the Council of State and nominated
by the National assembly or by the Council of State of 31 members.
Elections: the president and the vice-president elected by the National Assembly for 5
years. Only two mandates allowed.
Last elections February 2013: Raul Castro elected president 100%
Legislative (http://www.parlamentocubano.cu)
National Assembly of Popular Power (Asamblea Nacional de Poder Popular) has
614 members elected for 5 years through a list of municipal delegates of the
Communist Party of Cuba (PCC)
Legislative elections in Cuba
1993 elected deputies 589
1998 elected deputies 601
2003 elected deputies 60920
2008 - elected deputies - 614
2013 elected deputies - 612
Communist Party of Cuba (PCC) http://www.pcc.cu/pccweb/
Youth Communist Union (Union de jovenes comunistas UJC)
Defense committees of the revolution (Comits de Defensa de la Revolucin CDR)
17
http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Cuba/cuba2002.html
http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Executive/Cuba/cabinet.html
19
Fidel Castro transfered power to his brother Raul, July 31, 2006. Before that date Fidel had held
power since 1959.
20
http://www.parlamentocubano.cu/
18
18
President and vice-president are elected together for 4 years. They can be reelected for
a successive mandate.
Last elections (20 May 2012)
51.21%
46.95
178 32
105 31
75
3 1
21
http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/DomRep/domrep02.html
http://www.presidencia.gov.do
23
http://www.camaradediputados.gov.do/portalsilcamara
24
http://www.senado.gov.do/PortalSILSenado
22
19
%
57.17
22.68
6.73
25
Military regime: 1972-1979 (General Rodriguez Lara 1972-6). Since 1996, 7 presidents succeeded. The 3 presidents
elected: Abdala Bucaram, Jamil Mahuad and Lucio Gutirrez did not finish their mandates. To Abdal Bucaram succeeded
his vice president revoked in ten days by a Constitutive assembly led by Fabin Alarcn. Gustavo Noboa, as vice
president, succeeded to Mahuad in January 2000 following the coup dtat of January 21st led by the colonel Lucio
Gutirrez, elected in 2002 to the presidency. www.observatorio2006.org
26
Mort dans un accident davion: son vice-prsident Hurtado assuma le mandat.
27
Deposed by Congress in 1997 for mental incapacity.
28
Deposed by an alliance of Indian organizations and army 21 January 2000.
29
The vice-president of Mahuad.
20
51.3
48.6
57.7
35.6
3.9
2.7
84
31
33
11
7
1
1
Historical reminder
Since the 1930s the military were in power
Between 1979 and 1990 civil war interrupted by brief returns to electoral
competitions. The FMLN, now in Parliament, was the main guerilla formation in the
80s.
21
seats
56
32
14
9
3
4.8
4.5
4
3.2
1.4
5
3
5
2
1
End of the civil war of 30 years in 1996 (1960-1996) through the Peace Agreements
between the government and URNG.
30
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gt.html
22
51.21%
12.40%
8.24%
5.59%
Legislative: National Assembly: Chamber of Deputies (99) 4 years; Senate (30) 6 years, 1/3 renewable
every 2 years
Last elections32 Chamber of Deputies
(1st round: 28 Nov 2010 2nd round 16 Jan 2011)
Alternativ
Inite
Lavni
Pont
Solidarit
Results Senate
(1st round: 28 Nov 2010 2nd round 16 Jan 2011)
Historical reminder
1957 -1986 Duvalier dynasty: Francois (1957-71) and Jean-Claude (Baby Doc) 1971-86
1990 democratic regime inaugurated
1990 1991 Jean Bertrand Aristide, ousted
1994 occupation force of the US
1994-6 Aristide back in office
1996-2000 Ren Prval
2000-2004 Aristide
2004-2006 US Marines
2006-2011 Ren Prval; certain restabilization
January 2010 earthquake (316.000 dead, over 1 mln homeless)
31
32
No definitive results yet (February 2011), just the positions of the first two candidates.
No definitive results yet (February 2011)
23
36.89%
28.76%
Legislative: Unicameral national congress (128 members elected for 4 years - PR).
Last elections (24 November 2013)
Partido Nacional de Honduras - PN
128
48
27
37
13
1
1
1
24
38.2 %
25.4 %
31.535 %
Chamber of Deputies
207
114
101
33
19
10
16
Chamber of Senators
52
38
22
9
4
1
2
1929-2000 in government
33
Voting is mandatory
The president cannot be reelected. Senators and deputies cannot be reelected for a successive
mandate.
35
La alegerile precedente, diferena ntre cei 2 candidai, Caldern i Obrador a fost de 0.56 (sau
233.831 de voturi). Vezi decizia Tribunal Electoral del Poder Judicial de la Federacin du 5
septembre 2006 http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/142535.html
36
Mandate
34
25
26
27
37
28
62%
31.1%
5.6%
38%
29%
26%
6.4%
0.2%
1990-1997
1997-2002
2002-2007
2007-2012
38
29
59.97%
37.7
%
47
30
10
71
25
20
12
2
1
1
Panama won its independence from Spain and joined in 1822 Grand Colombia de Simn Bolvar.
Son of the ex dictator Omar Torrijos (1968-1981)
43
Elected in may 1989 from the ADOC - Alianza de Partidos Polticos de Oposicin.
42
30
45.83
%
36.9
5.8
3.3
80
45
26
2
1
45
19
13
2
5
Avanza Pais
Partido Encuentro Nacional
Pasion Chaquena Alliance
Patria Querida PPQ
2
2
1
1
2
1
-
1989-1993
1993-1998
1998-1999
1999-2003
2003-2008
2008-2012 evicted from power by the
Parliament in a coup.
44
Stroessners son in law he takes power after the coup dtat of February 3 1989 and is elected 1 may
1989.
45
The president of the Chamber of Senators who assumed power after president Cubas left.
31
1st %
2nd %
31
51
23
48
Legislative: Congress of the Republic (Congreso de la Repblica) 120 members for 5 years
(PR).
Last legislative elections (10 April 2011)
Gana Per
Fuerza 2011
Alianza Electoral Per Posible
Alianza por el Gran Cambio
Alianza Solidaridad Nacional
Partido Aprista Peruano
Presidents since 198046
Fernando Belaunde Terry
Alan Garca Prez
Alberto Fujimori48
Valentn Paniagua
Alejandro Toledo
Alan Garca Prez
seats
47
37
21
12
9
4
1980-198547
1985-1990
1990-2000
2000-2001
2001-2006
2006-2011
46
32
49
56
31
43
%
47.9
29
17
%
52.3
43
%
50.5
35.1
10.3
Frente Amplio 50
Partido Nacional-Blancos PN
Partido Colorado PC
Partido Independiente PI
99 31
50 16
30 9
17 5
2
1985-1990
1990-1995
1995-2000
2000-2005
2005-2010
49
33
%
50.6%
49.1
%
55
44
Legislative: National Assembly (Asamblea Nacional) 16751 members with a 5 years mandate
Last elections (September 2010)
167
96
64
2
167
51
34
ALBA
Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas
CAN Andean Community of Nations
(Andean Pact 1969-1996)
MERCOSUR
Southern Common Market
2004
1996
1991
5/10
Planned
for 2005
replaced
by FTAs
1994
34
2004
UNASUR
Union of South American Nations
(project not yet approved by all countries )
OAS
Organization of American States
2008
12
1948
35
SICA
Central American system of integration
1991
CARICOM
Caribbean Community
1973
15
FTAA
Free Trade Area of the Americas
(project to extend NAFTA)
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement
CAFTA DR - US
35
36
52
Sources: Jess Varela Marcos, Los descubrimientos espaoles en el Nuevo Mundo in Juan B.
Amores Carredano (ed.), Histora de Amrica (Barcelona: Ariel, 2006), pp.165-215.
53
At that date Columbus and his people dock on the island of Guanahami in the Bahamas, which they
call San Salvador (the sacred flavor).
54
He calls Indians slaves and Queen Isabel imprisons him, he loses then his title as Vice-king but keeps
that of Admiral.
55
The discovery of the new continent was represented in the painting of the map of Juan de la Casa of
1500. In 1507 a first book called for the first time the New World based on the book Mondus Novus
of Amrico Vespucio.
56
Varela Marcos, p. 193
37
5. The voyage of Pedro Alvarez Cabral (March 1500) the history of the
Brazilian nation begins with the expedition of Cabral who discovers the new
land of Vera Cruz
6. The voyage of Alonso Vlez de Mendoza and Luis Guerra (September 1500)
is marked politically by the Portuguese discovery of Cabral.
7. The voyage of Rodrigo de Bastidas and Juan de la Cosa (July 1501).
8. The high voyage of Christopher Columbus (9 May 1502). His mission was
to make the tour of the world and his legal situation was similar with that of
the discoverers with a contract or capitulaciones.
9. The voyage of de Juan Daz de Sols-Vicente and Aez Pinzn (1508-1509).
This expedition had magnificent geographic and cartographic results
prolonging with 300 leagues to the north what was known but was disastrous
from a geopolitical point of view.
The great conquests: from the Caribbean to the Pacific57
1. The first nucleus of expansion: from the Caribbean islands and more precisely
La Espaola (Santo Domingo): between 1492-1528 the expeditions are
directed to the islands (Puerto Rico, Jamaica and Cuba) and after to the Terra
Firma where is founded Santa Mara la Antigua del Darin, creating the
Government of Castilla del Oro from where will follow the expansion to
Mexico and the north of Venezuela.
2. A second nucleus of expansion is constituted of Panam between 1509 and
1519. From here the Spanish influence extends to the north to the close
territories of Central America; the South Sea was discovered and they arrived
to Peru.
3. Once conquered the capital (Tenochtitlan) of the Aztec empire (Mexico) it
became the capital of the first vice-royalty (New Spain). From here they leave
for Central America and the rest of the northern territory of Mexico as well as
most part of the South of the US.
4. Once submitted the Inca Empire, Peru 1532-1535 constituted the 4th nucleus
of continental expansion. From there they arrived to the north, to the kingdom
of Quito and the New Grenade and, to the south, is covered what will be the
High Peru and most part of the nowadays Chile (up to the frontier of the river
Bio-Bio).
5. Other expansive secondary centers58: the island of Cuba (to Florida), Quito (to
the Amazon), Asuncin (to Ro de la Plata and all the South-East coast of the
Andes).
The great conquerors
Mexico Hernando Corts (1519-1521)
Peru Francisco Pizarro (1524-1532)
Chile Pedro de Valdivia (1535-1540)
57
Ibid., p. 215
Mexico (1519-1521), Santo Domingo (1492-1528), Cuba (1511), Peru (1532-1535), Asuncin
(1537), Central America (1523-1525), Venezuela (1520), Bogota (1538), Quito (1534), Santiago
(1541), Buenos Aires (1536-1580), Rio de Janeiro (1555), Santa Fe (1609).
58
38
39
secretary, a prosecutor (the defense of the royal jurisdiction, of the patronage of the
monarch of the Indian Church and the Real Hacienda as of the Indians), a lawyer, a
relator, an accountant and a guardian. In 1528 was created the post of great chancellor
and in 1571 the one of cosmographer and major chronicler (in charge of writing the
official history of the New World).
2. Institutions of government in the Indies
The Vice-King
Personal representative of the monarch, this post was the pillar on which stood since the
mid 16th c. the foundation and consolidation of the Kingdom of the Indies. In what
concerns the government, the vice-king acted as the maxim executive power to administer
the viceroyalty in all its issues except those that the monarch reserved for himself.
The presidents-governors & governors (gobernadores)
An important figure in the Indies, the governor was nominated by the king and exerted
the political government at the territorial level of gobernaciones or provinces. Major
provinces were those that had the same district as that of a Real Audiencia and that had
the capital in the headquarters of the gobernacion. Those that were not conforming to this
model were minor provinces or simply gobernaciones, generally situated in the most
remote zones. In the first case, the holders were presidents-governors and in the second,
simply governors. The presidents-governors exerted their jurisdiction on all the district of
the Audiencia and were invested by the same superior government as the vice-kings of
the New Spain or Peru.
Major Mayors (alcaldes mayores) (New Spain) & corregidores (Peru)
Representatives of the government at the local level (mayors)
Alcaldes mayores prevailed the juridical aspect & corregidores major weight of the
political
Cabildos (municipal council)
The local level of the Indian political-administrative structure was represented by the
Cabildos. The Cabildo appeared as the manifestation of the political power of the cities
recently founded and as spoke-person of the demands and aspirations of their inhabitants.
Those responsible were the alcaldes/mayors (justice) and regidores/counselors
(regiments). The regidores constituted the city administration. When, at the beginning of
the 17th c. the selling of the posts was generalized and the institution lost grand part of its
representative character and facilitated the access of pressure groups or families that
controlled them.
The Cabildo abierto (open) consisted of the reunion of neighbors to debate the problems
and adopt agreements that concerned them.
The Cabildo de indios (of Indians) base of the political organization of the Indian
people. Its structure was a true reflection of the castellan model and was composed of two
mayors and other 2 or 4 regidores, all Indian.
Audiencias justice (civil and criminal jurisdiction)
Their creation was the answer to the necessity of give justice between vassals, to its
defense face to the abuses of the governors and, in the same time, to the imperative of
protecting its own rights to what was linked to the Real Patronato or to the Real
Hacienda. From the beginning the juridical competences in the Indies were in the hands
of Christopher Columbus and the first tribunal was created in Hispaniola in 1511. The
territorial delimitations of the districts of the Audiencias were always imprecise because
of the geographical ignorance that the Council of the Indies itself had at the time of its
creation.
In the 17th c. there were 3 types:
1) Viceroyal audiencias were those presided by the viceroy and that had their
headquarters in the capital of the viceroyalty (Mexico and Lima)
40
41
revitalize and maintain the international power of Spain: modernize and reactivate to obtain a
major economic development capable to generate revenues.
Political-administrative and defense reforms (reaffirm the authority of the monarch)
1714 Secretary of the Marine and the Indies the Council of the Indies remained thus as a
consultative organ and a justice tribunal.
1754 Fernando VI separated the two secretaries and created one more specialized, the
Secretary of Universal Dispatch of the Indies dedicated exclusively to Indian questions
1787 Charles III divided the Secretary and created two new ones: one for ecclesiastic affairs,
grace and justice and another for war, treasury, trading and navigation. They were
coordinated by a Supreme State Junta.
1790 Charles IV suppressed the two Secretaries and distributed the affairs of the Indies in 5
Spanish secretaries centralizing and unifying the administration of the kingdom.
Territorial restructuration:
1717 New Grenada; Audiencias of Quito and Panam suspended until 1720 when they were
reestablished as parts of the viceroyalty of Peru and in 1739 they passed again to New
Grenade
The ministry of the Indies of Jos de Glvez (1776-1787) reinforces the defense and
develops the economy of the great zones until then marginal
1776 Viceroyalty of Ro de la Plata
1776 The general commandment of the Northern Interior Provinces of New Spain with the
purpose of tracing a defensive line that united the territory comprised between California and
the Gulf of Mexico.
1776 Intendencia of Caracas
1777 Capitana General de Venezuela
1778 Capitana General de Chile separated of the viceroyalty of Peru.
Important modifications in the administration of justice
1776 is created the Regente de audiencia control the tribunals. Thus appears a juridical
bureaucracy more efficient and independent. The introduction of the system of intendencias
since 1765 to control more effectively Indian administration. This system encountered the
important opposition of the authorities (as in Cuba in 1764) and of the Council of the Indies
and thus its expansion was suspended. Afterwards, the 1st intendencia was created in Caracas
in 1776. The promulgation of the Ordinance of Army Intendentes and Province of Rio de la
Plata in 1782: creation of 8 provinces. In 1784 the regime of intendencia is applied in Peru:
7 intendencias with a superintendencia in Lima. In Chile 3, in Cuenca in the Audiencia of
Quito and in the Audiencia of Guatemala 4 provinces. The unique territory that remained
outside this project was that of New Grenade. The main success of intendencias must be
situated in the economic field because this brought an augmentation of revenues.
Commercial liberalization
The decree of October 1765 authorized Cuba, Puerto Rico, Santo Domingo, Margarita and
Trinidad to trade directly with other peninsular ports without navigation license and with a
more simple fiscal system. In the years that followed, the new system was extended to
Louisiana, Campeche, Riocacha and Santa Marta in New Grenade, while was authorized
trading inter-regionally between the different American areas (1774).
1778 Free Trade Regulation authorized trade directly between 12 ports and 24 of the Indies
even though reserving them exclusively to the Spanish merchants and products. Initially free
trade was excluded in Venezuela and New Grenade.
Real Hacienda Modifications to the territorial organization were also introduced by
modifying the number, distribution and functioning of the cajas reale (fiscal districts) that
complicated the bureaucratic system. Thus, the fiscal districts were structured departing from
the Ordinance of Intendentes in 4 categories: general cajas (capital of the viceroyalty), main
cajas (Intendencias capitals), foreign cajas (on the territory of the Intendencia) and minor
subordinate treasuries (distant places and with less economic volume).
42
Country
Haiti
Chile
Mexico
Columbia
year
1804
1810
1810
1810
Paraguay
Venezuela
1811
1811
Argentina
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
Costa Rica
Salvador
Peru
Ecuador
1816
1821
1821
1821
1821
1821
1821
1822
Brazil
Bolivia
Uruguay
Dominican Republic
Cuba
1825
1825
1825
1844
1902
Panama63
1903
63
of France
of Haiti
of Spain in 1898 and administered by the US 18981902
of Colombia
Panama won its independence from Spain and rejoined in 1822 Grand Colombia of Simn Bolvar.
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North American policies in Latin America 19th c. beginning of the 20th c.64
1823 Monroe Doctrine: America to the Americans the right to intervene and
warning for Europeans. This doctrine couldnt be applied and Spain could intervene
militarily in the Dominican Republic in 1861 and in Peru in 1862, Napoleon III
attempted to annex Mexico and Maximilian was emperor between 1864-7.
Th. Roosevelt had added in 1904 to the Monroe Doctrine a corollary that justified the
policy of Big Stick (intervene to ensure economic stability).
William Howard Taft (1909-1913) inaugurated Dollar diplomacy, more directly
concerned by the defense of economic interests. Numerous countries were converted
in financial protectorates: 1905-1941 the duty rights of the Dominican Republic
passed to the US and for Haiti the same thing happened during 1915-1934.
Woodrow Wilson (1913-) Wilson doctrine refuse to recognize a government that
is not the result of elections (applied in Central America but not in Peru where the
arrival in power of Legua was not contested). Wilsonian diplomacy organize
elections and try to make respected the result when needed by occupation and to
create the public security forces capable of maintaining order once troupes were
withdrawn. This proved counterproductive because the police forces were at the origin
of prolonged dictatorships.
Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) in power in the US in 1933 Good Neighbor policy
(1933-1945) with Latin America (approach favored by the fascist advance and the
weakness of American capitalism following the crisis of 1929).
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Olivier Dabne, LAmrique latine lpoque contemporaine, Paris : Armand Colin, 2005 (5me dition)
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