Professional Documents
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1. Introduction
Starting from May 30th, 2002, the European Union Pressure Equipment Directive (PED, 97/23/EC) is
mandatory throughout the EU, thereby replacing existing national legislation in this area.
A reference, but not mandatory, way of demonstrating conformity to the Essential Safety Requirements
of the PED is to use the new European harmonised standard EN 13445 (Unfired Pressure Vessels). This
was prepared by CEN TC54 and was cited in the EC Official Journal in 2002.
In industry it is recognised that the harmonised standard related to a new approach directive does give
the manufacturer the advantage of the presumption of conformity to the Essential Safety Requirements
of the directive itself, but to be accepted and applied, it must also bring economic and/or technical
advantages.
This study compares the economic and non-economic implications arising from the application of
(a) EN 134451 and, (b) the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code2 plus major related codes when
appropriate (TEMA3, WRC Bulletins4), for the design, manufacture, inspection and acceptance testing of
9 benchmark examples of unfired pressure vessels.
The consortium which carried out the study consisted of TUV Austria (the Pressure Equipment Division
of which is a Notified Body appointed by the Austrian Government for the certification of pressure
equipment in accordance with the PED), and of Consorzio Europeo di Certificazione (CEC), which
likewise is a Notified Body appointed by the Italian Government in accordance with the PED.
The detailed design of the benchmark examples was performed by the consortium. To evaluate the
economic factors concerning individual and/or serial production of the benchmark vessels, pressure
equipment manufacturers from Italy, France, Germany and Austria took part as subcontractors.
page 1 of 32
Ex.
No.
Example Description
Notes
DBA according to EN
13445 and according to
ASME VIII Div. 2 do not
lead to more economical
DBA according to EN 13445, results, and, thus, no
ASME VIII Div. 2 for the upper results are given.
end.
Fatigue analysis
according to specified
cyclic service mandatory.
Fatigue analysis
according to specified
cyclic stirrer loads
mandatory.
DBF according to ASME
VIII Div. 2 not
performed since material
SA-240 Gr. 316Ti is not
allowed for this route.
The abbreviations used within this context are DBF for Design-by-Formula, i.e. calculation of the required wall thicknesses
by usage of formulas given in the relevant code, and DBA for Design-by-Analysis, i.e. calculation of the required wall
thicknesses by use of the finite-element-method to calculate the stresses. Normally, DBA is applied on certain parts of
vessels if the result is likely to be more economic than that resulting from DBF, or if no design formulas exist for the specific
parts or loads under consideration, or if it is specially required, e.g. for safety reasons.
1
page 2 of 32
In cases where no detailed design methods are given in EN 13445, generally recognised engineering
design approaches were used (e.g. for nozzle loads in vessels with rectangular cross-section - see
Example 9) within the general philosophy of EN 13445 and in a form considered to be acceptable to
the European notified bodies involved in the study when performing a design examination.
Following usual practice, the ASME approach has not been applied in cases where design details are not
given in the relevant ASME code. Nevertheless, in Example 9 an approach similar to that used for EN
13445 for nozzle loads in a vessel with rectangular cross section was applied.
In cases when fatigue assessment was required for vessels being designed according to ASME VIII Div. 1,
the fatigue approach given in ASME VIII Div. 2 was used.
In Annex 2 indicative drawings of the considered pressure vessel example cases are given.
The exercise was based on compliance with the corresponding requirements assuming no pre-existing
qualifications or supplementary data from other similar equipment.
In the case of application of the ASME Section VIII + PED route the following additional requirements
were made. These were based on an agreement between the members of the consortium on the
general approach taken within their organisations to such matters, and cannot be taken as generally valid
for PED conformity assessment for vessels designed according to the ASME code.
1
In TEMA nomenclature AES; BEM and NEN, the first letter designates the front end stationary head, the second letter is
the shell type (one pass shell in each case here) and the third letter is the rear end head type.
page 3 of 32
Materials:
The material properties used in the design must be based on those affirmed by the material
manufacturer (see also guideline 7/24 to the PED). This can include hot tensile properties for
materials as given in ASME II Table Y-1 (yield strength values) and impact properties for carbon
steels at MDMT1 but not higher than 20C, with a minimum value of 27 J according to the
PED, Annex I, section 7.5. Note: Since the minimum required impact properties for carbon
steel also apply to the weld and the HAZ2, these shall be shown in the welding procedure
approval. The requirements apply also for material properties after forming or post weld heat
treatment, and, thus, also these properties must be affirmed.
Test pressure requirements are as follows:
The requirement given in the PED, Annex I clause 7.4, that the hydraulic test pressure Ptest shall
not be smaller than 1.43 PS shall be adhered to even if this requires an increase in wall
thickness when an equivalent design pressure Peq given by Peq = Ptest x S/Sa/1,3 is greater
than PS. In this context PS is the maximum allowable working pressure, S is the nominal design
stress (allowable stress) for normal operating load cases at maximum design temperature and
Sa is the nominal design stress (allowable stress) for normal operating load cases at test
temperature.
The second requirement (1.25 times PS times the correction factor based on the proof
strengths of ASME II-D Table Y-1) shall not be used when the resulting test pressure would be
greater than the test pressure specified by the ASME Code (1,3 x Sa/S x PS).
In this latter case the NDT level should be at least that corresponding to a joint efficiency of
0.85, even when a smaller efficiency is permitted by ASME.
Fatigue Design:
Fatigue design according to ASME Div. VIII Sec. 2 Appendix 5 for welded regions is considered
to be non-conservative in comparison with procedures in major European pressure vessel
codes (e.g. EN 13445, AD-Merkblatt3, PD 55004) and the underlying experimental results.
Thus, ASME fatigue design for these regions is not considered to meet the requirements of
PED Annex I. Taking this into account, the results of alternative design procedures may be
required for fatigue evaluation, i.e. re-assessment of the fatigue life using a European approach
would be desirable in practice, but was not performed within this study. However for the
purposes of the comparisons made in this project, the costings for the ASME designs involving
fatigue do not include extra charges in this respect.
For permanent joining and NDT, the requirements of the PED must be fulfilled, i.e.
For pressure equipment in categories II, III and IV, welding operating procedures and personnel
must be approved by a competent third party (notified body or third party organisation
recognized by a member state). To carry out these approvals the third party must perform
examinations and tests as set out in the appropriate harmonised standards or equivalent
examinations and tests or must have them performed.
For pressure equipment in categories III and IV, the NDT personnel must be approved by a
third party organisation recognised by a member state.
page 4 of 32
costing evaluations are given in relative terms only, on a percentage basis using as reference the total
cost for the EN 13445 (using DBF) route quoted by the manufacturers. It is noted that expressed in
absolute numbers, 100% EN costs quoted by manufacturer A usually differ from 100% EN costs quoted
by manufacturer B. The costs for different tasks (design, materials and material testing, fabrication, testing,
conformity assessment) could not be compared reliably since different manufacturers attributed the
costs for different tasks according to different criteria, but the total costs of the vessels can be assumed
to be those used for the overall offer. Costs for the ASME stamp or costs for a quality assurance system
according to the PED were not included in the cost evaluations.
In the following, the results summary is given on a per example basis. Together with the indicative
drawings, Annex 2 includes a comparison of results sheet for each example, which lists the used
materials and the wall thicknesses resulting from the design calculations and some important notes on
the design.
Example 1 CNG Storage Tank:
Differences in the design wall thicknesses (e.g. for the main cylindrical shell 34mm for EN 13445 DBF,
28.5 mm for EN 13445 DBA, 47.5 mm for ASME VIII Div.1, and 40 mm for ASME VIII Div. 2) are mainly
caused by the different allowable stresses. This affects also the requirements for post weld heat
treatment, which is necessary for the ASME designs (because of the resulting wall thicknesses) but not
for the EN designs.
The following table gives an overview of the relative costs quoted by the manufacturers:
Manufacturer
EN 13445
DBF
EN 13445
DBA
ASME VIII
Div 1
ASME VIII
Div 1 + PED
ASME VIII
Div. 2
ASME VIII
Div. 2 + PED
100,0 %
92,5 %
156,9 %
166,3 %
138,5 %
137,6%
100,0 %
99,3 %
116,8 %
125,7 %
108,9 %
109,7 %
100,0 %
95,0 %
117,5 %
123,7 %
106,9 %
106,5 %
The cost differences for the different routes from different manufacturers compared with those for EN
13445 DBF (estimated for one-off production) are:
EN 13445 DBA
ASME VIII Div. 1
ASME VIII Div. 2
0.7 % to 7.5 %
+16.8 % to +56.9 %
+6.9 % to +38.5 %
One can conclude that DBA according to EN 13445-3 Annex B is advantageous in this case and that
the higher design costs due to finite-element analysis are easily compensated (also due to the fact the
analysis is rather simple in this case).
The higher costs for the ASME design are basically caused by higher material costs, due to larger wall
thicknesses, and to some extent by the post weld heat treatment costs. A vessel according to ASME VIII
Div.2 is considerably cheaper than one according to ASME VIII Div.1 due to the large differences in the
resulting wall thicknesses.
The NDT (Non Destructive Testing) requirements according to EN 13445 for the welds of the main
body of the vessel are the same as according to ASME VIII Div. 1. For other welds the requirements
according to ASME VIII Div. 1 (spot or no NDT) are less than the ones according to EN (full NDT). The
NDT requirements according to ASME VIII Div. 2 are similar to those according to EN. Thus, the NDT
requirements should not result in considerable cost differences.
Test coupons (production test plates) are required for the EN design routes, but not for ASME design,
which results in higher costs for EN for this task.
The additional costs for the ASME vessels if conformity assessment with the PED is required are rather
small (some marginally increased wall thicknesses for ASME VIII Div.1, higher testing requirements for
the materials) presuming that the results of the material tests fulfil the requirements. In the case of
ASME VIII Div. 2, no increase of the wall thicknesses due to the hydraulic test pressure given by the PED
is required.
page 5 of 32
A / forged
100,0 %
93,3 %
93,3 %
86,6 %
86,6%
B / forged
100,0 %
95,9 %
97,5 %
88,2 %
89,4 %
C / forged
100,0 %
93,8 %
93,8 %
79,9 %
79,9 %
A / welded
100,0 %
112,2 %
B / welded
100,0 %
105,5 %
106,9 %
C / welded
100,0 %
119,6 %
122,8 %
107,5 %
114,2 %
The cost differences for the different routes from different manufacturers compared with those for EN
13445 DBF (estimated for one-off production) are:
Forged courses:
ASME VIII Div. 1
ASME VIII Div. 2
-4.1 % to -6.7 %
-11.8 % to -20.1 %
Welded courses:
ASME VIII Div. 1
ASME VIII Div. 2
+12.2 % to +19.6 %
+ 6.9 % to +14.2 %
The higher costs for EN design for forged courses are basically caused by higher material costs, higher
fabrication costs and to some extent by the post weld heat treatment costs. The higher costs for ASME
design for welded courses are also basically caused by higher material costs, higher fabrication costs and
to some extent by the post weld heat treatment costs. A vessel according to ASME VIII Div.2 is
considerably cheaper than one according to ASME VIII Div.1 due to the large differences in resulting wall
thicknesses.
The additional costs for the ASME vessels if conformity assessment with the PED is required are rather
small (some marginally increased wall thicknesses for ASME VIII Div.1, higher testing requirements for
page 6 of 32
the materials) presuming that the results of the material tests fulfil the requirements. In the case of
ASME VIII Div. 2, no increase of the wall thicknesses due to hydraulic test pressure given by the PED
(see section 3 above) is required.
The NDT requirements according to EN and to ASME are (with one exception) identical, and test
coupons are required for all the design routes considered.
Example 3 Jacketed Autoclave:
The main technical issue to arise from this example concerns the fatigue evaluation, which includes cyclic
thermal stresses. This was initially performed according to both EN 13445-3 clause 18, and ASME VIII
Div. 2 Appendix 5. The results differ substantially: the allowable number of cycles according to EN is
33576, whereas that according to ASME is larger than 106.
As discussed in section 3 above, the ASME fatigue design for welded regions is however not considered
to meet the requirements of PED Annex I. Taking this into account, the results of alternative design
procedures may be required for fatigue evaluation, i.e. re-assessment of the fatigue life using a European
approach would be desirable in practice, but was not performed within this study. For the purposes of
the comparisons made in this project, the costings for the ASME designs involving fatigue do not include
extra charges in this respect.
It is also noted that in a strictly formal ASME Sec. VIII Div. 1 approach a bayonet closure is not allowed
since no specific formulas are given for such a geometry.
The following table gives an overview of the relative costs quoted by the manufacturers:
Manufacturer
EN 13445 DBF
100,0 %
109,4 %
109,4 %
100,0 %
92,6 %
94,7 %
100,0 %
91,7 %
91,7 %
The differences in the wall thicknesses resulting from the designs according to EN 13445 and ASME VIII
Div. 1 are low, and, thus, the resulting material and fabrication costs are similar.
The additional costs for the ASME vessels if PED conformity assessment is required are also rather small
(some wall thicknesses marginally increased for ASME VIII Div.1, higher testing requirements for the
materials) presuming that the results of the material tests fulfil the requirements.
The NDT requirements are similar and no cost differences are caused by them.
The requirements for test coupons according to EN 13445 increase the costs for EN design, since no
test coupons are required for ASME VIII Div.1.
The cost differences for the different routes from different manufacturers compared with those for EN
13445 DBF (estimated based on serial production of 10 vessels) are between 8,3 % and +9,4 %,
depending on the manufacturer. Thus, it can be concluded that the two routes result on average in
equal costs.
Example 4 Stirring Vessel:
The mandatory fatigue assessment also proved to be a technical issue for this example case. The
necessary analysis of the upper end was performed according to both EN 13445-3 clause 18, and
according to ASME VIII Div. 2 Appendix 5. The fluctuating load components rotate about the stirrer axis
and are assumed to act in the most unfavourable way. Design for an infinite number of cycles of the
stirrer forces and moments was required. It is assumed, that the stirrer forces occur at a constant service
pressure and thus the analysis is not affected by internal pressure fluctuations. According to EN 13445-3
clause 18 the design for an infinite number of stirrer action cycles must meet the requirements for 5.106
cycles. On the other hand, since no fatigue endurance limit is given in ASME VIII Div. 2 Appendix 5, the
requirements for the maximum given cycle number in the code (1011 for series 3XX high alloy steels)
page 7 of 32
are used. A fatigue analysis for the upper end, leading to the allowable number of (specified) batch
cycles, was also performed.
The results differ substantially: in particular the required reinforcement of the mounting flange to obtain
stresses which result in a design for an infinite number of load cycles is different for the two code routes.
Furthermore, the allowable number of batch cycles according to EN is 13100, but that according to
ASME is 2x108.
As discussed in section 3 above, the ASME fatigue design for welded regions is however not considered
to meet the requirements of PED Annex I. Taking this into account, the results of alternative design
procedures may be required for fatigue evaluation, but was not performed within this study. For the
purposes of the comparisons made in this project, the costings for the ASME designs involving fatigue do
not include extra charges in this respect.
Application of the DBA route according to EN 13445-3, Annex B, for the upper end does not lead to
any design advantages since the fatigue stresses govern the design (wall thicknesses). Thus, this method
is not applied here.
Since the material SA-240 Grade 316Ti is not allowed for application of ASME VIII Div. 2, and the
allowable stress of SA 240 Grade 316L is considerably lower, the application of ASME VIII Div. 2 would
generally lead to larger wall thicknesses for the shells and ends. Thus, application of ASME VIII Div. 2 is
not economic in this case.
For the cylindrical (inner) body of the vessel, the differences in the design wall thicknessess are mainly
caused the different design methods for external pressure (EN design: 11 mm wall thickness, two
reinforcing rings 25x125 mm; ASME design: 15 mm wall thickness, two reinforcing rings 30x160 mm).
For the inner dished end the differences in the design wall thicknessess are also mainly caused by the
different design methods for external pressure (EN design: 15 mm wall thickness; ASME design: 23 mm
wall thickness). For the dished end of the jacket the differences in the design wall thicknessess are mainly
caused by the different design formulas for internal pressure (EN design: 10 mm wall thickness; ASME
design: 7 mm wall thickness).
The following table gives an overview of the relative costs quoted by the manufacturers:
Manufacturer
EN 13445 DBF
100,0 %
127,6 %
125,9 %
100,0 %
100,6 %
102,3 %
100,0 %
103,6 %
103,8 %
The cost differences for the different routes from different manufacturers compared with those for EN
13445 DBF (estimated for one-off production) are:
ASME VIII Div. 1
ASME VIII Div. 1 + PED
0.6 % to 27.6 %
2.3 % to 25.9 %
The higher costs for the ASME designs are basically caused by higher material costs due to larger wall
thicknesses, and thus higher fabrication costs. These are partly compensated by lower costs for NDT
and for test coupons, since the NDT requirements according to ASME are lower than those according
to EN (for the chosen weld joint efficiency) and due to the fact that no test coupons are required for
the ASME route.
The additional costs for the ASME vessels if PED conformity assessment is required are rather small and
are mainly caused by higher material costs due to the required increased wall thickness for the lower
end and the costs for an additionally required pad at a nozzle. Due to the moderate service temperature
no hot tensile test is required, and no additional impact testing is considered necessary for the austenitic
steels used. Thus, the additional costs for material testing are negligible.
page 8 of 32
EN 13445 DBF
100,0 %
105,6 %
106,6 %
100,0 %
94,1 %
97,8 %
100,0 %
101,0 %
101,0 %
The additional costs for the ASME vessels if PED conformity assessment is required are also rather small
(some marginally increased wall thicknesses for ASME VIII Div.1, higher testing requirements for the
materials) presuming that the results of the material tests fulfil the requirements.
The NDT requirements are similar and no cost differences are caused by them.
The requirements for test coupons according to EN 13445 increase the costs for EN design, since no
coupons are required for ASME VIII Div.1.
The cost differences for the ASME VIII Div.1 route from different manufacturers compared with those
for EN 13445 DBF (estimated for one-off production) are between 5,9% and +5,6%, depending on the
manufacturer. Thus, it can be concluded that the two routes result on average in equal costs.
Example 6 BEM Heat Exchanger:
The minimum plate thickness is according to TEMA for both EN and ASME approaches and this tends
to equalize the designs. The larger wall thickness for the tubesheet from the design according to ASME
VIII Div. 1 in comparison to those according to EN 13445 leads to higher material costs for the ASME
route according to one manufacturer, but not according to the other two.
The following table gives an overview of the relative costs quoted by the manufacturers:
Manufacturer
EN 13445 DBF
100,0 %
106,0 %
107,8 %
100,0 %
89,0 %
95,8 %
100,0 %
102,0 %
102,0 %
The additional costs for the ASME vessels if PED conformity assessment is required are also rather small
(higher testing requirements for the materials) presuming that the results of the material tests fulfil the
requirements.
The NDT requirements are similar, a cost difference (higher costs according to EN design) is reported
by one manufacturer, but not by the other two.
The requirements for test coupons according to EN 13445 increase the costs for EN design, since no
coupons are required for ASME VIII Div.1.
The cost for the ASME VIII Div.1 route from different manufacturers compared with those for EN
13445 DBF (estimated for one-off production) are between 11,0% and +6,0%, depending on the
manufacturer. Therefore, it seems to depend on the manufacturer and material supplier as to which
design route results in a cheaper vessel.
page 9 of 32
EN 13445 DBF
100,0 %
117,4 %
117,4 %
100,0 %
99,0 %
99,3 %
The additional costs for the ASME vessels if PED conformity assessment is required are also rather small
(hot tensile test requirement for the materials) presuming that the results of the material tests fulfil the
requirements.
RT/UT1 examination is not required according to ASME, but according to EN 10% examination is
required for all welds with one exception. The MT/PT2 requirements for ASME are slightly higher than
those for EN. Overall this results in higher NDT costs for the EN design.
The requirements for test coupons according to EN 13445 increase the costs for EN design, since no
coupons are required for ASME VIII Div.1.
The cost differences for the ASME VIII Div.1 route from different manufacturers compared with those
for EN 13445 DBF (estimated based on serial production of 10 vessels) are between 1,0% and
+17,4%, depending on the manufacturer. Therefore, it seems to depend on the manufacturer and
material supplier which design route results in a cheaper vessel.
Example 8 Water Separator:
For the aspects of the design, it is noted that in this case the wall thickness of the main cylindrical shell is
determined by the specified nozzle loads and not due to the internal pressure calculation.
The dimensions of the bracket supports are chosen according to DIN 28083 size 2, and the dimensions
of the lifting lugs are chosen according to DIN 28086 size 1; this applies for both EN and ASME design.
Some difference was evident in the design wall thicknesses of the dished ends (EN: 9 mm, ASME:
13 mm), which is mainly caused by the different allowable stresses and design formulas.
The following table gives an overview of the relative costs quoted by the manufacturers:
Manufacturer
EN 13445 DBF
100,0 %
106,6 %
115,6 %
100,0 %
104,6 %
104,6 %
The cost differences for the different routes from different manufacturers compared with those for EN
13445 DBF (estimated on serial production of 30 vessels) are:
ASME VIII Div. 1
ASME VIII Div. 1 + PED
4.6 % to 6.6 %
4.6 % to 15.6 %
The higher costs for ASME design are basically caused by higher material costs due to larger wall
thicknesses for the dished ends, and thus, higher fabrication costs. These are partly compensated by the
lower costs for NDT, since the NDT requirements according to ASME are less onerous than those
according to EN.
The additional costs for the ASME vessels if PED conformity assessment is required are according to
one manufacturer considerable, and are mainly caused by additional material testing requirements.
1
2
EN 13445 DBF
EN 13445 DBA
100,0 %
88,1
106,7 %
108,2 %
The cost differences for the different routes compared with those for EN 13445 DBF (estimated for
one-off production) are:
EN 13445 DBA
ASME VIII Div. 1
ASME VIII Div. 1 + PED
11.9 %
+6.7 %
+8.2 %
One can conclude that DBA according to EN 13445-3 Annex B is advantageous and that the higher
design costs due to finite-element analysis are easily compensated by lower wall thicknesses and due to
the fact that no post heat treatment is required.
The higher costs for ASME design are basically caused by higher material costs, and thus, higher
fabrication costs.
The additional costs for the ASME vessels if PED conformity assessment is required are rather small
(some marginally increased wall thicknesses for ASME VIII Div.1, higher testing requirements for the
materials) presuming that the results of the material tests fulfil the requirements.
The NDT requirements according to EN and ASME are similar and do not result in an appreciable cost
difference.
page 11 of 32
EN 13445
DBA
ASME VIII
Div. 1
ASME VIII
Div. 1 +
PED
ASME VIII
Div. 2
ASME VIII
Div. 2 +
PED
100,0%
95,6%
130,4%
138,5%
118,1%
117,9%
(2a) Hydrogen
reactor (welded
course)
100,0%
No benefit
115,9%
122,8%
106,5%
110,5%
(2b) Hydrogen
reactor (forged
course)
100,0%
No benefit
94,3%
94,9%
84,9%
85,3%
(3) Jacketed
autoclave1)
100,0%
Not required
97,9%
98,6%
100,0%
No benefit
110,6%
110,6%
100,0%
Not required
100,3%
101,8%
100,0%
Not required
99,0%
101,9%
100,0%
Not required
108,2%
106,9%
(8) Water
separator
100,0%
Not required
105,6%
110,1%
100,0%
88,1%
106,7%
108,2%
Example
Not
applicable
Not
applicable
Not
applicable
1) with
2)
d) Overall it is demonstrated that EN 13445 offers a technically and economically competitive design
route for unfired pressure vessels. In 6 / 7 (depending on the type of the courses in the case of the
hydrogen reactor) out of 9 examples the EN design route was the most economic. It should be noted
however that in some cases the reported cost differences for different manufactures are larger than the
cost differences resulting from the application of the various codes.
e) Specific factors affecting costs were: Material costs are frequently greater using the ASME code. In
some cases, savings attributable to lower material costs with EN 13445 are partly offset by additional
costs of weld testing and NDT when compared with ASME requirements. PWHT costs are frequently
greater for the ASME designs, since the PWHT requirements depend on the wall thicknesses. For the
two standard refinery heat exchangers no notable cost differences are reported if TEMA requirements
are considered for all routes.
page 12 of 32
f) Use of Design-by-Analysis according to EN 13445-3 Annex B can decrease the material costs
considerable in some cases, especially for more advanced or complex design or in serial production. The
increased design costs are easily compensated by the savings for materials and if applicable by the
savings of the post weld heat treatment costs.
g) The requirements for ASME vessels which fulfil the PED requirements and are considered to be CEmarked, are based on an agreement between the members of the consortium on the general approach
within their organisations to such matters, but they cannot be used as generally valid requirements of
conformity assessment for ASME vessels under the PED. Especially, since the ASME approach is not
always in conformity with some general rules of PED Annex I.7 and PED Annex I.4.31, nor demonstrates
an equivalent level of safety. But as given by the cost estimations of the manufacturers, the extra costs
for ASME designs to meet the PED requirements are in general small for the approach used in the
study.
h) Fatigue design according to ASME Div. VIII Sec. 2 Appendix 5 for welded regions is considered to
be non-conservative in comparison with procedures in major European pressure vessel codes (e.g. EN
13445, AD-Merkblatt, PD 5500) and the underlying experimental results. Thus, ASME fatigue design for
these regions is not considered to meet the requirements of PED Annex I. Taking this into account, the
results of alternative design procedures may be required for fatigue evaluation, i.e. re-assessment of the
fatigue life using a European approach would be desirable in practice, but was not performed within this
study. However for the purposes of the comparisons made in this project, the costings for the ASME
designs involving fatigue do not include extra charges in this respect.
Annex 1:
List of Abbreviations
Although mostly given in the text or in the footnotes, the following list summarizes the abbreviations
used in the text and in the drawings.
AES............................TEMA heat exchanger type with (A) channel and removable cover, (E) one pass shell,
(S) floating with backing device
AD.............................AD Merkbltter (German code for unfired pressure vessels)
ASME .......................American Society of Mechanical Engineers
BEM...........................TEMA heat exchanger type with (B) bonnet (integral cover), (E) one pass shell, (M)
fixed tubesheet like B stationary head
B&PV ........................(ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
DBA..........................Design by Analysis
DBF ...........................Design by Formulae
EN 13445..............Harmonised European code for unfired pressure vessels
HAZ .........................Heat effected zone (of a weld)
MDMT.....................Minimum Design Metal Temperature according to B&PV
MT .............................Magnetic particle testing
NDT .........................Non destructive testing
NEN .........................TEMA heat exchanger type with (N) fixed tubesheet like N stationary head, (E) one
pass shell
PD5500 ..................British code for unfired fusion welded pressure vessels
PED...........................Pressure Equipment Directive
PS ...............................Maximum allowable pressure (see EN 13445)
PT...............................Liquid penetration testing
PWHT.....................Post weld heat treatment
RT ..............................Radiographic testing
TEMA.......................Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association
TS...............................Maximum allowable temperature (see EN 13445)
UT..............................Ultrasonic testing
WRC........................Welding research council
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Annex 2
On the following pages, an indicative drawing which shows the main dimensions and a comparison sheet which shows the thickness and materials for the different
parts of a vessel is given for each example case.
Example 1 CNG Storage Tank: Indicative drawing
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