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Thiet Ke Mach Dieu Khien Nhiet Do Cho Tu Say Bang Dien Tro
Thiet Ke Mach Dieu Khien Nhiet Do Cho Tu Say Bang Dien Tro
Thit k mch iu
khin nhit cho
t sy bng in tr
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
LI NI U
K thut sy ng vai tr v cng quan trng trong cng nghip v i
sng. Trong quy trnh cng ngh sn xut ca rt nhiu sn phm c cng
on sy kh bo qun di ngy. Cng ngh ny ngy cng pht trin
trong ngnh hi sn, rau qu v cc thc phm khc. Cc sn phm nng
nghip dng ht nh la, ng u... sau khi thu hoch cn sy kh kp thi,
nu khng sn phm s gim phm cht thm ch cn hng dn n tnh
trng mt ma sau thu hoch.
Cc nhu cu sy ngy cng a dng, c nhiu phng php v thit b
sy nhng thit b sy bng phng php in tr c s dng rng ri
nht. Phng php sy bng in tr l phng php s dng trc tip nng
lng in nng to ra ngun nhit nng theo nh lut Joule- lence.
i vi tng loi sn phm sy khc nhau th cn mt nhit khc
nhau. Do vic iu chnh v n nh nhit cho t sy cng ng vai tr
quan trng trong qu trnh sy v th trong tp n ny tm hiu v Thit
k mch iu khin nhit cho t sy bng in tr. Ni dung ca n
tt nghip ny gm 5 phn chnh sau:
Chng I:
Chng II:
Thit k t in.
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
ng Thanh Hong.
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
1.2: CC YU CU CH YU I VI VT LIU LM DY T.
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
I. VT LIU HP KIM.
1. Hp kim micrm:
Hp kim micrm c bn nhit tt v c lp mng xit crm
(Cr2O3), bo v rt cht, chu s thay i nhit tt nn c th lm vic
trong cc l c ch lm vic gin on. Hp kim micrm c c tnh tt
nhit thng cng nh nhit cao, do, d gia cng, d hn, in tr
sut ln, h s nhit in tr nh, khng c hin tng gi ho.
Nicrm l vt liu t tin, nn ngi ta c khuynh hng tm cc vt
liu khc thay th.
2. Hp kim st- crm- nhm:
Hp kim ny chu c nhit cao, tho mn yu cu cc tnh cht
in, nhng c nhc im l gin, kh gia cng, km bn c hc nhit
cao. V th cn thit ch trnh cc tc ng ti trng ca chnh dy in tr.
Mt nhc im na l hp kim st- crm- nhm nhit cao d b cc
xit st, xit SiO2 tc ng ho hc, ph hoi lp mng bo v ca cc xt
Al2O3 v Cr2 O3. V vy, tng l, ni tip xc vi hp kim ny phi l vt
liu cha nhiu Alumin (Al2O3 70%; Fe2O3 1%).
gin di ti 3040% gy ra kh khn khi lp t trong l, cn
trnh on mch khi dy gin di v b cong.
Lin X c, ngi ta ch to hai hp kim - 595 v - 626. Nhit
lm vic t 13000C. Chng l hp kim crm c hm lng ln, c
bin tnh bng mt lng nh cc kim loi kim th, nn tng do
10000C chng c bn cao.
Cc dy in tr c tiu chun ho khi sn xut. Dy in tr bng
hp kim: X13I04; OX23IOA; (- 595); OX27105A (- 626); X20H80,
c ng knh dy:
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
2,2
2,5
2,8
3,5
4,5
5,5
6,5
7,5
8,5
9 (mm)
1.10
1,2.10
1,2.12
1,2.15
1,2.20
1,4.10
1,4.15
1,4.20
1,5.10
1,5.12
1,5.15
1,5.20
1,8.20
1,8.18
1,8.20
2.25
2.20
2.25
2,2.20
2,2.25
2,5.20
2,5.25
2,5.30
2,5.40
3.25
3.30
3.40 (mm)
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
Nicrom
Thp
Hp
kim
Hp
kim
Hp
kim
- X20 H80
- X20 H80T
- X15 H60
- X25 H20
- X13 I04
- OX25 I05
- OX17 I05
595
(OX23I05A)
626
(OX27I05A)
Volffram, W
Molipden, Mo
Platin, Pt
St, Fe
Niken, Ni
* Nhng vl phi kim loi (**)
Silics (Cacborun)
Grafit
Trng lng
ring
200C, g/cm3
8,40
8,20
8,30
7,85
in tr sut
00C, 0,
mm2/m
1,100
1,270
1,100
0,900
H s nhit
in tr
.103
0,035
0,022
0,100
0,350
Nhit
chy lng,
0
C
1400
1400
1400
1400
Nhit lm
vic cc i,
0
C
1150
1200
1050
1100
7,20
1,260
0,150
1450
900
7,10
1,300
0,060
1450
1050
7,00
1,400
0,050
1450
7,30
1,350
0,050
7,20
1,420
19,34
10,20
21,46
7,88
8,90
Nhit lm vic 0C
Lm vic
Lm vic
lin tc
gin on
1050
1000
1050
1000
950
900
850
800
750
650
1200
1050
1000
1525
1250
1150
1100
0,022
1525
1300
0,050
0,052
0,098
0,090
0,065
4,300
5,100
8,950
11,300
13,400
3410
2625
1755
1535
1452
3000*
2200*
1400
400
1000
2,30
800 1900
1200
83
1500
2000
(2800)*
1250
1,60
Thay i
theo nhit
(h s nhit
N TT NGHIP
Cacbon (than)
Cripton (hn hp ca grafit,
cacbon v t st)
TRNG HBK H NI
1,60
10 60
1,00 1,25
600 2000
in tr m
2000
(2500)*
1800
10
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
11
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
12
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
13
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
b. Nhc im:
- Truyn nhit km hn dy t h
- To nhit khng cao
- Khi h hng khng sa cha c
- B tr kh
- Gi thnh t
c. Cu to: Xt loi dy t kn hnh ch U.
1. Kim loi
2. Lp ngn cch
3. Phn t nung nng
4. u ni
5. Ecu
14
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
1. Thit b sy bung:
Thit b sy bung dng trong vic sy nhng vt liu dng cc, ht,... vi
mt nng sut khng ln lm v lm theo chu k. Bung sy c th c xy
bng thp tm, gia c cch nhit hoc n gin xy bng gch c lp
cch nhit hoc khng c.
Tc nhn sy trong thit b sy thng l khng kh nng hoc l khi
l. Khng kh c t nng nh calorife in hoc kh....khi. Calorife
thng c t trn nc hoc hai bn sn hoc bn ngoi bung sy.
Trong thit b sy bung gm hai loi: tc nhn sy lu ng t nhin v lu
ng cng bc. Vt liu sy c t trn xe gong, thun tin trong vic
vn chuyn cc xe gong th khong cch gia xe gong v tng bung s
cch nhau mt khong =50100 (mm). Vt liu sy b tr trn khay, c
ngha quan trng trong vn cht lng ca sn phm. Nu vt liu sy c
mt qu ln th tc nhn sy kh lu chuyn dn n thi gian sy ln v
vt liu kh khng u. Ngc li nu mt vt liu sy trn khay qu b th
iu kin truyn cht c tng cng v thi gian sy gim, cht lng sn
phm cao nhng nng sut khng cao. Do vy vic b tr vt liu sy trn khay
sy cng rt quan trng i vi cht lng sn phm sy v nng sut sy.
Thit b sy bung l mt thit b c s dng rng ri nht hin nay v:
c kt cu n gin, d vn hnh, vn u t t, thch hp vi cc x nghip b.
15
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
16
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
Xe vt liu
vo
Xe vt
liu ra
17
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
Nc
vo t'n,
Nc ra
t"
n
W h; nt'
18
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
1-my nn, 2-gin nng (calorife), 3-bung sy, 4-qut gi, 5-gin lnh, 6van tit lu, 7-gia nhit bng in, 8-lm mt bng nc.
Khng kh trong bung lnh nh nhit Q2 cho gin lnh lm cho nhit
ca n gim t t2 xung t3 v tip tc gim n t4. Qu trnh lm lnh khng
kh 2-3-4 lm cho khng kh m tr nn qu bo ho, nc ngng t s c
thot ra ngoi (lu lng wh nhit tn). V nng sut lnh ca gin lnh
khng lm lnh khng kh t trng thi 2 n trng thi 4 nn ngi ta
phi dng nc b xung a vo lm mt khng kh. Lu lng nc lm
mt b xung l Gn nhit nc va t,nhit nc ra t. Qu trnh sy theo
chu trnh kn. Thit b lm vic theo chu k. u qu trnh sy nng lng
bay hi m t vt liu wh (kg/h) rt ln cn cui qu trnh sy wh gim
ng k (bng 1020% nng sut bay hi m u qu trnh sy). V vy cn
phi iu chnh ch ca bm nhit ph hp vi qu trnh sy. gim
khong iu chnh cng sut bm ngi ta b tr thm b phn gia nhit bng
in tr gia nhit b xung u qu trnh sy m bm nhit khng p
ng c. nhiu thit b sy dng bm nhit cng sut ca b gia nhit in
tr gn bng cng sut ca bm nhit.
4. Thit b sy bung dng ject:
Thit b sy bung dng ject (hnh 1-10) dng trong trng hp cn to
nn p lc y ng k ca kh. Nng lng tiu th ca h thng gi bng
ject xc nh bi tc cn thit cn to ra ming vi phun v tr lc
cn khc phc tun hon mi cht trong bung sy.
19
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
3
1
5. Thit b sy kh ng:
S nguyn l ca thit b sy kh ng c biu din trn hnh 111. Mi cht sy l khng kh nng hoc khi c thi vo ng sy hnh tr
t thng ng. Vt liu t phu qua b phn cung cp a vo ng sy. Mi
cht sy thi vo vi tc cao y vt liu i ln ho trn vo mi cht. Mi
cht nng s gia nhit v sy vt liu.
20
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
Mi cht sy
21
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
1
RT
RC
2
R1
RT
RC
R0
R0
R0
RT
22
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
23
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
T1
T2
it
T2
U
UT2
i1
Ut
UTB
Hnh 2.1.5: S iu chnh in p xoay chiu 1 pha vi ti thun tr.
Khi T1 m th mt phn ca na chu k dng in p ngun in t
ln mch ti, cn khi T2 m th mt phn ca na chu k m ca U c t
ln mch ti.
Gc m c tnh t im i qua tr zero ca in p ngun.
Dng in ti:
it =
2.U
sin
R
+ 2
24
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
/2
i1
1
i1
a) Ti R
i2
b) Ti L
Ut =
2Usin .d = U.
2 2 + sin 2
2
25
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
U 2 2 + sin 2
.
R
2
U 2 2 2 + sin
Pt = Ut.It =
R
2
U2
n zer.
R
2. Trng hp ti R + L.
Khi = , Tiristor bt u dn dng, ta c phng trnh.
L.
di t
+R.i t = 2.U.sin( + )
dt
2U
tg
. sin ( + ) sin ( ) e
Z
Trong :
Z=
R 2 + ( WL ) ; tg =
2
WL
R
i t = i x1 + i q
i x1 =
2U
.sin ( + ) : L dng in xc lp
Z
2U
.sin
.e
iqd = (
) tg : l dng in qu , suy gim theo hm
Z
m. Nu = th iq = 0.
Ngi ta c th biu din tch bit hai dng in trn, ri suy ra dng
in ti it, hnh 2.17b.
26
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
Ut
0
it
O'
UT2
R
Ut
ix1
Ut
T2
it
0
iq
Hnh 2.17: S ti R + L
2U.sin r
U b = 2U.sin
3
U c = 2U.sin
3
U 2 2 2 + sin
Pt = Ut.It =
R
2
27
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
cn >0 .
0<<
Khi
2
+
3
2
3
3
2
3 2
2 Usin d + 2 U sin + 6 d +
+
1
3
3
2
U a ' = 2
+
2
3
2
3 2
+
U
sin
d
2Usin
d
2
6
+
3
3
2Usin d
28
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
+
+
3
2
3
2U
3
32
2
2
2
2
2
2
Ua' =
sin .d + sin d + sin .d + sin d + sin .d
4
4
2
+
+
2
3
2
3
2
U a ' = U. 1
3 3
+
.sin 2
2 4
Ut
Ua
Ub
UAB/2
UA
Uc
0
= 60
T4
T1
T6
T3
T5
b'
T2
U
a'
UAC/2
UAB/2
UA U
AC/2
c'
0
= 60
29
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
Ap
V
CM
A
A
A
R0
R2
R0
C2
R2
T1
C1
R1
T2
C1
R1
C2
C2
R2
C1
R0
T3
R1
30
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
P = 3U d I d cos
V ti l dy t in tr nn cos 1.
P = 3U d I d cos = 60.000 (W)
Id =
60000
3.380
= 91,16 (A)
- in p qua triac l:
U T = 2U d = 2.380 = 537,4 (V)
dU
= 100 (V/s): tc tng in p
dt
Tcpmax = 1250C: Nhit lm vic cho php max
Ipikmax = 3300 (A): nh xung dng in
SV: ng Thanh Hong - KT - K44
31
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
P
KM
Trong P:
P
136,74
= 0,43 (m2)
=
K M .
8.40
32
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
C1
33
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
R2
C2
R2
R2
C2
C2
34
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
P
3.U
60000
3.380
= 91,16 ( A )
0,85.0,95.144
1,2.91,16
(Bo v bng ptmt nhit)
1,5
35
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
U cm
ngi ta ly Ucmmax = Usm.
S sm
36
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
Us
Ucm
US
Ucm
t
0
X
t
U
= arecos cm
Um
Khi Ucm = Um th = 0.
Khi Ucm = 0 th =
37
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
UAK
Ucm
Xk
t
0
ng pha
So snh
Khuch
i
38
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
-E
-E
B
D2
R1
U1
U2
R2
R2
R1
C
D1
Ur
U1
U2
a)
Ur
b)
-E
R1
R2
Tr
A
R2
R1
Uv
Ur
U1
c)
SV: ng Thanh Hong - KT - K44
U2
+
A1
-
C1
B
D1
R3
A2
+
Ur
d)
39
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
40
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
+E
R1
D1
D2
TrQ
Tr
R3
UAT
D4
R6
D3
+
A1
-
R2
C1
C
D5
R5
R4
A2
+
Urc
-E
e. S ng pha to in p ta c chu k
41
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
UA
UCL
UB
t
UC
t
Urc
42
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
VR1
U1
R1
Tr1
R4
A
D1
Uv
R2
Up1
+
A1
-
C1
B
D3
R3
A2
+
Urc
Up2
D2
43
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
U
UA
UCL
U1
t
UB
t
Uc
44
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
Urc
R3
Urc
R1
Tr
Ura
Uk
R1
Uk
R2
Urc
R1
A3
+
Ura
R2
Uk
R2
A3
+
Ura
45
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
46
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
+E
BAX
BAX
D
Tr1
R
Tr
Tr2
Uv
R
Uv
+E
a)
BAX
b)
Tr1
C
Uv
R
Tr2
c)
47
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
&
Ti khuch i
T chm xung
Hnh 3.8. S phi hp to xung chm
Mt s s khu to xung chm m t trn hnh 3.9.
Vi mch 555 to xung ng h hnh 3.9a. Cho ta cht lng xung kh tt
v s cng tng i n gin. S ny thng gp trong cc mch to
chm.
Trong thit k mch iu khin, ta thng s dng khuch i thut
ton. Do ng dng v linh kin, khu to xung chm c th s dng
khuch i thut ton nh cc s trn hnh 3.9b. Tuy nhin, y s
dao ng a hi hnh 3.9b c u im hn v mc n gin, do c s
dng kh rng ri trong cc mch to xung ch nht.
48
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
R1
7
R2
3 Ura
555
6
2
C1
5
1
C2
a)
R3
R1
A
+
A1
+
R2
R1
R4
A2
+
R2
c)
b)
49
UA
BA
Uf2
Uf1
D2
D1
VR 1
U1
R2
R1
-12V
+
A1
B
D3
R3
R4
+
A2
C1
C
Uk
VR 2
R5
R5
R5
+
R6
A3
R7
A4
E
AND
Tr1
+12V
C2
R8
R9
D4
R 10
Tr2
+12V
Tr3
Xk
BAX
D5
UA
T1
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
50
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
Ua
UA
Ua
U1
t
Urc
Uk
0
Uc
UD
UE
0
UF
0
Xk
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
t6
t7
t8
51
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
52
Uc
UB
UA
BA
BA
BA
Uf2
Uf1
Uf2
Uf1
Uf2
Uf1
D2
D1
D2
D1
D2
D1
VR 1
VR 1
VR 1
R2
R1
R2
R1
U1
R2
R1
-12V
U1
-12V
U1
-12V
+
A1
-
+
A1
-
+
A1
-
D3
R3
D3
R3
D3
R3
R4
R4
R4
Tr1
Tr1
Tr1
A2
A2
A2
+12V
+12V
Uk
VR 2
VR 2
VR 2
R5
R5
R5
R5
R5
R5
R5
R5
R5
A3
A3
A3
R7
R6
A4
AND
AND
AND
R9
R9
R9
C1
C1
C1
+12V
C2
R8
R 10
+12V
D4
D4
D4
Tr2
Tr2
Tr2
Tr3
X k
BAX
Tr3
X k
BAX
Tr3
X k
BAX
D5
D5
D5
Uc
UB
UA
T3
T2
T1
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
53
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
Tc tng in p:
du
= 100 ( v / s )
dt
U
T
W1
W2
Tx
Tx
a)
T
b)
54
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
I 2 0,4
=
= 0,133 ( A )
m
3
B
Trong 0 = 1,25.10 6 9 ( H / m ) l t thm ca
0 H
khng kh.
Suy ra: tb =
-
B
0,3
=
= 8000 ( H / m )
0 H 1,25.10 6 .30
1
1 1 1 1
Trong : Tx = T = . = .
= 0,167.10 3 ( s )
2
2 fx 2 3000
8000.1,25.10 6.0,16.10 3.0,15.9.0,133
Vy V =
= 3,332.10 6 m 2
2
0,3
( )
V = 3,332 (cm2)
Da vo bng 8.5 trang 57 ti liu hng dn thit k in t cng sut
ta chn mch t hnh xuyn c cc kch thc nh sau: V = Q. l = 0,49. 10,2
= 4,998 (cm2)
a = 6 (mm)
b = 8 (mm)
d = 25 (mm)
D = 40 (mm)
Q = 0,49 (cm2) = 40 mm2
55
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
d D
b
Hnh 3.13. Hnh chiu li thp bin p xung
- S vng dy qun s cp bin p xung
Theo nh lut cm ng in t ta c:
U 1 = W1 .Q.
dB
B
= W1 .Q.
dt
tx
U1 t x 9.0,167.10 3
W1 =
=
= 103 (vng)
B.Q 0,3.49.10 6
- S vng dy th cp ca bin p:
W2 =
W1 103
=
= 35 (vng)
m
3
I1 0,133
=
= 0, 022 mm 2
J1
6
d1 =
4S1
4.0,022
=
= 0,17 ( mm )
56
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
I 2 0,4
=
= 0,1 mm 2
J2
4
d2 =
4.S 2
4.0,1
=
= 0,357 ( mm )
K l =
d2
+
4
Kl = 0,0158.
Nh vy ca s din tch cn thit
2. Chn linh kin cho mch iu khin
- Chn diode.
Mt knh iu khin nh hnh 3.10a phi dng ti 3 diode, nh vy
lp c 3 knh iu khin cho 3 pha ta phi dng 9 diode.
Chn 9 diode loi ESM - 61c cc thng s sau:
Dng in cc i: Imax = 10 (A)
in p ngc: Un = 300 (V)
Nhit cho php: Tcp = 1750C
Tn hao in p trng thi m: U = 0,7(V)
- Chn cng AND
57
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
Vcc
13
14 12 11
10
&
&
&
&
5 6
7
Vcc
58
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
14
13
12 11 10
dU
= 13 ( v / s )
dt
3 4
Ucc
Hnh 3.15: S chn IC TL084
3. Tnh ton cc thng s ca khu khuch i.
+12V
R10
BAX
D5
D4
R9
Tr2
Tr3
59
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
I tb = I ctr3 =
I 2 0,4
=
= 0,133 ( A )
m
3
I cTr3 133
=
= 3,325 ( A )
3
40
60
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
I cTr2 300
=
= 5 ( mA )
2
60
= 1. 2 = 40. 60 = 2400
hn ch dng in a vo cc baz ca Tr2 ta dng in tr R9 sao
cho R 9
UG
12
=
= 2400 ( )
I b .Tr2 5.10 3
E U 1 12 9
=
22 ( )
I1
0,133
A4
C2
R7
R6
61
N TT NGHIP
fx =
TRNG HBK H NI
1
1
=
= 3Khz
T2 2Tx
1
= 2Tx
fx
R
Ta c: T = 2. R8. C2. ln 1 + 2. 7
R8
Ta chn R6 = R7 = 33 (K) th ta c
T = 2,2. R8. C2 = 334 (s)
Vy R8. C2 =
334
= 151,8 ( s )
2,2
R8 =
151,8
= 1518 ( ) = 1,518 ( k )
0,1
R5
A5
+
Uk
R5
Uv
12
=
= 12 ( k )
I v 1,10 3
62
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
I max =
12
= 0,8 ( mA )
15.103
VR1
U1
R3
BA
Uf1 D1
R1
+
A5
-
Uv
D3
Tr1
R4
C1
-A
+ 2
Urc
C
Uf2
D2
Hnh 3.18. S mch ng pha
in p np v x t C1 l in p dng rng ca v c xc nh nh sau:
Thi gian nap c Tr = R4. C1 = 0,01 (s)
Chn t C1 = 0,1 (F) th in tr c xc nh nh sau:
R4 =
Tr
0,01
=
= 100.103 ( ) = 100 ( k )
6
C1 0,1.10
63
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
U r1
12
=
= 2,4 ( k )
br1 5.10 3
UA
9
=
= 9 ( k )
I v 1.10 3
64
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
U f1,2 = U 2 =
UA
9
=
= 10 ( V )
K u 0,9
S
10,332
=
= 0,086 ( A )
12.U 2 12.10
S
10,332
=
= 0, 0175 ( A )
3.U 1 3.220
12. Tit din tr ca my bin p c tnh theo cng thc kinh nghim
QT = KQ .
S
10,332
= 6.
= 1,57 cm 2
m.f
3.50
Trong :
KQ = 6: H s ph thuc phng thc lm mt
SV: ng Thanh Hong - KT - K44
65
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
m = 3: S tr ca bin p
f = 50: Tn s in p li
Chun ho tit din tr theo bng 7 ti liu hng dn thit k in t
cng sut.
QT = 1,63 (cm2)
H h
S lg l thp l;
a = 12 (mm)
b = 16 (mm)
c
L
h = 30 (mm)
c = 12 (mm)
U1
220
=
= 6080 (vng)
4,44.f.B.Q T 4,44.50.1.1,63.10 4
S
10,332
=
= 0,0057 mm 2
3.U 1 .J1 3.220.2,75
d1 =
4.S1
4.0,0057
=
= 0,085 ( mm )
3,14
66
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
W2 = W1 .
U2
10
= 6080.
= 249 (vng)
U1
220
S
10,332
=
= 0,0014 mm 2
12.U 2 .J 2 12.220.2,75
4.S 2
4.0,0014
=
= 0,043 ( mm )
3,14
d1 =
'2
3,14
d1 .W1 + d'22 .W2
0,122.6080 + 0,062.249
Vi Kl = 4
= 4
= 0,2
c.h
12.3
I2
2
0, 086
2
= 0,06 ( A )
67
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
7812
+12(V)
*
C4
C6
A
0
220V~ B
C
* c
C5
*
C7
* a
-12(V)
7912
68
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
1. Nhit in tr:
c tnh quan trng ca loi in tr ny l c nhy nhit rt cao
gp hng chc ln nhy ca in tr kim loi. Nhit in tr ny c th
c chia lm hai loi.
- Nhit in tr c h s nhit in tr dng.
- Nhit in tr c h s nhit in tr m.
69
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
1 1
I
R(T) = R0 ( exp
T T0
T0
2
+
2
70
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
t0
th tm c nhit t ca i tng o
vi t0 = const.
- Mi ni c nhit cn o.
1
- Mi ni c nhit cn o t v Hnh 4.2. S cp nhit ngu
SV: ng Thanh Hong - KT - K44
71
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
t0 t0
t0
1
1
72
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
73
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
4. Can nhit in tr
thun tin cho vic s dng cc
can nhit in tr c ch to. S
10
dy in tr v cc tm mica khi s tc
ng c hc. Hai dy dn c cch in
3
2
1
Hnh 4.4. S cu
to can nhit in tr
cng nghip
74
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
dR
l 7.10-6/0C i vi loi I v
R.dt
75
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
TB
A
t
t0
CN t1
dy dn b
Rb
R3
En +
R2
B
B
R1
R1 R 4
hay R1 R3 = R2 R4
=
R2 R3
76
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
R4
R1
En
R2
R3
c
R4
R2
R3
1
digital tng thch vi hin th LED. C th s dng trc tip vi
2
77
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
a. Cu to ca IC 7107
Chn 2 n 25 l cc chn ra iu khin b ch th s 7 thanh 3
1
2
40
OSC1
d(x1)
39
OSC2
s 1 ni vi ngun +5(V)
c(x1)
38
OSC 3
b(x1)
37
Test
a(x1)
36
Ref High
f(x1)
35
Re f low
g(x1)
34
Ref
e(x1)
33
Ca pa ctor
e(x1)
32
C omm on
c(x10)
10
b(x10)
11
a(x10)
12
f(x10)
ICL 7107
31
+Input
30
-Input
29
Outoze ro
13
28
Buffer
e(x10)
14
27
Integrator
d(100)
15
26
-5(V)
b(100)
16
25
g(x100)
f(100)
17
24
c (x100)
e(100)
18
23
g(x100)
a/b(100) 19
POLARITY(-) 20
22 a (x100)
21 Digital_GND
mc thp
Chn 36: Refhigh: ly li chun
mc cao
78
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
-5V
0,22F
47k
21
20
22
19
23
18
24
17
25
16
26
15
27
14
28
13
29
30
0,01F
31
1M
32
ICL 7 107
0,47F
12
11
19
Cc u ra c a IC
* S hot ng
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
0,1 F
1k
100pF
100k
+5(V)
1k
79
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
1. To in p phn hi nhit .
L t sy c yu cu n nh nhit thp (105 1)0C nn ta chn khu
o nhit l cm bin nhit k in tr ng.
a. Thng s ca nhit in tr ng
- Khi nhit 00C th c in tr R0
-Khi nhit t0C th c in tr Rt
Rt = R0(1 + 4,25.10-3. T) ()
b. Nhit ca can nhit 200C
Theo nhit ban u ca vt trc khi a vo bung sy l 200C
nn y ta tnh theo nhit ca mi trng ban u l 200C.
Vy in tr ca ng 200C l:
Rt20 = R0 (1 + 4,25.10-3.t)
= 100 (1 + 4,25.10-3. 20) = 108,5 ()
c. in tr ca ng 1050C l:
Rt105 = R0 (1 + 4,25.10-3.t)
= 100 (1 + 4,25.10-3. 105) = 144,625 ()
y ta ly in tr ca ng 00C l 100 ()
gim sai s khi nhit in tr ng tng lc nhit tng ta dng
cu cn bng vi mc ch l lm cho dng in chy qua cu gn nh khng
i khi in tr tng so vi lc ban u Rt nhit mi trng.
cho cu cn bng nhit 00C ta chn cc in tr R1 = R2 = R3 =
R0 = 100 (). Trong R1, R2, R3 l cc in tr khng thay i theo nhit
.
80
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
I1
I2
R3
in tr tng 00C
Rt
I3
= 100.
It
R t1
2R12 + 2R1 .R t
=
= R0
3.R1 + R t
R1
c
R
Dng in tng 0 C.
+5 (V)
I tg1
U
5
= cc =
= 0,98 ( mA )
R tg1 5100
U CC
5
=
= 0,98(mA)
R tg2 5102,08
I tg2
2
. R
0,98
(Rt20 - R0) = 0,98 (108,5 - 100) = 4,165 (mV).
2
R t2
2R12 + 2R1 .R t
=
3.R1 + R t
81
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
in tr tng 1050C.
Rtg3 = Rt2 + R = 110 + 5000 = 5110 ()
Dng in tng 1050C.
I tg3 =
U cc
5
=
= 0,979 ( mA )
R tg3 5110
Sai s gia I1 v I3 l
I% =
I tg1 I tg3
I tg1
0,98 0,979
= 0,1%
0,98
I tg3
2
.R = 0,979(R t 05 R 0 )
21,845
= 0,2 (mV/10C).
105
82
UA
+5V
R 17
BA
R19
Uf2
Uf1
D2
D1
Rt
R 18
VR 1
R 16
U1
A7
R2
R1
-12V
R 16
+
A1
-
R14
R4
Ud
+12V
A6
Upht
Tr1
R 12
R 12
+
A2
A5
C1
R 11
C
VR 2
+12V
1k
R5
R5
R5
C2
A4
A3
R7
R6
R8
E
AND
ICL
7107
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
R9
+5V
D4
Tr2
R 10
+12V
D3
R3
R 13
21
22
23
24
25
-5V
0,22 F 26
27
28
47k
29
0,47F
30
0,1 F
31
1M
32
33
0,1 F
34
35
36
200 mV
37
100F
38
24k
39
100k
40
Tr3
Xk
BAX
D5
UA
T1
a
f
e
f
e
+5V
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
83
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
* Hot ng ca s
in p phn hi nhit Uac c bin i qua khuch i thut ton
A7 c in p thch hp US a vo chn 31 ca ICL7107 hin th
nhit bng s. Ti thi im t sy c nhit mi trng 200C th cho
in p iu khin (Uk) l ln nht.
Uk = K(Ud - Upht) = Ukmax = 12 (V)
Ukmax ny c so snh vi Urc ti thi im hai in p ny bng
nhau th Triger A3 lt trng thi cho xut hin ra xung ch nht UD. UD ny
c a vo cng AND cng vi xung chm UE. Khi UD mc dng th
cng AND pht ra mt xung dng m Tr2 v Tr2 c ni tng vi Tr3 nn
Tr3 cng c m thng. Bin p xung to ra xung iu khin (Xk) m
Triac. Lc ny gc m nh nht ( = min 00).
Khi nhit tng ln, qua cm bin nhit in tr cho ra Upht tng lm
cho Uk = K (Ud - Upht) gim, lc ny gc m tng lm cho in p v dng
in t ln ti gim.
Khi nhit tng ln hn hoc bng 1050C th gc m l ln nht.
Khi nhit gim th Upht cng gim theo, lm cho Uk tng ln, gc gim
xung.
Nh vy qua cm bin nhit in tr to nn mt khong dao ng nh.
Khi dao ng lm cho nhit t thay i nhit n nh l 1050C.
84
+5V
R17
R 19
Rt
R18
R16
A7
R16
1k
R 14
+
Ud
+12V
A6
R 13
Upht
21
22
23
24
25
-5V
0,22F 26
27
28
47k
29
0,47 F
30
0,1 F
31
1M
32
33
0,1 F
34
35
36
200 mV
37
100 F
38
24k
39
100k
40
R12
R 12
ICL
7107
Uk
+5V
TX
a
e
g
c
b
c
A5
R11
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
d
a
f
e
f
e
+5V
g
c
Ua
T1
T2
Ub
Uc
T3
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
85
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
R15
= 0,5
R16
Chn
R13
.U S
R14
R13
= 20
R14
R11
( U d U pht )
R12
(V).
R11
( U d U pht ) = K ( U d U pht )
R12
Hay K =
R11
U dk
=
R12 U d U pht
Ti lc Upht = 41,65 th ta c:
86
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
U dk
12.103
K=
=
= 12,5
U d U pht 1000 41,65
Chn R12 = 10 (k)
Suy ra: R11 = k. R12 = 12,5. 10 = 125 (k)
Trong :
Ud l in p t
K l h s khuch i
87
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
CHNG V: THIT K T IN
T in c thit k da vo m thut v k thut cng nghip, c
th hin bi cc yu cu sau:
Kch thc hp l so vi cc thit b cn lp
B tr linh kin hp l v khng gian.
Cc linh kin c b tr theo nguyn tc trng lng. Ngha l nhng
thit b nng c b tr di thp v nhng thit b nh c b tr trn cao.
Cc thit b c b tr theo nguyn tc to nhit. Ngha l nhng thit
b to nhit t c b tr di thp cn nhng thit b to nhit nhiu c b
tr trn cao.
C cc l thng gi cn thit, a s cc thit b in t cng sut cn
to nhit nhiu nn thng b tr qut lm mt thit b cn lm mt nht trong
trng hp ny l cc van bn dn, bi v cc van bn dn to nhit ln v rt
nhy cm vi nhit .
Mch iu khin c bo v tt, trnh nhit cao , ngi ta thng
b tr cch ly vi van bn dn v my bin p.
B tr theo nguyn tc chc nng, ngha l nhng thit b c chc nng
ging nhau thng c b tr gn nhau.
Cc thit b thao tc, o lng, tn hiu cn c b tr mt trc
hoc v tr thun tin.
Dy ni phi t trong mng dy hoc b li thnh b gn gng.
Thit b b tr ngay ngn c hng, c ct.
Hnh dng p, g lp thun tin
Mu sc hi ho khng qu sc s, khng qa ti, thng gp mu ghi
sng, mu trng ng hoc mu xanh nht
88
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
Da vo nhng yu cu nh nu ta c th b tr thit k t in nh
hnh v 5-1 v 5-2.
b
c
g
Q
VBD
MK
l
c
Ap
MBA
a
Vd
V
a
A
b
A
b
NX
c
A
c
CM
1 1 1
Ap
89
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
e = 20 (cm)
c = 10 (cm)
f = 20 (cm)
d = 40 (cm)
g = 20 (cm)
i = 60 (cm)
T ta c th xc nh c cc kch thc.
b = i + 2. C = 60 + 2. 10 = 80 (cm)
h = 4c + f + e + d = 4.10 + 20 + 20 + 40 = 120 (cm)
Tt c cc thit b u g lp trn thanh st (gi ) v c nh bn
trong t.
Cc nt thao tc nh: nt nhn, nt xoy, n bo, ng th o in p,
dng in c b tr trn np (mt trc) ca t in.
mt bn ca t cn b tr mt qut lm mt triac v hai bn hng t
c cc l thng gi tng cng kh nng i lu ca khng kh.
Cc k hiu trn t in.
A: Ampe k o dng in cc pha ti
V: Vn k o in p cc pha ti v in p t.
1: n bo hiu in ngun
2: n bo hiu ptomt ng
3: n bo hiu trng thi lm vic
NX: Nm xoay iu chnh gc m
CM: Nt chuyn mch gia cc pha.
Ap: p tmt
M: Nt n lm vic
D: Nt n dng lm vic
VBD: Van bn dn
SV: ng Thanh Hong - KT - K44
90
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
KT LUN:
trn l ton b cc phn thit k, tnh ton cho Mch iu khin
nhit cho t sy bng in tr vi kin thc cn gii hn v tm hiu
cha rng v lnh vc chuyn ngnh nn n cha c ti u v cn c
nhiu sai lm, thiu st. Knh mong cc thy c ch bo v xy dng kin
thc thm em hon thnh kho hc mt cch tt nht. Em xin chn thnh
cm n cc thy c.
91
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
92
N TT NGHIP
TRNG HBK H NI
MC LC
Trang
Li Ni u ...................................................................................................... 1
Chng I: Khi qut v t sy bng in tr. ............................................. 3
1.1: Khi nim chung v phn loi. ............................................................ 3
1.2: Cc yu cu ch yu i vi vt liu lm dy t. ............................ 5
1.3: Vt liu lm dy t. ............................................................................ 5
1.4. Cu to dy t in tr. .................................................................... 12
1.5: Mt s l sy in tr gin tip thng dng. ................................... 15
Chng II: Thit k mch ng lc. ........................................................... 22
2.1: S iu khin nhit bng tip im.......................................... 22
2.2: Gii thiu mt vi s iu chnh in p xoay chiu. .................. 23
2.3. Thit k mch ng lc vi in p 220/380 (V) xoay chiu. .......... 30
Chng III: Thit k mch iu khin nhit.............................................. 36
3.1. Nguyn l iu khin triac (Tiristor) ................................................. 36
3.2. S iu khin ................................................................................. 49
Chng IV: n nh nhit . ...................................................................... 69
4.1: Mc ch n nh nhit : ................................................................ 69
4. 2: Mt s cm bin thng dng o nhit . ................................. 69
4.3. Thit k mch phn hi n nh nhit ................................................ 80
Chng V: Thit k t in.......................................................................... 88
Kt lun .......................................................................................................... 91
Ti liu tham kho ........................................................................................ 92
93