Thinking ote 42 Hones mca © PAGE Wait tzvonein Mea rao AT Ae oS F' mca Answers UNIT 12 Homeostasis MCQ Section L. The graph shows changes in a person's body temperature plotted ‘against time. 4. 8 Evaporaion of ‘sweat produced removes ‘al rom he body resut- ing in 2. dop in bay tr eo 3 perature so, 2. The negaive teeta neta 62 fooodtate tot mocain wey Geena Dest or acy eso pr eeintnse ets lead 1 teh What causes the change in tempera- see ture between X and FP 3c Sat ang wea A. increased air temperature {fromthe bioodin Pdifuses io eve gan te poked seals © reduzed blood flow through sur remus face capillaries, Rsoineaiaplld D shivering eee eee 1D01/P1/Q23} «hari wien is card in fosonrerrqeny eb aay et B_ increased evaporation of sweat ‘The graphs show how four different conditions in the body may change 3, ‘The diagram shows a sweat gland with time, with ite blood supply. In which graph is the condition being a controlled by negative feedback? A What changes in concentrations of carbon dioxide and aalt take place fas blood passes from P to Q? 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The diagram shows a section through human skin Which structure secretes a dilute solution of sodium chloride and urea? (D95/P1/Q19} 10. The diagram shows a section through the skin. Which structure detects changes in skin temperature? 1495/P1/Q20) 11, The diagram shows a sweat gland with its blood supply. zl ood vessels What changes in concentrations of carbon dioxide and salt take place {8 blood passes from P to ___mca 2 o paces carbon dioxide decreas decrease sweating shivering decreases increases increases decreases inerenses decreases salt decrease decrease [u94/P1/Q19) Which changes are likely to occur when a hotel cook walks from a very cold store hot kitehen? shin blood. vessels dilate dilate constrict (D94/P1/Q20) - The diagrams show skin temperature in a human body when it is exposed tocold air and then exposed to warm body in eld ar ty Gare What causes the observed change in skin lemperature on exposure to A leas blood flowing just below the skin Bess blood going to the heart and lungs © more blond flowing just below the skin D_ more blood going to the hoart and lungs 1D 98/P1/Q19} Thinking Process Ymca answers 9. D Sweat gent 10. ¢ Nowe endings ‘ormreceplrsanenserse ‘empetaicechanges,oai and pressure, 1. C Satis eiciaed Into-the- sweat glands. Carbonconde epreduced bythe cesprng cols and «tie io he boos. 12. Sweating. — more host i fost (the suroundigs fo regulate body temperature Shiver. ing — decreases to sop heat production by tie body. Skin Blood vessels dla shat mare eat Ielost tote suroundngs 13. ¢ lowamar be bottesolosemorohest to maintain ts boy tom: erate tus noreheats lost boa flowing othe sin 44D When ihe body temperature tas 10 fa below the normal level (G7°C}, surface ocd cap ave onstctoriniise heat los fom the body ssufaca 18. D_Nogabve fees tackrrechanismsareused Inomeostais. Ts coud te used in reguating the body lerperature oF the amount of lvose present in the bod, 16, 0. 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The increase in blood temperature is detected by the hypothalamus of the brain and feedback this information to the sensory organs in the central nervous system. "This cause a series of corrective mochaniems in the body to produce the ‘opposite effect i.e. to reduce the temperature and return it to the normal body temperature of 87°C. ‘The adjustments initiated in response to an inerease in body tempera: ture include: 1) an increase production of sweat by sweat glands and evaporation of sweat removes heat from the skin, 2) Vasodilation of arterioles and blood capillaries near surface of the skin so that more heat from blood can be loss to the surroundings by radiation, ‘The liver control blood sugar levels by a feedback mechanism invelving the pancreas and the hormone insulin. Insulin is secreted by, a group of cells called the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. When the blood slucose level are higher than normal, the pancreas secretes more insulin. Insulin lowers the blood sugar level by making the liver convert more glucose to glycogen causing the glucose level to fall back to normal level () A temperature of 37°C is where enzymes work best. It is the optimum tem: perature for all chemical reactions catalysed by enzymes in the body. Question 2 (continue next page) Fig. 6.1 shows @ section through human skin, (a) Explain how the skin is involved in returning the body temperature to normal when the body overheats. 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(21 usue2ra | COMMENT on ANSWER ee (a) The neck is the (@) The neck rej wed nas (b) When the temperature is low, one of the regions which lose heat fastest is eer aieint a the head, as can be seen in the figure, Wearing a hat helpa to trap a layer heavily nthe tue of air, Both the hat and the layer of air serve as an inaulation against heat) Two'mdn reasons Tos. are: Head loses 2 ot (©) 1. The extremities (hands and feet) have a large surface area/volume ratio, of heat and a hat sa that more heat is lost to the environment. sane 2 2, The main source of heat in the extremities is from the blood flowing through them. In a cold environment, there is vasoconstriction of the skin arterioles, so that loss heat is brought to the hands and fect (@) More heat is produced by the muscles, heart bras fester to beng (@ @ There is a very large increase in blood flow to the skin during exercise. ‘oxygen to the This is because a groat deal of heat is produced by the muscles. More muscles, more water blood is allowed to flow to the skin so that heat can be lost by radiation, ‘ost through sweat convection and conduction : “ {e) The muscles which (i) The heart beats faster during exercise so that oxygen can be brought ‘are working dung to the muscles at a faster rate. In order to beat faster, the heart muscle ‘xariso wi requ also requires more oxygen, hence there is an increase in the amount of ‘he greatest blood blood flow to it, ‘ow to bring oxygen (Gi) Blood flow to the kidney is reduced because more water is lost through Oe sweat. Therefore, less water is brought to the kidneys by the blood for ee (@) Region: Muscles, Explanation: During vigorous muscular contractions, the muscle cells use up COMMON ERROR oxygen in tissue respiration to provide energy. 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Gaseous exchange takes place in the lungs. Oxygen is absorbed into the body by the blood, tnd carbon dioxide is released into the environment. Carbon dioxide is carried as bicarbonate ions in deoxygenated blood. Deoxygenated blood in the capillary walls of the lungs break down to release carbon dioxide. Tris CO, then diffuses out of the capillary walls and across the alveolar walls into the alveolus. During expiration, carbon dioxide and water vapour are expelled out of the lungs (i) The waste products remaved by the kidneys are excess water, urea and excess mineral salts, The amount of water re-absorbed by the kidney is regulated by the action of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH), When there i loas of water from the body through sweating or other activities, the kidney tubules become more permeable to allow more water to be re absorbed by the body. Urea and excess mineral salts are removed from COMMENT on ANSWER the blood in urine, ii) The skin removes heat, excess water, urea and mineral salts from the “(b) The Soh-éevendent body. The main function of the skin would be in temperature regulation. slaye of photosynth: Sweat glands in the skin absorb salts and water from the surrounding 8 requees fight blood eapillaries to produce sweat. In this way, it regulates temperature energy. invahes the fas well as serving @ function in excretion polls of wae ta the dark reaction, (©) Water is @ product as well as a reactant in the process of photosynthesis. ston dda Carbon dioxide and water react with sunlight to form glucose, oxygen and eae Ea water in plant cells, Oxygen in not required by the chlorophyll cells to produce eAasiee: food. Tt is but a by-product of photosy These © fo requre ment for onygen ft these processes as wel, Question 8 Fig. 2.1 shows the blood pressure in the main artery of the arm of a person before and immediately after having a hot bath. (@) Using Fig. 2.1, calculate the rate of the person’s heart beat before having | the bath, a} (©) While in the bath, the person's body temperature rose from 36.7 °C to | 385°C, } State two likely effects of the change in body temperature on the person’s | faco. 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