Investigations into the Laplacian and the Laplace Transform with Respect to the Circle, the Aster, and Construction of an Analytic Geometric Lens Jonathan David Evenboer Philomath, OR 2/14/2016 To fulfill the requirements of an ongoing love affair with mathematicsDedicated to Ms. Mitchell, my 4" & 5" grade math teacher. Thanks for teaching us to calm our minds before we started doing our arithmetic. It took about 20 years to sink in, but mind calming techniques are now the most important tool in my mathematical toolbox.February 10, 2016 L Preface/Introduction In continuation of previous work ((1},[2)), this paper is written with respect to the properties of the Laplacians and Laplace Transforms of the circle and the aster and the comparative qualities of these properties. The goal of this paper, than, is two-fold: 1) To, as stated before, compare qualities and properties of the circle and aster; 2)To further development on the creation of a geometric lens in 2-space, with an eye on development of a geometric lens in 3-space. Section 1 will define the Laplacian of a manifold, as well as the Laplacian of ‘a graph. Section 2 will give results of Laplacians with respect to As(x) and Ci(#)(we note that Laplacians of Sq(*) and Sq/(x) are trivial for our analysis in 2-space and are otherwise ignored, but for construction of the geometric lens {in 3space the Euclidean element is absolutely necessary). Section 3 will be a brief look at the properties of the Laplace Transforms, fol lowed by analysis specific to Laplace Transforms of the circle and the aster. Section 4 will conclude the paper, giving final thoughts and setting up fi ‘ture/continued research with respect to the construction of a geometric lens and other comparative and analytical methods. Before delving into the more technical aspects of these Laplace-named con- ‘cepts, I'd like to conclude the introduction with a heuristic look at the overar- ‘ching themes this paper (hopefully) constructs and elucidates upon. Thope this heuristic take sheds more light on why this analysis is interesting from a geo- ‘metric/topological point of view, if not a general mathematical point of view. I, ‘myself, find a good amount of insight into “technical” mathematics when I have a fairto-good amount of insight into the more intuitive aspects of the particular mathematics being studied. Tn regards to Laplacians, we're especially interested in their role with respect to the heat kernels of a manifold or graph. In this paper we're concerned primarily ‘with the geometric topological representation (manifolds), but wish to empha- size the equally important graph theoretical representations and applications. ‘We note, via Chung [3], that the definition of a heat kemel on a manifold is, indeed, dual to the definition of a heat kernel on a graph. In researching this ‘material, I found it beneficial to keep this duality in mind as I moved betweenthe different notations of different disciplines. The power of the heat kernel, not only in and of itself, but in it’s ability to make interdisciplinary connections was certainly amazing “discovery” for me. In fact, given the proper amount of sleepless nights, one can see precisely how these seemingly disparate disciplines ‘can coexist in a fruitful harmony when viewed and studied via the proper tech- niques. In regards to Laplace Transforms, the inclusion of this concept is a direct result of one sleepless night where I mixed up calculations of Laplacians and Laplace ‘Transforms. Despite the initial error, a few fruitful facts and ideas resulted (which just goes to show: never ignore accidents, mistakes, errors, or things otherwise known as “blunders”. The main result, which we explore in this paper, is the usefulness of the aster/hyperbolic octahedron as a complex-valued analogue for the circle/sphere. The usefulness comes from the fact that while ‘the Laplace Transform of circle/sphere is asymptotic as it approaches the geo- metric poles, the aster /hyperbolic octahedron has no asymptotes at any poles (im fact, all poles have rational number valves). Annote on references: other works not direetly referenced in this work, but which T consider necessary (if not enjoyable) supplemental material, will be listed in the bibliography after the directly referenced resources. Also given is a list of basic/foundational notations, which will hopefully provide the reader with an increased ease of reference with respect to my sometimes tragically non-standard notations. Some figures (eg; images via Wolfram or Mathlets) will be referenced Jn the work, but will be located in an appendix of figures. This is & direct result of my ignorance of public vs. private domain in regards to mathematical images ‘on the internet. 2 Section 1: the Laplacian We begin by giving two dual definitions for the Laplacian: the differential and sraph theoretical definitions, respectively. Def.l (differential)[4] : Any = — Zr, where z is some arbitrary variable and the second derivative is ofthe standard definition [eale,iff geo texts Def.2 (graph theoretical) (3]AG=(1 if u = and dy #0; —1//dydy if wis adja- cent to ¥; 0 in all other instances } Other than differences in notation, both definitions otherwise obey the stan- dard, clementary properties of the Laplacian. We note that Def. 1 is simply the 2nd (partial) derivative, which gives a metric on a Reimannian manifold (ref: iff geo calc texts). It’s of note that Def. 2 has a dual expression Ac =1-(1/k)A ifG is k-regular [3]. Since the 1 and 2 manifolds being studied ae all kregular in their graph theoretical representations, we will adopt the k-regular notation for the remainder of the paper (and forthcoming work dealing with graph theo- retical aspects) noting that this implies Ac is the eigenvalue decomposition of‘the matrix representation of some k-regular graph G (3) 3 Section 2: Results with respect to As, Ci Some specific results with respect to Def. 1 are given in this section. Specifically we're interested in comparative results of Ci(s) and As(«). AnCi(s) Ay Aa(«) = (—8{sin(t) — dsin(Bt) + cos(t) + 8cos(3t)))/(4r?) Note that Ass Ci(#) is everywhere trivial, while Ay As(s) allows for non- zero results. Recall from [2] that for As(*) 1 = |sec6|(1 + tan?/*6)?/? With respect to it’s role in heat kernel ealculations, the Laplacian of As(+) gives the following results RAs) = Ayu(As)(cos*(@) + sin¥(0))? noting that A(Ci) = 0 everywhere. In this respect, though the two mani- folds are topologically equivalent, they give much different results in a differen- tial/geometric sense. When considering methods from [2], the natural question arises: Can we associate any asymptotic points of Aye As(«) with points on Ay Ci(x) = 0 such that Ay Ci(s)XAacAs(e) is a smooth, compact, continous fanction. This may (or may not) give interesting results for a heat kernel influ- enced by a Laplacian Ane Ci(s) XA As) 4 Section Ci and As ‘Applying the usual, standard definition of the Laplace Transform [elementary texts], we have the basic formula L108) = Fs) where s € C and (t, f(t) €R For Ci(s) and As(+)we retrieve the following: £,(Ci) /s Li(As) = (3° + 78 + 6)/(s4 + 108? + 9) ‘At first glance, the reader will be compelled to calculate the cardinality of the trivialty of these results. The power of these results lies inthe topological equiv- lence of the two given values. Indeed, both converge to zero as s approaches infinity so that Timy 500 Le(Ci) = lim,o0£1(As) = 0 Where £,(Ci) and £,(As) differ is in ther exiatence at 5=0: lim 10 £:(Ci lim,-+0 £2(As) No methods of approximation are needed in terms of L4(As), as it exists at 5 ~ 0, noting s —0 is analogous to polar values 8= (0.n2,m,3n2,27} Laplace Transforms with respect toabe As(s ‘The critical Laplace Transform points are highlighted in the above figure as ‘marked points on their given polar representations. The key here les in noting that all highlighted points are equivalent, which is to say Cilr,8) = As(r,8) |r = {1,0 = {0,/2,n, (8x) /2,2n} ‘The true value of the aster hyperbolic octahedron with respect to the Laplace ‘Transform les in the fact that itis everywhere smooth, compact, complete, and continuous under these manifolds. We recall from [1] and [2] thet there exists linear, invertible bijective mappings (Ore FS arbitracy) Ge Ae) Os [1s . f Mae fil boas ey ancl se fae tS and so any and all information taken from data sets on As(s) has analogous analytical meaning in Ci(s), Sq(x), Sq(s), as well as their respective analogues in 3-space ({1}, [2}) when we consider the topological equivalence of these man- 4 wlan (Ash fs teifolds (both geometric and Reimannian) in variables (¢),(t,) (r,8),7(0, 9): 5 Section 4:Conclusion ‘As with much of this paper, our conclusions are fairly concise and seemingly trivial on the surface of things. Given topologically equivalent I-manifolds (in our case a “spherical circle” and 4 “hyperbolic circle”), we can retrieve results with more meaning (in terms of interesting, non-trivial results) when we choose the hyperbolic circle (ie; the aster, and in $-space its analogue the hyperbolic octahedron), ‘With respect to the Laplacian, and by extension the heat kernel, AnCi(s) Aw As(+) = (Afsin(t) — Bsin(3t) + cos(t) + 3cos(3t)))/(4r2) showing that As(s) gives far more interesting results in both a geometric sense and a graph theoretical sense (again, invoking duality of the Laplacians of Reimannian manifolds M and their graph theoretical representation G. With respect to the Laplace transforms, we note simply that using the hyper bolic octahedron and aster in lien of the circle or square (and their 3-space analogues) allows us to use the Laplace transform to retrieve calculations of ‘8 smooth, continuous type on manifolds that would otherwise retrieve results that are asymptotic in nature (see Appendix of Images for comparative visual- izations of these Laplace Transforms). ‘The Laplace Transform is easily invert- ‘ble in all cases covered in this paper, and thus all information retrieved from the Laplace Transforms of the aster/hyperbolic octahedron is easily applied to Ci(x), Sa(x), Sq'(x) and their analogues in 3-space when the methodology cov- cred in [2] is applied References [1] The Gauss-Bonet Formula: Topological Invariance”, Jonathan D. Evenboer Fall’12, Oregon State University 2Geometric Analytical Methods In Regards to the Topology of 1-Manifolds of Constant Curvature, Jonathan D. Evenboer, Spring 2015, Oregon State Univer- sity (this paper is a direct continuation of the previous work referenced here) 3 Spectral Graph Theory, Fan Chung, AMS (ch.’s 1 and 10 are the chapters relevant to this paper and future work) 4 The Laplacian on a Riemannian Manifold, Steven Rosenberg, Cambridge Uni- versity Press (ch. 1 is relevant to this work, ch. 3 is indizeetly relevant to this ‘work but directly relevant to future worl) 5 Differential Geometry Elementary Caleulus/ODE/Linear Algebra Textbooks (s0¢ references at the end of (2] for relevant texts)