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Gamma Function
Gamma Function
FUNCTION
ERICA CHAN
DECEMBER 12, 2006
1. Introduction
There are a few special functions in mathematics that have particular
signicance and many applications. The gamma function is one of
those functions. The gamma function can be dened as
(x) =
et tx1 dt.
0
(x + 1) = x(x)
(n) = (n 1)!.
The gamma function has the properties that it is log convex and mono
tonic, which will be used in a later proof.
Another important function in mathematics is the sine function. The
trigonometric function sin x can be written as an innite series
x3 x5 x 7
sin x = x
+
+ ...
3!
5!
7!
Date: December 12, 2006.
1
ERICA CHAN
1
1
1
1
(s) =
= 1 + s + s + s + ...
s
n
2
3
4
n=1
nx n!
.
n x(x + 1) (x + n)
(x) = lim
.
(1 + n) n
(x + n) n
(1 + n) n
This inequality is true because of the gamma functions properties that
it is monotonically increasing and log convex. Substitute for (n) using
Equation (2) and simplify to get
log(n 1)
(x).
x+n
x(x + 1) (x + n)
Taking the limit as n gives us
nx n!
.
n x(x + 1) (x + n)
(x) = lim
1 ex/1
ex/2
ex/n
.
x 1 + x/1 1 + x/2
1 + x/n
The limit of
1 1
1
lim ( + + + log n)
1 2
n
exists, is equal to C, and is often called Eulers constant. So we can
rewrite Weierstrass product formula as
ex/i
Cx 1
(4)
(x) = e
.
x i=1 1 + x/i
n
3. Multiplication Formula
There are three formulas,
1
1
(x) =
(x + n + ) log(1 +
)1=
, and
2
x
+
n
12x
n=0
n! = 2nn+1/2 en+/12n ,
ERICA CHAN
x
x+1
(6)
( )(
) = x1 (x).
2
2
2
The derivation and proof of these formulas can be found at [1]. They
are based on nding an approximation for (x) in terms of an estimate
for n!.
4. The Sine and and Gamma Functions
To derive the sine product formula, we rst nd a relationship be
tween the sine and gamma functions. We dene a function (x) and
nd that (x + 1) = (x).
Theorem 4.1. Dene the function (x), for nonintegral x, to be
(x) = (x)(1 x) sin x,
(7)
then (x + 1) = (x).
Proof. If we use Equation (1) and substitute x + 1 for x, then we get
that
(x + 1) = x(x).
(8)
(x + 1)
( sin x) = (x)(x + 1) sin x.
x
1x
x
)(1 ) = b2x1 (1 x).
2
2
x
x+1
x
x
x x + 1
1x
x
( )(
) = ( )(1 ) sin
(
)(
) cos
.
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Simplifying the above, we nd
x
x+1
b2
b2
( )(
) = (x)(1 x) sin x = (x) = c(x)
2
2
4
4
where c =
b2
4
is a constant.
Using Equation (1) and the innite series expansion of sin x, we get
that
(1 + x)
(x)3 (x)5 (x)7
(x) =
(1 x) x
+
+ ...
x
3!
5!
7!
3 x2 5 x4 7 x6
= (1 + x)(1 x)
+
+ ... .
5!
7!
3!
The right hand side of the equation equals when x = 0. From there
we see that (0) = . Let g(x) be a periodic function that is equal
the second derivative of log (x). It is periodic because log (x) =
log((x)(1 x) sin x) is periodic and so the second derivative will
also be periodic. Since g(x) is periodic, then it satises the equation
1 x
x+1
g(x) = (g( ) + g(
)).
4 2
2
Since g(x) is continuous on the interval 0 x 1, it is bounded by a
constant M , |g(x)| M . Because g(x) is periodic, it is bounded by M
for all x. From Equation (9), we get that
1
x
x + 1
M
|
g(x)
|
)
.
g( )
g(
2
(9)
ERICA CHAN
(x)(1 x) =
.
sin x
Using (1), the above equation can be rewritten as
sin x =
.
x(x)(x)
The Weierstrass product formula allows us to replace the gamma func
tion and rewrite sin x as an innite product expansion
x2
(10)
sin x = x
1 2 .
i
i=1
5. Applications of the Sine Product Formula
Applications of the sine product formula include the calculation of
certain values of the Riemann zeta function. The proof that (2) =
2 /6 is often called Eulers Theorem.
Theorem 5.1. The sum of the reciprocal of the perfect squares is 2 /6:
1
2
=
.
2
n
6
1
Proof. Consider the function sin x = 0, which has an innite number
of roots , 2, 3, .... Using the innite series expansion of sin x
and dividing sin x by x gives us the innite series
x 2 x 4 x6
(11)
1
+
+ ... = 0.
5! 7!
3!
Applying Equation (10) and dividing by x, we get the innite product
expansion
sin x
x2
x2
x2
(12)
= (1 2 )(1 2 )(1 2 )...
x
4
9
When Equation (12) is expanded, the coecient of x2 will be
1
1
1
+ 2 + 2 + ...
2
4
9
Using Equation (11), we get
1
1
1
1
+ 2 + 2 + ... = .
2
4
9
3!
Using a similar method, we can also calculate (4), which is the sum
of the reciprocals of numbers to the fourth power.
Theorem 5.2. The value of (4) is 4 /90:
1
4
=
.
n4
90
1
(13)
1
1
=
.
22
i
6
i=1
(14)
2
1
1
= 2.
2
2
i
6
i=1
(15)
2
1
1
1
=
+
2
.
i2 2
i4 4
i2 j 2 4
i=1
i<j
i<j
1
i2 j 2 4
ERICA CHAN
(16)
i<j
1
1
=
.
i2 j 2 4
120
1
1
1
1
=
=
+2
.
i2 2
36
i4 4
120
i=0
1
To calculate (4), simply solve for
and multiply both sides by
i4 4
4
, to get
1
4
=
.
4
i
90
i=1
References
[1] Artin, Emil. The Gamma Function. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston,
1964.
[2] Simmons, George F. Calculus with Analaytic Geometry. New York: McGraw
Hill, Second Edition, 1996.
[3] Weisstein, Eric W. Gamma Function. From MathWorldA Wolfram Web Re
source. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/GammaFunction.html
[4] Young, Robert M. Excursions in Calculus: An Interplay of the Continuous and
Discrete. United States of America: The Mathematical Association of America,
1992.