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l\,vqntljo thonk everyone

iNoh/ed In cleoiicg lhls book.
lom sinceelygrcJefullo
Donold Holden,I\,4ory
Suffudy
ond CondoceRoneyfor lheif
wisdom ond gL]idonce.

Ed'led by MarySLrilodyand CandaceRan6y

Oe{igndby BobFlle
Graphicp|oduclionby E lenGons

LrpliI Publoations
Cogright@1986by Wat6on-G
Fn$ pubtished
1986in NwYorkby Watson-Guplill
PLrbllcations,
Publications,
a dMsioi ol Billboard
nc.
1515aroadwayNewYork,N.Y1003
t ir'ry

ot Congrs Cat loging.ln"Publlcatlon D6lt

Lrssolls tom Michelangslo.

1. F$tEdlawing-Tschnique. 2. Drawing,
3. [4ichelangelo
FgEirsaE-E{hniqu6.
Buonarlo,
r475-156a-Thern, moti!s. l. Title.
743'.4
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86-11107

rsa o{e*zzr+1

Disttrtsd h !E t niled Kingdomby PhaidonPress,Lld.,

Li@ab Eols, SL EbbebSt., Oxiofd
All riits rs.Ed. No pa.t of ihis publicationmay be
rwodrd 6usd h any iom or by any means graphic,
electD.*i n nE ls*:al. indlding photocopying,recod'ng,
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sm.t pr.tri*irx: d t|e Fui*rer
Manuftdlld in U.S-A.
1 23,1 5 6 7 8910/919089 8A87 86

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CHAPTER
FIVE

TheUpper
limb uu
IHEMUSCLES
OF]HEUPPER
A?IV 9
TRICEPSTIHE
IHREE
HEqDED
MUSCLE90
THERELAIIONSH
P OFlHEFORMS
OFIHEARIVTOTHESCAPULC92
..,.
THEIVUSCLES
OFIHERAISED
ARM 94
'
TllEIVIUSCLES
ANDBONS
Of Iltr FOREARM96

..

itE lvuscrrsor nE FoREARM

ANDIHUMB98
:

IVASSING
IHEFOREARN',oo
THEI\IUSCLES
OFIHEIIAND '02
SIMPT]F/INGlHEI{AND'04

CHAPTER
SIX

TheLowefLifllb ,oo

THEFRONT
OFTHE
1HIOH,10l
THEMUSCTES
THAT
IVO!THE
iHIGH 408
THEIIAMSTRING
l\ilUSCtES4,10
THERELATIONSH]P
OFIHETHIGH
TOi}IE PELVIS112
lHEBONES
OFTHE
KNEE4'4
THEFOR]\4S
OFTHEKNEE1'6
THEBONES
ANDMUSCLES
OFIHELEE ,1'18
lHEMUSCLES
OFTHEFIBULA'20
THEI\iIUSCLES
OFTHECALF /22
THEFOOT:
THEBOIWARCH 124
THEMUSCLES
OF]HEFOOT 426
TIANITHE
UPR]GHT
ANIV1ALi28

CHAPTER
SEVEN

Droperyr:c
g:?*_T
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.THEGESTURE-oRRH\+jM
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INTRODUCTION

I
t

woy,l wsnledlo
nne do,/ \dh e vlewingo drowng show Rothetin o moslp eosurable
Vhod on etperience thot offected m-- st down wilh you,lookai lhesemognficent
:eeplyLs cosuoywo kedlhroughiheroom, worksond beg n d scussng thoseospeclsof
:aw o drowingI coudn't toke my eysolf, eoch wgrkthol o recleo resi1l.observeoswe
:nd ol lhe olher drowlngsseemedsho ow os mosiimporlonilo lirstrolefgure drowing
Iire drawngsseecied ior th s trookshow
and undslingushed by comporson.Thoi
:rcwingwoso nude sfudyby M chelongelo ih,. figurein manywrols posesirom a ldi
lihough
h o d b e e n l o m i o r w l h terenlpo nlsofvew Thereiso greoloppodu
'.ilcheongelotworkol my fe, iseemedlhol nly here10observehowo moslerdrcflsmon
monyol the fofmsof lhe body
.nly now perhopsbecouseof myeducolion foreshodens
:nd troinng,waslrecept\to hh nfe|preto ond chongeslheif shopesin ihe different
_?nsof lhe figufe nfocl,ilwasosf hodn-.ver
Anyonewho serously
$ontslo underslond
:eenlhembeforeondlholnothingcouldbe
-ore exciiinglhcn lo be n ihe presenceof greolfrguredrowingmuslde\r'cie
o conslder
_ gh Renoissonce
od ond flnoly hove eyes ob e omounloflirnelolhesludyofonolomy
_rolcoud seeit
hoveonlyconcenlroledon the moslimpor
n ionl musclesond musce groupson l1_ie
slr
Sincelhol doy I ho! been lhoroLrghly
,c\,d n the processond mogicof drowing face of the f gure Forgreolerclorlv I ho\
_.1efgure My increosedknowledgehos ncludednextlo Michelongelob
workso di
_e\rde$royedlhe sponlonellyond mogcl ogromof lhe skeleton
showng ony ihe mus
' hosonlyenhoncedilgreoiy ln foct,I ho! cle or muscesunder discussionTheseore
'rund thol drowng wthouto frm foundolion nlended io he p you underslondond re_ lhe p ncpes of onoiomy s morediflicuI anemberexocilywhereo fom beginsand
ron ihe ocil.rolsdrnng of lhoseprnciples
When begonio wte lh s book,mYinTen- Thesewrl ngsoTeio be consideredon in_3nwqsio keep the spirl of fgu drowing troductonorcotolyslio o pfofoundslLlciy
thoi
.iocl.lho! nol oltempledio soyeveMhing yo! w spendlhe restof )o!r doysenJoyng.I
roi con be saidoboul drowing,nor frove fei stronglyihol \tonled lo createo book
- ed to lisiolLihemuscesoflhe h!mon body ihoi would knockdown some borefs ond
iclher,in o mosipleoslroblewqy,I \tonleclto a low \,oungorihisio beg n to reqllyundef: i downwiih \,ou,lookol thesemognifcenl stondthe lormsoffhe flgure,lilscleorto me
thosecspectsof thal f wonledihe reoderlo shoremy goT
,,crksond begindiscusslng
',llch6ongelo3\^ofklhoi ore ceoresllo ob- enihlsiosmfor onolomyanddrqwng prlnc:?tueos wel os mosl imporiantio lilsl_roie p es, wou d have lo expresssome comp ex
'3iJ|edrowng,
deos in o more simplfed wqy ond I loke
when lbegon io wriieihisbook,my inien responsibiV lor thot.
N4orelhon on!4hngese, lhis book is ihe
rn wosio keep lhe spit of figuredrowng
_ioct, ho\ nol oliernptedto soye\Mh ng express
on of o lo\,affor thol I hovehodwllh
-ci con be sod oboui drowng, nor hove I the exhoordinorydrawlngsof lhe greolesl
- ed to sla I the mlrscles
of the humonbodl mosterof the figure,Mcheongeo.
Michoe Bubon
NewYorkC ly,1986

ONE
CHAPTER

UNDERLYING
THE
OFFORM
STRUCTURE

,l\.

FORINFNUDES
SKETCH'S
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Preliminory
Skerches
is
n9.ForMicheonge o, drow
Eorm eleMh
rcrm
I ng s o pfoceou rcr oercrmrnrng
the i uson of form s merelyappfoxmoleiJ
lorm is ndicoledby lighl ond shodeolone
Theshopeof o form sdelined exaclly by ihe
use of ne, fire lhree seaied figLrreswere
drownwilh lighl sketchyInes colled pnr''
or chongesof m nd
menli 'Yepenlonces,"
beforclhe lnol contourisdrown.
Prelminorysketchesor conlour drowngs
thol ndicoteoverolproportonsondlhe ges
fure of the pose o essenliollo sLrccessfu
fgu drowings,Thereis not much poini in
deloilsos hondsorelor
movingonlo sLrch

10lhe nsidemodelng of lhe fgue wilhoul

firsieslab shingthe ollside shopeoJlhe fig
uTen o geneTotwgy
E!ryfigurehoson implcil oclion,or gesture.]helneA connechihe portsof lhe body
lrcm heodio ioe and suggesis
lhe geslureof
nrepose.Gestuistheh.4hmor musicofthe
p
figure.whichcreoleso peosingrelotionsh
benreen one form cnd onolher Mchef
ongelo ncorporoledo slrongsenseof ges
Hhboldcurvingond
turein o lof hisdrowngs.
lire posefrcm bespirolinginespre\r'enled
comingstiffond wno'rurol,

Formwithline
Indicoling

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ealg
ond belllchelongelo drew consfonil\4
ItI cousepoper was expensi\ein the sixleenthceniuryh spogeswelen\oroblyflled
wlh o\,e opping sketchesond studies.
lhe
his
skelches
on ihispoge cleory demonsirole
eorly esioblishmenl
of powe !1, e\ocot\
dlowings.Thebod, untoliernginesusedlo
ndicotelhe oulsideshopeof ihe odulttg!
and ch d {A)ore beoulifuydrown Oncethe
oliside conlourof o llgufev/osdelermined,

Mcheongelo begon to indcote more deio ed forms He representedskeeiol ond

musculormossesby quick,light nes Forex
omple,ihelnesol Bindicoiethe col orbones,
or c avcles;ihe shod nes in lhe oreo of C
suggesilhegreolpecioro muscles
on lop of
lhe r b coge.A seresof shorllnes,which\dere
suggesi
then applied lo lhe arge mosses,
formsthoi ore lo be in shodowtnole lhe
cur\,edlineson the bock ofihe thlghoi D.

of Form
TheShopes
The n o fgureson ihe rqhlotlhs drowing,
! whch ore renderedn lqhi ondshode(4
wereperhopsfrctskelchedln line,muchlike
the n o frgus on the eft (Bl
Itishelplulfilsiloindcolelheoulsideshape
of lhe figLrre
in o looseond genero monner,
wilhoulbeing concemed oboul mnor de
toils.lepng in mindhowlheheod,ribcoge,
ond pe vicmosses
orelo be p oced inspoce,
musl
o
so
delerrn
ne the poslonsof ihe
),ou
ormsond egs,Onceyouho opproprole y
drownlhe oulsde shopelo del lle lhe direc
iion ond size of ihe forms,lhen colefully
ond poienlly refne ollthe genero linesio
ochievethe flno ouisde conlour ine Asyou
obser\ethe oulsideshopesof thesefgures,
noiicelhe\,orouschongesin difeciionof lhe
lnes l.liimotely,lhe
linesof lhe f glle connol
be vogue;ihey must cleory fepresentthe
onolomy lt s mportanl, ho\^!i notlo drow
d fecllonsond
linesndicolngdetalsL.htilthe
propofiions
ol the lorgerformsoreexocty lhe
lhe
woyyouwsnilhemObviouslythesiudyof
shopesof ihe formsof ihe bodyisfundomenio io drowingihoseformsoccuraieyAsihe
trueshopes
of lhe boneond rnuscleslructure
ore underslood,linsbecome \ry eosyto

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ln the d'owing ol efl, tou con see how

IMchelongelo bu i feshyforrnson lop of
lhe skeletolshucture.lhe
ribcoge (AJondlhe
pevis(B)ore hugebonystructuresonwhichto
Londmork
boselhe enlireposeondgesture,
greonyfromone indviduollo
\r'ory
oflhe iLesh
onolherOnsomemodelsthen pp esorelowl
on olherslheyore high Bonesg \,eo reloble
on whlchto
setof fixedpoints,or ondmorks,
buiLdo drowing.
lvloke onofomcol drowlngsolong with
)o!rdraw nggfromthe model.Ofcourselour
rnode does nol ook like on onotomcal
drowng,bui by mokn9occomponyng skel'
etolondmuscuordrcwngs,youore
liflinglhe
curtoinof skin n orderlo seelhe uhderlyng
strlcturethof detgrmneslhe shopeson lhe

\-:.-.
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Agoodwoylo eorniheformsofihebody s
lo proclicedrowingthe majof mossesffom
onoiomy chorh Drow ihe frcni, side,ond
bock views Closeihe book dnd see how
much'ou can dfowlrcm memoryll lsa soo
good ideo lo proclice drowing frcm the
greotmo$ers,lf N,lchelongelocon gi\ )ou
on ideowherethe linesshoud be pul down,
whal betrerhelp coLJldyou ho1?Another
wqyio eorn isio dtaw ftom o reolskelefon,
Skelchihe skeeion o\r yourfguredrowings
io seeif lou hove ploced ihe bonescorrecily,
lhe skin-for
Monybonesore directlyLJndor
instonce,
ihe skul,the knee,ond lhe bonesof
ihe feol and hoads

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scopula(shouder blqde)
der Jont (bol-ond4ockei)

B,ACK
\4EW

a2nlb6oneoch side ,

SIDEVIEW

verteb|oe( ib)

pelv,iccsl
onieiorsupeor ilocspln
(petvlcpotntj
symphys
s pubh

(kn66lns

Proportionol
Systems

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Ihese boxes ore bosed on the

lenglh af the slernum. ^lale lhe
relallonship af lhis lenglh la alhet

minuslhe xiphod process,

I n drowing,the fgure s bu I oul ol mosses bone,or sternum,
5 s wh ch s ocoiedot lhe boliomof lhe siern!m
I lhol hoveo relofonshp io eoch oiher:Th
acLectpropodons n o ploportono sYslem Thelenglhoflhe slernumnlocleqLrolslhe
_-reori st con usewhoteverporl of lhe bocly longlhof selerc oiher seclionsof lhe onoi^? kesos o lnl of meosureThenhe need omy Forexompe, l eqlols the engthof The
the lengihol lhe shoulderblode,or
:- y anol\/?ehow lhh chosenunil Ie oles10 clovcLe,
:: erpodsofthebodyTheonc enl EgYplons scop! o,lhe d sloncebelweenlhe scopuoe,
_:c o propodionolsystem
thoi\dasbosedon the lenglhof lhe hand m nuslhe tp of lhe
-,. englh ol lhe midde fnger opp colions th rd f nger ond lhe w dth oi ihe heod
n oddton, ihe siernollenglhmutpled
:: rhhsyslemoso occur n cerToinexompes
the one ond o ho f limesequa slhe lenglhofihe
:'Greek orl Accordng 10 lhs syslern,
:^qih ofihe midde fngermulip ed by n ne' heod (fromthe top of the sku io the boliom
_:.n equos the heght of ihe figure The ollhechin)ondthe englhollhe foreormThe
ihe engih ol
:^glh of ihe hond muiplied by ien or the slernollengihdoubed eqLrols
:^glh oi ihe looi muLlp ed by sx a so op- lhe r b cooe,iheoppfoxmoleu/dih oiihe fli)
: .x moieslhe heghiof on o\roge hlmon coge oi iiswdesl poinl ond ihe engThofihe
upper orm, or humerus Ihree iimes ihe
ri l'redeveopedlhe drowingshownhere, lenglhoilhe siernurn
ol tte
eqlo sihe Lengrih
'. a.eongelowosevdeniylhnkng of lhe lhighos\de oslhe lenglhofihe egwihlhe
:_!i1 of lhe kneeond how il le oieslo lhe fool, lhal s, the heighloi ihe fooi (ihe dis
:-: formsoflhebodyAflercorrecly render lonce fromihe onke io lhe groLlndl
n ine,M cheongelo Ho\,e),ouevercompleledo drowng oiihe
:-e porlsoitheknee
:::eeded to odd lght ond shode-noie figureonlyio fnd lhoi lhe head isioo srno,
- :' -e ght in lhisdrowingcomesfromthe ihe orm s ioo long,oI the body sloo wide?
Thecurefortheseproblemsslo workosmuch
=' .-i iowqrdthe fronlol lhe liglrre
-: nlerestng lo observelholihe engihoi osyoucon wth proporions,TheoncienlorT
-:..39,ihoi s,lhedisloncefromlhetopoisis of Greece lo\,ed lo work wlh meosure
-: ::-rmon lendon,(4, of lhe quodrlceps mentsond numbersond thosehormonoLrs
-,:: . io ihe knee ng polnl,or tuberce oi numbersloundihe
rwoyinlothereoi onships
-: -: .
forms
lhe
lgure
of
lhe
of
equa
s
the
enerlh
of
lhe
br,aosilBl,

Proportions
Used
byRenoissonce
Artists

'iat

H'

be- usuollymode n the owerlmbs

Qy underrtondngthe reoionshrps
glween
fofmsin a siondnq f qLrfeyouw
Accordingio lhs systemof meosuremenf,
hovea beller deo of whot io expeclwhen ihe heod lselfconsiitules
the irst meosure
h the dlslou encounlerfglres in seotedor clinng meni(A).Thesecondmeosuremenl
lance beireen lhe chin ond ihe nppes (B)
Arlisisof ihe Renossoncewere fond of Thethird meosuremenis lhe d sloncefrom
Lrsingihe englh of Jhe heod os o uni of lhe n pp es io the e\ ol the no\,e (C)rihe
meosureThe engih of Jheheod mulip ed iourlh fromthe no\l lo ihe crolch,or symsevenond one hof lmes equo/slhe loto physspubls(D)jtheRfihffornihe crolchloihe
he ghiof on a\erogeliguretlheheod lengih leve of lhe mddle ol ihe ihigh (E)rlhe sixth
mullipliedby eghl equohlhe heighloJololl fromlhe midde ol lhe lhighlo ihe le\,eof the
personrond the heod lenglh mulllp/ied knee (D;lhe se\,enfhfrom lhe knee lo lhe
roughlyby sevenequo slhe he ghl ol o shod m dde ol ihe ower eg (G)jond the eighfh
ndviduol.Renossonceorlsh usualy used fromlhe mlddleof the owerleg io the bol
eghi heodsas o meosuremenl
simpy be- tom of the foot (H)
I yo! oppy lhe englh of lhe heod to lhe
couse il s eosier10 subdivdeeighl lhon
se\,enond o holf.Ofcoursenolo lrnodeho w dihsoisorneoi ihe mossesolihe
figufe,),ou
ihe some height D screpdncyn heighl in con seelhol lhe lengthol one heod equa s
mosTinsionces,
occursn the o\^rlimbsrlhe lhe d sloncebe veenthe nipplesos we os
lengihoilhe heodond lnrnkdoesnot\ilryso lhe d slonceocrossthe \ro si,
One ond one hol heod engihsequo lhe
much.Thelefore,
odjuslmentsn heghlwefe

-:

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y'6youdrow conlinuolyscon\,oursubleci
iLsiancebeireen the ormpihos wellosthe
lemoeb The lntroduclionol bod proporlionsresulls
,ldlh of lhe mo eh pevc massrlhe
whenyou Looktoo longat ony givenpan or
seLvicrnossss ghllywidet
delollof lhe body n odditionto lhe propor
dsthe lengih of tu/o heodsequoh ihe
here,
'3nce ocross lh,a moe3 shouders;the lionolsysiems
thothovebeend scussed
relo_
wlh
oiher
come
up
why
nolexplore
ond
norrovt
The
ore
sighty
shouders
=moeb
olyourown?Themorereollonships
.nglh ofiv/oheodsso soequolto ihe lengih uonships
thoiyouconlindosyoudrowlhe moreoccu_
:i ilre lhigh.
role yourlgure wiL be. Proporiionosy$ems
n
drow
ngiromlhelop
li so mhiokeiobeg
be lseful and comiodoble Mchei_
your
shoLrld
sh
drow_
lo
fn
ond
oliempl
ihe
heod
::
-g of ihe bo1lomoi the fgLrreojl n one ex ongeos meoslrremenls
oi ihe llgure ore
lhose
ol soy E Greco
lrcm
poris
of The ceorly differenl
sketch n ihe
:arion Lnsfeod,
'j!re n o generolv/oy,lndicoing
proporiions Thefemoe fgu|e oi DeLoh ond the orger
tholyouhovebeenstudyng
:_c ceslure,Thnkof ),ourfiguredrowng oso lg!re ofSornson
-.p on whichyo! simpyv,/oniio pon ond here ore dfown occordingio proporlionol
thal ore roughyihe same I s ihe
:;coler ihe plocemenlof the porlsof lhe syslems
of meosurelhal ore d i
ol
po
nts,or lond lengths lhe Lrnits
of
..:dy lhe esloblishmenl
-ark, ond the plocemenlof inesconneci leni noiice lhol the heod ol Sornsonis
_3 lfese poinlsore mportonl n poitng i\r ce os lorgeoslhol oi Delioh
: aperproporijonsbetvenlormsofthebody

AH
S,AMSON
ANODEUL
153Arcd chdlk
loli t 15.!, 1272 \ 395 ch)

Fonns
Designing
The eftecllveplocemeniot one obleci in
I fe otonto onolheroblecfs\ery mporlonl
in a work of orl. Thelhingsthot )ou leorn
oboul drowingo sngle figurewillo so be of
help in composlngo piciule mode !p of
groupngsof frgures.
Juslosthe iso geslule,
or h)4hm,throughoulihelormslhol mokeup
o singleflgure,theremuslbe a rhy,thm
lhot
conneclsmuliple imoges,
In ihis drowing of Hercuesengoged in
d sporole octions, lhe gesfuresof lhe ind!
vlduolfguresbiendhormoniousylo
creoieo
unifed composillonThoifhormonyofgestue
cousesthe eyelo fow freelyfromone fgure
lo onoiherTryio visuolize
curved,ffowinglines
thofconnecithethreef gufesin lhlsdrcwing.
A good composilionollen hos numerous
fildhm hesrunnlngln monydifferentdireclionr,Thus,ihe podsof o drawingore never
ireoiedas bh ond piecesbul workiogether
lo forrno lorgerlnljy

Rhy'hmlinesindi.ote lhe flaw ot

.rD.Jenlenlwithin o drcwing ond
rclote indiviluol figut$ ta the
compositr, os o whole.

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OF NERCUTES
1523 rcd cholk 144" ' 16qr
(27.31t 4223ch)
DoDoged

Form
Complex
Simplifying
Thk is o foscinolinoskelchnloving mony
I fgufesondmuchdynomc oction,lis!cuobe becouseii showshow lvlchelongelo
lhoughl oboui ond drew compicotedcuslers oi inlerocJngfgures Theseliguresore
drownos simpe iornrs,bll the drowingis in
no v\rcy
vague,Theseporoionof one muscle
mossirom onolheron lhesesmoi bodiesis
c eorlydeined by Inei ond shorl holched
nesore paced on thosetiguresor porlsol
fgures1o presentshoding Nole lhat lhe
ighi source n N/ichelongelo's
drowingsol
mosio wqyscomes from lhe efl
Wrelherlou are workingon o drowingof
one fgure or o hlfdred fgures,il is wiselo
keepo lihe foms smple lf youcon v sucize
you
one hundredfguresos one lorge rnoss,
w I ha\e discoveredo fundomenlolkuth
oboui whot greatdrowingenlois lhe subord nolionofdeioi io ihe elfeclverendering

1..,

lrt'
tW..1 ,

'

16l:r-

4
-r,/,:
;'
t:''

fheseswtli.g lihesdenanstole
the wcy rotiaus fiqutes Elote ta
each alrer dthin lhe can'ert af o

SXEICHES
TORTI]EDEADRIS]NG
1534,bl@k cholkll r 161,'
127.94, 41.91en) Dohoaed

TWO
CHAPIER

ANDNECK
HEAD
THE

rHECRUC|FXrONOFSrPETER.deloillS!5,btd.kch.tk3?1i'/51".1r'{26239\15s39.n)

28

l
Mossing
lheHeqd
Th s h o delo I of lhe drowinglhol oppeors
concept
I on poge 131.lheoldestmossing
|.Bedby orl slsfor lhe head h lhol of ihe boll
ond the owl. Tryto seelhrough deloils of lhe
heodosif lheydid nol exslond nolelhoi the
or cranium,sosphefe(Al.ondthe
t rolncose,
mossofthe iJce, whenthe feoluresore dis'egoded, oppeors lic be on o\r'ol(B).ll is exiemey imporloniic wderstondthe slzeof
li|e bo oflhe heod in le olonshiptolhe size

of theowl of lhe nrce.Thebolloftheheod,or

cronium,willRlinloa perbcJsqloretthe ovol
ofthe loce isone ond o holft mesoslongos
lhe boll of the heod. Peopleofien moke lhe
ihe croniumloo smollforthe foce
Theorlisl mustalsoconsiderhow these1vr'o
large mossesore io be ploced, lhe relo
lionshipof ihe ballof the heod lo the owlof
lhe foc will of cou6e wry depending on ihe
posiiionof lhe heod.

the relallonshpat the poll of lhe

hed b t'heawl at thb fo.P wj
chonge os the mode/3pcrtion
chonges

29

fheHeodin Spoce
Posifioning

r.: i:: i:

'
;,,.

;:.,'rr

The iosr or dfowng,ucl"rcomplcoied

I fo{m5os lhe heod in o llted posilions
greaiy essenedf youlrst th nk ofthot head
oso slmpeiorm o bock,cy ndetorovo
ond ihen placeihiss mpe form n o posilion
lhoicorspondsioihedes
redposion oiihe
heod Disreoord
ng ihe ieolures,
Thedrowng
of ihs heod con be Lrnclerslood
os a cyiinder kemossilling ntolhepoperoilh,-lopos
the bolTorn
of the cylnderproleclsforwarclf
o cy nder were poced n lhis posion in
spoce you woud see some of lhe c rcuor
underpone allhe boltomor bosebul none
oi the c rculorlop plone.Nolce lhal lh-- nes
represenifglhe hol (Aldefne ond ernphosze ihe cy ndrcol shope of ihe for-oheocl,
ond ihol the rlesusedfor the borderof lhe
oweriaw (BJsuggesilheunderpone ol the
cy rdetvsuo z ng lhe foceoso cy nderwih
inesencrc ng t also heps nsurethot you
ploce eyes,nose,and mouthon the heod

la irs,te lf)e ptapet tlll af the

hedd lr .dtowirg. t is helptulta
lhi.k af the fa.e as o cftnCtical

SIUDYOF IHE NEADOF DA\II..I

1524-21 tot totet)
ed chdtk, bldck choik, ohd peh
13', \ 31/,',63 42 t 21 se cn)
L

30

. l.

,,..

.:

,'.

'r'

,
\:: 1]'

'"t,:!:,.-,'

'1.
i

'':'

31

Syslems:
FociolFeotures
Prcporfionol
ri.,,* :
f# ..r

-$; r

j''

,,.,'

:l
,1.

/
.- r' )* -{-'

J *"';l

.-'a
'

When pasilioning the feo

^.trct il is helpful ta divide lhe
loce inla lhnds wilh light hai

The I fsllhinqsyoumighlnoice n lhisdfowI ing of o heod ofe the beoulfulond com

p exdetoih,blllhedelaiharenotwholmoke
ihs drowing greol Whol h mportant lo
nollce s lhclthe smollerforms
o drawnso
thotihey appeorlo reslgrocefullyon lop of
lhe ofger mossof lhe heod lslf.Heods
drownby Micheangeoovr'cysgile the u
sionof beng o solidmossn spoce.
Whendecid ng on lhe plocomentol lhe
feotures,t s hepful lo dividelhe loce inio
Thrds Youmightwantlo rln ghl horizonio
lnesoroundlhe ow - ikemossof ihe foce al
the evel of lhe balures.Theforeheodfrom
the holrinelo ihe brcw (4 woud represenl
one lh rdi lhe nosewoud represeni
the sec
ond lhirdtond lhe spocefrcmthe bofromof
lhe nose (B)lo the bollom of the ch n (CJ
woLrldloke up ihe losflhird.lhislosisecton
con be furthersubdividednio ihirdsin order
lo ploce lhe moLrihond chin colecly The
seporotonof ihe lps willbe otihe botiomol
the firstlhirdtlhetop of the chn wil be neor
lhe boltomofthe secondihirdrond the bol,
tomoflhechinw be ai ihe bollomol the osi
thirdYouhoveto soy"neof"of "oboul,whsn
speokng of meosufemenhbecouselhere
youcon justnotlcehow
ofe no obsolutgrulest
c oselyiheleoluresofihe mode corespond
io the c osscal proportonsoui ned obove
n iems of depih, ihe reoilonshipof ihe
boiufesmustoho be c eory esloblishedThe
nose s fodhefforv,qrdlhan lhe mouihiihe
upper lip is mo forvr'ord
lhon ihe owerllpr
ond ihe chln s fortherbockthanihe mouih.
Iry drowing consiructonlines-hor zonioi,
\ericol, ond diogono-from one feolureio
onoiherThephllirum(D),or areo obo\ ihe
cenler of lhe lpper p exiendsdownwqrd
frornlhe cenlerof the boseol the nose,lhe
philirurnformso rnosi nlereslngplonet I s
conco! irom lop io boitomond oso conco\ iromsideloside.Thsistheonlypone of
iisknd on lhe enl re lgure,
you ore io reolronshlps
the moresensili\,e
belween vorous ieoiures,ihe belier your
drowngswi be. Nolthat on mognory\r
Uco ne exlendingupwordlromthe bock of
ihewingoJihenosewouldconneclthispoint
of org n withlhe innercornerol the ele.
Noticeloo thot the chn sirop (E)in this
drowlngservesaso contourineihothelpsio
exploinihecurid ospecloflheunderplofe
ot the owerlow(Fl Ihe ch n stroposo separoles the ower jow flom onother cufted
pone,lhe cylindorof the neck {Gl.Youcon
seelholihechn ntesecisthe neckot o ower
elellhon doesthe backoJtheskull.
Thebase
oflheneck s owerinfronlthon
in bock,which
gives i o fo^/crd ihrust

'.{

tl
I

'itt'r'-+

I
I

:::

.- oiLt,5323/.bto-\.1o\'..

ot

)3-3

)3\A-ar

lheFeotures
withLightondShode
Defining
- : .:=re' c eorwheiherlh s slhe l]owiire symboof o so d s weokened.
I--:::
I
:' : - an oro womon,
lvlcheionoe
o
Olco!rsewiihihe
heod rilh s posltion,the
sde ond podonsoiihe fronipionesof ol of
,,.-:. -19 crlsfsnlo sketchlinescrevs thesmolerforms
olthe heodoreo sovisibe,
.. ^nsCrowing Thereo reveryw slroighl osorelhebockord sde ponesofthe neck.
.:3.efe Michecnge o wasconcernedwih
Thed rect ght n thisdrowng comesifom
.leci nga soldheodono faipieceolpopet ihe efi ondihe iellecled ghlcomeslrornthe
,n cars besloccomplishedby usingcurvecl r ght.Thesideplonesof ihe heod ore in ght,
nes Ihe linesof lhe hol (Aond B)he p c or fo whereoslhe frontpanes of lhe foce o in
iire foundness
ol the heod Thelinesof lhe shodowLghl and shadedel ne ihe meelng
siernocledomasloidmuscle(C)help lo de poces of fronlond srdepones,ll rsmost m
po onllholsr-rch
fne the neckos o cylinder
clefnilionbe estobshedby
ThislhreequorlerposI on clromolicaIy n- lneor by ghl ond shcderolherwhelhe forms
creoseslhe uson of ihe heod os o lhree- of the heod ond lace w I oppeorfol
Themergingol thefronlondsidepionesof
dimensionol
foranThnk of a cube drown n
juslsucho poslon Nowd.ow of lh nk of o lhe nose (Dl.s ernphcszedby lhe obrLrpl
cube poced n o compelesde vewt nole chonge frornlghi lo shade Therdge oi o
form,ihe iunclureof l^/o panes,shouldbe
nlio y eslob shedby drowng o line.
l/ore roundedformsore ndicoled by o
moregroduallronslon
ofva ue fromiighiio
clork.BecoLrse
ol th sgrodLraprogression.
ihe
loreheocloncl neck oppeor mor,-ro!nclecl
ihon do lh-6nose,rnollh,onclch n on which
ihe clrongeifom lightio clorks obrupt.The
nose.mouTh.ond chin are bocklike n opTlreeor sbeoli fu lydrowno nd posilofed.
tsfroniborder
s ocaledallheholwrypo nl
of ihe sde of ihe heod f th s worco siroqhl
profe viewihe lop oriheeorwoudoppeor
e! w th lhe browondihe bofom ollhe eor
woLrldappear e\,1rwilh lhe bofonr of the
nose.8!i snce ihe hed.l s I 1e.l.lownword,
ihe ear correspon.l
ng y iilisupword n conkasl lo ihe nose ond o\irl oi the loce Th-.
more the hecrd s t led, ihe more ihe reo-

'.1

Afierp npointingihe conecllocoiionofThe

eor youshoud generolly--stabsh ls olrlsicle
shope NoleM checngeob corefuoiJeniion
lolhelubekecort ogesoflheeor
lhefm,or
heix (E)rlhe Yshopeclnnercorl oge oi ihe
onlhe x (Fl, which cLr^/es dowri\,lord
o ongsde ihe he ix;ihehro smalprojeclions
oi lhe irogus(G) ond ontilrosus(H) /rogus
comesfromlhe Greekwordmeonng goofs
beorcl"ril s herelhol hoirsn lhe eor occur
Thecorliogessurround
cnd deine lhe hear
ing cono, or concho 0. Theeor/obe!) s
hondsomeydecorotedwlh lhe eorrnO.The
cortiogesformng the eols ond noseconlinue10grow througholtour lelme, whch
meons od foks somelimeshove er1roor
d nor y bg eorsond nosesi

^s
.l

a;-!, NEID,1516,red cholkS' \ 6lr" 2AS \ '165nnl

of Voluefo line
TheRelolionship
con opply qhiondshodelo o cV n
lf VoLr
I Oer yolr con dfow ihe necl of o mode
Oflenlhe heod coslso shodowon lhe neck
Mcheongeo knew lhol such dork spois
coud spoillhesuble effeciof ghl. iis nier
esing io nolelhol oilmes, he om iredor jLrsi
borey suggesledsuch cost shodows(A
Thereo refewexlremely
dorkionesin ihe eye

'i

sockeioreo{Bl,ondthecaslshodowiromihe
nose [C] is oso qule subJe ,\ o .ue,
Micheongeo ,,!caexircmelycorefu cboul
cosl shodowsand oiher dorktonesused10
defne forns n ghi oreasof hh drawngs.
Youcon undersiondhow lhe drcclon of
ihisheoclwasesiob shed by vsualzng hvo
mpo(onTconsirucionnes;mooneo horzontc ne runningthroughlhe eyesond o
!rfco ne runnnOlhrough
ihecenierofihe
foce Thenose s beouifLrlydrowncnd pertucllyp oced coftislenlwth the directon of
lhe rnossof the head ll m ghl be he pfu lo
lh nkofonimognoryorrowpiercing
ihe bock
ol ihe mossoi lhe head,ot lhe eve of the
bottomof lhe nose,ond com ng oullhe froni
of lhe head ol the some eve Thisonow
woud ndiccle the direction n which lhe
nosesnouroDeolown
TheInesoflhh d.aw ng oreveryexpress
ve
onclore reoled 1oo llhe olher eemenlsof
clrowng.Lnesusecltodeineformsoflenioke
ihevo uesopp ed ioihe orgermosses
ln ihe
oreasihai lhey possover Forexample,ihe
ne oi lhe lroi iso aonTour
ihai isdrowno\er
ord explonslhe shopeol ThefoleheoclThis
ine s very ghl os i lrovehlhroughihe high
ighl oreo [D]ol the mossoi lhe heod ond
becon'es.larl<er
as il r'rovesnlo lhe shadow
oreo(ElTherno$ ofihe foce sstrocl,od
mrch
os o large egg woLrdbe The/ighi s fo nO
fronrabove efi ond lo\dordihe ironl.Sucho
ighlng schemeifsuresthot threeJourlhs
ol
lhe heod s in ighi wh e one fourth s n
Theinesusedonlhe efl sideofsuchfofrfs
os ihe eyebrows,
ihe l.ls oi the eye,ihe w ng
oiThenose.
ondihe lpsoreolliglriernione
thanthe nesusedon the rightsde.
Theeyebrows olso rcpresenledby nes
lhoi eclro ond expoin ihe fofm obo\ ihe
eye Thesepofotonfiefr'r'een
the froniond
sideof the foreheodoccursct F Thecurved
LnesLJsed
for lhe eyeldsdelinelhe rounded
iorm of lhe eyebol, and lhese iinescurve
sighiy up\dord,ndicolng thoi lhe heocl s
t led s ghllydownwcrclThe ine usedlo sep
orole the lps oso curles.slightyupward
Slroghl nesonywhereon the f gurelend io

IEADOFFEMALP
FIGURE
3ld ' 55/l(2121 \ 1129cn)

,n

theNoseondMouth
Shoping
T h e r g h l n g s c h e m ee m p o y e d h e f et r o sa
I R)vofrle
or Micheongeoe o enge lqhl
soufce from lhe efl lowsrd ihe ironl ond
obove ihe figure, L nes os wel os lghi ond
shade n [,4cheongelo3 drawngs ore olwcys
bosed on lhe orlislsp'oiound underslondng
oi forrn.Thevo ues con be ihoughloi os lhin
oyerc of skin plocecl on lhe so d scu pluro
forms of the figufe P,s n ihe drowngs seen
eor er,eyeld linesore cqrefulyclrownherelo
convey a sense of lhe mass of lhe eyeba l.
AdisTsrarey nd cole fhe eye oshesbecouse
lhey hove so lllle fo|m
McheongeoS unclerslondingoi ihe poris
ol The nose ore c eorly demorislraieclhere
Theoreo bel\reenlhe bfows,obove the nose,
s colecl lhe giobeilo (Al 1is o down\aord
s o p n g p c n e , w h c h c u r \ e su f d e r o n c l o w o y
from lhe lighfsourceemonolng from obove
SLrbllegroylone oppl-ad lolhe g obello sug
gesTsih scLrrvingowoy lrom the lighi D reciy
beow th.,rgobela s The Jrone coied by
ihe bi.lqei of lh,- nose.which s composeii of
l v / os m . r / l n o s ob o n e s( B J . l h ipso n e . w h c h s
iooclo.l by ghl, wideris os l sopes.lowir\,!ad .rfd lerrrrfoles on o evc ihoT corre
spoftls wiThThe nner corncrsol ih.- cyes.The
ower hn iollhc cy r.lcrjiko rierl] oflhc fos{l
lrecomes rnorc noffow os it eiTencis(lown
rfTolhe bulb oi ihcrorc (Cl The owerer.rol
thc nosc s formed by ihree smo . rolnded,

yelblocklke
masseslhebub, niheceniet
ond Thewngs on eilhersde,wh ch ore por
lio y embedded n the cenlro and slighiy
orgerbu b Nolce howMichelangeobmaslerfu monpulolionof \4true cousescerioin
oreosol Thenose io odvancewhie oiher
oreosTecedeThereolonshipben/eenihe
formsoflhe head n lermsoi deplh s oiwoys
we consdered b'y Micheangeo For n
slonce,onelee sihoi n h sdrawngslhenose
sc eaflyiorwardoiihe eyesofdiholihe eyes
ole ceoriyfor\,lordof ihe eors
ft4icheongeobdrowi]rgsof mouihsfever
ookfol. n thisdrowng lheTes o ceofsense
oi Tfremouihcurvngaroundlhe loolh cy n
der of the underyingsku The upper p
pone, receves
which s o clownwarclsopng
essghithqndoestheoweriip,wh
chslopes
upwordTheowerlp lnlhisdrawng hosbeen
shacledosone woud shodeo horzontacy
incleflhe upper p ismade up ofihfeeiorms
one in the m .l.lle oriclonc on eoch sido
whie Theow--r p s made up of hro forms.
Once Thesirlclureof Thehe,:,:ls esTob
ishecl,you
sho! d TokecoreTo
dec cleon ihe
exocTocoTionol lhe leoTLil:s.
A qoo.l eye n
ihe wrongploce sworseilran o bod drawfg
ollh(--cyen lhrir ehip oce \lnr.rlirco !l ftJof
hornrna onrl v-^dico r,-s o(f,ossyolr
nxxlcl! lftje vr lhot yo! can .lejemii'r the
le ai onshp of lh--f-.aiues

,t'l

38

. -"'*11"'

tA s lda,

_j-

242.'

39

TheMuscles
ofExpression

i'

-'.

.Jl

SIUDY
FOEruE HEAD
OFTI]EDON MADONM
'15034, red.hdlk
/'h \ 6* [24 \ 1715cn)

T he dominorng rormortheheod sthesku cronrum,hoso iendinoussheeilhol exlends

I Theob, i1lto drowlhe heod vlettEbosed o\r lhe lop of ihe cron Lrmlo lhe foreheod,
on on underslonding
ofthe shopeoJlheskull. wherefibersogoinoccur.Allhe foheod the
Thoreole o fewveryihin mltsces ol ihe foce musce term noles in the skn obo\,e lhe eye
Thoii ll oulihebonysiruclure
ol ihe skutt.
These brows.Theoccipiiojronlals hosihe funclion
cre the musctesoi expressionAddltionolltj oi lfiing up lhe eyebrows,
creoiinghorizonloi
lhere ore lwo musceson lhe heod, wh ch wrinkeson lhe foreheodos seen n lhe exmo\e the ower jow or mandbe, ond ore presson of surprse or ollenton
usedfof chewng food
Theele s sufioundedby se\ro musces,
Themusclesof expression
ore slrucluroly Theseincludehro selsofcirclilor
muscleslhe
\ry diJlelenlfromlhe musclesof lhe body nnerondoulerringsof lhe orbiculorh
ocu i (B
the mlsclesiholmo\ lhe bodyofginofeot and Cl Theinnefrngs,or po pebralpori (Bl,
one bone ond insertnto onolherbone.The are respons
be for openingand closingihe
muscesol expsson o soorginoleon bone, eye ds. The ouler ring,or obiiol porl (C),
on ihe skuI,bulihey inserlinlotheskinofihe oboveTheeyes,whenconlraciedw llpulllhe
irce Whef lhesemusclesconirocl ihey pLt/l skin beireen lhe eyebrows s ghlly down
the skin,producingwriousfcrcioexpressions.word,cousrngshortverilcolwrnkes lo op
Theocc p to-frontolis
muscle(A co\ersthe peorbei/,eenlhe brows.Ths muscleexpresOock,lopond fronlof the cronium,Thlsm!s- seslhe letlocll\,eor mediloli\e slo1e,
cle, orginoiing n Jberson lhe bock of the
Anolhermusclein lhe ele oreo islhe cor-

i
-Jgotorof lhe eyebrowor corugolor super
: i (D),o \,erysmaI muscleor ginotingon lhe
'3reheod,underlhe occipiiolironiolismusae. Thecorrugolornserh nlo lhe skinoiihe
-ndpo ni of lhe eyebrcws,pu ling lhem n
of
.,rordond up\,!ardcreolng expressions

ihe
nseriinio ihe musce fbels surrounding
lob lnmoulholthe lower p Thedepressor
ferioispu lsthe ov,rlp down in lhe aclions
oTcryrng.
Youmusiunderstond
thal lhesemlsclesof
expTession
ore ol inlerconnecledwllh one
anolher n ihe r porlcu or oreos;lhusin ihe
Oneofihe musclesofthe nosesthe p^/ro- subllemo!rnenisof the eye oreo or the
_ridolisnosi(E).li orsesfromlhe nosa bones moulh regon, severolsmollfociol muscles
Or the
rnd exlends upvr'crdlo nsed nlo lhe skin moy be in\l\,ed n one expression.
ng moreirronone emoThismusce pu s lhe loce moybe express
ceiweenlhe eyebrows,
:kn obo\ lhe nose downwqrd,creoing lon n o drowingol lhe heodsuchoslh sone,
shorthorzoniolwr nkes ol ihe bridgeof lhe lvichelongeodoes nol d.ow lhe ndviduol
iirem,lruThe cer_
on ol o nger focio musces;he mosses
rosechoroclesl c of lhe express
hlhe ioiny knowsol ob,orriihem ond tronsoles
one oflhech efmuscesof ihe rnoLrlh
.ygomotcusrnojor (D I oig noles ol lhe lhem inloo drowingolthe heodlhoishowso
olzygomoT|c greoidea of expression.
cwerborderoflhe cheekbone,
cone,ond exlendsdown io nserlneorlhe
osIn
of lhe mouthwhen conlTocled,
aorners
ine expssonof oughtei thismuscleplls
iiie cornersoflhe mouihupwqrdond tolhe
Thezygomolcusminor(G),onothermouth
'nusce, of sesfrornthe fronloflhezygomolic
aone,coser io lhe nose Theelewtol oflhe
Jpper p, or e\'oiorlobi superios (H)rses
or
iom ihe lowerboldel of ihe ele sockeT,
arbiio covlly lhese iwo muscesexi'enddown
'o inseriiniolhe orbcuorLsorlsin lhe oreoof
'le upper p Theyhovethe funclonof ftng
1e upper ip neor ihe midpoinlwh e lhe
:ornercofthelipdropdown,os n expresslons
al g ef.
Theorbcuors orls0, a circuormLlsce
ihe moulh,hoslhe funciion
.vhichsurrounds
lhemoulhisouleribersbendwlh
rf closing
:nd con act ogoinslthe wriousolh-armus_
: esthot ore otiochedio t
Anolhermusce ol lhe moulh,co led ihe
: evoioroflhe upper p and lhe wingoi ihe
-3se,or e\olor lob superoriso oeque nos
fromlhe lpper
-1,so th n rnuscleorlginoting
moxilo,
extending
or
the
upper
:.d of
low
i swnwordlo inserlnlolhe wing,oro o, oi lhe
_3seond lhe upper ip Theseformsore lfied
- ihe ocl on of sobEng.
Iheconinus,or ewior ongu oris(l!, orises
-3m the moxllo and inserlsinlo ihe skn
I30\e lhe con ne looth Thismusce litisihe
- 3per lp,exposinglhol loothto giveo sneer
or
ofthe angleof lhe mouTh,
ihe depressor
ihe mon
::cressorongu oris(L),orisesfrom
: ae, or owerlow qnd exiendsupwordto
_:garnlolhe cornersolthe moulhTheiunc_
_ar ofthismusce islo pul the cornersoTThe
-auih downuordn expressions
ol ogony
ofihe ower p, or depressor
-e depressor
:: nferors{lvl),ohoorignoieson irremon: : e. Fromihere ihe muscleexiendsup lo

oflheJow
TheMuscles
the h{o musces of mostcolon edend
I do\anhi.rdtromthe mmovobl--slillioihe
molcbe owerlow On lhe bock port of lhe
cheek s lhe mossefermuscle(Al,whch exlends down$ord and bcclolofd from the
zygomoicorchoflhe sku lolheongeoiihe
owerjo\,vBybeing owqreof lhe posiiionof
ih s mlsce, you can underslondis funciion,
which ls lhal of fo sing lhe lowerjow This
powerfulmusc
e con be fellby c enchinglhe
owerlow h th ckifont bordercreoleso sho
lowdepression
on the foce,d recly ln froniof

Thelemporos musce(Blislocoledonihe
sideotihe cronum in the temporo fossc ls
lbers possdownwordunderlhe zygomolic
orchond inserinio the coronod processon
lhe owerjow Ths musce workswih ihe mosselermusce lo rose lhe oweriow when o
personchews,lhe oiernoing coniroclon
ond reoxalionoi the iemporalsmusce s
opporenionlhe sideoflheheod in iheoreo
ol lhe lemples Ancenl onolomslsnarned
lh s musce ond lh s oreo of lhe skuI lem
poro s,reolng iollme,becouseliisherelhol
hoirslLrrnwhle so qulckiy
.. .ir

,:,*
: :a-

42

3r A NEADtOR TllE LASTIUDGEMENI 1534 block ond Ed cholk l Sl/t' t

. .

..t:.i ,i

-...;,Ji

TNEMASSETER
MUSCLE

IHEIEMPORALIS
\4USCLE

O r gn :

to ihe corono d process

-...;,Ji

TNEMASSETER
MUSCLE

IHEIEMPORALIS
\4USCLE

O r gn :

to ihe corono d process

TheFomsoflheNeck

THESCALENE
IVUSCLES

Orlgin-

f--'-,

\)C

The orfl$nrsiseesbrm in lermsof sirnple

goingonliosmollerforms
I mossbeic
ond
deloil.lhe neck is essenliollv
o cvllnderllke
moss,lvichelongelone\,'erlirlledto emphoqlollly of ihe neckwhichis
sizethecyllndrlcol
widetot the bosethonot lhe top lhe neck
ossumes
o cvinddcolshooebecouselhe flsi
lvroribs,whichlbtmlhe boseof lhe neckore
chculor,]he hlgherle\,elof lhe neckIn lhe
bocklhon ln the fronlof the body6ull$in o
fcMurdthrustmoredfomotlclnwomenlhon
In men.the sldesof the neckCyllnder
or
fomed bVthreescolonusmuscles-onleior
gdend
m6dlus,
ond podfior.Ihe6e
muscle6
upv,ordfromthe ffnt two ribsic the uppr
neck\erlebroe,]he 6cdlenus
muscles
couso
the n6ckto b6nd,
Onthefronioftheneckihereole importont
piojector.rtv,ord
icrmsthot
ftomthe cyllnder
'lhese
mo$,
o th6 cortlloges
o@!ndlhe
wlndplp,
or trocheo,
whichfom the\oice
boxorloryrx,Theshopeof thelorynxlslhot of
on upslde-down
lrlongl.
Theopo(of lhhlongle ls locdtedat the pli of the ihroot(Al,
ondthe upperbordercofisponds
to o le\l
lustbelor tho lowrlow Theportof thevolce
boxthdl lvlchelongelov ts mostlnleisiedIn
portoylnghele lslhE uppredge @),whlch
prcJecis
liofom the ldomt opple,
Ano\er fom thdt i!4lch6longlo
woswll
owsrof ls th6 hlold bone,o smollhoBe'
shoe+hooed
boneoboletheAdomtoDole
thol helprholothe wlndplpeIn ploc6,thls
smollh)he b hot vlslblgon th rurlbce,brJt
occurswherelhe underplone of lhe lower
JowlepoiEis6ftom the fiont plon6 of th
neck
]ho lhrootmufclosleatowr tho corillqger
of the\olca bo(,lh9ethlnrduscies
ole mossgd, ond fhry lprm the generol cyllndor
9hopeof fd9fronlof lhe neck

lorynx(\,olcebo0r Adqln!

SIUOY
FORIHE.HEAD
OFAN E\IAXOEUSI
'1517-18,
Bd 6&R
'ht\, x Hl 123.26, 19.6*'n)

i :

IheStetnocleidomosfoid
Muscle

'.'i., .ot,'
..ri,...-'
.t
"

.j:

'd

,;

D
B

The two nernoceidomostod mlsces resi

I on, ond ore porlio v embedded n the
cyindermossof lhe neck,Theyore ropelike
muscesthot exlendfromthe top ofthe ster
num up to the heod beh nd the eor They
nserinio lhe moslod process(A)of lhe sku
Eachmuscleis oi ls widesiobout ho tMoy
downtheneck.Alls lowerend tbronchesoff
inlohro iendonsrone lendonisotiochedto
ihe top ol lhe siefnum(B),ond lhe other s
altochedlo lhe clovcle (Cl.Thesehdolendonscreoieo smollhongLrlor
(D);
deprcssion
lhe heod of lhe c ov cle s ot lhe baseof this
depesson Theiendonlhol oltocheslo lhe
lop of lhe sternumh verypronouncedand
cordlike,whie lhe one lhol ollocheslo ihe
clovcle isrolherf ol ofd brood Theiendons
thol ollochto ihe sternumformlhe pil oflhe
ihroat IEJf lhe slernoceidomosiod muscle
on one sldeoflhe neckconhocis,ihe heod
wll roiole in ihe opposiledireclionor t i
downwordloward the shouder Theselwo
musclesusuolly\^/ofkogo nsleoch oihot bui
whenlhey do wo.klogelhe, ihey cousethe
heod lo be lhrownup whie smuloneously
pullnglhe neckdown,
l\4ichelongeo hos drown ihe steF
nocledomosioidmusclesn o subiewsybe"
cause,oshasbeennofed,iheyore delollson
ond porliolyembeddedn ihe orgermossof
ihe neck Theymusinoi oppeor ioo promnent.ln ihs drawingo smoI podlonof ihe
orge tropezusmuscles vlsble (FJ,
EetMieen
the slefnoclodomqsloidmusce and ihelropeziusiso rolherlargefiongu or depression
co led ihe 'onofomicolsollbox"(G)
Theneckh consiruciedlor greoi freedom
ond vorlet of mo!meniThesho!dergidle
(i,,/oscopuloe ond ]u,o c avic s) s ihe skeelo siruclLrre
upon whichtho l oshyformsoi-

DOMASTO
STEANOCLE
D
MUSCLE

Orlgin:

ST]JOY
FORHEADOFTHENUDE
ATLEFT
ABOr'EPERSIAN
SIBYL
',511,ed cholk
14h \ 7lt t3s86 , 1937@)

.,2

.4

THREE
CHAPTER

TORSO:
THE
ANTERIOR
REGION

t..
Fl l'.

righi
r.

.a:-::

..

ths':

ft

Plocing
lhelorueMosses
oftheBody
l nr formlhotthe orisldrowsw obviolrsv ook ng Lrpol lhe body of Chrsl bLriyou o
Ahove o cerloinposton ondd recionreo
ook ng down on h sfeeiond oilhe sku otihe
'/elo thespacelholsurrounds
il Theposition base of lhe cross The heod of lhe figure s
: delerminedbythe locolon oflhe obiect n direcled 10 lhe rghl lhe rb coge s turned
:oocetlhe d recion s deiermned by wh ch lowofd lhe iefi ond si led londordrihe moss
r.gy ihe obiecl h focng. mogne on oxis o f t h e p e v s s i l r n e d s i g h t y t o t h e g h t o n d
a oced vedcollyihroughihe cenier oi the llled fo^altrrclio\rcrd The eft.
rbjecl Now mog ne ihoi lhe objecl roioies Thereare ihe mpcrloni orge mossesof
rround ih s cxis.Thedegreeof roloion s of T h eh u m o n i g L r ei h e h e o d T h e r i b c a g e , o n d
on tire pevs A: hos ceen shov/n n iire eor er
.cu6elhe obleclsdreclon Thequeslons
:rlislaslcbeforeclrowinga I gureoreiWhcts sludy oi ihe hecd, i ! .rc!_ rnporionl lo
'.e dreclon of ihe part oJ the body onr
:rowng? s I d ecled lowsrdlhe ell oI lhe
.ght and by how much?Howfor foovardor siori dro\^/ng ihe 'gLJre i s 'e .iLr ircn' ihe
in spoceislhe form eon ng? Fur- b e g i n nn g , i o d r r w i h e s g - a s s e . <a s s r n p e
cocL^r'ord
iitermore,ihe orlistrnustconslderlhe relo lorms,for exomc L cn egg, :cne a! .:er,
'onshipof h sown poslon n spocetothotof o r b o c k l t i s . n L r cehc s e r i c p c a e o a . - c 9 r
-heobieclbeingdrown Hedoesnol hovelo f o r ml k e l h e i b c o g e n o d f t c r ' p . : r . . . , /
Crowlheoblecl n lhe posiliofiromwhichhe d r o w i n go s i m p l eb o c k i n i h a i p o s i o . ' : : '
!ews I bulil hedoesnot,he rnusldelermne Youcon then skelch I lhe r b ccge o''sr i'e
ire positionfrom which lhe iorm s To be block Snce lhe humon figLrre s tne most
drown,ond he muslmeniollyoccommodoTe complex iorm on oriisi can drow i s neces
s o r yi o s e e r g h l i h r o u g ho l l h e i n i r c o i eo n d

l\4icheangeodetermned ihe poslion of confls ng clelo h lo the crrge,simpe mosses

th s ligureverycorefuly n odv.rnceYo! ore

Ihese sinple bax figurcs

con be Lsed l. detetnine
lhe elolire pasilian af lhe
moses

the heod, r/b

. 'i;ii,::
,$./,:

:i
.i:i
jj

i:v'

,,-*#

)v:"',4

S?

':t

':':..
':

OVEPTHE
DEAO
CI]RISI
1 2 3 2t 2 6 . 2 . n )

51

r..'

't,

r..'

't,

of theT0ls0
Ihe Plones

nons der whol porlonsotlhe vorousporis

\rof the igLrreyou ore lookng ol n ihis
drowng.Do)ou seelhe loo fionl sde, or o I
ofthese?Theseare the plonosof o form.
Dsregordlng
detoilsforo momenlthinkof
thetorsoaso orgeb ockcreotedbythofioni
plone (4 ond ihe sde plane (Bl The sde
plonesofthe lorsoole ol o sighl obluseong e lo thefrontp ane,mokingthe bockwider
lhon the front of lhe torso
rnogne o seresof linesrunningfrcm lhe
lop oflhe shoulderslolhe
n pp es,lromshou
der lo shoulderand from npple 10 nipple
Thesenes\^/ould
definelhe b g lop ploneof
lhe chesi(C),which iswiderol lhe shouder
ihon ol ihe nipples,lhls pone lncLudes
lhe
fronlplaneof the delo d musce (D)
Youmoynolcetholthe occuroiedefniiion
of plonesisd reciy fe oled 1othe successful
hondingof ghi dnd shode.Forinsionce,
the
armon lhe righiisdrownoso roundedblock
the lght top plone (E)is clearlysepooted
fromthe pane in shodow(F)
Thetocilholbolhihe ffonlof thelorsoond
o sectionoflhe sldeorevisibe giveso powerfu i usionofihe figureoso lhree-dimenslono
Themoslinlrigunglhingoboulfiguredrowing s ihot ii requkesyouto ihlnkond do severol differeniihingssmuioneously,
Snce t s
diilicultin lhe beg nningio ddselero ih ngs
ol once, I moy be he pfL.tl
lo consldefony
one eement ol o iime,e\,entholgh lt is !ndersioodihoi oll e emenisof o drawlngore
nierleloied.Theelemenhof o good figure
drawngareline,mossonddeioil,proporilon,
thrusi,onotom\tperspecii\,
lighiondshode,
Whenbeginnng o drowng,iiisoflenhe pfLrlo consder onlyihe plonesAfleryouha\,
esloblished
ihe ouhide shapeof ihe lgure,
drow inesthotseporoteone ponefrom on'
ofher Thinkof ond drow lhe plonesof lhe
lorgestmosses
f rsi lhen go on io ihe plaries
of lhe smollerforms

Ihese slmpledrcwings werc dohe os

preliminorysketchesfo determine lhe
lorge plonesal lhe la6o frcm lhe frcnl,
bcck and lhrcequoners views

NUDE
MALE
FIGURE
RIJNNING
1496 150],,pq, b@n ihk ond block chotk
1a! \ 9./d(3).47| 23.13m1

)*'-

'F'

Gidle
IheShoulder

};
&:

T.

:,J

'-

.'
-iir

..i'
:{-

'.-i;t"x"i;-"

-..

,-'.

;''
\.;]?.*{-.

I n lhisslrongdrowing,whch k lessfinjshed
I lhontheprecedingdrowng,lher bcoge is
dromoilcolyUppedforv/ordli s cleor thoi
Mchelongelodrewthe ligurewhie beorng
ofihoiform
n mnd lheiop orsuperiorview
Theshouldergirdle,which reshon iop of
ihe b coge, conssh of lhe hro clovlcles(A
ond B) ond ol lhe 1uo shouder blodes,or
scopuloe.Thescopuloeore bolh co\ed in
of ihe iropezius
lhLsposebyihe hvc mosses
musce [C ond D).Theshoudergirdle s oiioched io ihe rib coge ony ot the pil of lhe
lhroolwherelhe clovclesmeeiihe iop of lhe

slernumThlss ght ollochmenito the restof

the skeeion offordsthe lwo scopuoe ond
fu/oc oviclesexiensivemobLly1Sinceihe up
per limbsore oitachedlo ihe scopulobylhe
the ormsore oso onlyslighty
shoulderloini,
ottoched lo the restof lhe lrunk oi the body
ond ore olsocopobe of greol movement
\lewed from the fronl,the c ovlc e oppooB
osa slroghi line,butwhenseenfiom obo\,
os I s in lhs drowng, ils S shope cun is
It is inleiesiingio observein suchon un
nnshed drcwng os this one which cos

':helongeo decided lo workon frsi ond

_,, Thoseoreosthol projecl lorvr'ordihe
-:n ihe shoulders
ond ihe righlorm ore
: moslde\eoped Theheod,howe\,ethos
:_ yei been refrnedievdenly lhe odisi
._ied ilsl lo e$oblshthe symmelryof ihe
:_:- der gndle
-e poston oJlhe siernlm scn impodont
-:-.r whendrowng lhe fibcoge n o djllicult
r,rrcn. Ve\{ed from lhe fronl,ihe slernum
:.:ecrs os o vertcol line,bLrlfromihe slde
: .!ru of lh s bone con be cleary ob.-.e.. HereMicheofgeo hosdrownlh-.

ii-r'i

stefnum(E)n a waythot c eof y definesthe

d rectionof the r b coge lorbordihrLr$jng
ond l led downrard lowordlhe righi n ihis
drowlnglhe siernumoppeorsmuch shorter
Coler up ihe siernumwiThlhe Tjpof your
lngerond seehowlhed recijonoJlhe orger
moss,lhe lono, is weokened.Suchsmo el
forrnsos c ovc es,breosfs,
or lile sternum,f
drowncorreciynperspeclile,wlgreoilyenhonce the ilusionol lorgermossessirongly
pilchedJoMordor bock in spoce

ofile Chest
IheForms
LI ere iso mognifcenl drowing oJthe torco.
fl the bosi muscles,lhe iuo greot pecloroh, peclorclis mojor (Aond B),exiend ourwqrd from ihe sidesof the slernumond the
borderof the clov
lnlernolholfof ihe lo^r'er
cle to inserlIntoihe orm underthe shoulder
muscle,or deltoid (c). lhe fiberslwistos lheY
neor lhe insertionpoinl, Ihe two greol pec
torol musclesote sjmlLorln shope lo llot
bloclc,whjch wrdp oroundthe fronl upper
holf of ihe ib cgge, givlng lt o somewhoi
ffojlenedoppeoronceintheuppergion,or
icp shelf,
of ihe chesi.ThegredtpecicTolm!scles cover the front of lho b coge frorn lhe
clovicles10the le\el of the fftthor sMhrlb The
lowetbordersof theselwg mlsclesole ropre'
sented by h\lc llne6 (D ond E),wh ch cln
oulurordond downv/qldliom the slernum
Mcholongelohos Indlcoledo smollbLlt
importonl detoll of lhls oreo lho frbersof lhe
pectorolmuscleneol the orm oro pusneo
foMord bV ihe delicld muscle,cotlng o
bulge(Dobole lhe breootneof
smolleggllke
ihe armplt.
A !rtlcol groo\e (Gl s the rqsull of the
ploirudonof ihe peclorol musclesowayftom
lhe sidesof lhe sialnum.
the liefnLrmis shopd\ery mlch lke o
swordwhlchpoinildownvlrd ll
smolll?omon
ls composedof lhe pods iho hondle,of
monubrllmjihe body or blode (lometlrneg
whlchlsthelongeslpofcoLledth6 Olodlolus),
ioni ond the xlphoidprocess,whLchreplo'
senlsthe iip of the sword,Theuppq exlromily
ot the siernumitms thleo noicheslthecenier noich forms lhe plt of lhe lnrooi (H) lhe
lnnerendof oochclovlce restsinthenotcheg
on elihersde of lhh ceniro noich thg plt
of the stomoch0 l5formed bv the xlphoid

l
t
I

i
i
.1

lHEGREAT
MUSCLE
PECIORAL

Orlgln:

(hondlel

sruDYFoR$ &qRrfploMEw
1s34-3tbtdcrchok
15t" \ 1YP9n9x 25.lo.ml
Dodidoed

.! :

*&.

'

Forms
oftheTo|so
overlopping
Ll e'e , /ef onothe'qrond drowng of the
I lrqurelholtuns!rpossed
n 15represenio
iion of o soid iorm n spoce,M cheongelo
\.!ntedlhe igure3lefi shoulderond orm To
odvonceond lhe righikfee to od',cnce.To
pu somefo.msof lhe body fo^4ordwhile
pushingolhersbock,ihe ori sl i rsicorcly
drowstheforms
nspoceHerehedrewlherb
coge mcsscs o roundedbock, whch i is
fonir'crd
al lhe lop ond irockot lhe boiiom
The efl orm is o bock ke cy nder lhe iower
end prolrudesfcrlherforv/ordlhon doesThe
lop Nexl,the orlsi fnds i helpfu lo cnot"e
lhe overoppng oi lorms f yolr ook ol lhe
fguret leltshouder,youcon seelhollhe dei
lo cl musce (4 ond upper orm ore ceory
posilionedn fronlof lhe etl pecloro smojor
musceondcovice;ihepeclorolondccvi
cle ore n fronlof lhe groo\e oi the sternum
e
oncllhecy ndershapedneckTheseiorms
n fronioiTheiigureS
righipectoro,wh ch s n
lroni oi hisrghTarm Thsi lsiol] s occom
p shedby overoppng neslhol e.ho over
oppingfoimsot Thebod\r
Noice loo ThoT
on lhoseoreosol lhe body
rirereara sirongvolLre
ihoi prolecltoru4.ird
conirosisTheolh,-rlorms n the.ircwng orc
buTthecof
ol5orendcredn ghiand shocle,
nosTisnot nearly$ sirongos on ihe proleci

T ]ESERRAILJS
VL]SCL'
I'.IAGNLIs

It s niereningio
nolcehowMcheorigeo
haschorigedtheshop,6
of ihe pecTorosmo
jor musce (8) ftom lhoi ri the prccedlno
smusceoppeorsaso
drowng n thcrlvr'orkih
fol. bock ke mossrnihsclrowngiTisspher
ico Theoclionorfunclonoflh s muscesTo
drowihe orm to lhe lroni ollhe bocly
Theserroturs
mognusanlsce s mode Lrpoi
n ne ifger kedglalonslhoioreocoleclon
ihe sclesoJlhe r b coge bul are lorgey h clden by the peclorolsmolor Thed giloiions
orgnolefromihe uppereghl rbs,and ex
lend lo\4ardlhe backoi ihe r b coge,wrrere
lheyconvergeond possunderihescopuo 10
iermnole ol h nnerborderThetwo serroTls
mognusmlsc espu the iwo scopuoe oporl
or iowordlhe fronlof lhe iorsoTheuppersx
dgiloions o coveredbylhe pecioro s molortihe owerlhre,oore vsibe on lhe surioce
oi lhe body ol C bei"veenpeclorolismclor
otssmLrs
ondolorgebockrnusclecoledlhe
in Ths
dors(D),o smo!poriofwhchisvsjbLe
pose.The
dig loi orisoresomelmesconiused
wih the r bs,bui I bs ore poro el Toone onions oul on lhe
olher,whereosth s nruscLe
sidesol ihe r b coge reslingon iop of lhe ribs

.a

iL,
,!::'

,lt

-a
:iUoYfORTHENUDF
ATEFTABOVE
PERS|AN
SByt,T6dond whl cho/k1Atu r 71/!!2699 \ 19OScht

Ao

Abdominus
Muscle
TheReclus

ABDOMNUs
RECIL.]S

Or0r.

mo
llrhenihe ormisrosed,theoeciorols
tt lor musce (Al lckes on o iionqucr
shope Thelbefs ol lhe musce exlendfrorn
the r b coge ond inseri nto lhe lpper orm
underthe deioid muscle(B)the mossol the
peciora smojoro soconsliuiesihe troniilop
or ihe ho ow oi ihe ormplt or ox lo (C) The
ieresmojor,o sma muscleon ihe scopuio,
iogeiherwliho sma pori on of ihe loiissmus
dors,formsa mass(Dl,which mokes!p ihe
bock flop of lhe oxi o holow Thelosilhree
d gitotions(E,t G) of the serratusnrognus
muscecre eegonly drown Theirposlion
behveenlhe pecloro smolorond oissmus
dorsimusces sceoryvsible
The pectoro regionol lhe lorso s seporcledfromlhe ob'dominoregiof bylhethor
occ orch of the rb coge.Ths s o orge
po ntedorchformedbythe cortiogesofihe
f bs ocoiedbe ow the siernum.The
obdomno musce,or reclusobdomins (Hl,f s lhis
orchond e\:lendsirornlhe owerrbs qndJhe
x phod processol lhe slernumto ihe pubic
bonesorfio povs, nofiowng os lrlescends
Ihe neo olbo ( wh le ne l iso slrongien'
.lon lhoiextendsdownlhe csnlerol lhe rec
lusob.lonrn s,cliv.lng lhisrfusce iri ho f \r'er
lco y Themusce s furlherdlvcledby lhree
horzonlol.or lransverse,
iendons One iendon crosses
the abdomenotihe leve oflhe
nove; onotherrilersecls
the bollomol lhe rib
cogei.rndihe Jhrd occLrrs
beh,/eenthe bollornoflheslernumondlhe bollomof the rb
coge flhemusceswe deveoped.asil
sin
ih s drowng, lhe lndviduolsectionsof the
musclecTe vsbe. Exceplior o smo i!'
ongulor-shopecl
musce, pyrom dols,wh ch s
locoled obo\,ethe pubic bones,rectusob
dom n s isthe onlymusceon lhe froniol lhe
obdomno regon.F\rronrida
s s covereclby
Jonytssue,wh ch proteclsthe pubc bones.
ThereciLrs
obdom nisworks
ogoinsiiheslrong
muscesof the bockto ho d ihe r bcoge in on
uprghi posion, coLrnieroclngthe force ol
grav]y Thhmusclecousesthe lorsolo bend
fo^rordrI o so formslhe wol on lhe fronlof
lhe pelvc bosin,wh ch proleclslheorgonsof
digeslionEoch ndviduoLsecJon
of lhe reclLrsobdominusmuscleh lke o porlionof an
-.gginshopeondconbe dm orlyshodedn
lhs poselhe rb coge s lilledforwsrdoslhe
pevic mosss plched bcck ihe obdom nol
muscesfodedon hefolo eve iLrsl
obove

STUDY
FORTNENUD!YOUIN
Or'ER
THE
PROPNEI
DANEL
1511 rcd cholk avet bldck cholk pepobtiahs
131/ t 9fd',(33.66/ 23.31cn)Dohoged

62

tl

tiguor

j'1,

ll ll-re

-rgnus

:/..

's Ins

-r_g rcrr

t)',

: r-:3nsoi

63

TheExlernoloblique
ng drowingot lhe figT his s o mostinJeresl
I ure ln whch youcon obserueo rib coge
lhcrl lsdlsiincllylipped to one side.The116shy
mossofJheexlernoobliquemusce,or obliq,
uusexternusobdom nus(4, exlendsfrcm lhe
losleighl rlbsof lhe b coge ond inserhlnic
lhe iop of lhe pelvis,or ilioccreslthe shape
of lhe exlerno obllque ook like o leordrcp
from mony ong es, n ihis pose, hore\t lhe
efrernol oblique oppeors os o rounded
block,Whenlho lwo obique musces simultoneously
coniroct,theywo in concerlwiih
lhe reciusobdomlnisio bend lhe body for
v,,ord.
Whenonlyone contrcc,ls,lhe
ribcoge
isrotoigd,of pulled,loone sde, Ihesem!scles olso prelent o ddewsysclllqpse of lhe
db coge.Ihepelvlcmosslsboundbylhe llloc
crest (B),by ihe abdomen (C),whlch slopes
downvrordbei\ren lhe lh ghs, ond by the
buttocks(D).
Theodhi olJghttoknownot onlythe forms
of the bodtl the mLJscleg
on the surfoce,bLJi
olsolhe chongesln ihEshopesofihese
forms
ln the dlffefenlmowments.A musclemoy
become thlckerond $oder ln d sloie of conlrcclion,or ll moy be loxed and reloilvely
ffotlened.
Obsefwtionoswllos under,siondng lhe oc,lionor funciionof q mlscle wlll
enobleyouto drow lhe foms wlthiruth.li ls
offonsl\io see o drowlng of o llgure in gr6ol
octlonwhlleollihe mlsclesoreportro'dos
Ino 16oxedstote,oro clinlngfgurewliholl
lhe foms coniroclodqnd buging Inon oullondshmonneriTheoncintGr6ekodlsh,obseryngtho nlde oth elesot ihe gymnoglum,
bscome mosieA ot porifoylng the exdcf
onolomyoflhg body In mo\ment.

o gif:
the losleighlrbs
(lhe libe6 nterd9 ioie
w1hlhe d qltotonsof
lhe lo{er senotus
mosnut

FIGURE
SIUDYFORTHE
'ECrrE OF
QASCTM
1501,block chotk
'16"x 10h
[40.44 t 26.01\n]

ig-

lq

f
.

.l&'
'

).# /',t

t,

lat)ge

i l' ,r*
t'i

lvely

, is

|,.

t.
'z:

q.

,,b

lng

1 nis
)s,(F

rins,
j {J,

tre
This

onieror superor iac splne

o n i e r o rn i e o r l o c s p n e

of Form:MoleondFemole
Voriofions
Th6ls o ne drowingof ihe lemoe iorsoc.
hc
I whichlhe bosicformsol lhe figLJre
y
ole
olvcE
coled,
Figurgs
ind
been coreful
moreintereslng whenihe mosssoflhe boo,
h rs
ore onanged in opposingdireciions,
drowinglhemodelsweighlison herrightlg
Ihereforeihe pelv s h pushed'rp\dqrdon tE
ighis de of her bodylhe r b coge,whichl|16
downwqrd ond fo\dordlhe I ghl sid of ilE
tho iil of ihe pelvd
body,counterbalonces
lhe ib coge s olsoiurnedslghllylowsrdltE
models lefl side,whereoslhe pelvic oc
focesfondsrdloword lhe vie\det
lhe moss (A) represenls lhe exlerno
obllquemusce ll ls ony sllghtyseporolec
frcm lhe mossbelow ii, ihe g uleus medi-6
muscle(Bl,becouseihesei^lt formsappect
osonelorgemqsson monyfemoe modelsl^
generol,ihe musclesof lhe obdomnol 'e
glonofthe femolefiguleolemuchmoresubfrom one onolher
ile ond essdlstlnguished
ofthe mole
musces
cofiesponding
ihon ore
lgu. The llne epfesenilngihe lod of l'ne
gron (C)ls nol os cleorydefned os ll vr'oub
be in o mole fg!, Theformsoi D ond Ecb
nol pseni muscei iheyarecousedbythe
fatryllssueof the th ghs.
Ihe shopeof ihe deio d muscle(F)ls dif.
shoudels
fefeniln menihon lnwomen,lvlen3
lke
n shope,
ond
more
block
ore brooder
whereoso womon'sdeltod lssphercqloiihe
topi flbersslopegroduollydownvlardcleol_
oi ihe botlom of ihe
lng increoslngtullness
fgures,ihen pp e hiusl
n drowLngsofTnole
obo\,e the owl border ond s ghily lo the
side of the peclorolmusce. n drowngsof
femole figus, howe\t the breaslsresl di
onihe mlddle
recilyon ihe peclorolmuscles,
lhkd of ihe rlbcogerihe I b coge oreoobole
lhe breosisisequo lo ihe rib coge areobe_
ow lhem Of courselheseare closscalpro_
portions,ond e\ry mode is different, but
genero y breosisore p oced c oser to lhe
thon lo ihe obdomen
heod ond shouiders
Vlewedirom ihe fronl, npples appeor io
point oulvirrd iowqrd the sldesol the body
ne\rsiroghi io^dord.

SIIJDY
OFCIASSCAI FEfi4AIE
TORSO
AN]IRIOR,
152A-21,bt6ck chotk
'r3.10cn)
lold x 714 [25J2 \

is
,

t,
;

69

FOUR
CHAPIER

TORSO:
THE
REGION
POSTERIOR

'!

L5j
Ii
h
Dt
Il!

'I
.,J

{ll:r

r:
G

a*i
ANDFORTHEDAMNED
15*' / 1ar'dUAA1 t 24.99cnl

Simplifying
theForms
oftheBock

A s hosbeen shown,Micfrelongeohod on mode lo ioke thh lnusual pose so lhol he

Aeiiroord noryobi ly to seecomp er torms couldcorefuly copyit?ll sun/ikely
Hehadon
ci ihe body n lermsof lery simpe mosses, extensi/eunderslond
ng of the formsof ihe
\oie ihe hvo orge egglikemossesthot ore lrody lhol o lo\red him io drow the hLrrnon
creoled by the rlb coge. The heod of ihe figurefrom
oulofh sheod,wthoulomodet,in
liyng i gure smerelyndicoledol lhissfageof onyposlon n spocethofhewished.
Drowing
thedrowlng.Micheonge o obviousy \,!'onied lrom liie is\ry mpodoni,o greotiesi oi on
io eslobishthe symmelrycnd mossof the oaristsobiliv but i s no1ihe onty exerctse
iorsowithoulthe inJerruptonof lhe smoller necessory
n leorninghowio drowltrefgLrre
iorm of Jhe heod The muscesorcundlhe
Fgure drowng is noi copryingfrom o
backond sideof the ribcoge oreolsodrown mode Sfudylhe muscesso ihoi yo! know
os smol,egg ke shopes,wh ch ore porlio y wrrereeoch one comesfuorn,ond where i
embeddedno orgermoss
goesto, os wellos ls aclon. \\,b ore oble jo
Thesublleilgureol ihe uppeftettcornerof drcw inesonty by knowingihe originond
iil s drow ng suggesiso iorso seen from lhe insertonof the formsDrowingof the formsof
sde lhe ouler line (4 represents
the orge, ihe bodyccn comeonlyfTom
onewhohoso
dominonlmossoi lhe r b coge,Thedefn lve comp eie underslanding
of construcionond
nesond tonesof ihe finsheddrowng are onoiomy ProcJicedfowingihe ngurefromout
cbsenthere,olowng )oU1oobsenethe m- of yourheod,withouto modet.This son excelcodonlinilio nesol o moslerdrawing
enTV/oyio see f you reallyknowJhengure.
Do you lhnk ivichelongetoosked ihe

oftheBock
DeepMuscles

/:

It

_b$

$
I

\r.

.,

n rowinglhe bocI iso gfeol cholengebeinfluenceih

lrcouse lhree olefsof mLJscles
oppeoronce.The deepslloler consislsof
lhe ereclorspinoemuscet which orlginote
ai the socrumond lhe bock of the pelvs,or
llium,extendup the bockbone,io inserinlo
the owerlorlebroeof lhe neckregion,Erector spnoe musclesbuLgeon ethersideofthe
\eriebro spnescousng o furrow(4 down
the m ddle of the bock, ond exlend ouiw,ord
lo lhe oreo ol whichthe ribslurn ond bend
lowcrd the onlerior of the boq/,
Ereclorspinogo lhlckestin lhe oreo of
lhe lo\derbock or umborreglonlB).ihey ore
consequently
mosivlsiblelhere,whee they
on ihe surfoce
col6 iwo cy nderlikemasses
of lhe body Thgyoppeorrotherfloi in lhe r b
coge oreo becousethey don't hove rnuch
flnclion lhefe.Theirfunciionislo exiend,or
pullbockv,r'ord,
ihe lrunkof ihe bodyofb ng ii
bock oflet it hosbeen flexed,oI benl fondord.
Theyoso hove ihe imporicni ftrncllonof
helpnOtokeepihewholebodyhiheupr ghi
Ariistsoflen fer io ihe deep musclegol ihe
spne os the shongcordsof lhe bock becouseof lhe cylndedlkemosseslhey moke
on the su oce of the owr back (umboi
regon,Mlchelongelolkedto ploy up those
muscesln h s drowlngsbecouseoftholr!ry
humanfunclon ol holdlng us In ihe gcl
posliion.WhendrowlngIn lghi and shode,
the odist th nl<sof ihe \ir ues on fuo greoi
thesemosses
becomewry
ropesorcolumns,
pfomlneniwhen the mode 19corryingq
heoq/ object.

SPNAEMUSCLES
Orlgin

STIIDIES
FORADAMS
RIGHIIdEEANDINREEANGEIS
INlHECREAIION
6F ADAIVI
1511,ed dnd btockbhotk
11q." \ 7/a" [29.s3 \ 19.69cn)

jr

t:

.4

.i

tl

, '11

ondltsMuscles
TheScopulo
muscleswhch reslon dogonolyin ls uppef podon by o bony
Tlre rhombodeus
I ihe deep erectorsp noemlsc es,formNvo rdge,or spne (D)Thhbonyrdge exponds
promnenimosses
{Aond B)be /eenihe 1r,vo nlo lhe ocromon processot ihe summl of
scop! oe Theorign of ihesemuscess lhe the shouder (El
se\nlh,or lcsf,neckveriebroand thel rslfve
The suprospinclus
musce (F) s ocoied
ihorocc \debroe Thefibersof ihe rnuscles obove the bony rclge of lhe scopuo ond
Trovedownwordond ouhlcrd lo olioch to Tefmnoiesol lhe bock ol lhe upper orm oi
ihe nner,orverlebrol,borderofihe scapuloe lhe humerusundef lhe deloid nruscleThe
(C) Ihe fiombodeus musces pu ihe nfrospnolusmusce ond teres rnnor bolh
scopuoelogelher,thal s,lo$ardlhe bock foTmo rnoss(G) ocoled beow lhe bony
bone. f o mode! sho! derscre lhus pu ed riclge.Theynsertnio lhe upperorm besde
bock,lhemossof the homboicleusmusces lhe suprospnotus.Thefunclionofihesethree
oppeorcgrecty conirocled The fiombod mLrscess to pu ihe ormsbock\rsrdond lo
moss s mode up of fu/o seclons rhonr- roioieihern oufilard,owayfromihe fronloi
boideusrninoro nd rhombodeusmojor -'bui
Theorisilhinksoflhem os one moss
Theteresmolor
muscle(Hls occied beow
Thesccpua
hasmusceslhotrestontopof
nirospnolusand leresm nor I orginalesoi
1 t is o foi,lrionguar bone thol is crosse.J ihe owerporion of the scopulooncl nserls
nlo the lronl of the upperorm beneoththe
deTol:lmuscle
Theieresmolor\dorks
wlh the
teres minor.ihe infrospnoius,ond lhe s!
prospinolus
io pLrlllhe ormsbock Bli i acis
o one io roiolethe ormsinwcr.l,lowrrcllhe
lronlorlhe bo.ly.Theleresfilld (rndo othef
lormscreole.lby lhc rnus.lesof lhe scqpuc
oppear os smoI, cgg kcishopes,whichore
pcriia y cmbedde.lln the argermassolihe

SIBYI
:i-f,.S FORII]ETISYAN
''|

3 h " ( 2 3 5 t3 2 r . 2 7 c m l

n ilr s clrowingthe lighioga n comesfrom

obo\4:ofi iyou.lisreoarda thesmollforms
lor o momeni,you con visualze ihe enllre
bcickoso orgef olTenedovolrthereiso ctecI
progressonol clorkefingione from left Tc
righl Thelighl crreo(ll,the ho lfone.or groy
oreo, beh,leen lqhi ancl shocieond lhe
shodowi uslroleih sprogresson,lnmode
n-c
ndividuolsmolLlorms )ou shouclkeep ir
minclihsmovernenlof ght fto dofk.
i s importaninol oniy lo knowihe exocr
shopesof the scopuoe bul olso precisert
howondwherelo p oce thesebonesreolve
lo lhe rb coge Thescopuoe occupyihe
upperholfof the rlb coge,ond ihe d sionce
belweenihem isequoliolhelengihoi oneo.

...'

-.')

.a-j

J"
::

gol movemeni.Whenihe shoLrlders

onc
armsore ihrownfoMord,the scopuloedrau
owsy lrom eoch olhe| when lhe sho! defs
ore pulledbock,lhescopuoeore drownic
word eoch oiher When ihe orm is roisec
higherlhonihe sho!det ihe scopuo rolote:
lronra \,eriicoto a horizonioposton on ihe
b coge Thekeylo delermn ng lhe posi or
oflhe sccpLrlo
whendrowng o f gurewlh cf
ormro sedoboveihe shoulder
islo ookot ihe
direclionolthe orm:1hescopulocnd ormw

-----t.

&

rHERI-]OMBOIDEUS
MIJSCIE

c rnree ol lhese musces

luberosityol lhe hlmefls

75

TheTtopezius
Muscie
o.- o.--e oo-.
ncnsvory occord ng lo lhe parlofihe nLrsc:
T
I
:e e
, P ' - . o - , . r _ 5 liol s ocivcied f bolh shouders ore i!e:
:::'!: an t.e backof ihe neck,shouder the ibers ocoEd lhere wi pul ihe he::

/:t
lri

76

1D'i t1r3/ . ,.6/.nl

,

:_: -33er back regon lls nner borcler ex':_:. n:n'ire bock
oflhe slul tothe osi or
-..eJ: ro veriebro
l C ) T n e t r o p e z r . rhs a s
ren.l noLrsslreeioreoson l, wh ch oppeoras
s ght depressonson ihe s!fface oithe body
Tne erlent oi Thesedepressonsdepends on
The erTenToi muscu/ordeveopment ol the
iro.le One afeo of ten.lon sheei s loccied
orouridiha lwelflhlhorac cverl,.bro oTlheI p
of the ia oiiheTropezus musce (C) Anolr]er
o r e o s o c a i e . lo l t h e s p i n eo f i l r e s c a p r a o n
ThesLrmmiof the sho! cer (D),on.] ihe lhrr.l
.ireo nrrr()rn.ls lhe promirn|l 5ev,ariihcer
v (! !erT,-br.ron llE b(r.rkoi the r--ck (L).I hrs
o s Ta r c o i . r a r | o n d s h o p o . lo r . l s I o n s l
by th. trrfi:r rErg ns ol iho ltupezus ni!s. -8.rtrrLr,atlre iropcriLrsr|Lr5ce 5 ior!1,-on.l
riints nio s.rvcr.rl.rrrrrsotth,o bock, ts nrnc

back, b,LJif ony one sde is oclivolec -..

heodwi be pLr ed down io il-rcl sho! cler -lowerf bresolTheia of iheiraoez u3clrcn --:
s h o i r d e Tos o w n T h em d d l e f b e s o e . :
Thescop! ae drowihe shouce6lowara : _=
o n o t | r e rf l h e h e o c l s f x e d ,i i r e f b e r so ' ' _ :
T r a p e z u si r i l r e n e c k o n c l s h o ! c l e r r e e : 'lb.lfow

lhe mLrsces ollhe back lo g !e _.:

e i f e d o f a l h r e e d m e n so n c i g u r e , y o !- ! :
fo conTfo Thc\,1]!$ ori the m|rsclesDi :=
w h c i r l o r m so r , ar ] i h e i g h T . w h i cchl e r . : :
T o r r eo.r l l w i r c h o r e n s h o d o \ rS k e k r h. " :
url{resol ihe orgcsl nrosseslr5t Thenso:.
the edllc bolw.iexrlhe I and sho.lc.i rir::
To rouril oli The lorms Ony geonr :
sli.rpes s|rch .rs lr .Lrbc lrov.r $urp ec! :
wfoG on,- profe nrccls.xjoTfr(j

9 ) Ulal

(lreLr)
orqstra^
tD, ^rtrqlt

+uuDot l.!
orqafe qr q1zieL{ ol
uoq r4ao.o tri
! brO

snzlnvuJHl
ltcsnDt

n t:i!'|h.
sao

{"'

suo

Dorsi
lotissimus

TNE
LAT
SSN4US
DORSI
MUSCTE
org n:

/f, nothersuperfrciomuscleot lhe bocL s

tillhe loiissmusdorsi.Alonq
wilhlhe bockoi
lhe shoulders
ond a srnolllrlonguloroa of
ihe musclesoflhe scopuo region,ihe iorms
that rnoke up the surfoceof lhe back orei
iropeziL$
ondthelwo holvesof afssimusdors
[Aand B).ihishuge,symmeircol musc]eorigi
nales oi lhe pe vis and socrum,exiendsup
ward overjhe lurnbofregion,lhe lowersix
poirs of rbs, ond the lo^,rportionof the
sccpuloos it exlendsollwqrd io lhe ompl,
lhere loiisslmlsdorsi nseris,olong wiih the
leresmojot intothe fronlof lhe hlmerus,lust
below ls heod Thelowerport on of thisrnuscle,allhe socrum,pelvis,ond lo\derbock,is
justo lhln lendnoussheei.Beneoihthisihln
sh6ef,lheunderlyngeclor spinoemuscles
(C)showcleorlyon the surfoceofthe figlle ln
ths drawlng,
Short,holched lnes(D)ndicoiewhereihe
musclefberc'ofloiisslmus
dorslorsefrornihe
lendon sheei n the lo\rerbock Theselinet
exlendlrom the higheslpo nl of the pe vls,
LJp\rgrdond lnv,'ordtoMr'ordthe bockbone,
Theupperboderoflhismlscle{E),whlch
runs
horizontally
over lhe deeper icrms of ihe
bock oi,the le\l of lhe sxth r b veriebroof ihe
bockbone, posseso!r iho lowErpofllon of
the scopua ond ihusholdsll downon ihe rlb
coge Thelroni bofderof the otsslmus
dorsl
(D extendsdownv,ord fforn lh6 ormpll ond
clrves oroundio the bock of lhe rb coge,
creoilngo beouiifulIne on ihe fgufe,
Lqtssimus
do|simokegll possibleto owr
lhe rclsedorm ond pu it back wlh fofce. I
showshef cleody in such movemenlsos
ployng gol swmrning,choppng wood,of
p! lingono rope.lenob eslhe enllrebodylo
be puled upvr'ordond fonr/ordwh-cr)ihe
ormsore in o flxedposlllon,
Aciionsthal por
lcularly depend on ths muscleore rope
climbingond workon a horzonlolbor
Thehohsof the oiissimus
dors ond ihe l
-nderlyng rio coge s-ggesl'he shopesot
lMr'olorge \^icfermeons, To ploce lighl and
shodeon suchdominoniformsin Wlr drowing,lllshelpfuliovlsuolize,
or elen ic indicoie
on ihe paper on orror showingihe direciion
iromwhichlhe lighiiscomng.ThoiwllleslobI shihe diect on of lhe mo\menl of lighi lo
dorkocrossihe flgue. ll willolsope\nt the
ighl fromjumpingto hil formsfromdlfferenl
direclions,
lhuslendingto destroyihe I unit In
renderingmojorforms
il solsohelptuio runo
I ne down ihe formsto seporoJethe light oleo
fiomthe shodoworea.Theholtlpneoreofo ls
alonglhol line.

'.--\

..-

lu. tZ LZ x t6 tZJ"%9 r, r r rloqr reDlqpuo per'rtg, lOnNdol Sl onls

u ^t
o+l
epct

-lod !

"

ollpc
so q

...t.:

/l*::'"'-'

*.

'e6o
puo
q!
eqlt
eL l
'q4e
seul

,,,,.

utL.t
st')p
Fnl'
tdur
aL{ t
-6fo
sro

s lc

lheBockwithLighlqndShode
Modeling

7!. t 101/t[19.69\ 2572 cn)

Lolmuscles
lhoi cover sheetoi ihe lalissimLrs
dorsi The mossbeT..i$r. orqesuperfic
I m.J cf ihe bock lolissimus
dors ond lro tuenihe bo1lomof lhe rbcoge ondlhelop
Deziis. ore relotivelylhin folher ike o of lhe pevh is represenledby lhe externol
cookei ond o thereforeinfuenced by oblique(ll.
lie tormsof lhe deeper Lrnderlyjng
muscles As lhey ore shownon onoiomlcolchodrs,
Lnltr sdrowingihemossofihe bock(AJobo\ ihee o no linesona modelSbockseporot,
ihe spineol ihe scopulois forrnedby ihe ing musclemosses.
Theformsoi the bock in
lropeziusond lhe underyingsuprospinolus.o finshed drowing ore dep cied by smol
The1r^omosses
betweenthescopu
in lghtond shode,wh ch orepadolly
oe (Bond mosses
C) ore lomed by lhe rhomboideus
ond lra- embedded n lhe greol mossof lhe bock
peziusmuscesA smollrnoss
belowlhesplne lseI lrnemberlhotdark nlhe ghl oi\4oys
of lhe scoplo (D) is caused by th-. n- oppeordorkerlhontheyreollyorc.Thesome
frospnotusmusce.liismosiimporlonlionoie oppliesfor relecied lighl ln shodow lhe
thot ihe infrospnofus
inlerockswilh,or tres lghls ov/oysoppeor ghterihon theyore.lf
possesonto,lhe mossof lhe deltoidmusce l1cufo lowo simpe rue,lhe vo ues),ouuseio
(E).The owr end of ihe scopuloond the shodelhe bock w be moredynomc and
orrlyng leres mojor form o smoll egg occurole Whenmodelinglhe ightoreosol
shopedmoss(F)Theies major is locoied tour flgurc,mokethe dorksLghterihon they
d recly on the iop borderof lhe lolssmus oppeor lo you, ond when working n the
dorsi(GJThegreol coumngof lhe ereclor shodoworeos,moke lhe ighlsdorkerlhon
splnoe [H) ore v]sibleihroughthe lenclon meyoppeorrc you

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lheBody
Gidle:Boloncing
ThePelvic
Thee ore tuvosf,eelo grdleson lhe body,
I ihe shouder qifdleond lhe pevic girdle
Thefuncton of ihe shoulderg rdle s mob lilY
Onlys ghllyollachedlo lhe restof ihe ske'
eion, 1 olfordslhe upper lmbs lreedomoi
Thefunclionol ihe pelvc g rd e s stoblily
aswellos ocomoion oflhe owerlimbsThe
lwo orge ho\es of the pelvs (meonng
''basinl ole limly olloched n bock to the
socrum,ond in l|onllhe hvopubc bonesore
frmly connectedlo eoch other Thepelvs,
which sts on iop of lhe heodsol lhe luo
lhghbones.or l6murs,hods up Thebock-

C C IDLE
IHE PELV

Theonlyporlsof lhe pevislhot o vsible

on the bock ore ihe pevic,or ilac, cresl(4
ond lhe sacrum(B).Theos socrumCsocred
co ed, \doslhe
bonel, os t wossomelimes
bone ofleredup lo the gods n socriiceby
early rnon ll i5 ociuoly fve !rtebroeihol
ho\,osslied,or iusedlogeiherio iorm one
lfionguor-shopedbone,Thesocrumisnollot
but cufis ouhv]rd (con\x)from iop lo bol
tom.On is boseond nd coiing ls widlhore
the posieriorpevic,or ilcc, spines(Cond Dl,
whichoppeor on ihe surfcceof the body os
andmorkd mpes.Theselondmorksole fat
therqpcrrtonwomenlhan on men becalse
the femolesocrumond pe visorewiderthon
ihoseofihe mo e. Theseiv/opo nls,logeiher
wlh lhe po ntlhatindcoleslhe bofiomof ihe
formo usefuconslrucion lr ongle
socrum(E),
for clorlyingthe posilionof ihe pelvs ln ony
g\n pose.A line TLrnning
ihroughpo nis (C
ond D)wouldindcofe ihe iill of lhe pevis.
Eelowlhe socrumore lhe four verysmol
bonesthoi represenio ihoi remoinsof lhe
veriebroeihotformlhe humontoi, or cocc\,l.
The coccll s nol reo y of nteresllo orlsts
becoLrseli cur\s lnder ond betuvnihe
lv/o bullocksand does nol oppeor on lhe
surfoceof ihe fgure.
lhe posilionof the pevh delermineslhe
o\r'eroI pose of the figure Lfihe model is rcsl_
ng herwelghlon
one eg,lherghi eg jnlhis
drowing,lhepelvsisplshed Lrpon lhe rghi
sdeond dropsoweron the opposilesideA
lhe smollerformsrnustbe correspgfldingy
liled To mointain ihe modelis boonce
ogoinslthepu ofgroviv,lheshouden coLrn
lerocl lhe d reci on ol lhe pelvis by tilt ng n
lhe opposiledlreclonjthot s, ii ihe pevis s
h gher on the rght sde,lhe shoulderw lle
hgher on ihe eft side

SIUDYOF CIASSICALFEN'IA[!FOQM
101h , 71h 125.72 t. 19.45 ml

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CLJTEUS
'.1l.ir,,'lLls
l\'luscLE

The qutelrsmo/mus[A] ihe orgeslond

I th clesl musce of lhe bodv formsihebul
lock ll ariseslrom
the bockfourlhoflhe i ac
creslihe sccrum,ondthe cocc)r(Soflreof ils
fberslerminolen sheeisoff bers,orfoscio,on
lhe th gh; oihers nsed nio lhe bock of the
shofi oi ihe femur lusi beow The greoTer
trochanier(Bl,o orge,squoreprojecTion
of
lhe femur ocoied jlsi beow is heod ond
neck Dependng on ihe conirocion of exponsonollhe g Lrleomuscesoroundii,ihe
grealerlrcchoni-.ro ppeorson lhe sudoceof
lhe b,odyasa c ndmcrkdepresson or pfoieclon.Whenlhemode slondspedecly stroghl
wth weghiequa y dslrbutedon bolh egs,
ihe greaierlrochonlersore eve Howe\r
when the weghi is ploced on one eg, ihe
grcotertrochonierof the slonclnOeg slhru$
oui ond oppeorsas o proieclonon lhe sur
reloxecleg on The
loce Thelrochonleroflhe
opposlesde appeorsoso depresson
ThegluieLrs
moxmus s bock ke in shope,
bll the foi ihol occursorj Ts ower border
solTe.is
lhe shapelhereand creolesthe g u
1eo loLd(C) Nollcehow MicheLongeohqs
manp'r olecl lne n lhs oreo of lhe drownO
io nclcaie lhe unclerpane of lhe q uleLrs
moxmls ol ilslunclurewThthe Thigh
Theg {rleusnroxr'n!sexiencls
lhe f execl,or
bent,thsh,thot s,pu s I bdck rlo ne wih
the lrlnk More rnporlonl,ii monlons lhe
body,whoserrlnk wo!d olherwiseir for
vlqrdol lhe hip jo nl, n on Lrprghtposion
LongbeloreDorwf\ lheoryof evolufon,Ars
iolle coled ihe giuleusrnoxinuslhe mosi
ng mlscleofmonDurngiheevo
dhilngLrsh
(rionoryprocessilssze ncreosecl,
ond iwos
for ihe roiolon of ihe
ui rnoleLyresponsrbe
pevs iroma horzonioio o veriico posiion
HerelVchelongelohos ceory inclcoied
ihe lbers ol the gllieLrsmcximusinserlng
behreenlhe homstrng moss(Dlatlhe bock
exTurnus
musce lEl
ofihelhlghondlhevoslus

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FIVE
CHAPTER

LIMB
UPPER
THE

SI!D FSFORINE5 SJNECEIING

VARIOUS
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-oi {. sloeL! eu]DusIJelcsnu soeoq eL.lI
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p ol6p eq+jo s6q I eq1 o ndocseql ]o eu ds
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pro \roJpeqsndueoq soq+oqlLrroloJo
uoFnleqlolsppo 6u !apo!! Buorlsql edDLls
locueqdsqpolpp et]llol sluno3roqc q^\lep
lnoqs eql lo lu olF)lros puo- Dqeql sre oc
puo punoro sdo} pro+opaq+ ,o uopod
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TheRelotionship
oftheFomsoffheAm tofie scopulo

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Ll ere s onothermogntfcer]tsiudyor the

I I fe ofonsh/pbehtuen
the musceson lhe
bock oi the orm ond on the scopLrlolhe
smollegg ke mosson the owerend of ihe
scopuo is ihe teresmajor muscte(Al.The
rnossobove I oi B s rnode up of ihe inlrospnolugmuscleond the ieresminormuscle.Secouseofthe bockvcrdposiiionof the
orm,you con notce lhoi ihesefofmsof the
upperbockorebulglngn o sioieof conlroc
iion.Resing overlhe lop of the shouder ond
receivng o lot oi ght isthe lropeziusmuscle
{Cl.Theseparotionof the tropezus and ihe
deliod muscleis indlcoiedby o chonge in
Thedireciionof lhe lineol D Doube curves(E
and D deine lhe shapeof lhe deto d
Inih s beniposiiionof lhe ormlhe formson
ThebockondlnsideofiheormoreVtsib
e,The
exiernolheod [G],ihe nterno heod (H),ond
the ong heod of ihe lriceps(t)orea tcteorly
seporoTedfrom lhe lower border of ihe de lold.the commoniendon (J tiesabovethe
poiniofihe elbow(l()lo lhe lnsideofthe point
of lhe elbowis the inner owerend,or con
dyle,of lhe humerus(L),wh ch formso prom
nem iondmark
lhe abilly of the scopuoe lo mo! on jhe
rb coge ]sextensive.
Thuslhe shopesof mus
clesin lhisoo wllllorygreollyoccordln'glo
ihe poseoi ihe modet.

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TheMuscles
oflheRoised
Arm
/l n e\ce ent way to obsetuelhe r! ll of on
Flort slisin lire dfowinqoflhe fo sedorm. n
th s areo ihere ofe ihree musclesthoi orig,
noTelrom ihe corocoid processof ihe
scopulo.The ftrslrs lhe peclorolismino[ o
smallmusce lhot scoveredbythe pecloro s
mojorondgenefolydoesfoloppeoron lhe
surfoceoi ihe body lhe second s ihe shori
heod ol lhe biceps.lhe third is the coF
ocobrocholismuscle,whichoppeorson lhe
nsideofthe ormwhenlhe orm sroisedtiihos
lhereiorebeen coled ihe brucfixon mus
cle" SmoI and sienderil s visibeoiA. lt exlendsupuordfromlhe ormptond nserhinio
Theupperorm oboui hal6,\oyup the shafiof
lhe humerusbeiweenlhe bceps (B)ondthe
ong heod of lhe lrlceps (C) The corocobrochios musce is on adduclorof the
orm;tholh,il pu sihe armlo\rsrdthe sde of

CORACOSRACI]IALS
MUSCLE

Orqin

Aso visbe ln ths drowng s the ntefno

heod of ihe triceps(D),lhelnnercondye of
lhe humerus(E),the smollmossof ihe ieres
mojor(F),oncllhemossollhe loiissimus
dorsi
(G).Theleresmojorond ihe oissimusdorsl
exlendfromthe bockoflhefigureandpcssn
froniof ihe longheod of the fceps io iermi,
nate n ihe froni01lheshofiof ih humerus.
Theolssimus
dorcifofrns
the backiop oi the
ormpt wh e the peciorolsmolor (H)forms
lhe ffonlilop.
Mlcheangelomode mony siudiesof ihe
foisedorm,Hedd soaso wayof knowingthe
forms lr1this oreo and how ihey chonge
shopens ghty ditferentposilions.
Theorigns
ond insgriions
of ihe musclesinlol\ed in ihe
roisedorm moy presento chollengeat frsl,
buiwiihsludyloushouldbe oblelo drowthis
complicoiedoreo of lhe fgure wilhoulony
dificu1yol o/1.

TheMuscles
ondBones
oftheFoleotm
N

Thes!eleton orlhe foreofmsdrownhere n

I lhe posilionof dernipronoJion
lhoi s,wrlh
lhe pa m of lhe hand iurned holtutqybeh{een pronoton,or ioc ng downwcrd,ond
supinolon,or foc ng upwsrd,Whenihe hond
s in supinolon,the hvobonesofthe foreorm
ondlhe muscesoi ihe foreormlienexllo one
onolhetBLrlin
pronoiion,lherodiusrololes,or
crosses,
o\r 1h6ulna,and lhe mlscleso so
crossTheforeormthen chongesfrcm a flot
bockke moss to become cylindricolin
shope In dempronolion,lhe lv!4,bones
lhe rodus(L),on lhe thumbsde of lhe foreorm, ond lhe ulna (lvll,on ihe liiileJnger
sde ond lhe foreorrnmuscesore in o pos
Tonwheretheyore beginnng lo crosslhem
At ihe elbow ihe iop of lhe u no jo nsihe
bollom of lhe humerus(N)os o hingejotnt
which permls flexlon(bending)ond exlenson (stroighlen
ng)oflheforeormon iheorm.
Thetop or heod,ol the rodluslol s shoped
likeo horzonloldsc,whlch shollo\redoulon
lop Thisholowed-ouidisc fis up ogo nsl o
bo l-likeshope,ihecopilu urn,on lhe boltom
of ihe humerus,
on wh ch tsp ns Thespinnlng
moton oflhe d sccousesthe rodiustoroiole
oroundlhe u natlhe polm oflhe hondisthus
lurned downv/ord ond upv/ord through
mo!menisof pronolonond supernolon
Theprojecton of bone oi P represenh
ihe
ponl oflhe elbowor olecronon.Thepfoleclon of bone on lhe rodiusbelowlhe heodoi
Q isihe b cipiialiuberosi\/11owhichihe i-^ndon ofihe bceps s olloched
Thereoree ghlbones nihewrisi(R)liis noi
necessory
io drow a I eighl wfhl or carpus,
boneswhenyoudfowtheorm,butii is mpor,
toni lo indicolethe mossor shopelhot lhey
creolebetu/eenihe fofeormond lhe hond
Fromthe iop of ih-. om lo the ilngersihe
sectionsof lhe orm become progressve
y
shorlerond nofiower.The foreorm s ihe
englh of lhe upper orm essone-fifih.The
hond equos ihe lenglhof lhe foreormless
one lfth Themassoilhewrisisiwce aswide
os t is ong, ond lhe meioco.polbones(S),
whichfomlhe bodyofihe hond,oreirce os
long as lhe wlsi. Thelineof the knuckles(Tl
mokslhe meelingofihe melacorpolbones
ond ihe lirslof lhree sectionsof phoonges,
Jhe bones of lhe ingels. Thh mporlont
junciure is m dv/oy betuveenlhe lop oJ the
wrslandihe endsoflhe fngers.Thelengihof
lhefngersole roughy equollo lhe w si ond
On the onoiomcol orm on lhe lefi o ffol

bll lls

On

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pro\\u^\op splelxe t3J rosuale eq+stuoaro, aql ro )poq eq+uo
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orq s[Dlpo]drDarosuolxa
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:g)sn6uolslopor d]oorosuelxero'puoqpuD lo dol eql lD Dun oql Joluo-Ueq.llo se.louurel
eq+]o rosuaFetDporOlot eql ero sac puo snraurnL]eql Jo jlor.l laro luor] eL.lllo
+sr,^^
-snurrnoleql puoqpuolslr^\or.llolulsuopuel sepu 6fo slo qco4 eqt (C)sdec4 eq+puD
oulpuespro/qurop spuelxepuo snreLunLlM sdoctqeql uea teq etqBr\s ()srotqcorq
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ondThumb
0ftheFoleorm
Ihe Muscles
:'

,'

,4

ARMSIUDIES
FORIHFIORD
ANDSILIO]ES
FORANGETS
ONOFADAM
INIHECREAT
tud ohd blo.k chdlk
1511,
eqd x 11'(21,27t 27.94q)

Ll ere ore o seresof siudlesof ihe orm ln

I ldiihrofl posilions ond direciofs in
spoce Theorm o1A s seporaiedfrcm ihe
bockg.oundby a bold line,whichdefnesils
form Thereore some fu/enly muscles n tho
foreorm,bulin frguredrowinglheseiormsore
mossedntolhreegroups lhe llexormuscles
as one group Theerensor mlsclesos on
olhet ond lhe longsupnoloros o lhkd moss
of lhe foreormArnoslolof lhese musces
o glnolefrom lhe condylesol the humerus
ond ofioch io the bonesol ihe wrhl ond
hond. Becouselhe musciesbecome tendinousobout hoif\4oydown lhe foreorm,ihe
conlour ol the am chonges.The egglke
shape of the lpper holf of lhe foleam h
cousedbylhe fieshytbersofthe
muscesilhe
blocklke shopeof lhe lo\irerholf sformedby
the iendonsond ihe fu/obones lhe rodus
ond u no of ihe foreorm.
lhe fexor muscles(B),on the fronl of lhe
foreorm,orginoielromihe innercondye of
thehumerusondconslsiof
fourrnuscleslhe

plonolorlerestthe ieror of ihe wrsl on ihe

rodius,or fexor corp rod olisiihe pomors
ongus;ond the llexorof ihe wdsion'iheulno,
or fexor corpl ulnors The pronolorteres,
which ierm noles ho fi\oy down ihe ouief
bords of the rodius,is one ol the musces
respons
ble for the roioiionolmo\,emeniof
lhe foreorm,wrlslond hond li controcls,ro
loing (cfossngllhe rodluso\er lhe uno,
wh ch ploceslhehondpo m down[srd (pro
noion) The olher three supericlolfexo6,
whlch inserlinlo lhe undersde of the wrlst
ond hond,ole responsible
for bendinglflex
ngl the wrsl ond hond fotu'ord,iowqrdihe
fronl ol the foearm.
Beneoththesefour supedcio flexolslso
deeperflexormusce,lhe llexordigtorumsupefiiciols I s vsibleony where is lendons
oppeoron the wflstbehdeenlhetendonsof
lhe mo superficol iexors.Deeporsii ond
not visibe on the surfoces the llexordgiorumprofundus,d
reclyunderiheflexdidgiiorumsuperfciols,the powerfL{l
lendonsof

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stcltodropnpqo rc 'qu]nqleql Jo lopnpqo eql ro fcoq eLll uo selcsnL!rcsueue eql
6uol eq+3n6uolslcrod losueye to 'qLUnL+
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TheMuscles
oftheHond

,J

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Y.

'i.

MUSCLES
OF THEHAND

ono opposooe mLrsc

es

n n lhe su'foceotlhe polm ofe1l!omLrscle

\rqfoups. Themossundef the thumb,the
thenormoss(4 n M che onge ot drowingof
the handolihetop ofihe poge,ismode up
ofthe muscesofthe lhumb Thereorefourof
them an odductoror adductorpo icisian
obductotor obductorpo lics brevs;o short
fexot or flexorpol cis brevs;ond o musce,
opponenspo icis,which rfakeslhe thumb
workln opposilionlo lhe fngers,Underlhe
lllle fingerore the hypolhenormuscles(B),
whichcontroithe lilllelinger
Onthefronlof theforeorm,
wherethe hond
meehihew sf,orelhecoses,orwr nkes,of
the skinco ed w sl brocelels,
C in the drcwng to the r ght Theyoremosivslblewhgnihe
hondond wrisiore pulledtowardihe frontof
lhe foreom. The oreo on the po m of the
hond,befiveenihe ihenarond hypolhenor
(D) n the top drowing,s formedby
mosses,
lhe podding,whichpfolecislhe hond,Asthe
sklnon lhe hondfoldsoverlhe Jonls,w nkes
ore formedon ihe po m these nesofe occenilaled by ariisislo express
form,
the bockofthe hond,in lhe r ghlCrossing
hand drowng, ond extendng loward lhe
ihumb,islhe tendonof ihe ong extensor
of
ihe thLrmb(E).On lho ouhldeborderof ihe
wdsiorethelv"otendon9of tho shorloxiensor
ond ihe ong abduclorof tho ihumb.on ihe
surlociheseformsoppeorosonelorgeiendon (F)Belweentheselostlv/oiendonsand
lhe iefdon ot the long exlensoro depfesslon
(Gl called ihe "onatomcalsnutlbox"is apporeniwherithe lhumb s pulledbocku/,ord.
At one tme, men snffed lobocco ffom thls
Thekeylo drowinghondswe s o com
p ele understond
ng of lhe skeleiostructure
ond oi ihe n-oshy
formsihol fi t oul.Youneed
nol leorn e\,erysmollmusclebul only ihe
musciegroups,
lhe shopeslhoiorcos
ol lhe ormossumen
posilions
foreshorlened
ore cleodydepicled
n ihe lowefdrowingTheseclionsof lhe orm
shouldb-. visuoizedos cylinderspoced n
fronlol one onolherTheconiour ne usedfor
the rightormot H s ocluolyo serlesofsmo ,
cund, o\erloppng nesthot indicotethoi
lhe deioid moss{l sin fronloflheupperorm
moss(Jlond lhollhe uppercrm isin fronlof
the foreorm (K
The lell orrn n lhe lowerdrowlngot L is
exlremelyforcshorlened,Theseclionsof lhe
ormoppeoroso\l3soregglikefoms p ocod
one in frcntof onolher

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SIX
CHAPTER

THELOWER
LIMB

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STUDIES
ANDSKETCHES
FORITELAST
J]JOGEMENI
1534.35,block chalk
11' t 161/.i
127.94' 4191ch)

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ao spsnlueql uot+lsod
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tculstp
ieql jo ouos esol sdor|ponb eL.+'tueq s
SJoeqaqlueq^ d q eqlploql lurolpuoces
o sessorcll puo sned eq+ uo dn sr ur6ro
sf esnooeq^poq eq1to lun4 eul ot q6 L.lleql
6uxeuJouotpurytolo$tppoeq+soqqrourq
snpaj eL.ll '6e le,4o eql Jo loFlelxe eLll
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lo luorleqt uo sepsnuieqll6q+e6o{buLlcv
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deep sl 'snlpeurulel
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-ul sruso dnor6 qql ]o elcsnu q+rnoleql
oelo eeu)leql oNt Atonporose^rncqqq,r
'snureyesnFo eql Joul lno+uocle+noelll
seop uoql |e e )a\ol o +opuo ilploq eror,!
eeq eql lo do+ eq+ o+lJler'Jncol sloeddo
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eq+LJoe csnur+sr] eqi qeour ll 6laqj!\ )cDq
eq+ol lolDrooslJnl
eq+ol prJoSllouJqsn+cer
eqlro.luoteLl{o{punorospue86
I ereq/v\'oet
eql 'O O6pele+noeql o+ul
I UOpUelUOLT.TLUOC
Eiosll puD leNor]corl le+Der66ql lo Luolloq
eql rDou1nL!e,eql Jo uoqsaq+p loo leq
-dn eq+uot sostro
I qOql eql ]o ep s+noeq+
uo papco sl tcj epsnLusnulelxesnFo^aq_L
lJ) o q$ eqt]o atcreqnlro'tupdoltFaq eq+
olutpesulol lJlol eaui aql ouFsoralueuots|
ollepd eq so pro. u,rop senu&oc uopue+
!o!!L!oc 6ql aeq eq+lo luorl oql s+colord
'colns xe^uoJo q+r ron6uol4^qonod
tr
'uopuel qql ut peppqure q 'otlalod ro
'(gldocaDieqt dnorostr{p sepsnlueql o
o] uouruloc s Llcll/r sloluel soecrrponoeq+
lo uopuel uoururoc orll lo ool eql o+uleeLil
o selouur,|elpuo
oql e oqo eclolqp lroL.ls
s|^edoqljo eups30 llle^ oleq+uroj uopuel
6uo4sD sDselDuloloI ssoureql p uol+rod
elppllu eql saldncco M sroLirejsnlcerql
'snlpeLUrapl
sqso eL.llpLroSnureNl
snFo^aL.ll'slroual
srucer
srusDeql'snure+xa
eql sepsnu rnol lo dn epoLusl I sroure,
sdel ponb oL+pelloJseJsnurrosualan
oll Jotuo4 eql ulli'
lo ssolue6roto srL.t6rql

q6tqloqlP luotl otll

ThotMovetheThigh
TheMuscles

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..{,... ..-. .

.i
aqd t 1th' (212J x 28.26cn)

nnlhe nsideofiheuppefporloflhelhgh
ry s o lfionqulof-shoped
moss[A].Theodduclormosso g natesal the pelvsond terminotesin the innersde of the shoftol lhe
femurlhe ower porlionof lhis mosss cov
eredby lhe quodrcepsfemorsmlsclesThe
odductormosss boundfromobove by lhe
iold oflhe groinond lhe obdominolmuscle
Theodduclorspu I lhe lh gh bocklo\4ordlhe
body fromo poslon of obduclon, n which
the ihigh s oMr'oy
fromthe body.
l^r'oolherimportontsma
Iermuscles
onthe
lh gh ore lhe lensorfoscioeloloe ond lhe
sarlorus.Thetensorfoscioelqtoe (C),whjch
orignolesprincipollyoiihepelvc po ni (Bl,or
onlerorsupeToT
ioc spne,oppearsas o
smol mass jusi in fronl of lhe greoier
irochanier ol ihe femur Jusl below ihe
greolerlrochonietlhe musce exlendsinlo
the oiibol bond (D),o longbondol f berson
lhe oulsideollheth gh ca led ihe toscioala
Ths band possesoverand holdsdown the
vosiusexternus.
Crossngthe outsde of the
kneeloint,the bond lerminolesoi lhe ouier
condye of the libo Generollylhe iolblol
bond s noivslbleon lhe oLriside
ofthelh gh,
bul when ihe lensormuscleconlrocls,the
i oiibol bond couseso s ghi ridge on ihe
ouisideof lhe kneeond o \ryshoilowOroovg
on ihe wsiusexiernusmuscle
Thesodorusmuscle(9 o so orignaiesoi
the anleriorsuperior oc spne. ll exlends
down\tordocfossihe insde ofihelhigh ond
sweepsorcundlo ihe nnersde otthe knee,
whereiiierminates
neartheupperparioflhe
innefsurfoceof ihe ibo,lhe sorlo us s only
obouf /o fingerswde, but ii h lhe longest
musceofihe body tspirohdownthe nsld-.
of ihe ihgh n o beauiful c!r\, lhoi sepo
rai,,.s
lhe quodrcepson lhe lronlol lhe lhigh
ffomlhe odduciormosson the insdeof ihe
ihgh. Thesodoriuss knownos the 'io or's
muscle"becouse in the posi lallors soi
crcsseggedon top of Iorg\dorktab6s. In
that postion the sortoriusis cloory conThesortorilsmusce ond th6tensorfoscioo
lotoeworkogoinsieoch other ihetefsor rololesih-oeg nwsrd,towordlhe body {medi
o y),ond lhe sododusrololesitoLrluord,o\roy
fromthe body (lateroy).Whenboih muscles
acJtogetherihey help lilithe thigh Lrp\eord,

I
i

.t :,
!'\.1

! 610

Muscles
TheHomstring
n the bock of the th gh s the homsfing
moss,or posleror femorol musces,A n

'.\I

OF A SIRAGHTIEG
T\^/OSIUDIES
ANOTNE8,ACK
fAOM THE NSIDE
1 1 ' 3 [ 2 1 C 4 ' 2 0 . 3 2c h )

ihe right-honddrawng,wh ch ismode up of

threemusclesthe bicepslemors,the sem
tendinosus,
ond lhe semmembronosus
Ths
rnossof flexormuscesorignaieson the bock
of lhe pevs, or ihe heelof lhe schum,be'
neolh the g uleusmoximus(B)Thenro ten'
dons of ihe homslrngmuscesbronch oul
ocrosslhe bock ot the knee The nner
homstrnstendon (c) crcsses
the kneeond
nserisnto ihe nsideedge of lhe lbia jusl
beow lhe knee Theolier homslaing
lendon
(D)crosses
the outsdeof the kneejoni ond
nserlsniolhe heodoflhe fbLrlo.n ls enl rely
the homslrng mossisshcpedverymuchlike
o foolbo tsfuncton islo bencllhe knee,ihls
fex ng the ower eg on lhe thigh.
Thedrowng on lhe efl provdeson exce
lenlopporlunlyio observethe sp ro quo t
of the sortodusmusce (E).lt olsoshowsthe
sroc is (Fl,on oddlcior muscleocoled di
recty beh ndthe soriorus.Thegroc ls(meon'
ns sendef' ln tatinl orsesfrom ihe ower
porloflhepeLvs,
ola pointneorihemeelng
of ihe lvlo plbc bones Ths musce,wh ch
clelinesThe nsideconlourot ihe ihgh, exlendsdownlvordr
olonOwiththesoriorius
ond
ihe nnerhamslrinslendon t nsertsnto the
innersurloceofihe tbia ot o po ntltrstbe ow
the knee ThetendonsofiheselhreemLrscles
sweeporoLrnd
the insdeoJthe kne6,whore
ihey{ormlhespircmossknownosihe goose
foor tcl
Becouselhe homstrngtendonsore !ry
shorl,I is dffcul io lfl the thgh when ihe
knee s unbenJ. I the knee bends, the
homstng tendonsore releosedond iththen
eosyio ro sethe thightowordthe trunk.Tryitl
n theseonotomco drowngsof the leg,
M che ongeloco refulydel neoiedihe forms
Whendfowng frorn fe, howe\r,he dld nol
seeor drowmonyof the musces ndivduc yl
nsleodhe dw them os mossesln o ile
drowng,ihe hamstringmosswouldoppeor
on lhe backofihe ihighnotosthreemusces
bli os one moss n the rshl-honddrowng
nol ce the line(H)runnng \ri co y downihe
cenleroflhehomsftngs,This
seporolion
does
nol exlslon mosimodes lJ /o or moremusces ho\,elhe somefunction,the sepcrotion
behleenlhe muscesw noibe ndicoledol
c in o drowng or wi be ndicotedony
slghiy by nes or shodng. li i\ro or more
muscleshovediffentJunctons,lhe
seporo
I on betu/eenthem w / be ind caled by strong
inesor shodng,

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I

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u!6!o

ol lhelhighto thePelvis
Ihe Relofionship
I rrthisdrowingyoucon cleoryobse^the
of lhe lhigh to
I reoiionshp ol lhe muscLes
lhe muscesol lhe pelvc oreos.Theextenlof
lho lensorfoscioeloloe (Alfrom ihe pelvc
po nl (B)downwsrdond boclolqrd to lhe ouie.Ihe exierno
sideoftho lhlgh sc eorlyvisib
obliquemusce (Cl resison the creslof ihe
pe visobo\,ethe gLuleus
mediusmusce (Dl
Ihe groolerlrochonter(Eloflhe lemurond
it ore olsoc eoly dethe formsthoi sLrfiound
ined; ihe tensorfoscae loloe musce (Al
loms on egglikemossin frontof ihe greoler
trochonlei lhe sphericolyshoped gluieus
rnedius(Dlisobo\,eil, ond the g lTeusmox
mus lFl formslhe rounded,blocklikernoss
behind t. Thewstus exlernusmusce (G) is
seporoiedfromlhe homslringmoss(Hlby o
seresof shortInes 0. Rememberlhol lhh
cearlyrendereddefniiionoflormsindicoios
ihotlhesemuscesho\ seporolefunclions
lhe fronlof ihe lhgh
The ine represenling
ond knee beouilulLyexpo ns ihe anolomyl
ihe \l]siusexternus
noieihe rectusfemoris(.J),
10,the commoniendon(Ll,ond lhe potelo
(M)

FGURESIUDYFOR
lltE B,AntEOt CASCM
15u, pen ovetbbckchdtk
10.4" t 6rA [26.U \ 71.44cn]
Domoged bl donphds

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oftheKnee
TheBones

w',

The knee is one of the oreosof lhe body

I whelethe boneisc oseto the surfoceond
si'ongy influencesih form,Allhoughthe knee
hosmonycomponenls,
ihey ol mokesense
in iems of lh funclionos o compoundjoinl
lhe lowerend of ihe femurwidensinb n{o
prcjeclionsof boner lhe inner condyle (4
ond lhe outercondyle (B).these condles lsl
on the lop or ploifom, of the tbio (g lhe
poiella,or kneecop (Dl,hos okeody been
describedoso smollroughylriong!or bone
wlh o con\,exsurfoceembedded lnio lhe
orge commori tendon of ihe quodriceps,
whichcrosses
the iiont of the knee Thepotelo les ln ffonlof the lo\derend of lhe femur
ond forms o projeciion on the flont of lhe
kneejthe ower border of ths prdecfionis
le\l wlth ihe poni of seporollonbeiween
lhe femw ond ihe lbio. Theligomenlof lhe
pdte lo (EJterninotes ot the kneellngpolnl,or
jhe iubercleofthe iiblo(0 ]heiuberce ofthe
iiblo ls on unmstakoble andmark whlch
morkslhelowefboderofthekneejit19ceo y
vslblewhenthe eg isviewedln prolle.

"t

fhis diogrom af lhe benl kn6a

showslhe rckrlbnshiqaf the tibla
ond tenut ta tha pate a

luc,9az \96a

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oftheKnee
TheForms

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\

porero

oLrierhomsiingiendon
lo ilblo bond
potelo goment

flecouse lhe l,neeiswder in bocl,lhon in

l, front.someformsof the boci.of the [nee
oreopporenlinthisdrowingoflhe frcntvew
Theouler homslringlendon (Al is visibe on
ihe oulsideof the knee lhis lendon insefs
Thespko moss
intotheheodof the libuo (B).
lol,whichsmodeupofihemed ol homstring
ond
iendonond the tendonsoflhe sortorius
groc ismuscLes,
suepsoroundlhe insde of
lhe knee,whereil lerminoieson ihe shoflol
lhe lib o Ths spiro mossof lendons cu^,s
down lowordlhe f.oni of lhe eg, wh e lhe
outer homsfing ndon exlends slroght
dowa nlothe heodof the nbuloon lhe ouler
sideof ih6leg Abo\eond be ow lhe pofelo
(D
on the frontof the kngeorelhe lol mosses
ond E)whlch ore esponsibefor lhe greoi
vorioionslhol orlislsencounljgr
when drowkneesore ditferenl
lng the knee.Eyeryoneb
ond ihe fot massesoroundihe poleliocon
show!p os smollprojectng foms mosking
ihe restofthe onoiomyoflhe kriee.Theyo,
howe\tnot o grealilcior on th benl knee
os l-e) coe nlo o hollowc eoled bv 'he
oo-or oll_e fecr.'o"o'^e op ol lre'lbo

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qndMuscles
oflheLeg
TheBones
-":
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I u + c 5 l h e r eo r e t a o b o n e . n l h e r o r e o r m ,
t, rhere ore tuo bone5 n ihe o^er leq lhe
o r g e ri b a , o c o i e d o n i h e n s d e o i i h e e g ,
o n d l h e s m o l e rf b ! o , o c a i e d o n i h e o u T ds e
T h e n n e rs ! r f o c eo f l f e s h a f l c f l h et b o o n d
lhe shorp anlerlor cresl cre enirey on ihe
from ihe boi
surfoce.The cutue ofihe ibo
iol.noflhe knee lA)down loihe proiecion on
l h e n s d e o f l h e c n k e k n o v r ' cns t h e n i e r n o
n a e o u s( B l s c e a r y v s b l e T h e p r o j e c l o n
o n t h e o l t s d e o f t h e o n k e . l h e e x l e r n c. n a
fbu o iThe worcl rio eo us comes irom the
L a i n i o r " h a n r m e l ' o r " m a l e t : l T h e h - - a do f
TlreibLr.r rs ocoied on lheo{rts.le s!rfoce ol
The knee Ofy ihc uppor and ower ex
lrem tes of th-a l b! r ore v s b e on irre sur
facc. The shofi Lrn.leres tlre m|rsces oT lire
.q
i o l h e o l h r 1 ! - ' . r lfh . -i-b o s i h c i r r r . ' s a n T - r o r ( D l .d l e x o r t r r ( r s . r l-h- a i o r l l i r x r l c s . l ll h c
L r p p -h
- rv o t h ( l s o l l t i eI b r r T t t l . J i ! l o r i o f l l r \
nrrn:u pdjlrs I iurl ol ihlicf kc.rf.ld sop
i l r r f , o f l t t r r n u 5 ! . o l l h o l o o l .w h e r c I
pa$.s L rdint.rlh .rf.l rnscrlsinTollrc lros.l
ol rtlr rfch rxlir l)ornr oi lic ltrc.rl lo.. llrc
l . 5 lr f c l N l o r n r L
T hj j i l . l ( ) f J V c r vo r g c o n c i s
!i be wheie t cr.rsseslhe troft (n llre ()w.:r
,o! cn.l.rnke isnrnclon slo b,-.d (l--rlthe
iooi nrv]l.l The eq, wheri ih,- t.rot D n ihit
posi.D. iiie Tcl].lor.or be mod c,-ary
D re.J y lo ih,- o!lt|.ie ofih,- Ubo sornerrr
is The .,nq ollcnsor ol The To,4s.
or ,Frl,Fns.]
. l . l l o r l n r o r . l L s ( E )l l i s m | ] s c e o s o o r s , - s
f r o n rl h - .L 4 ) t ) , -l w
r ( )l t i ( l : r . ) l i h { ri t r t r o n . i p o r l
of Tlref bLro lhe T.nclonoTThs ri|]sc e crosses
ire nonTollhe.rnke, wh,-r,ai div cl,qsinto l.rLrr
sflro erTenclonsllr.rTlonouton iir--T.rpback,
or .lors|]mol Thefool fhese imo er len.lo15
n s e n n t o l h e o s t p h a o n g e so f t h e s e c o n d
l h r o u g hi h . r f i t h i o e s A s l s n o m e i m p e s . l l r e
ong erlensor oi llre ioes exlends (uncursl
t h e s ei o e sa n c lh e L Ffse x t h e f o o i B o i h i b o i s
anleror oncl ihe ong exTensorc1renrcrssed
lnto one lorm or the froni ofihe eg
The ghl n ih s dravr'ingisironr the efiironi
of ihe fgure Youfab ly to clrow n ghl ond
slrade greoiy mproveswhenyoLrreo zeilrol
ghl os i oppeors on o lgLrre n noiure s noi
necessorlylhe besl ol-tl lor drowng Ari$s
u s u o l yd e v s eo s n g e i g h l s o u r c e , s n c eg h l
hlifg ihe igure lrom d ilerenl clreclons
iends lo breok up the lorms oflhe igure, creongelodd nol copy iohlng os l ex$ed n
nanrrebut creoted h6 own

FDHAMA\
ESFORTNE
CRUC]F
STUD
\ A& t 2A96cn)
1 5 1 1 , e d c h a l k 1 t6 3 1 , U

118

.t

!-

rLr
0 ro
!elo

ts6o1![
{)

ell llMot tHi lo sltcsnl/,r

ra
.:

l w o p e r o n e o m l s c e s a r , e f r o ml h e f b L o
I on ihe ouhde or ihe eq The rorcl PeF
o n e o m e a n s p e r l o n si o i l " r ef b u o f C e o r l y
vs b e on ihe ouls de of ihe eg s Tl-teong
peronecrmLrsce, or percneus ongus,A nfhe
r i g h t - h o n c l d r onwg . w hc h a r s e s i r o mi h e u p
p e r t w o i h r d so i i h e i b u o T h e i e n d o no TT hs
m l s c e p o s s e so r o l n o l h e o u i e t m o l e o u s
and exlenos Lrnderond across ihe fool lo
ierm nole n ihe base olihe meloiorso oiThe
g r e a i l o e l s m o l n f u n c l o n s l o e N T e n dl h e
lool;howevei beccLJseof lhe poih of is ien
clon acrossthe soe of lhe fooT,ihrs 'nuscle
oso s responsibe ioriLrrnrrgihe so e ouiwrr.l
leverirfg tl The short peroneo nLsce. ol
p-.roneusbrevis[B],orses fforn ifre ovr'ertwo
th r.ls of lhe lbLr o. Theferr.lon oi Th5 nusce
oho posses oroln.l ihe exlerno molLeoLrs,
blrl 1 rserTsinTolhebdsc ofTlrenrekrt.rrsoof
The l!e lol]. or ifih rrrerol.rrso The mnld o
ibre5 of lh s m!s.e ore covejed rry Theten
tuf ol ihe of.l fr:]rofeo Togel'.J wilr The
The pe(/re!s brevs ext--n.]5
orq peri]nl:].l1.
Thel.rn by tflnq Thehee wh .r pLrslrrg thl

. ,i l , r f
i

OF CASCNA
NIO T GURTSIUDESFONIHE SANLE
15U, pen ond btd.k chotk
1 A 1 ' . 1 . k 1 2 6 1 7/ 1 9 3 / c n )

olc rorey s,oerior

ThertAofca mLr5c-as
.lrowr oj n.lvil|ro nrrj.l.rsr on-.1 on(l
slcnder Theyt--f(l io nrosi log--lh.J formrnq
ih--llcncra cy n.lri.rr shopcolThe ow.rr cg.
Vhef. lrowcver.the eg s I o iT.rieot llcol
o.Ji{)f ior nn.rncc. wh-^n llic --ni re weighj
.rt Th,- b(rly s on The l.r--5 lfrcse musc,-5
1'|rowup os sep.lruie fttffis onTh,-lor9-^rnr.'ss
o f t h - -e q M c h e o n q e ( ) t ) l l . n . i e c o r o T e . i l h e
oLrlscl,-ol ih.- fooTwlh no.rrlons oflhelen
dons ol the nto p.'roneol n|]sc es \,vroppnq
oro!fil ihc bcrckol lhe exicrfol nro eourr
r ths dfowng lh,- smo niossof Th,-short
el1ero oi ihe loes, of --xiensordSLTorlnl
brevs(Cl, s cleory visbe Th. ne rLrnnnll
lsihe I blo s
clownlhefronioi lhe eg r,-prer-6n
onler o| the te r.)on oth s m(rsc,- lDlcreoies
o hondsornecurye on ihe fronl of ilre onke.
Rememberthot the eg oLuayslo.s ihe fool
os o cLrrveALsonoje ihai lhe eg shoLrdr]ol
o p p e o r i o e n l e ro l l h e i o p o i t r e c r c h o r l h e
fooi; ihe aciuo meellnQpo ni s allhe bock

lne /e9 e.ters rhe ioor o/ rhe

boci pod ol /he orch cnd ror or

:uErC

r:Fil=:.'.lt

*:.].t'-t',

:ublro
(Dalored6uo)

r'tcsnNsneNol

sntNouldlHl

lltrs0r\ st\34
lfu
snlNculd

oftheCoff
Ihe Muscles
The colf of lhe leg is rnodeup of hi/omue(4 (the nome
I cLes.The gostrocnemius
meonstrog3be ly'l h a bulgingmusclevsible on lhe surfoceof lhe leg,lt hoslwo heods,
wh ch orig nole frcm ihe bock of the con
dylesof themur,ond it inserlsnlolhelop of
the pchilleslendon,on lhe bock of lhe leg
Thepoinlotwhichihefibers
ofthe muscejo n
thol l,endon(B)\cr esfrom personlo person
downlhe
bui usuollyoccursobout holfvi/,oy
is we I
bock of lhe leg lf ihe gostrocnemius
de\loped or In o sloteof controclion,the
juncfureof the mlsc e fibersond lendonwll
be cleorlydenned,lheinnerholfoflhe gostrocnemlus
lson o lo\derle\lthdn sthe olier
holfjlhe Innerholf thefeforeInserlslntothe
Achilestendonon o le\lslghily owerthon
the lnsertlonpont of the ollier hoi Theinlefno moleolus,how\,f,
ls on ihe higher
le\el lhon lhol of the exiernolmoleolusond
shoudbe so epTesenledln o drcwlng,
ThesoleuslC) (lhenone meons'floifsh')ls
o llot nluscleihoi esdlecily underthe goslrccnemlus,ll
or glnotesoi lhe upperpodlon
of the bockof the tblo ond fbu o ond Inseft
intothe Achillestjendonwellbeow ihe go!'
lrocnem us.Exceptfor ilsriowerfbers,the 5olgosels s covorodby tho moIe superfcioL
lheAchillestendon(D)lswlde oi lh upper
bofderjlilaperctouordlhe backollho onke
and ihen wldensogoln os t nsedsintolhe
heelbone,or calconeug(E)
Thepowrlulcolf mlscleso lhe extengor
musclesofihe fooi.Theyenobleo personlo
putthe enl rewelghtofthebodyon lhe toes.
In lhis drowingthe iendon of lho tbiols
onterlor(0 lscleorlyvis
ble on lhe lronioi ihe
onkLe.lhe
dorsumofihe fooi sdol ned bylhe
iendon of lhe extensorof ihe greoi toe (O).

MUSCLES
OFTI]ELOWER
LEG

o r gn

O r gn :
underneoihthe soslrocnemllrs,
rfomihe upperpodon
oi ihe bock ot the libio
nsedion:
cMrthongaslrccnemus,

uauaa ut eiD saataql puD

uqsueaa 0 srpal eqt NbL etl ua
laBue!\e u seot eq! pua uaxau
la ato$ o ut s!laal atl llat eqt ua

i\
Lu. r9aa | 960r)lrte t
itDq. )t.otq tz.oagl
"/tgt
AVC
lO glt tl3t ll.trdol s]otus

TheFool:TheBonyArch
Voucon leornogreoideolo boutlhe onolI om/ of lhe fool from studyingMicheange 03 drowngs Theformsof ihe fool o
determinedmore by skeelal slruclurelhon
byo nyotherfociorOnihe dorsumol lhe fool
ihere s only one sma musce,the shoriex
tensorof theloes,ondthelendonsof lhe ong
exiensorof the toesond olher muscesthat
ore ocoled on ihe frontof lhe eg.Theonkle,
lhe orch,ond lhe heeloflheloot oreformed
by lhe se\,enlorso bones lhe coconeus,
lhe oslaogalus,
the ncviculorbone, ihree
cuneiformbones,ond the cubod bone.The

co con-auslorms
the hee (4, osnoledeorlier
Abole i the oslrogolusrestsn the covt
formedby lhe lowerendsoflhe iibo (B)ond
lhe fibuo (CJnlhiscovt lacls keahnge
joinf, wh ch o owsihe fool lo mo\, up (flex
ionlor down(exiens
onl lhe novcuor bone,
lhreecuneforms,
ond lhe cubod bone form
lhe archofthe loot ol D
Beyondlhe lorso bonesore ihe i\e meio
lcrso bones,wh ch formlhe bodyofihe fool,
connecing lhe lorsus10lhe loes Eochloe
hosthreepho onges,exceplfof ihe greolloe,
which,ikethe thumb,hosony 1wo

t"

iv:
, ' '%;",

\,

FORANANGELN THECREAIION
STUDIES
ABOVF
DANIEI,
ATRIGHT
OFSUNANDMOON INENUDE
NGJOMI]
r'JTEND
ANOTNEFGURE
9 w t 1 3 1 1 1 2 3 3/1 3 3 6 4 c n )

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.

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t

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f-_ :

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1(]01tHl io slNo

oftheFoot
TheMuscles
..,._.1.;,
.!-. -.

:r'

OFTl-tEFOOI
N4ISCLES

O r gn

The fool h remorfoby s mibr io ihe hond.

ihe greol
I lhere ore dfferences,however;
loe isnol os mobib oslhe lhumb.Aso,unlike
posiliononthe honddlfferc
lhethumb,whose
poslion
fromtholofihef ngers,thegreoJloe's
on ihe fool isnot \,eryd fferenlfromlhol of lhe
othertoes.Whenlhe gct loe h lified,o len'
don-runnlng stroightdownlhe centerof lhe
loe-is cleory vsibleon ihe dorsumof lhe
fool. Ths h ihe lendon (4 of lhe exlensorof
lhe greol loe, whch orisesfrom oboul holfwoyup lhe shoflof lhe fibuloond lermnoigs
inihe osi(dsto)phoanxoflhegreoiloe.on
ihe fronloflhe leg,thismuscleh complefely
co\eredby the moresuperncai rrusclesond
soh noivisb e,lislendonlsimporlontioorlsls
becouseil morksthe hlghpoinl,or rldge,on
the dorsumof lhe fooi. n thisdrawingnoiice
thol,ffomlh s fidge,N4lchelongelo
hosmode
onep oneoflhe foolseemloslopegroduoly
downvr'ordond oulvr'ordiowrrd ihe litl e ioe,
whiLeihe pdne ot the insdeol the fooi op"
peofslo drop downobruptyThefuncilonof
lhe exiensofof the greol toe h lo extendthe
greoiioe by llfilngt up io\dordlhe fronlof the
leg
Theon y muscleonihedorsumoflhe foolis
lhe sho exiensorofthetoeg,
osfoisd eor loi
whch orignalesotihe h6elboneond lorms
o smoIegg-shopedmassonlhe oLtlersdeof
ihe fool (B),direcily n fronl ol ihe externo
molleoLus,
Fouflendonsextendffom il ond
insediniothe pho ongosof the ffrslfourioes
Theseiendonspossunderlhe fendonsof the
long exiensorof ihe toesond ihereforeare
fololyvisibeon the foot
Theskeletoorch on the innersideof ihe
footlsflledoulond sofienedbyihe abdLrclor
of the greoitoe,or obduciofhol uc s (c) on
iheforiher(dlsfal)end
of ihe metolarscbon
of ihe goitoe s o proleciion(D)ihoi s an
mporlonl ondmokforihe odlsl Theouiside
conlouroJihe fool isdeflnedbyihe obduclor
of ihe tlle ioe, or obduclordjgitiminim (El
and by o second londmorkprcleclion(D,
whichiscousedbytheenlorgedc oser(prcximoI end oi ihe meiolorsolbone of the tt e
toe ln ihh drowng, l\/lcheongelo emphosizedlhe powertullendon
of lhe tbio lsonieriormusce (G)os l crosses
lho onke loinllo
i,.rm nole n ihe nsideborder of the fool,

O r qn :

ot the boseof ihe meioioGo

SIUDESFORTHELEGS
OFTHE
LORD
INCREAT
ON
OFADAMHEADOFTHENUDE
1511,ed chdlkdet blo& cholk prepbollo*
\ 7Cf [2953 t 29.69m)
11C3',

tcfl
NC

.,,.i
' ::
I :j.l
':1:11

al
'tll
ul

i
,'

'''I

-o

st

P
li
I

Animql
Mqn:Ihe Uprighf

,j

nfowinglhe egsolthe hlmon flguresnoi

l, thol d tierenlfromdrowng lhe orms.lhe
iricepsmasson lhe fronioflhe lh gh resem
blesfhel cepson lhe bock ollhe orm.One
musclegrolp openslhee bow ond slroighlenslhe foreormlo olgn wllhlhe lpperormj
ond the olher group of musclesopenslhe
kneelo slroghlenlhe lo\derleg ond olgn il
wlh lhe ihigh
Thef bersof lhe voslusexlernusmuscle{4
connectlo the commontendon (B) In the
drowinglhe muscleformso projeclionwhile
the iendon h porlrotd os o llol oreo Ihe
t cepsmuscles
on lhe fionl ofthe thighho\
o common furlc'lontlherefore Mcheongelot linesIndcoiing ndivduoLmusces are
subilyond ghtydrown t isimpodonlloren_
lkemossond
deriheth gh aso lofge,cyllndel
ihe l ceps muscesos deloih portolly embedded n ond wroppingaroundthelorgel
moss
one of ihe gdldifferencesbet$enmon
ond ihe ofhercnimosisthotmonslondsup"
rghi l isevdent n M cheiangelo3drowings
ihoi he knewvreI thot monyof the muscles
hove ihe funclon ol hodng lhe body up
ogolnslihe force of glovljy.porexomp e, ihe
rbcoge mosslsheldup by rciusobdomnus
on the lloni ol ihe torso,elec'lorsplnoeirom
on
bhind,ond iho exiernolobl qLJemuscles
maxmuspfewnh lhe
lhe sldegiond gLuieus
pelvlsfrom foling foMald. And, os con be
s6en In the deto ol lotl, ihe knee lolnt h
supportedby lhe irlcepsmuscleol the thlgh
(C)ond ihe homslrlngmoss(D)

Befarao.iding lhe deloils ol mus

ci mossesond prcilberoncs ol
bane, lhe lhlgh shautdfnn be
conceved as a long .yfindtl.nl
flGURESI]JDTFOR
IHEBATILE
OFCASCIM
1504,btlck cholk
15q3',\ 14',[39.69 , 25.40.n]

-i
i

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i;,

":,
':

'tDLrle

3"
I

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raorol:

Iu0c:

3uo L

\|'.'../'
l

CIIAPTER
SEI/EN

DRAPERY

TI]ECRUCF X ON OF 5I PEIFR
3 715 . 5 1Ei {2623e' 1553ecn)

130

:..

a.:

=,,..

a.'-.-,.4'tlt.p

6doq9
leqln qr6r l !.lil
uai4c ,'adoro
aqt ot surollo.

.'.,t":t:
'..,
.ir,..",'i

'ornol 3qtlo esodaqt uo DuLpLrad

'slol lDr
ep 'Drclsro'lrrr\ T^! oqD Aolr.r
11
epur aqi ry aro qlrod lloddnt asellal3q^\
oo uroll
srapsuo.tsrlFfo aqllloodnsJoslLJ
spol
dorp13qlrit ^or0lo,^q eql ol Llrrollloc
s^D^ V slsorI
rapune\11]o )iLJLL-]1
arnollOULI
\13LtaLrouioleLttlo edoqseLlls)ioltuadorc
iradDrp ot srKldooqD- o|p lnoqo 6ul
irro,r erolaqssouJqs qoFe slo,^^lo-ern61
eql 6uL^\orpueq^ e lesqo no^ enl aulos
aqL lsrLtsu-lrolra6ro aLll./sorppuo s Dlap
aqt puoiaq loot po]ire o r'doc^qs^os ol
ueqM
tuossaceu
lou s l lradDrp 6u.'v\Drp
sarn6,l.]1]o sluro]
r+ {no oulq pLroe5uoq
ronasnur'6uorls
Lrol arsllfuedDrpsasnoeouoeqc r\ san
-6,qt punorDi quozrrotldor^ loql (VJsnu
A.ra^I
q6nopio srrpLrtAtrbur^rn)a4 Llf,nur
rqtlo sporaqI
aro6u aorpsr+urtudorp

..'

6u!qs!lqDlsl
ssDW

tt,
._*

.l:

$:

,',J&*
.i... -rr.;,*,1.r"i.:,t'l:l
'*

..r.--i.i.\

\$\ir

)\ji
r,i

,r"

'4:

,L

TheGeslure
or Rhylhm
ofFobric
Cince droperyreslson o f gurethot hoso
lrgesiue or oclon he fobrictoo musf
ho\ o rhyihm,or geslureThe linesof the
iods olA spiro downthe nsideof lhe lhigh
much ke ihe sorlorusmusce underneofh,
n o studyof the workoi Mlcheongelo,ii
s nol olwoysceor whch drowingswere
ocluoly mode by him ond whlch drowngs
ho! been lnoccuroleyoliributedlo hm,
N4ichelongoo
schoorsoflen disagree, my
sellh nkthollhls s nol one of Nlicheonge ob
drowingsdespileils ollribulionto him The
nes do nol hove lhe sureness
ond spon
ianeiy ot hk oiherworks.
Nordo lhey deflne
lhe underlyngonotomy n lhe unheslolng
v"qy lhol ho\,e come lo expecl in his
skelches,
Alsoihe honds,heods,ond feelore
rolherweoky porlroled

"i i i ;

it.
f,t.,

:,:
..
ll
IIREEMENIN COIIVERSAT
ON
1526,peh ohd ink
14th \ 10 t3).8 | 25 cn)

'

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.:.

INCONCLUSION

sr \-

\..i:

.'.i..tt:'.;
FOOT
SOTD]ERS
Of HORSEMENAND
COMAAI
15A4,peh7 r 97h{1773t 25.03cfr)
ashnal N n Museun, AnaId.

't'

/54 'u"*r{

GTOSSARY
Iheljollow;ng
h o ris'otterrrsleqLe1ty e^coJnleredin he sfudyofo.rolomv,
qt duc'ljor o musclelhol pullstiM/lryfrom the mid Ine of the body
oclduclor o musclethof pu lslowqrd ihe midline of lhe body
condyle o orge bump on o bone
crsl o rldge on o bone
odnsor c musclethol cousessome port of the body to slrolghlenout
llexor o muscleihof cousessome port of the body to bend
insrllon lhe end poln' of Tusce ottochrren'
o gln the flxed polnt of muscleottochhent
pondlor a rnusce thdt lurnsthe polm of lhe honddownword
proluberonceor lube|o6ily o smollbumpon o bone

splne o shofprldgeof bone

suplnolor o musclethotilrng ihe polm of lhe hond lpword
lemor o musclelhoi pedormso ughlenlnqflnctlon

'901-r0t td :ouaoH 'EUJfl

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$ur.]c
'0t dd recuaroll
oso3
1|orDuonS

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'troL '69-89 ',19-99',99-t9 ',t9-09',8t

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rede_L't -w 'Ev-zv

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ruopuol'Llnesnllqq$
ad
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tuorqtl
6er-SetLet-gel,E r-z ,
to^cu
'68-88 ',t9-99 'SV-VV'98 iE'eZ ZZ
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qclpuol s eaooe s \eqdeu slq lq uopc
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n, ,,

Abdominolmusces,62
ingers,'104
1oal,126
Aceiobuum of hiploinl6T
Achi esfendon,122
17,18,75,77
Acromionprocess,
Adduclormossofthlgh,108 109
grocllh,
110-111
thigh,108 109
lhumb,99
Anolomcol drcwn9, 16,71,100
46
Anotomcol soltbox,
102
Analomcol snutfbox,
125
Ankte.17,21,124
Anlerof supeioriliacsPne,19,66
Anihe x, 34
Antirogus,34
Nch,124 125
pit,62,95
ArnT
Ar$oie, 84
Arm-bone,seeHumerus
Arms,88-105
bonesot 17,89,96-97
ond flexon, 96
exiension
97-99
exiensors,
104
loreom,89,96-97,'100-101,
dorsiond, 78
loiissimus
lengthof, 96
movementof, 74,78,96,99
musces,89-97
scopuo ond,92-93
lendons,98,100
t ceps,90-91
upper 89
Axilo,62,95
Bock10,7219,8A-81
toms ol 70
modelng,80 81
musces of, 72 79
50
Bockbone,
Boonce, 82-83
Biceps,
89,90,94 95
orign ond nsettion,89
shortheod,95
Bicp tal groo\,,58,/5, 78
Bicpiol1rrberosiv96
Brccholis,97
Breoslbone,see SlernLrm
Breosls,
68
plocemenlmole/femole,
68
Buuocks,
84 85
18,19,122'125
Colconeus,

Coli muscles,122123
Coninus,
41
Copilulum,96
Coracoidprocess,
89
Corpus,17,96
Costshodows,36
Cheekbone,17,4'l
Chesl,5859
Ch n $rop 32
C avtcle,'12,17, 18,21,46,52,56,58
Cacc\x, 18,19,82, 8A
Colarbone,see
Clovicle
Commonlendon,21,
92 93,115
Composlon,24
Concha,34
Condye ol humerus,
92-93,98-99
Condyes of bmur 122
Contourdrowng, 11
Corccobrochios,94-95
Corocod processof scopuc,17
Corcnod process,
42-43
Cronum,19,29,40
relolonshp to foce,29
C.icod cori loge,44
Dollvn,Chores,84
Delold muscles,
58,62,68,89,92-93,
94 95
oclionoti 89
on lomoe,68
orign ond lnsedon,89
roisedorm,94-95
Depssofobi inferors,41
D giloiions,
60,62,64
DofsoLspnes
of lhoraciclertebloe,78
Da'srm,122,
124,'126
Dropery130-137
gestureof, 136
slmpting, 132
supportpo nts,'131,
132,134
Dtaw)ng,'t2,110,128,139
drapery130-137
wiih line,12
Eor34
Eorobe,34
Egyptonpropodons,21
ElGco, 23
ELbow'17,89,96,
100
pointof, 96
Ereclorsp noe,72
Enendorl 96, 123,124
Extensor
d gitorumlongus,1'18
119,126
Extensor
oJlhe greotloe, 126 127
Extensors,
96 97,98 99

at.r'96 97,104
fnger '104
laat, 118-119,
122,124,'126
]egs,147, 118-119,
126
thumb,99
Externol
molleolus,
19,118
Exlernol
obique muscle,64,66,68
Eyes,
34,32,4a-41

Gl
GIL
G]:
G(

GR

Gi(

eyes,30,32,40 4l
lghl ond shodeon, 34,36
mouih,38
mlsclesol40-41
nose,38
pocemento132,38
prcporlionolsyslem,
32
Fdscio,
84
Femoe/tvlolelor oiions,68,82
pe vis,82
socrum,82
iorso,68
Femur17,'18,
19
r bato, 17, 18,19,118-119,124-121
heod of, '19
musclesof, 120-121
Fingers,
17,96,100,104-105
Flexian,96, 123,124
Flexorrnuscles,
98-99,'110-111
bockof 9,110-11'l
loreorm,98-99
lowereg,'118-119
Foldof lhe groln,66-67
Focn,
124,124-127
bonyarch,124-125
leg le olonshlp120
musclesof, 126-127
Foreshofen
ng, 52,56-57,89, 102
Form,'10
27,38
bock,70
desgn ng, 24 25
fofeorm,100
lneond,12-13
moe/lbmoe voriaiions,
68
overlopping,
60, 89
p onesond,54
shopesond, 14 15
slmplfuing,26
30,52,131
skeLelol
slrlclureond, 16 19
underdrapery131
undeiyng structure,
10,16-27,131
Go$rocnemius,
122 123
Geomelrc forms,52, 60
Gesfxe, '11,16,24, 136
GlobeLo,
38
Glodious,58

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prof e of lorso,86
pronolionoi hond,99
rb coge n spoce,52
ng moss
femorh,seeHomsTr
Posleror
Posler
or iLocspne.18
Pouporlslgoment 66 67
12,23
Pren'rnoryskelches,
locio feollres,32
knee1obody 21
ol lgr'e.2o 23
Renossonce,22 23
syslems
ot 20 23,32
Pyramidolis,62
108
Quodiceps,21,84,107
ociionol 107-108
commontendon,107
on,107-108
org n ond inserl
Rodus,17,18,19,89,96-97
movemenlof,96-97
Recius
obdominus,62
107,115 '116
Reclus
femoris,
Renossonceproporions,22-23
74-75,80-81
Rhombodeus,
24-25
Rhyrhm,
Ribcoge, 21
of,50,52
mosslng
poslon ng in sPoce,52,56 57
t pped,64
Ribs,18,19,50,58,60,62
o150,58,62
corliloge
Rimot eat seeHelix
72,82 84
socrum,18,19,
mole/femolevraotons,82 83
orion ol ereclorspnoe,72
34
orign of g uleusmoximus,
orign oi lol ssmusdors,78
108 109,110 111
Soriorius,
oclon ol 108
'108109
ofign ond nserlion,
Scoene musces,44
a. 17,18,21,56
ScopLr
oi 60,74 75,78
musces
p ocemenlol 74 75
p io orms,9293
rcohonsh
splneol l8
onierot 95
Serfo'tus
rrognJs,60,64
Serrotus
36
Shodows,

Shope,
oi dropery131,132
ol fornrs,14 '15
oulside,14,
134
smp fuing,132
Shinbone,
seeTbio
Shorlexlensor
of lhe loes,126-127
Shouder blodes,seeScopuo
Shou
dergirde,46,56 57
Shou
derjo nl,17
Shouder muscle,58
Shouders,82
83
fromework16-19
Skeletol
Skul,40
Saetrs,122123
Spoce,lormsn, 30,52,56 57,60
Spne ofihe scopuo,18,75
Slondng, 128 129
Sternoce domostoid,46
Sternomoslod,34
Stefnum,
17,21,46,50,58
Portsol, 58
Supnolor 97 99
Suprosp
noius,74-75
pubis,19,66-67
Symphyss
Torsqbones,124-125
Torsus,17,21
Ternpora
is,41 43
Tencion
sheeh,76,78
Tensor
fosce oioe,108-109
Teres
major62,74-75,80-81,9293,
94 95
inseriion,
75
Teres
minoi 74 75,80-81,92-95
Thenor
mass,102
Thigh,
107 113
ironi ot '107
homsirngsond, 1'10-111
movemenlol 108 109
p lo pelvis,l'12-113
reloiionsh
Thlghbone,
seeFemur
Throol46,56,58
Thorocc orch,62
Thumb,99,
104 105
mLrscles
of,99,104
reolionship1ofingers,104-105
Throid
codioge,44
\bia, 17, 18,19, 21,118-119
lLrberc
e ol '19,21
Tbiohonterior
118119,126
lt t,
ol heod,30,34,46,76,83
of pelvisfor boonce,82 83
Torso,
48 86
onleriorof,48 69
bonesol 17,58

iormsol chesl53-59
formsol 6l
overlopping
po$eior ot 70 87
prof e ot 86
rb coge,50 52
shouldefgkd e, 56 57
Trogus,
34
Tropez
us,46,56,76 77,8o 81,89
orign ond nserlion,
T6-77
Tro\,erse
lendons,62
Trceps,89,90,92-95
ociionol 90
externoheod ol92-93
nlerno heod ol 92 93,94
ong heod of,92 93
orlgn ond inserlon,90
Ir cepsfemoralis,
seeQuodrceps
Iuberceof lhe libo,19,21
Uha,17,18,19,89,96-97,100 101
mossng,100-101
mo\emeniof, 96 97
Uprght pose,128
\(rue, 34,36,38,80-81,134
mode ng ihe back,80-81
\tstus exlernus,
107-108,115,116
orginond inserton,
107-108
\bsluslniermedlus,
107
,l07,115,116
\hsiLrs
iniernus,
\brlebrae,'18,
19
ceNical,19,14-15,76
eeclor spinoemuscesond, 72
latssimus
dorsiond, 78
trmbat.19,72,78
scalenemusces ond,44
scopuoe ond, 74 75
lrapeziusond, 76
thotaclc,19,50,74 75,78
vtetgfi , 68, 84, 86,124,02
on egs,84,86,120
a.t laes,122
plocemeniol 68
Whiiene,62
Wist,17,96,100 101
Wistbroceleis,102
Xiphod process,
17,21,58,62
Zygomolc orch,40 43
Zygomotclsmolor41
/gomotcusm not 41

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