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CURS 02-Agenti Patogeni. Diagnostic Si Tratament Non-Etiologic Al BI
CURS 02-Agenti Patogeni. Diagnostic Si Tratament Non-Etiologic Al BI
Ageni patogeni
Diagnosticul i tratamentul
bolilor infecioase
12-Nov-14
Clasificarea germenilor
12-Nov-14
Bacterii
Coci Gram pozitiv aerobi
Staphylococcus spp
Stafilococ auriu (coagulazo pozitiv)
Stafilococ alb (epidermidis,
saprophyticus)(coagulazo negativ)
Streptococcus spp
S.pyogenes (grup A beta hemolitic)
S.agalactiae (grup B)
Streptococi orali salivarius, mutans,
sanguis (viridans)
S. pneumoniae
S.bovis (grup D)
Bacterii
Bacili Gram pozitiv aerobi
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus cereus
Corynebacterium diphteriae
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Listeria monocytogenes
Nocardia
Actinomyces israelii
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium tetani
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium difficile
Lactobacillus
Propionibacterium acnes
12-Nov-14
Bacterii
Bacili Gram negativ aerobi
Fermentativi
Escherichia coli
Proteus mirabilis
Salmonella spp (typhi, paratyphi)
Shigella (dysenteriae, flexneri, boydii, sonnei)
Klebsiella
Enterobacter sp
Citrobacter sp
Serratia sp
Providencia, Morganella morganii
Yersinia
Aeromonas sp
Vibrio sp (cholerae, parahemolyticus)
Bacterii
Bacili Gram negativ aerobi
Nefermentativi
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (piocianic)
Burkolderia cepacia
Stenotrophomonas maltophila
Acinetobacter spp
Moraxella
Alti BGN
Brucella, Pasteurella, Bordetella pertussis, Legionella,
Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Gardnerella vaginalis
Fermentativi cu crestere dificila
Haemophilus, Actinobacillus, Cardiobacterium, Capnocytophaga,
Eikenella, Kingella (HACEK)
Bacteroides
Prevotella
Fusobacterium
12-Nov-14
Bacterii
Alte bacterii
Mycoplasmataceae
M.pneumoniae, hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum
Chlamydiaceae
C. pneumoniae, trachomatis, psittaci
Rickettsiaceae
R.conorii, typhi, prowazekiiCoxiella burnetii, Ehrlichia,
Bartonella henselae, quintana
Spirochaetaceae
Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira
Mycobacteriaceae
Complexul tuberculosis (BK, bovis, africanum)
M.leprae
Micobacterii atipice (M.avium intracellulare, kansasii,
marinum, xenopi)
Urinare: E.coli
Cutanate: Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus
aureus
12-Nov-14
12-Nov-14
ESKAPE
Bacteriile cu abilitatea de a scapa efectului
medicamentelor antimicrobiene disponibile
Enterococcus faecium
Staphylococcus aureus
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Acinetobacter baumannii
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Enterobacter spp.
12-Nov-14
Enterococcus faecium
Staphylococcus aureus
Clostridium difficile
Acinetobacter baumannii
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Enterobacteriaceae
Enterobacteriaceae includ
K. pneumoniae, Enterobacter
spp., si alte specii rezistente ca
Escherichia coli si Proteus
spp.
Virusuri
ARN
Familia
Picornaviridae
Virusuri
Poliovirus, Coxsackie,
Echovirus, v.hepatitei A,
rinovirus
Astroviridae
Astrovirus
Caliciviridae
v.Norwalk
Togaviridae
v.rubeolic
Flaviviridae
v.febrei galbene
v.hepatitei C, G
Coronaviridae
coronavirus
Rhabdoviridae
v. rabiei
Paramyxoviridae v.rujeolei, v.urlian,
VRS, v.paragripal
Filoviridae
v. febrelor Ebola,
Marburg
Arenaviridae
v.coriomeningitei
limfocitare
Orthomyxoviridae v. gripei
Reoviridae
rotavirus
Retroviridae
HIV, HTLV
ADN
Familia
Hepatnaviridae
Parvoviridae
Polyomaviridae
Papovaviridae
Adenoviridae
Herpesviridae
Poxviridae
Virusuri
v.hepatitei B
Parvovirus B19
v.JC
papiloma
Adenovirus
HHS1,2, EBV, CMV
VZV, HHV6,7,8
v.vaccinal,
v.variolei,
poxvirusuri (molluscum)
12-Nov-14
Date epidemiologice
Date de laborator
Examene specifice
Directe (evideniere germene, Ag, material
nucleic)
Indirecte (diagnostic serologic)
12-Nov-14
Frotiuri colorate :
Gram (Meningite!), Giemsa (Plasmodium), Ziehl (BK)
Imunofluorescen direct:
10
12-Nov-14
Interpretare:
izolarea unui agent infecios ntotdeauna patogen = valoare dg. mare (ex:
Salmonella typhi
Gonococ
Plasmodium
11
12-Nov-14
12
12-Nov-14
Tratamentul BI
13
12-Nov-14
14
12-Nov-14
Tratament profilactic
Vaccinuri
Bacterian atenuat:
BCG (id)
tifoidic (oral)
Viral atenuat:
polio (oral),
rujeol (sc) ,
rubeol (sc),
urlian (sc),
varicelos (sc),
amaril/febra galben (im/sc)
rotavirus (oral)
antigripal intranazal
Vaccinuri
Bacterian inactivat (bacterie complet):
pertusis (im),
tifoid (sc),
holer (im, sc),
pest (im),
leptospiroz
Viral inactivat
15
12-Nov-14
Vaccinuri
Bacterian inactivat: fraciuni bacteriene
anatoxine: tetanic, difteric (im)
pertussis acelular, antrax
polizaharide:
neconjugate: meningo A-C (sc), pneumo 23
(im/sc), tifoidic Vi (im/sc)
conjugate: pneumo conjugat, Hib (conjugat),
meningo
16
12-Nov-14
17
12-Nov-14
Eficacitatea vaccinurilor
Se masoara prin dozarea Ac serici specifici (desi
exista si raspuns imun celular postvaccinal)
Desi titrul Ac scade in timp imunitatea celulara se
mentine, iar dupa revaccinare (rapel/booster) sau
expunere la agentul patogen IgG cresc rapid
(memorie anamnestica)
Antigenele polizaharidice nu induc raspuns la
copilul sub 2 ani (raspuns imun T independent)
18
12-Nov-14
Eficacitatea vaccinurilor
Vaccinurile vii atenuate (administrate parenteral/local)
boala infectioasa a minima,
protectie rapida si prelungita dupa o doza unica
Vaccinurile inactivate
Necesita mai multe administrari (mai ales la sugar)
Necesita rapel si adjuvanti imunologici
Efectul vaccinrii
Direct beneficiu individual
Indirect scderea transmiterii
(herd immunity)
19
12-Nov-14
Reactii adverse
Vaccinuri vii atenuate: boala infectioasa postvaccinala
(terenuri particulare, manifestare intarziata)
Vaccinuri inactivate: reactii toxice sau evidentiind o
hipersensibilitate (manifestare imediata sau precoce)
Dupa gravitate:
Usoare, frecvente (febra cefalee, mialgii, durere si
inflamatie la locul administrarii)
Grave, rare
reactii anafilactice 1/200.000-1/1.000.000,
BCG-ita,
Paralizii (antipolio oral)
20
12-Nov-14
Tratament profilactic
Imunoterapia (seroterapia)
Ser heterolog
profilactic: tetanos, rabie
curativ: tetanos, difterie, botulism
Dezavantaje: reacii locale, reacii alergice immediate (oc
anafilactic), ntrziate (boala serului)
Imunoglobuline umane
hiperimune specifice
profilaxie; tetanos, rabie, hepatita B, rujeol, rubeol, oreion,
antizoster
antiinflamator
anticonvulsivant, depletiv n HTIC
reechilibrare HE i AB
cardiotonic, susinere respiratorie, tratamentul
insuficienei renale
etiologic:
antibacterian, antiviral, antifungic, antiparazitar
21
12-Nov-14
Mijloace:
chirurgie: drenarea abceselor i a infeciilor pe
obstacol, retragerea materialui strin (protez,
cateter etc)
imunoglobuline, ser (boli cu patogenie toxica)
interferon (hepatit cronica, sarcom Kaposi,
condiloame anogenitale)
factori de stimulare ai hematopoiezei (G-CSF, GMCSF)
glucocorticoizi
22