Professional Documents
Culture Documents
14 Energy
14 Energy
Energy
Build a power generation capacity that can meet Pakistans energy needs in a sustainable manner.
Create a culture of energy conservation and responsibility
Ensure the generation of inexpensive and affordable electricity for domestic, commercial, and industrial use by
using indigenous resources such as coal (Thar coal) and hydel.
Minimize pilferage and adulteration in fuel supply
Promote world class efficiency in power generation
Create a cutting edge transmission network
Minimize inefficiencies in the distribution system
Minimize financial losses across the system
Align the ministries involved in the energy sector and improve the governance of all related federal and provincial
departments as well as regulators
218
P
Pakistan
Ecoonomic Surveey 2013-14
conv
version proccess, primaryy energy is supplied too
vario
ous plants (heat, power, gas, petrochemical,,
liqueefaction etc.), oil refineeries and so
ome of it iss
used
d by energyy industry itself. Prior to
t 1985, thee
enerrgy system of Pakistann mainly consisted
c
off
publlic sector. Hoowever, it waas becoming
g difficult forr
Gov
vernment of Pakistan to handle and finance thee
secto
or alone theerefore it waas decided to
t bring thee
private sector inn. As a resuult in 1985, a 1292 MW
W
Hub
b Power Prooject (HUBC
CO) was in
nitiated as a
majo
or power prooject which was unique in Pakistann
and the world as well. H
However, its installationn
proccess was verry slow andd it took thee project 122
yearrs to fully establish inn 1997. Till 1994, thee
distrribution of electricity was coord
dinated andd
man
naged by tweelve Area Eleectricity Boaards (AEBs)..
In early
e
90s thhere was a sshift in glob
bal thinkingg
towaards market economy w
which led to a structurall
chan
nge in the poower sector oof Pakistan. The
T idea wass
to bring in moree private invvestment. Folllowing this,,
the government
g
introduced nnumber of po
olicies in thee
early
y 90s. The first
fi visible sstep in this direction
d
wass
the unbundling of WAPDA
A, the processs started inn
1994
4 and comppleted in 19998. The governmentt
intro
oduced the Power
P
Policy of 1994. Th
he impetus off
this policy was to
t restructuree the entire power
p
sector..
Thiss policy resuulted in de-rregulation of the powerr
secto
or, promotioon of IPPs, reestructuring of WAPDA
A
and privatizationn of selectedd corporate entities. Tilll
now
w private secttor has also bbecome a maajor player inn
pow
wer producttion. Undeer 18th Amendment,
A
,
prov
vinces have been
b
given coonsiderable autonomy
a
too
inveest in the eneergy sector. H
However, du
ue to unequall
avaiilability of natural
n
resources in thee provinces,,
lack
k of techniical knowleedge, inabillity of thee
prov
vincial govvernment tto provide sovereignn
guarrantees to thhe private sector for bringing
b
thee
foreign direct invvestment andd the absencee of nationall
coorrdination plaan are reasoons which arre becomingg
critical for thhe provincees to hand
dle such a
com
mplicated secttor.
Pressently, the geeneration of electricity by
b the publicc
secto
or is done through
t
hyddel sources like
l
Terbelaa
and Mangla dam
ms etc. whille generation
n companiess
(GE
ENCOs) gennerate electrricity throu
ugh thermall
reso
ources. The private
p
sector electricity is generatedd
by IPPs
I
(Indepeendent Poweer Plants), SPPs
S
(Smalll
Pow
wer Plants) / CPPs (Captiive Power Plants), WPG
G
(Win
nd Power Generation), HPG (Hy
ydel Powerr
Gen
neration), Hub
H
Poweer Compan
ny Limitedd
2199
Energy
y
(HUBCO) and Karachhi Electric Supply
S
Com
mpany
(KESC) while
w
KESC
C is verticcally integrrated
company. Some portion of eleectricity is also
generated by
b NPPs (Nuclear Power Plants). Pakkistan
Electric Power Companny (PEPCO) is an umbbrella
institution which
w
manaages the genneration activvities
of all geneeration comppanies and thus has sttrong
influence within
w
the system
14.2
2: Energy Su
upply
In 2013,
2
indigennous energy availability was 65,6399
thou
usand tonness of oil equivvalent (TOE)) while totall
prim
mary energy supplies rem
mained 64, 588 thousandd
tonn
nes of oil equuivalent (TO
OE) showing
g that almostt
2 peercent of eneergy was losst during thee conversionn
proccess.
Figu
ure14.3 show
ws the trendds of energy
y supply off
Pakiistan by sourrces.
Oil
Gas
EnergySSupply
70
50
40
60
30
40
20
20
10
0
2010
2011
2012
MillionTOE
60
80
1995
2003
2005
Souurce: Energy Yearrs Book, various issues,
i
HDIP
FY 13
FY12
FY11
How
wever, withddrawing thee subsidy att once mayy
causse huge soocio-econom
mic cost th
herefore thee
pressent governm
ment is tryiing to ration
nalizing thee
tarifff and movinng toward ccheaper enerrgy mix forr
enerrgy supplies especially foor electricity generation.
100
%Share
FY10
FY08
FY07
FY06
FY09
Years
FY05
FY03
5500
4
450
4
400
3
350
3
300
2
250
2
200
150
100
50
0
FY04
Rs Billion
2013
Y
Years
220
P
Pakistan
Ecoonomic Surveey 2013-14
14.2.1 Oil
Reallizing the riisk and challlenges invo
olved due too
high
h use of pettroleum cruude, the Gov
vernment off
Pakiistan is tryiing to exploore domesticc resources..
Thus on Januuary 21, 22014 the governmentt
prov
visionally aw
warded 50 petroleum explorationn
bloccks to eight companies iincluding bo
oth local andd
foreign companiies. The totaal area of theese blocks iss
ut 103,348 Sq.
S Kms whiich is around
d 38 percentt
abou
of the
t area alreeady under exploration.. Out of 500
bloccks, 21 blockks are locateed in Baluch
histan, 15 inn
Punjjab, 8 in Khhyber Pakhtuunkhwa and 6 in Sindh..
Afteer execution of agreemennts for thesee blocks, thee
explloration activvities in the country willl pick a new
w
mom
mentum andd provincess will get immediatee
finan
ncial benefits in terms of social welfares
w
andd
rentaals. During the
t current fiiscal year, 73
3 numbers off
wellls have beenn spudded aand 18 disco
overies havee
been
n made. Althhough oil is efficient prim
mary energyy
supp
ply yet due to continuouus rise in itss prices, gass
has substituted oil in manyy ways being a cheaperr
sourrce of energyy supplies.
t
was changing pattern in major
m
Overtime there
sources of energy
e
supplyy, still reliannce on oil andd gas
is highest which
w
has exxposed the country to many
m
risks and brought
b
neggative reperrcussions onn the
economy. Oil is mostly an imported sourcce of
energy for Pakistan, thhe price of which has been
increasing continuously
c
y especially in
i last few years.
y
The price of
o oil was $ 10 per barreel in 1995 which
w
increased too $ 110perbarrels in Maay 2014 showing
an increase of almost huundred times as compareed to
its price in 1995. This also led to an
a increase in
i oil
prices domeestically, esccalating to Rs
R 107 per litter in
May 2014 from
f
Rs 9 per
p liter in 1995. The coost of
generating one unit at IPP theermal plant has
increased manifold
m
i.ee., Rs.18/- per
p KWh when
w
produced on furnace oiil and Rs.244/- per unit when
w
produced through
t
diessel, while the
t
average sale
price of eleectricity in Pakistan
P
is about
a
Rs. 9/- per
KWh. In other
o
words, every unit generated by
b an
IPP involvees a subsidy of Rs 9 to Rs 15 per KWh.
K
That is thee root cause of the grow
wing problem
m of
circular debbt. Furtherm
more, Pakistaan has exhauusted
more than half
h of the original
o
dom
mestic recoverrable
oil reservess. On June 30, 2013, origginal recoverrable
reserves weere 1,102.6 million barrrels with 731.5
7
million barrrels(68 perceent) cumulatiive productioon of
oil and 371.0 million barrel (32 percent) ballance
recoverablee reserves. Fuurther a hugge amount is paid
on account of import of crude oill. The impoort of
crude oil reemained 44.99 million baarrel during JulyMarch FY 14 compareed to 40.9 million
m
barreels in
correspondiing period laast year posting a growtth of
11 percent while local crude extrraction postted a
growth of 12 percent as it stood at 23.0 miillion
barrels in July-March FY 14 coompared to 20.5
million barrrels in corresponding peeriod last yeaar. In
14.2
2.2 Gas
The original domestic
d
reecoverable reserves off
natu
ural gas weree 55.6 trillionn cubic feet on June 30,,
2013
3. 30.9 trilliion cubic feet (56 perceent) was thee
cum
mulative prodduction and 24.7 trillion
n cubic feett
(44 percent) was
w
balancee recoverablle reserves..
Wheen comparedd with domesstic recoveraable reservess
of natural
n
gas on
o June 30, 2012, thesee were 56.00
trilliion cubic feeet which reppresent that 0.38 trillionn
cubiic feet of natural
n
gas rreserve are depleted. A
com
mparison of gas productioon during July
y April forr
current year andd last year iis shown in Figure 14.44
belo
ow:
201213
3
Figure14..4:GasProductionduringJJulyApril
4,000
%)
(-4.1%
(-4.2%)
3,900
(MMCFD)
(-0.9%)
3,800
(0.4%)
201314
4
(-2.3%)
(
(-0.8%)
(5.0%)
3,700
%)
(-0.7%
%)
(0.5%
(0.1%)
3,600
3,500
3,400
Ju
ul
Aug
Sep
Octt
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
Mar
April
Energy
The worrisome factor is that our gas reserves are
depleting and if gas consumption grows annually
even at moderate rates, the present recoverable
reserve will largely be exhausted by 2025. As this
limit approaches the marginal cost of gas supplies
will rise.
To avoid such a situation we have two choices:
efficient use of gas and an increase in the gas
exploration rate along with diversification of energy
mix. Realizing this fact, the government is attracting
foreign investment to explore new fields. Although
exploring of natural gas is sub-component of mining
and quarrying, yet on a positive note it should be
noted that both private and public gross fixed capital
formation in mining and quarrying at basic prices of
2005-06 had shown positive growth of 25 percent in
FY 14 that earlier had declined to 14 percent in FY
13.
Increasing demand of natural gas with its limited
supply has made room for Liquefied Petroleum Gas
(LPG) which is also a primary source of energy.
Currently about 1000 tons/day LPG is being
produced domestically contributing less than 1
percent to the total energy supply mix. Because of
its characteristics LPG is fast becoming a fuel of
choice in the areas, where natural gas distribution
network is not available.
Pakistan Petroleum
Limited (PPL) is the pioneer of the natural gas
industry in the country which operates six producing
fields in Sui, Kandhkot, Adhi, Mazarani, Chachar
and Hala while Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority
(OGRA) is empowered to regulate the LPG sector
under OGRA Ordinance 2002 and LPG (Production
& Distribution) Rules 2001 w.e.f 15th March, 2003.
OGRA has simplified the procedure for grant of
LPG license and the same is granted on fast track
basis once the requirements are met / compiled.
During July-Dec, 2013 two licenses for construction
of LPG storage and filling plants were issued. In
addition, OGRA has also issued 15 licenses for
construction of LPG auto refueling station. OGRA is
playing a vital role to increase private investment on
midstream and downstream petroleum industry,
During July- December, 2013 an investment of Rs.
0.264 billion has been made in LPG infrastructure
whereas total investment in the sector till end of this
fiscal year is estimated about Rs. 17.464 billion.
Natural gas and LPG are considered as cheaper than
oil but both are expensive than coal and fortunately
Pakistan has huge coal resources estimated to exceed
185 billion tons which generally ranks from lignite
to sub-bituminous. However, less focus has been
given to this cheaper primary energy supply.
221
14.2.3 Coal
The share of coal in energy supply is almost stagnant
to 6 percent since 1995. The federal and provisional
governments have started giving importance to coal
exploration and development activities. The federal
government has been striving hard for optimum
development and utilization of indigenous coal
resources and pursuing the policy of promoting coal
based power generation. A summary of the efforts
made in this regard is presented below:i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
222
P
Pakistan
Ecoonomic Surveey 2013-14
F
Fig14.5:Com
mparativeDataaofElectricityyGenerationJulyApril
14,000
(6.0%
%)
(4.0%)
(13.0%)
2012
213
(12.0%)
12,000
(-1.0%)
MW
10,000
(8.0%)
201
1314
(11%)
(9.0%)
(
(7%)
(4.0%
%)
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Jan
Feb
M
Mar
Apr
Source: Ministry
y of Water and Po
ower
Private Pow
wer and Infraastructure Board
B
(PPIB)) is a
One Windoow facilitattor to the priivate investoors in
the field of
o power geeneration onn behalf off the
Governmennt of Pakisttan (GOP). PPIB, sincee its
inception has successfully maanaged capacity
addition of around 8,657 MW throuugh establishm
ment
of twenty nine (29) IPPs. PPIIB is currently
processing nineteen (19) multiple fuel (Oil, Coal,
C
Gas and Hyydel) based Independent
I
t Power Prodducer
(IPP) projeccts with a cuumulative caapacity of around
8,835 MW. Out of theese nineteenn in processs IPP
projects, fiffteen (15) projects
p
haviing a cumullative
capacity of 6,948 MW are
a based onn hydro, wheereas,
the remaining four (4) projects
p
havving a cumullative
capacity off 1,887 MW consist of tw
wo (2) gas based
b
Energy
y
223
Name of Project
Capacity
(243 MW)
(425 MW)
(243 MW)
(100 MW)
(300 MW)
(261 MW)
(600 MW)
(969 MW)
(106 MW)
(147 MW)
(1410 MW
W)
(1200 MW
W)
(1320 MW
W)
(1320 MW
W)
(1320 MW
W)
(6600 MW
W)
16564 MW
W
Guddu-1
Nandipuur Power Projject
Guddu-2
2014
Quaid-ee-Azam Solar Park (Phase-II)
Quaid-ee-Azam Solar Park (Phase-III)
Guddu Steam (3)
Quaid-ee-Azam Solar Park (Phase-IIII)
2015
Neelum
m Jhelum Hydeel
Golen
G
Gol
2016
Patrind HPP
Terbelaa 4th Extensionn
2017
Coal Plaant at Sahiwall
Coal Plaant at Jamshoro
Thar Cooal Plant
2018
Coal Plaant Larkana
Gaddanni Power Park
Upto 2018 Total
T
Generattion Addition
n
A
Agency
G
GENCOs
G
GENCOs
G
GENCOs
PPDB
PPDB
G
GENCOs
PPDB
W
WAPDA
W
WAPDA
PPDB
W
WAPDA
PPDB
G
GENCOs
G
GENCOs
G
GENCOs
Puublic + Pvt
Fuel
Gas
Oil
Gas
Solar
Solar
Gas
Solar
Hydel
Hydel
Hydel
Hydel
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
COAL
g
sttage is that tthe main DIS
SCOs do nott
the generation
perfform well in terms of transm
mission andd
distrribution (T & D) losses.
Figgure14.6:ComparisonofTT&DlossesaamongDISCOs
S
SEPCO
P
PESCO
T
TESCO
H
HESCO
Q
QESCO
M
MEPCO
LESCO
2012
G
GEPCO
2
2013
2014
F
FESCO
IESCO
0%
5%
10%
15
5%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40
0%
Another worrisome
w
factor is that NE
EPRA
recommendds a tariff structure with
w
incentivve to
efficient DIISCOs and punishment too inefficient ones
in order to reduce theirr respective transmissionn and
distribution losses. However,
H
the unified tariff
t
structure nootified by thhe governmeent disallowss this
incentive as
a a result the
t
combineed losses off the
inefficient DISCOs
D
havve to be bornne by the federal
governmentt. Thus eleectricity genneration beccome
224
Energy
diversification in using energy mix in the generation
of electricity is by producing electricity by CoGeneration for which government is seriously
thinking. Co-Generation is a high efficiency energy
system that produces both electricity (and
mechanical power) and valuable heat from a single
fuel source. Pakistan being the fifth largest
sugarcane producer in the world has the potential to
generate electricity of almost 2,000 MW through
Co-Generation. Bagasse (process waste of sugar
industry) is a fibrous residue of cane stalk obtained
after crushing. When burned in quantity, bagasse
produces sufficient heat energy to supply all the
needs of a typical sugar mill, with energy to spare.
To this end, a secondary use of bagasse is in CoGeneration. Development of Co-Generation plants
based on high pressure boilers is gaining momentum
worldwide. Thus Co-Generation by sugar mills by
utilizing bagasse and coal provides one of the most
economically viable options for thermal power
generation, earlier it remained unexploited in
Pakistan.
14.3.Energy Consumption
Energy consumption is the amount of energy left for
final use after subtracting energy lost in
transformation and distribution from primary energy
supplies. It is considered as the oxygen of an
economy and the lifeline of the economic growth
particularly in the industrialization stage of an
emerging economy. The importance of energy
225
Fig-14.7: Relationship between growth rate of Real GDP, LSM and Energy Consumption
GDP (fc)
30
LSM
20
Energy Consumption
10
0
-10
-20
2013-14
2012-13
2011-12
2010-11
2009-10
2008-09
2007-08
2006-07
2005-06
2004-05
2003-04
2002-03
2001-02
2000-01
1999-2000
1998-99
1997-98
1996-97
1995-96
-30
Years
226
P
Pakistan
Ecoonomic Surveey 2013-14
Oil
Coal
LPG
Percentage Share
PercentageShare
Figure14.8
8:EnergyConssumptionbySSource
Gas
G
Electricity
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
2008
2009
2010
(
P
Product)
14.3.1 Oil (Petroleum
Transport and
a power sectors
s
remaained the higghest
sector in the usage of oil / petrroleum prodducts.
However, during
d
last tw
wo decade thhere is signifficant
increase in the usage of
o oil in pow
wer sector as the
share increaases to 40.0 percent in 2013
2
while usage
u
of oil in transport
t
secctor is almoost stagnant,, the
reason is thhat majority of commerccial transportt still
2011
2012
2013
Years
Industy
7.4
Agriculture
0.1
Power
41.1
Housseholds
0
0.4
Other Govt.
1.6
Industy
6.2
Agriculture
A
0.2
Poweer
42.8
Transport
49.3
Transport
48.7
July-M
March FY 13
J
July-March
FY 14
ue of importt
negaative growthh of 1.3 perceent. The valu
of petroleum
p
prroducts stoood at US $ 6.6 billionn
during July-Marrch FY 14 compared to
o US $ 7.00
billion during coorrespondingg period last year postingg
a neegative growtth of 5.6 perrcent. Howev
ver, value off
impo
ort of petrolleum crude iincreased by
y 6.2 percentt
as itt was US $ 4.3
4 billion duuring July-M
March FY 144
com
mpared to US
S $ 4.1 billioon during co
orrespondingg
perio
od last yeaar. There w
was positivee growth inn
quan
ntities of botth petroleum
m products an
nd petroleum
m
crud
de (5.0 percent and 4.3 peercent respecctively). Thee
main
n reason attriibuted to thee increase in quantity andd
2277
Energy
y
decrease in value of peetroleum product is decliining
prices of petroleum
p
prroducts globbally. Even there
t
was global increase in price
p
of petrroleum crudee, no
change in its consumpption patternn had been seen
which refleect that petrroleum crude is an inellastic
product.
ural Gas
14.3.2 Natu
Pakistan is the larger consumer of
o the gas. The
households,, power, ferrtilizer and industry aree the
major end user
u of gas. Inn last two deecades the paattern
of consumpption of gas among its users
u
is channged.
There was sharp declline in gas consumptioon in
fertilizer inndustry whiich had neggatively affeected
performance of fertilizeer sector. In FY 13, the main
m
reason of abbnormal reduuction in gass supply wass due
to frail funcctioning of SN
NGPL-basedd fertilizer pllants,
confrontingg the worst gas crisis which caused a
Figure 14.10:
1
Share of
o sectors in consumption
c
of Gas
Share of seectors in Con
nsumption off Gas
(%)
Sha
are of sectorss in Consump
ption of Gas
(%)
Transport
(CNG)
7.0
Households
23.2
Transportt
(CNG)
8.2
Commercial
3.1
Industryy
21.7
Commercial
3.33
Industry
22.6
Households
23.2
Cement
0.0
Cem
ment
0..1
Fertilizer
19.0
Fertilizer
15.2
Power
27.5
Power
26.1
July-March FY
Y 14
Ju
uly-March FY 13
14.3.3 Electtricity
The consum
mption of eleectricity has increased rappidly
and is the highest
h
amonng all sourcees of energy. One
prime reasoon is technoological advvancement which
w
also brougght significaant change in lifestylee of
people. Thhere is cycclical relatiionship betw
ween
economic growth
g
and electricity consumption. It
h is followedd
impllies that the period of hiigher growth
by higher
h
grow
wth rate of electricity consumption
c
n
whicch is obviouus in the sensse that grow
wth improvess
the standard off living or production by utilizingg
wise, lowerr
advaance technoological gooods. Likew
grow
wth of GDP will negativvely affect th
he growth off
conssumption of electricity ass shown belo
ow:
Fig-14.11
1: Relationship between grrowth of GDP
P (fc)
and
elect
tricty
consum
mption
15
Electricity Con
nsumption
5
0
Source: HD
DIP, PBS and EA
A Wing
Yearrs
2013-14
2012-13
2011-12
2010-11
2009-10
2008 09
2008-09
2007-08
2006-07
2005-06
2004-05
2003-04
2002-03
2001-02
2000-01
1999-00
1998-99
1997-98
1996-97
-5
1995-96
GDP (fc)
10
228
P
Pakistan
Ecoonomic Surveey 2013-14
Fig14.12
2:Shareinele
ectricityconsu
umption
Agriccultural
Industrial
Commercial
H
Household
2013
Years
2008
2003
1998
1993
0%
1
10%
20%
30%
40%
PercentageSShare(%)
Pakistans coal
c
generallly ranks from
m lignite to subbituminous.. Coal connsumption iss varying since
s
2000. Abouut 39.1 perceent of total coal
c
consumeed in
the country has been uttilized by briick kilns induustry
and 56.1 percent
p
by cement facctories, show
wing
decrease of
o 3.46 perccent and inncrease of 1.83
percent, respectively. Almost
A
wholee cement induustry
has been switched
s
oveer from furnnace oil to coal
hence utiliization of ingenious coal
c
is gaiining
momentum.
Pakistan has huge coal resources
r
esttimated to exxceed
185 billionn tons; inncluding 1775 billion tons,
identified att Thar coal fields
f
(Sindh Province) alone.
The powerr project at Port Qasim
m had a sppecial
significancee due to importance of Karachhi in
mmerce. How
wever, duringg July-March
h FY 14, thee
com
com
mposition of share of eleectricity con
nsumption iss
almo
ost similar to
t that in coorresponding
g period lastt
yearr as shown beelow:
Prior to unnbundling of
o WAPDA
A to presentt, all
sectors exxhibit a chhange in their electrricity
consumptioon pattern, especially industry and
household. The share of industry deecreased from
m 36
percent in 1993
1
to 29 percent
p
in 20013 because large
industrial units
u
are usinng own capttive unit beccause
of load shedding. Incrrease in usaage of electtrical
home appliiance due too technologiccal improvem
ment
made the shhare of resideential electriccity consumpption
increased too 47 percentt in 2013 froom 36 perceent in
1993. In case of aggriculture seector, electrricity
consumptioon decreased from 15 peercent in 19993 to
10 percentt in 2013, this show
w the strucctural
transformation away from agricuulture sectoor to
industrial and services sector. The sharee of
agriculture in real GDP
P declined to 21 percent from
almost 26 percent in 1990s.Howeever, there is
i no
significant change in the consum
mption patterrn of
14.3.4 Coall
50%
50%
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Householdd
Commercial
Industrial
July-M
March FY 14
Agriccultural
Sectors
Energy
act as a central agency for development and
promotion of Alternative & Renewable Energy
(ARE) technologies in the country and to facilitate
the private sector investment in this sector.
Steps Taken By AEDB to Attract Investment in
the Sector
AEDB has undertaken a number of supportive
measures in order to promote ARE technologies and
to attract private sector investments, which include;
Identification of new corridors for wind and solar
energy
projects
development.
Resource
assessment of these corridors is underway.
National Grid Code for wind power projects has
been amended. Grid Integration Plan 2010 -2015
for wind power projects has been developed by
AEDB to support NTDC.
Local manufacturing of micro wind turbine has
been started. Manufacturing for large wind
turbines is also being encouraged. M/s DESCON
has setup a wind turbine tower manufacturing
facility and has provided towers for the first wind
project in Pakistan. M/s Three Gorges
Corporation / CWE (China) has also established a
tower manufacturing facility which will be
upgraded to wind turbine assembling facility in
future.
Issues related to financing of projects have been
resolved and now leading financing agencies like
International Finance Corporation (IFC), Asian
Development Bank (ADB), Overseas Private
Investment Corporation (OPIC), Economic
Cooperation Organization (ECO), Trade Bank
etc. are offering financing to wind power projects
in Pakistan.
14.4.1 Wind
Thirty five wind power IPPs holding LOIs issued
by AEDB are at various stages of project
development.
Operational (Achieved Commercial Operations
Date)
FFC Energy Limited: 49.5 MW wind project,
Jhampir, Distt. Thatta, Sindh
Zorlu Enerji (Pvt.) Ltd. 56.4 MW wind
project, Jhampir, Distt. Thatta, Sindh.
Under Construction
229
230