BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 uve 609.914 669.14.019.20 British Standard Structural use of steelwork in building Part 1. Code of practice for design in simple and continuous construction: hot rolled sections Aciers de construction Partie 1. Code de bonne pratique pour la conception des ouvrages de construction simple continue : profilés laminés 4 chaud Stahlkonstruktion im Bauwesen Teil 1. Leitfaden fiir die Verwendung warmgewalzter Profilstahle in einfacher und Endlosbauweise = —s NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW ELA” LE” ———<Sonn Peorvary 1982 ‘Amp 6972 February 1992 AMD 6972 Amendment No. 1 published and effective from 28 February 1992 to BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Structural use of steelwork in building Part 1. Code of practice for design in simple and continuous construction: hot rolled sections Revised text Contents In Ue ist of tables: (a) delete the title of table 4 and substitute ‘Maximum thickness for adequate notch thickness of parts subject to applied tensile stress’ (6) delete the title of table 6 and substitute ‘Desian strenaths, 2,’ (c) in itorns (a) to (4) of tables 21 to 23, delete all references to ‘Grade 43 steel” and ‘Grade 5O steel’ and delete the brackets around the text quantifying Dy. Clause 1.2 Definitions [At the end of the definitions clause, insert the following new definitions. "1.2.46. design grade. Designation used to define specific performance requirements of the material for design purposes, in particular strength and toughness. 1.2.47 product grade. Designation used to define mechanical and chemical properties and manufacturing requirements of Ue material as specified in BS 5950 Part 2.” Clause 2.4.4.2 Maximum thicknoss Delete the second sentence, Table 4. Maximum thickness of parts subject to applied tensile stress Delete the entire table and substitute the following new table.‘Table 4, Maximum thickness for adequate notch toughness of parts subject to applied tensile stress {see notes 1 to 6) - Design exter NOTE 1..For setions with flngce tho thi orese ‘icknes:detined inte relevant Bit St = [NOTE 2, The relevant structural steel standard may require ket | kre | kot | R=? | Charpy vee to be agreed for enrtaln predict grades and alae thicken NOTE 9. Where no vue is shown, he maximum thickness 498 2 | 50 1s | 30 for adeauate notch toughness may be assumed tobe in excess 438 2s | 60 1 | 30 oF 100 agar) | 30 | 60 2 | 40 NOTE 4, Tha inclusion of a thickness limit inthe table does - nox necessarily imply th tet ofthat dickies ean be ae 60 sl" ‘ipplied va that design gad al prodet forms > = = NOTE 8. For desian arades 43817! and 508171. verifiction soo | - - = ‘of the impoct properties of qualty B by texting should be 43E = = - - ‘pecitied under option 7 ot 88 EN 10025 when these i ABE - - = - rae. [NOTE 6. Tha meximum thicknas van arm basil an a 508 20 | 40 12 | 26 tvninutn Chery welue of 27 J" a he following text 508 2 | 40 | 12 | 25 temperatures soat) | 25 | 50 16 | 32 Desian grades 43,50 and 55 0c 45 | 90 so | 60 ‘uatty “Test remperature 50D | 100 - | ~ °c sooo | - - 100 = a {00 ex) 8 +20 50E = = = - ie 5 sOcE | - - - - b 20 SOF - - - - bo a2 E =40 55¢ 3s | 70 2 | 60 Fe =0 F 0 ae = = = = Design grade WR 60 - Ousity “Tor omperature wasna | a5 | 90 so | 6 *c wreos | 45 | 90 30 | 60 A ° wrsoc | 6 | — 3 | 8 o * For Fe 510 DD, 8S EN 10025 pects 40 Jat ~20°C. which in ccepted on equvlont to 27 Jat 20°C. wo 6972 ‘epruary 1992 Clause 2.5.2 Durability In the last line, delete “to BS 4380". Clause 3.1.1 Strength of steel Delete paragraph 1 and substitute the following, “This standard covers the design of structures fabricated from weldable structural steels in designated design grades supplied to the appropriate product grade as given in BS 8950 : Part 2. Other steels, excludina rimming steels, ‘may also be used provided that due allowance be made for variations in propertis, including ductility and welda bility (see BS 5950 : Part 2)." In paragraph 2, line 4, delete ‘BS 4360 (or agroed with steeimaker’.’and substitute ‘the appropriate product standard (see BS 6950 : Part 2)."‘aMo 6972 Table 6, Design strengths, p, , for steel to BS 4360 Peoruery 1902 Delete the entire table and substitute the following new table. mano im, | Siemon =) a _ | | mm 43 | 16 | | 40 | ao | 0 }o | ie S| Se | 80 325 jm | ae 3 ‘Amo 6972 Clause 3.1.3 Stee! castings and forgings mene Delete the last sentence and substitute the following, ‘Design strangths correspanding to hot rolled steel ot design grade 43 may be adopted where no other information is available.” ‘Amp 6972 Clause 3.3.3 Effective area at connections eg InsTines 3 and 4, delete ‘where for steels complying with BS 4360:" and substitute ‘where! Insert ‘design’ before ‘grade’ in each of lines 5, 6 and 7. ‘ap 6972 Table 7. Limiting width to thickness ratios LAS ‘Against the entry for ‘Lege of single angle and double angle members with components in column 5, insert ‘and! between the two rows of formulae, AMD 6872 Table 8. Strength reduction factors for slender elements eae Inthe heading for column 3, delete ‘Stress’ and substitute ‘Strength’ In the entry for ‘Internal element of compression flange’, in column 2, delete ‘Build’ and substitute ‘Bult.amp e072 Clause 4.3.7.7 Equal flanged rolled sections February 1992 In paragraph 1, line 3, insert ‘not’ between ‘are’ and ‘equal’. In the definition of 'X’, delete ‘Lg’ and substitute ‘Lg ry’. In the definition of 1, delete‘ and substitute Fy‘. In paragraph 4, ine 4, insert ‘the’ between ‘for’ and value’ amo 6972 Table 21. Critical shear strength. g., aes In the headings of items (a) to (d) of the table, delete all reterences to “Grade 43 steel” and ‘Grade 60 steel’ and delete the brackets around the text quantifying py. am 0972 Table 22. Basic shear strength, gy, tier Inthe headings of items (a) to (4) of the table, delete all references to ‘Grade 43 steel” and 'Grade 50 steel’ nd delete the brackets eround the text quantifying Py. AMD 0972 Table 23. Flange dependent shear strength factor, 4, ceria In thy headings of items (a) to (d) of the table, delete all references to ‘Grade 43 steel” ‘and ‘Grade 60 stool’ and delete the brackets around the text quantifying Py. ‘AMD 6972 Clause 4.12.4.2 General rules for empirical design near toes In item (a), line 2, delete ‘grade 43 of BS 4360’ and substitute ‘design grade 43’. Clause 4.13.1 General In paragraph 6, line 1, delete ‘of grade 43’ and substitute ‘of design grado 434, In line 3, delete ‘Grade 43A baseplates’ and substitute “Baseplates ot design grade 43A ste’ ‘AMD 6872. Clause 5.3.3 Grades of steel February 1992 Delete paragraph 1 and substitute the following, "Steel tor plastic design should comply with all three of ‘the following.” In item (c). ine 2, delete “BS 18° and substitute ’BS EN 1002-1 ‘AMD 6872 Clause 5.5.3.5.2 comes In item (3) of (a): {a) immediately after the first formula, insert ‘design’ between ‘for’ and ‘grade’; (b) immediately after the second formula, insert ‘design’ between ‘for' and ‘grade’.‘Amp 6072 February 1982 ‘AMD 6972 pruary 1982 ‘AMD 6072 February 1982 AMD 6972, February 1002 "S.CN 1000241 Metalic ma Table 33. Bearing strength of connected parts for ordinary bolts in clearance holes, Py, la the overall heading of column 1 t0 3, delete ‘Stool to BS 4360" and substitute ‘Design gradi af steal” Table 34. Bearing strength of parts connected by parallel shank friction grip fasteners, 2, In the overall heading of columns 1 tv 3, delete ‘Steel to BS 4360" and substitute "Design grade of steel’. Clause 6.6.5.1 Design strength In paragraph 1, line 9, delete ‘on steel complying with BS 4360" Table 36. Design strength, Py In the heading of column 1, delete ‘Grede of steel in BS 4360’ and substitute ‘Design grade of sto! Publications referred to Dalat the entries for BS 18 and BS 4360, To the bottom of the list, insert the following new entries. als ~ Tensile testing ~ Part 1 Method of test BS EN 10025 Hot rolled products of nonlloy structural steels: Technical delivery conditions! 9702-2 cse/27Contents Page Foreword 5 Gomiitiees esponsible Back cover Coda of prs Section one, General 1.0 Introduction ° 1.0.1. Aime of economical structural design 8 1102 Overall stability 8 1.03 Accuracy of calculation 6 11 Scope 6 12 Definitions 6 13 Major symbols 7 14 Other materials 8 1.8 Design documents 8 16 Detailing 8 1.7. References to 8S 5400 8 Section two, Limit state de ‘2.1 General principles and design methods, 9 2.1.1 Limit state concept 0 2.1.2 Methods of design a 22 Loading aa 22.1 General 10 2.22 Dead, imposed and wind loading 10 2.2.3 Dynamic loads and impact ettects 10 23 Temperature effects 10 24 Ultimate limit states w 24.1 Limit stat of strength 10 242 Stability limit stare 10 243. Fatigue " 2A Brittle fracture " 245 Structural integrity " 25 Sorviceability limit states 4 25.1 Deflection 14 252 durability 4 Section thros, Properties of mat. Properties 31 General 6 3.1.1. Strength of sae! 5 3.12. Other properties of ste! 8 3.1.3. Steel castings end forgings 15 Welds and fasteners 15 Welding consumables 6 Ordinary bolts, nuts and washers 8 Friction qrio fasteners 15 Section properties 15 Gross section 15 Net eres 15 Effective area at connections 5 Deductions for holes 16 Hole area 16 Holes not staggered 16 3.413 Staggered holes 16 BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 3.5 Limiting proportions ot cross sections 35.1 General 3.5.2 Classification of cross sections 3.5.3 Classification of elemente 3.5.4 Webs of semi-compact sections 3.5.5 Compound flanges 3.56 Longitudinally stiffened flanges 3.6 Slender cross sections 3.6.1. General 3.6.2 Sections with thin webs required to carry shear 3.6.3 Webs subject to moments and axial loads ‘and circular hollow sections 3.6.4 Other elements Section four. Design of structural elements General Scope Class of cross section Design strength Members in bending General Full latoral restraint Shear Elastic shear stress ‘Moment capacity with low shear load Moment capacity with high shear lood Lateral torsional buckling General Lateral restraints 3 Effective lengths of beams Effective lengths of cantilevers Lateral torsional buckling resistan members subject to bending 4.3.8 Buckling resistance mament for single angles 4a Plato girders 4.4.1. General 4.4.2 Dimensions of webs and flanges 44.3 Design strength of components 4.4.4 Moment capacity 4.4.5 Shear buckling resistance of thin webs 44.8 Design of intermediate wransverse wed stiffeners 4.5 Web bearing, buckling and stiffener design 45.1 General 45.2 Load carrying stiffeners 45.3. Bearing stitteners 4.54 Design of load carrying stiffeners 4.5.8 Design of bearing stiffeners 456 Design of diagonal stiffeners 45.7 Design of tension stitteners 45.8 Torsion stiffeners 418.9 Conneotion to web of load carrying end bearing stiffeners 4.5.10 Connection to flanges: stiffeners in tension ofBS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990 4.5.11 Connection to flanges: stiffeners in ‘compression 4.5.12 Hollow sections 46 Axially loaded tension members 4.6.1 Tension capacity 46.2. Eecentrie connections 46.3 Effective areas of simple tension members 4.8.4 Laced or battened ties 4.7 Compression members 47.1 General 4.7.2 Effective lengths 4.73. Slenderness 47.4 Compression resistance 4.1.5 Compressive strength 47.6 Eecentric connections 42.7 Columns in simple construction ATR Laced struts 4.7.9 Battened struts A.TAO Angle, channel and T-section struts 4.7.11 Batten-storced engle struts 47.12 Battoned parallel angle struts 4713 Hack-to-back struts 48 Axially loaded members with moments 48.1 General 48.2 Tension members with moments 483 Compression members with moments 49° Members with biaxial moments Empirical design rules for members in lattice frames and trusses Additional provisions for gantry girders 1 General 2 Crabbing of trolley 3 Lateral torsional buckling 4 Shear buckling 8 Local compression under wheels Wel Purlins and side rails, 4.42.1 General 4122 Reflections 4.12.3 Wind loading 4.124 Empirical design of purlins and side rails 4.13 Column bases 4.13.1 General 4.13.2 Empirical design of asaplates 4.13.3 Connection of baseplates 4.14 Cased sections 4.14.1 General 4.14.2 Cased members subject to bending 4.143 Cased struts 4.14.4 Cased members subject to axial load and moment 4.18 Web openings 4.18.1 General 4.18.2 Sections other than castellated 415.3 Castellated beams 3d girdare Section five. Continuous construction 5a Bat baZ 513 52 53 53.1 532 533 634 535 538 537 Section si General ‘Scope Loading Classification of multistorey frames as sway (oF non-sway Elastic design Plastic desion General Type of loading Grades of steel Geometrical properties Restaints Stiffenors at hinge locations Fabrication restrictions Continuous bears Elastic design Plastic desian Portal frames General Elastic design Plastic design Multi storey rigid frames: elastic design General Non-sway frames Sway frames Subframes Multi-storey rigid frames: plastic design General Non-sway frames ‘Sway frames Connections General recommendations General Intersections. Joints in simple construction Joints in rigid construction “Joints in semi rigid construction Joints subject to vibration and/or load reversal Splices Fastener spacing and edge distances Minimum spacing Maximum spacing in unstiffened plates ‘Minimum edge and end distances Maxinuin edge distances Ordinary bolting Effective arcas of bolts Shear capacity Bearing capacity Long jvints Large grip lengths Bolts subject to tension Friction grip fasteners General642 643 ead Parallel shank friction grip fasteners Waisted shank fasteners: slip resistance Frietion grip fasteners subject ta external tension Combined shear and tension Holes for frietion grip fasteners 645 648 6s 65.1 652 653 66 66.1 662 663 684 665 666 e7 Pin connections General Tension members and pin plates Desian of pins Weld detail and design General Details of fillet welds Partial penetration butt welds Welded details for structural hollow sections Design of fillet welds Design of butt welds Hoiding-down bolts Section seven. Loading teste 7A 72 73 731 732 733 734 735 738 General Test conditions Test procedures Test loads Preliminary loading Acceptance test Strenath test Test to failure Check tests ‘Appendices A Formal statement of satety factor format adopted in BS 5950 ; Pert 1 to favilitete vorrela tion with ISO 2394 and BS 6400 : Part 3 B. Lateral torsional buckling af members subject to bending © Compression strength. Perry strut formula D Effective lengths of struts in simple construction F Effective lengths of struts in rigid frames F Frame instability G Design of resteained members with an Lunrestrained compression flange H Web buckling Tables 1 Limit states 2 Loed factors end combinetions 3 Factor K for location of material and tensile stress 4 Maximum thickness of parts subjected to applied tensile stress 5 Deflection limits other than for pitched roof ortal trames Desigi strengths, yy, for steel to BS 4360 Limiting width to thickness ratios Strength reduction factors for slender elements Etfective lenath, L¢. for beams Page 88 88 88 88 89 89 89, 89, 8 89. 80 90 20 a1 a1 95 08 103 107 107 m u 2 4 18 7 19 2 BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 10 Etvectve eng, ce, for eanteer of eng & 11 Dending strength, py, lin N/mm?) for rolled 12 Handing senator Win?) fr welded Ure of mand m factors for members of uniform Senderness factor for anges beams of 13 4 15 Slenderness correetion fector,, for members with applied loading substantially concentrated within the middle titth of the unrestrained Fength Slenderness correction factor, for members with epplied loading other than 0s for table 16 ‘Moment diagram between adjacent points of lateral restraint Equivalent uniform moment factor, Bending strength, Pp, {in N/mm?) for rolled sections with equal flanges (a) By = 265 Nimm* (b) By = 275 Nimm? (e) By = 340 N/mm? (4) By = 365 Niemen? Slenderness correction factor. n, tor standard load conditions Critical shear strength, gop (in N/men?) (2) Grade 43 etool (oy = 265 N/mm?) (b) Grade 43 steet (py, = 275 N/mm?) (c) Grade 50 steel (p, = 340 N/mm?) (4) Grade 50 steel (py = 355 N/mm?) Basie shear strength, a (in N/mm*) (a) Grade 43 steel (p, = 265 N/mm?) (0) Grade 43 steel (py ~ 275 N/mm?) {c) Grade 60 stool (py ~ 340 N/mm?) (d) Grade 60 steel (my, = 385 N/mm?) Flange dependent shear strenath factor. ay {in Némm?) {) Grade 43 steel (py = 260 N/mm?) (h) Grade 43 stool (ny, = 275 N/mm?) (c) Grade 50 steel (p, = 340 N/mm?) (a) Grade 50 steel (oy ~ 355 N/mm?) Nominal effective length, Le, for a strut Strut table selection Type of section obtained for table 25 Compressive strength, Pc, {in N/mm?) for struts Angle, channel and T-section strute Empirical values for purlins Empirical values tor side ralls 31 Minimum edge and end distances to fasteners Strength of bolts in clearance holes Bearing strength on connected parts for ordinary bolts in clearance Noles. Dox Bearing strength on parts connected by parallel shank friction grip Fasteners, Pog 7 18 19 22 23 3b Maximum dimensions of holes 36 Design strength, D. 37 Comparison of partial safety factors Limiting ) for box sections of uniform wall thickness, including RHS 39 Equivalent uniform moment factor, 1, Poge 24 25 F) 26 27 28 30 a1 » 33, 34 35 36 48 50 51 56 57 58 59 70 75 5 86 a7 97 7 MtBS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Figures 1 Staggered hotes 2 Angles with holes in both leas 3 Dimensions of sections 4 Effective she ‘of typical sections 55 End panel designed not using tention field action 6 End panel designed using tension tield action (ingle stiffener) 7. End panel designed using tension field action (double stiffener) 8 ‘Stitt bearing length 9 Dimensions of castellated sections 10 Heunch restraints 11 Subframes aMinimum edge and end distances 12 Joint lenath at splice 19 Pinended tension members 14 Welded ond connections 15 Symmetrical fillet welds 16 Dimensions for symmetrical plate girders 17 Side stanchion 18 Side stanchion with restraints 19 Simple side stanchion with crane gantry Page 16 16 20 28 20 2 22 2B 24 2 27 2B 29 30 31 32 ‘Compound side stanchion with crane gantry ‘Compound valley stanchion with erane gantry Restraint coefficients for limited frame Effective length ratio L/L for a column in a rigid jointed frame braced against sidesway for hase Effective length ratio Le/t for a column in a rigid jointed frame with unrestricted sidesway fork; Ettective length ratio Le/I far a calumn ina rigid-jointed frame with partial sway bracing of celative stiffness ky = 1 Effective length ratio L_/L for @ column in @ rigid jointed frame with partial sway bracing of Telative stittness k, = 2 Critical buckling mode of frame braced against sidesway Critical buckling mode of frame free to sway ‘Members restrained on tension flange ‘Typical naunch Value of fy Intermediate moments Page 101 102 103 104 104 105 105 106 108 108 110 MtForeword ‘This Part of BS 5950 has been prepared under the direction Of the Civil Engineering and Bullding Structures Standards Policy Committee. This Part of BS 5950 replaces BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1086 which is withdrawn. BS 6050 is a document ‘combining odes of practice to caver the design construc- tion and fire protection of steel structures and specifications for materials, workmanship and erection, “This edition introduces tachnical changes hut it does not reflect a full review or revision of the standard, which will tbe undertaken in due course. The changes introduced are indicated by a single side line in yin of the page. BS 5950 comprites the following Parte: Part 1. Code of practice for design in simple and continuous construction: hot rolled sections ‘Specification for materials, fabrication and. rection: hot rolled sections Design in composite construction Section 3.1 Code of practice for design of imple and continuous compotite beams *Seetion 3.2 Code of practice for design of ‘composite columns and frames Code of practice for design of floors with Profiled steel sheeting Cade of practice for design ot cold tormed sections Part 6* Code of practice for design in light gouge heating, decking and cladding Part 7° Specification for materials and workmanship: ‘old formed sections Part 8 Code of practice for fire resistant design Part 9* Code of practice for stressed skin design Part 2 Pants Part 4 Part 5 Part 1 gives recommendations for the design of structural steelwork in simple and continuous construction and its provisions apply to the majority of structures, although it is recognized that cases will arise when other proven methods. Cf design may be more appropriate. BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 This Part does not apply to other steel structures for which appropriate British Standards exist. Ithas been assumed in the drafting of this British Standard ‘that the execution of its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people and that construction and supervision should be carried out by capable and experienced organizations. ‘The full list of organizations who have taken part in the work of the Technical Committee is given on the back ‘cover. The Chairman of the Committeo ie Mr P R Brett and the following people have made a particular contribution in the drafting of the code. Me PA Rutter Me PH Allen Mr B Auger Mr RJ Campion Mr E F Hole Me BL Hurst Mr JC Kalra Me EG Lovejoy Dr D B Moore Prot. D A Nethercot Dr MH Ogle Mr P R Salter Dr JE Spindet ‘Mr R Taggart Mr J.C Taylor Mr AD Weller Dr F J Whitbread Compliance with a British Standard doee not of itself confer immunity fram legal obligations. Viee ChairmanBS 5950 : Part 1 Section one 1990 Section one. General 1.0 Introduction 1.0.1. Aime of economical structural design ‘Tho aim of structural design is to provide, with due rogard to economy, a structure capable of fulfilling its intended funetion and sustaining the desian loads for its intended life, The design should facilitate fabrication, erection and future maintenance. The structure should behave as one three-dimensional entity. Tho layout of its constituent parte, euch a: foundations, steelwork, connections and other structural components should constitute a robust and stable structure under normal loading to ensure that in the event of misuse or ‘accident, damage will not be disproportionate to the cause. To achieve this itis necessary to define clearly the basic structural anatomy by which the loads are transmitted to ‘the foundations. Any features of the structure which have a critical influence on its overall stability can then be identified and taken account of in design. Each part of the structure should be sufficiently robust and insensitive to the effects of minor incidental losds applied during torvice thatthe safety of other parts is not prejudiced. Reterence should be made to 2.4.5, While the ultimate strength requirements within this standard are to be regarded as limiting values, the purpose in design should be to reach these limits in as many parts of the structure az postibla, to adopt a layout such that maximum structural efficiency is attained and to rationalize the steel member sizes and details in order to obtain the ‘optimum combination of material and fabrication, 1.0.2 Overall stability ‘The designer responsible for the overall stability of the structure should ensure the compatibility of desian and etal uf parts and components. There should be no doubt of this responsibility for overall stability when some or all lf the design and details ara nat made by the came designer 1.0.3 Accuracy of calculation For the purpose of deciding whether a particular rule of the standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated, oxprassing the result of a tart or analysis should be rounded off. The number of significant places retained In the rounded off value should be the same as the value given in thie standard, 1.1 Scope ‘This Part of BS 5960 giues racommendatione for the design of structural steelwork with hot rolled steel sections, flats, plates and hollow sections in buildings and allied stevctures ‘ot specifically covered by other standards sterials and construction are ay spectied in BS SOBO "Part 2. [NOTE 2. The publications reterred to inthis standard are listed on For the purposes of this Part of BS 5950, the following definitions apply, 1.2.1. beam. A member predominately subject to bending. 1.2.2 brittle fracture, Brittle failure of steel at low temperature, 1.2.3 budkding resistanos. Limit of force or moment which a member can withstand without buckling 1.2.4 builtup. Constructed by interconnecting more than ‘one plate to form a single member 41.25 cantilever. A beam which ie fixed at one end and it {ree to deflect at the other. 1.2.6 capacity. Limit of force or moment which may be applied without causing failure due to yielding or rupture. 1.2.7 column. A vertical member of a structure carrying axial load and possibly moments. 1.2.8 compset cross section. A cross section which can develop the plastic moment capacity of the section but in \which local buckling prevents rotation at constant moment. 1.2.8 compound section. Constructed by interconnecting cone oF more sections oF plates and sections to form a single member 1.2.10 dead load, All loads of constant magnitude and position that act permanently, ineluding self weight. 1.2.11 design strength, The yield strangth of the material multiplied by the appropriate partial factor. See 3.1.1. 1.2.12 dynamic load, Part of an imposed load resulting from motion, 1.2.13 edge distance. Distance trom the centre ot a tastener role to the nearest edge of an element, 1.2.14 offective length. Longth between points of effective restraint of a memher multiplied hy a factor ta take account of the end conditions and toagina, 1.2.15 elastic design. Design which essumes no redistribu: tion of moments due to plastic rotation of a section throughout the structure 1.2.16 empirical method. Simplified method of design justified by experience or testing 1.2.17 end distance. Distance trom the centre of a fastener hnole to the edge of an element parallel to the direction in which the fostener beers 1.2.18 factored load. Specitied load multiplied by the relevant partial factor. 1.2.19 fatigue. Damage to 2 structural member caused by repeated application of stresses that are insufficient to raise failure by a single application 1.2.20 foundation. Part of a structure which distributes led directly to the ground, 1.2.21 friction grip connection, A halted connection which relies on friction to transmit shear between components.1.2.22 H-seetion. A section with one central weh and two equal tlanges which has an overall depth not greater than 1.2 times the width of the flange 1.2.23 hybrid. Composed of sloments of more than one strength grade of steel 1.2.24 I-section, Section with central web ard wo equal flanges which has an overall depth greater than 1.2 times the width of the flange. 1.2.25 imposed toad. Load on a structure or member, ‘other than wind load, produced by the external environment and intended occupancy or use. 1.2.26 instability. Inability to carry turther load due to Vanishing stiffness. 1.2.27 lateral restraint For a bear. Restraint which prevents later the compression flange, For a compression member. Restraint which prevents lateral movement of the member in a particular plane. movement of 1.2.28 longitudinal, Along the length of the member 1.2.29 pattern loading. Loading arranged in such @ manner 45 to give the most severe effect on a particular element. 1.2.20 piteh, Distance between cantres of fasteners lying in, the diceetinn of strass 1.2.31 plastic cross section. A cross section wirich cart develop a plastic hinge with sufficient rotetion capacity to allow redistribution of bending moments within the structure. 1.2.32 plastic design. Design method assuming redistribu- tion of moment in continuous construction. 1.2.33 plastic moment. Moment capacity allowing tor redistribution of stress within a cross section. 1.2.34 pretensioned fastener. Fastener tensioned to 9 specified proportion of its proof stress before connected ‘components are loaded. 1.2.35 semi-compact cross section. A cross section in which the stress in the extreme fibres should be limited to yield because Ineal buckling would prevent development of ‘the plastic moment capacity in the section. 1.2.96 serviceability limit states. Those limit states which when exeeeded ean lead to the structure being unfit for its intended use 1.2.87 slender cross section. A cuss section in which yield of the extreme fibres cannot be attained because of premature local buckling, 1.2.38 slenderness. The effective length divided by the radius of gyration. 1.2.39 lip resistance. | imit of shear that can be applied before slip occurs in a friction arip connection. 1.2.40 stability. Resistance of the structure or part of the structure to overturning or overall failure. BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section one 1.2.41 strength. Resistance to tailure by yielding or bucking 1.2.42 strut. A member of a structure carrying predomi- nantly compressive axial load. 1.2.43 subtrame, Part of a larger frame. 1.2.44 transverse, Direction perpendicular to the stronger of the rectangular axes of the member 1.2.45 ultimate limit stata. That state which if exceeded ccan cause collapse of part or whole of the structure. 1.3 Major symbols A Awa A, Effective wee Ay Grossarea A, Shear area (bolts) Ay Tensile stress area (bolts) Ay Shear area (sections) a Spacing of transverse stiffeners or Effective throat size of weld 2 Breauth D —— Outstana or Width of panel by Stiff bearing length Cy Charpy impact value Depth of section or Diameter of section fr Diameter of hale 4 Depth of web ‘or Nominal diameter of fastener E Modulus of elasticity of steet e End distance F. Compressive foree due to axial load F, Shear force (bolts) Fy Tensile foree F, Shear foroe (sections) f, Compressive stress due to axial load f, Shear stress G Sheer modulus of steel HH Warping constant of section n Storey height Iq Second moment of area about the major axis fy Second moment of area about the minor axis J Torsion constant of section L Length of span Le Effective length M Larger end moment ‘My Myy Maximum buckling moment about the malor of ‘minor axis in the presence of axial load My Buckling resistance moment (lateral torsional) ‘Mox/Mey Moment capacity of section about the major and ‘minor axes in the absence of axial loadBS 8950 : Part 1: 1990 ‘Section one Me Me Elastic critical moment Mid-length moment on a simply supported span ‘equal to the unrestrained length Mec Mry Reduced moment capacity of the section about the major and minor axes in the presence of axial load ‘M.My Applied moment about the major and minor axes Mg My Equi sat uniform moment about the major and Equivalent uniform mament factor Slenderness correction factor Bearing capacity of a bolt Bearing capacity of parts connected by friction rip fasteners ‘Bearing capacity ot parts connected by ordinary bolts Compression resistance Compression resistance considering buckling about the major and minor axes only Shear capacity of a bolt Slip resistance provided by a friction grip fastener ‘Tension capacity of a memher or fastener ‘Shear capacity of a section Bonding strength Bearing strength of a bolt Bearing strength of parts connceted by friction rip fasteners Bearing strength of parts connected by ordinary bolts Compressive strength Euler strength Shear strength af a bolt Tension strength of bolt Design strangth of a fillet weld Detign strangth of stool Batic shear etrangth of 2 web panel Critical shear strength of web panel Elastic critical shear strength of web pane! Flange dependent shear strength factor Radius of gyration of a member about its major and minor axes S,,Sy Plastic modulus about the major and minor axes Leg length of a fillet wold ‘Thickness of flange or log Thickness of 2 web (or As otherwise defined in a clause Specified minimum ultimate tonsile strength of the steel Buckling parameter of the section ‘Shear buckling resistance of stittened web Utilizing tension field action Shear buckling resistance of stiffened or unsttfened ‘web without utilizing tension field action Slenderness factor for beam x Torsional index of section Y, Specified minimum yield strength of steel Zx.Zy_ Elastic modulus about major and minor axes @ Coefficient af linear thermal expansion a, Modula cation A Ratio of smaller to larger and moment 4 Overall load factor Ye Load variation factor, ie. function of Ye1 and 72 ‘Ym Material etrangth factor + Ratio M/Mo, i.e. the ratio of the larger end moment ta the mid-length moment on a simply supported span equal to the unrestrained length 5 Deflection © Constant @) Py A —__Slondornec, fre the effective langth divided by the radius af gyration de Elastic erica load factor deo Limiting equivalent slenderness Dex Equivalent slenderness De Limiting slenderness H Slip factor » Poitton’e ratio 1.4 Other materials Where other structural materials are used in association with steelwork they should comply with the appropriate British Standard NOTE Attentinn ie craw tn th nacesity of regulation 1.5 Design documents ‘The design documents should contain sufficient information to enable the design to be detailed and the structure fabricated and erocted. ‘The design documents should show the assumed behaviour of the structure, the design assumptions and whether the torces and reactions included are factored or unfactored. 1.6 Detailing ‘The connections between members should withstand the forces and moments to which they will be subjected, without undue deformation and without invalidating the design assumptions. ‘The detailing of the connections should take account of possible dimensional variations due to rolling margins and fabrication variations, leading to some degree of lack of fit. 1.7 References to BS 5400 I BS 5400 the breakdown of partial safety factors, the assessment of material strengths, etc. are different, and these differences should he recognizedSection two. Limit state design 21 General principles and design methods 2.1.1. Limit state concept Structures should be designed by considering the limit states at which they would become unfit for their intended tse, by applying appropriate factors for the ultimate limit state and the serviceability limit state, Examples of limit states relevant to steel structures are given in table 1 Table 1. Limit states ‘timate Serviceaitity 5 Deflection 6 Vibration (e.g. wind| induced oscillation) 7. Repsirable damage due to fatigue 8 Corrosion and durability 1 Strength (including general yielding, rupture, buekling and transtormation into ‘a mechanism) 2 Stability against overturning and sway 3 Fracture due to fatigue 4 rite fracture ‘The overall tactor in any design has to cover variability of: Material strength: % Loading: % Structural performance: In this code the material factor, Ym, is taken as 1.0 (see 3.1.1). Depending on the type of load, values of ¥¢ and %p are assigned. The product of y¢ and 7, is the factar ‘74. BY which the specified loads are to be multiplied in checking the strength ani stability of a suucture (see ‘able 2). A detailed breakdown of factors is given in appendix A. 2.1.2 Methods of di 2.1.2.1. General. The desian of any strucrure or its parts may be caied out by one of the methods given in 2.1.2.2 wo 2126. In all cases, the details of members and connections should bbesuch as to realize the assumptiont made in detign without adversely affecting any other parts of the structure. 2.1.2.2 Simple design. The connections between members are assumed not to develop moments adversely effecting sither the members or the structure as a whole, ‘The distribution of forces may be determined assuming that members intersecting at 2 joint are pin connected, ‘The necessary flexibility in connections may result in some non-lastic deformation of the materials, other than the fasteners, Itis necessary to maintain stability ageinst swey and the Provisions of 2.4.2.3 apply. BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990 Section two 2.1.2.3 Agi design, The connections are assumed to be capable of developing the strength and/or stiffness required by an analysis assuming full eantinuity. Such analysis may bbe made using either elastic or plastic methods. 2.1.2.4 Semi-rigid design. Some degree of connection stiffness is assumed, but insufficient to develop full continuity as follows. (2) The moment and rotation capacity of the joints should he hased on experimental evidence, which may permit some limited plasticity providing the ultimate tensile capacity ofthe fastener is not the feilure criterion. (On this basi, the design chould satisfy the strength, stability and stiffness requirements of all parts of the structure when partial continulty at the joints is to be takers into account in assessing moments end forces in the members {b) As an alternative, in simple beam and column structures an allowance may be made for the inter- ‘estraint of the connections between a beam and a column by an end restraint moment not exceeding 10 % ‘of the free moment applied to the beam, assuming this to be simply supported, provided that the following apply. (1) The beams and columns are designed by the general rules applicable to simple design. (2) The tramne is provided with lateral support or braced against sideaway in both direetione. (3) The beams are designed for the maximum net ‘moment which includes an allowance for the restraint moment at one ar hath ends (4) Each column is designed to resist the algebraic suum of the restraint moments from the beams at the same level on each side of the column, in addition to moments due to eccentricity of connections, (6) The assumed end restraint moment need not, however, be taken a8 10% of the free moment forall beams, provided that the same restraint moment is used in the design of the column and beam at each ‘connection. (6) The beam-to-column connections are designed to transmit the appropriate restraint moment, in audition ‘to the end reactions assuming the beams are simply supported. (7) The welds and fasteners should be designed for the actual moment capacity af the connection not ‘the assumed moment. 2.1.25 Experimental verification, Whore dosign of 2 structure or element by calculation in accordance with any of, the preceding methods is not practicable. or is inappropriate, the strength, stability and stiffness may be confirmed by loading tests in accordance with section seven.BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section two 22 Loading 2.2.1. General All relevant loads should be considered separately and in such realistic combinations as to comprise the most critical effects on the elements and the structure as a whole, ‘The magnitude and frequency of fluctuating loads should also be considered. Loading conditions during erection should receive particular attention. Settlement of supports may need to be taken into account. 2.2.2 Dead, imposed and wind lading Reference should be made to 8S 6309 : Part 1, BS 6209 Part 3 and CP 2: Chapter V : Part 2 for the determination Of the dead, imposed and wind loads. 2.2.3 Dynamic loade and impact effects ‘These may be determined from BS 6399 : Part 1 in the case of eran It is recommended that values for erancs of loading class 03. and Q4 a: defined in BS 2673 : Part 1 should be established in consultation with the crane manufacturer. 23 Temperature effects Where, In the design and erection of a structure, itis necessary to take account of changes in temperature, it may ‘be assumed that in the UK the average temperature of internal steelwork varies trom ~6 °C to #35 °C. The actual range, however, depends on the location, type and purpose of the structure and special consideration may be necessary for structures in other conditions, and in locations abroad subjected to different temperature ranges. 24 Ultimate limit states 24.1 Limit state of strength AAA General. In checking the suenyth and stability of the structure the loads should be multiplied by the relevant +7 factare given in table 2. The factored loads should be applied in the most unfavourable realistic combination tor te part oF effect under consideration “The load capacity of each member and its connections, 2 determined by the relevant provisions of this standard, should be euch that the factored loads would not cause failure, 24.1.2 Overhead travelling cranes. The 7; factore given in table 2 for vertical loads from averhead travelling cranes should be applied to the dynamic crane loads, je. the static vertical wheel loads increased by the appropriete allowance for dynamic offocts (s00 2.2.3) For cranes on outdoor gantries the wind load: on the gantry and supporting structure should he obtained fam (a) BS 2573 : Part 1, for eranat in tha working condition: (b) CP 3: Chepter V : Part 2, for exanes which are not working Table 2. Load factors and combinations Loading Factor. Dead load 14 Dead load restraining uplift or overturning | 1.0 Dead load acting with wind and imposed loads combined 12 Imposed load 16 Imposed load acting with wind load 12 Wind load 14 Wind load acting with imposed load or crane load 12 Forces due to temperature effects 12 Crane loading effects Vertical load 16 Vertical load acting with horizontal loads (crabbing or surge) 14 Horizontal load 16 Horizontal load acting with verticel 14 CCrane load acting with wind load” 12 “When considering wind or imposed load and crane loading ‘acting together the value of For dead oad may be taken a 12. Where a structure or member Is subject to loads from two fr more eranes the crane loads should be taken as the maximum vertical and horizontal loads acting simultaneously ‘where this is reasonably possible. 2.4.2 Stability Ii 2.4.2.1. General. In considering the querall stability af any structure or part, the loads should be increased by the relevant 74 factors given in table 2. ‘The desianer should consider overall frame stability which embraces stability against overturning and sway stability. it state 2.4.2.2 Stability against overturning, The factored loads, considered separately and in combination. should not cause the suucture oF any part of the structure (including te foundations) to overtuen of lift off its seating, The combin ation of dead, imposed and wind Inads should he such as ta have the most severe ettect on overall stability (see 2.2.1), ‘Account shauld be taken of probable variations in dead load during construction or other temporary conditions. 2.4.2.3 Sway stability. All structures, including portions between expansion joints, should have adequate stiffness against sway To ensure this, in addition to designing for applied horizontal loads, a separate check should be carried out for notional horizontal forces. 10“These notional forces may arise trom practical imperfections such as lack of verticality and should be taken as the greater of 1% of factored dead load from that level, applied horizontally 0.50 % of factored load (dead plus vertical imposed) ‘rom that level, applied horizontally | Threats te hl rad atin anya direction at atime and should be applied at each root and floor level or their equivalent. They should be taken as aeting simultaneously with the fectored dead plus vertical | imposed loads taken a¢ 1.4X (unfactored dead load! and | 1.6% (unfactored vertical imposed load). The notlonal force should nor: (a) be applied when considering overturning: | (b) be combined with the applied horizontal loads; {c) be combined with temperature effects | (a) be taken to contribute to the net reactions atthe foundations ‘Sway stability may be provided for example by braced trames, joint rigidity or by utilizing staircase, lift cores and. shear walls, Whatever system is used, reversal of loading should be accommodated. The cladding floors and roof should have adequate steangth and be so secured to the structural tramework as to transmit all horizontal forces to the points of sway resistance. Where such sway stability is, provided by construction other than the steal framework, the steelwork designer should state clearly the need tor such construction and the forces acting upon it (see 1.8). 2.4.2.4 Foundation design. The design of foundations | should be in accordance with BS 8004 and shauld aceam. ‘modate all the forces imposed on them. Attention should bbe given to the method of connecting the steel superstructure 10 the foundations and the anchorage of any holding down bolts as recommended in 6.7 Where it i necessary to quote the foundation reactions it should be clearly stated whether the forces and moments result from factored or unfactored loads. Where they result {rom factored loads the relevant 7, factors for each load in each combination should be stated. 2.4.3 Fatigue Fatigue need not be considered unless astructuré or element Is subjected to numerous significant fluctuations of stress Stress changes due to tluctuations in wind loading need not be considered but account should be taken of wind induced oxcillations In the design of crane supporting structures only those | members which support cranes of utilization clases UA to US as detined in BS 2573 need be checked for fatigue by | reference to 8S 5400 : Pat 10. When designing or fatigue a, tactor of 7.0 should be use. BS 5950 : Part 1: Section two 1990 2.4.4 Brite fracture 2.4.4.1 General, Brittle fracture need not be considered ‘except in locations subject to tensile stresses in service due to applied axial load or moment. Where such tension exists then the maximum thickness may bbe determined from 2.4.4.2 if the service temperature does riot fall below that normal in the UK, taken as ~6 °C for internal conditions and - 16 °C for external conditions. Where the steel is subjected to lower temperatures or where the steel grade or thickness used is not covered by table 4 then the energy absorption should comply with 2.4.43, which may also be used in place of table 4, Where severe restraint conditions occur due to welding then reference should be made to BS 6400 oF specialist advie The recommendations of this clause do not apply to grade ABA base plates (soe 4.13). 2.8.8.2 Maximum thickness. The maximum thickness for adequate notch toughness should not exceed the value given in table 4 for the value of K determined from table 3, Whore no value is shown, the maximum thickness of the product form for guaranteed natch toughness in BS 4360 aiven in table 4 should not be exceeded. 2.4.4.3 Energy absorption. The Charpy impact value, Cy, in joules, t the minimum service temperature should not be less than: Yet Ft0K where Y, 15 the minimum yield strength of the material (in N/mm?) {is the thickness of material from which the specimen is taken (in mn) Kis determined from table 3. Table 2. Factor K for location of material and tensile stress Welded Dries location | punched | wales | or holee | location | reamed location being hoes Nimm? <100 2 2 2 2 > 100 1 1 2 2 2.45 Structural intagrity 2.4.5.1 Requirements for all structures. All structures should follow the principles given in 1.0.1. The additions! roquiroments in 2.4.5.2 to 2.4.5.5 apply to buildings. "a 10cddes ADip YoHyAn j001 1900 4 jed:oUNId yoes sour 248 12 z i $ z j | z Syromaure) jer2uinio.dde suonaaup ont ut poulense- ¥ ‘y9An99})9 3C BLNOYS SULLMICS IY “8AA} JO0s PLE 100)) [2chou 1c ypes :e 19,2591 pan Ajeri92,9 99 pinoys aucsy Dug 0: aqqeaaoead se aeoqo se Ul pstueie 9q piroys asain ayqyssod esau “s19quID Ut fn 10 sueaq ayia Aq papraoid aq Aew a6Ci049Ue 51 ue suwn: Ing Aleng Supra ye 10} stuoueunesy ZS Ye uy Toble 4, Maximum thickness of parts subject to applied temile stress (sve note 1) 8.4960 Maximum hick for deauate | Maximum mppl kina in 8S 4380 for guarnted Chery impeet ve, cording to rte oune om note 3 product rye tae note 3) Trl Exam ‘Sectont | Ractnguer | cveusr | Pir Widen | Frm and condor | condone | tenon’ | none” | pone round ond roto | enone | atone unre bore wie wet [xez [eat [eo2 | metonn = + wen 2s |so 15 20 | tmenowes) | va ie | tenor | tone none a) | an note a) opts) | 30 |e 20 Jao | 00 a ae | to 0 ‘0 ee to to |e | to0 6 “0 | too 50 400 so oo to 8 2 | t00 0 00 ‘200 100 ae oe ve oe va ae ve va te ve ole % ee ve 6 0 % 0 we won zw [4 [x2 [2 [imenowa [ove ie | weerowa) | terenow a) | tne nam a 200 twee) | 28 [50 [te [32 | t00 a ma | toe so to oc a feo [ar foo | io 6 40 | 00 Pi 400 00 100 % yoo 6 4 | 00 Py 100 000 400 ws nie | 100 #0 ‘a se to a ne le ns "8 Soee ni 6 "0 76 Fs ale se a le oe ° se ve ase 76 Ps = 2 78 oer oe 6 = & 50 « ee oe 16 BS ° a a ‘wnson 2 2 2 2 2 12 oe note 6) we08 4 2 80 6 0 = Py 0 vmeoe 2% 6 ° 0 0 so NOTE 1. For sections with Flanges the thicket i the flange thickness defined in 8S 4 NOTE 2. Where no value of maximum thickness for adequate noten toughness it own, the maximum spy thik NOTE 9. ola indicates thatthe product tot avaiable in thie wade, NOTE 4. Theres no Charpy txt requirement in BS 4960 for gredes 43A and SOA, The maximum thickness for aust notch toughness Gove. NDI 5. For grades 438 and 508, option 8:39 of BS 4360 thovld be invoked when tha see! is ordered, otherwite the limits for grades ABA and OA apply NOTE 6.28 mm for cound and square bas of grace WRSOA in BS 4360 govern. oma uont08g | veg : 0965 Sd ose.‘Ties may be either steel members or steel reinforcement ‘embedded in concrete or masonry provided that they are properly anchored to the steel framework ‘Stee! members provided for other purposes may be utilized as tes. When checked as ties other loading may be ignored, Beams designed to carry the floor oF roof loading will generally be suitable provided that their end connections are capable of resisting tension, Al ties and their end connections should be of o standard of robustness commensurate with the structure of which they form a part and should be capable ot carrying a factored tensile load of not less than 75 kN at floors or AO KN et roof level Ties ae not required at a rout level where steelwork supports cladding weighing not more than 0.7 kN/m® and carries roof loads only. Where a building ie provided with expansion joints, each seetion between expansion joints should be treated as a separate building for the purpose of this clause, 2.45.3 Additional requirements for certain multi-storey buildings. Local or national regulations may stipulate that tall multi-storey buildings be designed ta localize accidental damane. ‘Steeltramed buildings which satisty the recommendations Of 1.0.1 and 2.6.5.2 may be assumed to meet this require ‘ment provided that the five additional conditions given ‘below are met. A tall multi-storey building which is required to be designed to localize accidental damage but which does nat satisfy ‘these five additional conditions should be checked as recommended in 2.4.5.4. {a} Sway resistance. The means of providing sway resistance as recommended in 2.4.2.3 (ie, stel bracing, rigid jointe, shear walle staircase and lift cores, etc.) should be sufficiently distributed throughout the buliding so that no substantial portion of the structural frame is soley reliant on a single plane of bracing in each ‘orthogonal direction, (b) Tying. The ties referred to in 2.4.5.2 should be arranged in continuous lines wherever practicable ‘throughout each floor and roof level in two directions approximately at right angles. These and thelr connec- tions should be checked for the Following factored tansile loads, which need not be considered as additive to other loads. (1) Generaily. U:2¥18\L, tor any internal ties and 0.25 y5¢Lg for edge ties but not less than 7 KN for floors oF 40 kN at roof level where uw, isthe total factored dead and imposed load per Unit area of floor or root: 5, is the mean transverse spacing of the ties Lg is the greatest distance, in the direction of the tie, between adjacent lines af columns or other vertical supports 13 BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990, Section two (2) Ae the periohery. Ties anchoring columns at the periphery of a floor or roof should be checked for the force given in (1) but not less than 1 % of the fartared vertical load in the column at that level (c} Columns. All column splices should be capable of ‘resisting a tensile force of not less than two-thirds of factored vertical load applied to the column from the floor level next below the eplice Excopt where the steel framework is of continuous construction in at least one direction, the columns should be carried through at each beam-to-column connection, (a) integrity. Any beam which carries a column should be checked, together with the members which support it, for localization of damage as recommended in 24.5.4 (e} Floor units. Where precast concrete or other heavy floor or roof units are used they should be effectively anchored in the direction of their span either to each lother over a support or directly to their supports as recommended in BS 8110, 2.4.5.4 Locelization of damage. Where required by 2.85.3 ‘ building should be checked to see whether at each storey in turn any single column, or beam carrying a column, could be removed without causing collapse of more than 2 limited portion of the building local to the member concerned. Where the removal ot one of these members would cause failure in excess of appropriate limits that member should be designed as a key element as recom: mended in 2.4.55. For the purposes of this provision, it may be assumed that substantial permanent deformation of members and their connections is acceptable. In this cheek only one-third af the ordinary wind load and one-third of the ordinary imposed load need be considered together with the dead load, except that in the case of buildings used predominantly for storage, or where the imposed load is of a permanent nature, the full imposed load should be used. The 74 factor should be taker 23 1.05 except that when considering overturning the dead load supplying the restoring moment should be multiplied by @ ‘ye factor of 0.9. 2.ASS Key elements, Where it is required by 2.4.5.4 to design a member a6 @ key element, the accidental loading should not be less than that stipulated Accidental loads should be applied to members from appropriate directions together with the reactions trom ‘other building components attached to the member which are subject to the same loading but limited to the ultimete strength of these components or their connections. In this check the effects of ordinary loads should alzo be ‘considered, to the same extent and with the same 7, factors {5 recommended in 2.8.5.4 for localization of damaoe. Any other steel member nr ather structural eampanent which provides lateral restraint vital to the stability of a key element should itself also be designed as @ key element for the same accidental loadingBS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990 ‘Section two ‘Table 5. Deflection limits other than for pitched roof portal frames (0} Deflection on beams due to unfactored imposed load 25 Serviceability limit states. 2.5.1 Deflection The deflection under serviceability loads ot a building or part shoula not impair the strenath or efficiency of the structure or its components or cause damage to the finish- ings. When checking for deflections the most adverse realistic ‘combination and arrangement of serviceability loads should, be assumed, and the structure may be assumed to be elastic. ‘Table 5 gives recommended limitations for certain structural ‘members. Circumstances may arise where greater or lesser Cantievers Length/180 Beams carrying plaster or other brittle finish Span/360 All other beams ‘Span/200 Parlin and sheeting rails Seo 4122 Values would be more appropriate. Other members may also (b) Horizontal deflection of columns other than portal frames due to unfactored imposed and wind loadé need a deflection limitation to be established, e.g. sway bracing. Generally the serviceability loads may be taken as the Tops of columns in single-storey buildings Height/300 In each storey of a building with more than one storey Height of storey under consideration/300 tunfactared imposed loads. When considering dead load plus Imposed load plus wind load only 80 % of the imposed load and wind load need be considered. In the case of crane surge and wind, only the greater effect of either need be considered in any load combination. 252 Durability {c} Crane gantry girders In order to ensure the durability of the structure under conditions relevant to both its intended use and intended. Vertical deflection due to life the following factors should be considered at the design stage: static whee! loads Spen/600 Horizontal detiection (calculated on the top flange properties alone) due to crane surge ‘Span/500 (0) the environment; (0) the degree of exposur (6) the shape of the members and the structural detailing; (d) the proteotive maasuras if any; [NOTE 1. On lowpizened end fla ffs he posinilty of ponding fede coneidartion [NOTE 2. For limiting detietions in cunway beams refer to 185-2888. (e) whether maintenance is possible. Reference should be made to BS 5483 in determining adequate methods of protection where applicable. Weather resistant steel to BS 4360 may also be used, 14BS 5950 : Part 1 Section three Section three. Properties of materials and section properties 3.1 General 3.1.1 Strength of stee! This standard covers the design of structures fabricated from steels supplied to BS 4360; other steals may be used provided due allowance Is made for variations in properties, including ductility. The design strength, py, may be taken as 1.0Y, but not ‘greater than 0,04U, where ¥, and U, are the minimum Yield etrength and the minimum ultimate tensile strength respectively as specified in BS 4360 (or agreed with steeimaker) For the more common types of steel p, may be obtained from table 6. For rolled sections the thickness should be taken as the specified flange thickness from BS 4, a eee Table 6, Design strengths, p, for steel to BS 4360 185 4300 Grage | Tnickness, | sections, plates ana lars than or | hollow sutione equal © Py mm Nim 43 16 275 40 269 63 255 100 245 80 16 355 40 345, 63 340 100 325 35 16 450 25 430 40 415 63 400 Additional properties of stee! are required for use in plastic Uesigh and reference should be made to 5. 3.1.2 Other properties of steel The following values for the elastic properties should be ses Modulus of elacticity Poisson's ratio Coefficient of linear thermal expansion a= 12% 10° perc 3.1.8 Steel castings and torgings ‘Steel eastings and forgings may be used for components in bearings. junctions and other similar parts, Castings should comply with BS 3100 ard forgings with BS 29. Design strengths corresponding to grade 43 steel may be adopted Where na ather information is availahle, 3.2 Welds and fasteners 3.2.1. Welding consumables {Al welding consumables (Le. electrode wires, filler rods, flux, shielding gas, etc.) should comply with BS 8136. 3.2.2 Ordinary bolts, nuts and washers Bolte and nuts should comply with BS 4190 or BS 3692. Bolts and nuts af material eomplying with BS 3692 made to the size and tolerances of BS 4190 are permitted. Countersunk of cup headed bolts should comply with BS 4933. High strength friction grip bolts complying with BS 4395 may be used untorqued. Nuts should be of 2 strength grade equal to or higher than the grade of holt Washers should comply with BS 4920. 3.2.3 Friction grip fasteners High strength friction grip bolts and associated nuts and washers should comply with BS 4395, Other types of friction grip tasteners may be used provided ‘they have mechanical properties not inferior to bolts complying with BS 4395 and provided they can be reliably tightened to the minimum shank tensions specified in BS 4604, 33 Section properties 3.3.1. Gross section Gross section properties should be determined using the specified size and profile of the member or elements, but ellowance should be made for openings larger than required for fasteners, Battens or splices should not be included. 2.3.2 Net area ‘The net area of a section or element of a section should be token as its gross area less deductions for fastener holes a¢ piven in 2. 3.3.3 Etfective ares at connections ‘The effective area, Ag, of each element of a rember at a connection, where fastener holes occur may be taken at Ke times ite net area, but not mare than its grace area, whe for steels complying with BS 4360: K, = 1.2 for grade 40 or 43 1.1 for grade 50 or WR 50 1.0 for grade 55 Us for other steels, Ky = 0.75 but S12 whore U, is the specified minimum ultimate tensile strength; Y¥. is the specifivd minimum yield strength 15BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section three 3.4 Deductions for holes 3.4.1 Hole area {In deducting for holes for fasteners (Including countersunk holes), the yross area of the hole in the plane of its exis and rot that of the fastener thould be deducted. 3.4.2 Holes not staggered ‘The area ta be deducted should be the maximum sum of the sectional areas of the holes in any cross sections at right angles to the direction of stross in the member. 343 Staggered holes When holes are staggered th the greater of: {0} the deduction for non staggered holes (see 9.4.2); {b) the sum of the sectional areas of all holes in any zigzag line extending progressively aeross the member or part of the member, les 6/49 foreach gauge space in the chain of ales where rea to be deducted should be the staggored pitch, ie, the distance, measured ‘parallel to the direction ot stress in the member, centre-to-centre of holes in consecutive lines, see figure 1; {Is the thickness of the holed materia 9 is the gauge, ie. the distance, measured at right angles to the direction of stress in the member, entre to-centre of holes in consecutive lines, see figure 1 For sections such as angles with holes in both lags the gauge should he taken as the sum of the hack marks to each hole, less the leg thickness. See figure 2. 3.5. Limiting proportions of cross sections 3.5.1 General Local buckling can be avoided by limiting the width to thickness ratios of each element uf @ ciuss section subject to compression due to moment or axial load. Elements and cross sections are classified as plastie, compact, semi compact or slender. Cross sections may be composed of elements of different clases, 3.5.2 Classification of erose sections Clas 1. Plastie eross sections are those in which all elements subject to compression comply with the values given in table 7 for plastic elements. A plastic hinge can be developed with sufficient rotation capacity to ellow redistribution of moments within the structure. Only class 1 sections may be used for plastic design. lass 2. Compact cross sections are those in which all, clements subject to compression comply with the values given in table 7 for compact elements, The full plastic ‘moment capacity can be developed but local buckling may preverit development of a plastic hinge with sufficient rotation capacity to permit plastic design. Class 2 sections can be used without restriction except for plastic design Class 3. Semi-compact sections are those in which all loments subject to compression comply with the values given in table 7 for semi-compact elements. The stress at the extreme fibres can reach the design strength but local Duckling may prevent the development of the full plastic Class 3 sections are subject to limitations on their capacity which are given in section four. Figure 1. Staggered holes Direction of stress | aeck mark | Back mark 1 Figure 2, Angles with holes in both legs 16BS 5960 : Part 1 : 1990 Section thr ‘Table 7. Limiting width to thickness ratios —— ——— ae = 7 SS Ovisandeement tree | euinptyweising [2 <7se [2 case |2 2 the {ection shouldbe taken as naving compression throughout. NOTE 2. Check webs for sar buckling in accordance with 44 when de> 62 75\" NOTE 2.<~ ® 7BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section three Class 4. Slender sections are those which contain slender elements subject to compression due tw moment or axial loed. Local buekling may provent the stress in a slender tection from reaching the design strength. Design of class 4 sections is considered in 3.6. 38.3 Classitication of elements Flat elements in # erase section are either: {2} internal elements attached on both longitudinal edges to other elements or to longitudinal stitteners which are connected at suitable intervals to transverse stiffeners, oF {(b) outstand elements attached on only one horizontal ledge to an adjacent element, te other edge being free, Flat elements are generally of constant thickness, Tapered elements may be treated as flat elements having the average thicknest defined in BS 4. Elements may be clasified as plastic, compact or semi compact if they moot the limits given in table 7. Those which do not meat the limits for semi-compact elements are classified as slender. 3.5.4 Webs of sami-compact sections ‘The limiting width to thickness ratio, d/t, for the web of a ‘semi-compact section is given by the following: (a) when & is positive (1) for sections built-up by welding fg BO ane (Ss) tors set tet aac (M 2) a 1206 and < 7506 PTR in which A is the ratio of the mean longitudinal stress in the web to p,. compression being taken as positive and tension as negative, 4.5.5 Compound flanges The following width to thickness ratios should be con: sidered: {a} the outetand of the compound flange compared to the thickness of the original flange: {(b) tho internal width of each added plate between the lines of welds or fasteners which connect it to the ‘original flange, compared to its owri thickness, {c} any outstand of an added plate beyond the lines of ‘welds or fastuners which connect it w the original flange, ‘compared to its own thickness 3.8.6 Longitudinally stiffened flanges The unsupported width, b, ofa flange or part ofa tlange, ‘which is effectively supported along both edges either by 2 web or 2 longitudinal stiffener, should be taken as the width between adjacant linet of welds or fasteners connecting it to the supporting elements. In rolled sections b should be ‘measured as shown in figure 3. Where the tree edge of the flange is supported by a Tongitudinal stiffener, the flange thickress, 7, should not be less than 6/20 unless the edge stiffener is itself supported at suitable intervals Whore the flange is stiffened by transverse as well as longitudinal stiffeners or a web, the thickness, T, should not be less than 1/100 of the smaller panel dimension a or 4, where ais a spacing of transverse stiffeners on the flange. 3.6 Slender cross sections 3.6.1 General Local buckling may become the design criterion when the proportions of elements in 2 cross section exceed those ‘iven for semi-compact elements in table 7. Such cross sections are defined as slender and their capacity i limited, 2.6.2 Scotions with thin webs required to carry shear Where thin webs which have a d/t ratio > 63e are required to carry shear the capacity of the erose section should be calculated from 4.4.4.2. 3.3. Webs subject to moments and axial loads and tular hollow sections {In the absence of a more rigorous method of analysis a value lf the design steongth, py, should he assumed such that the limiting proportions for Semi-compact sections are met (see table 7), The seme reduced velue of py should be used for that element throughout the design of the section whenever it isin compression, except that such reduction need not be made in the design of connections to that clement. 3.6.4 Other elements Where a slender element is in enmpression the design strenath, p,. should be reduced by the factor given in table 8. The same reduced value of p, should be used for that element throughout the detign of the section whenever, itis in compression except that such reduction need not be made in the design of connections to that element. 18‘Table 8, Strength reduction factors for slender elements ‘Type of element Type of mation | Stree Outstend element of | Built up 10 compression flange | by welding | 5 3 Te Rolled " sections 7 a4 Te Internal element of | Buildup 2 compression tiange | by welding | 3 2-7 Te Rolled a sections 7 z-8 Te ‘Legs of single angie | Hoalled angle | The lesser of and double anale section "1 members with C ‘components separated Fa and 19 (oa Te Outstand legs of 4 double angle members | Rolled angle | with anges in no ‘contact back-to-back ‘Stoms of T-seetions 14 a, 5 te NOTE 1. Dimensions b, ot, Ten as defined in favre 3, ey > NOTE 9, The strength of lander eros sections may be obtained {rom 3.6.2, 30.3 snl 3.6.4 as approprite. Alternatively the ‘nore rigorous aporoach given in BS BUBD | Part 8 may De used. note 2. 19 BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990 Section threeBS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section three qd iT 7 } ch Le + Let pe eg ey = & ut | TF : 4 er : ae 4 + ae Febcected vtinn Built-up sections (see 3.5.5) a! ah T a} mt Figure 3. Dimensions of sectionsBS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990 Section four Section four. Design of structural elements 4.1 General AAA Scope ‘This section gives rules for the design of simple elements or elements comprising parts of frames. 4.1.2 Clase of eross section Reference should be made to 3.5 for the classification of crass sections, 4.4.3 Design strength ‘The design strength should be obtained from table 6. ‘The reduction of 20 N/mm? given in 4.7.6 for welded laments in compression does not apply to the element when it is checked for other effects such as bending, shear and connections, 42 Members in bending 42.1 General 4.2.1.1. Span of beams. The span of a beam should be taken between the effective points of support, 4.2.1.2 Length of cantilevers. The length of a cantilever should be taken as the distance from the affective point of the support to the tip of the cantilever. 4.2.1.3 General conditions. All members in bending should rect the following conditions. {a} At critical points the combination of maximum moment and co-existent shear, and the combination of maximum shear and en-existent moment should be checked (b) The deflection limits given in 2.8.1 should be considered. (c} Uniess the compression flange has tull lateral restraint, as indicated In 4.2.2, the resistance of the member to lateral torsional buckling should be checked in accordance with 4.3. (4) Local buckling should be considered as given in 2.6. (e) When loads or reactions are applied through the flange to the web the conditions of 4.6 for bearing and buckling should be met 4.2.2 Full averal restraint ‘When full lateral restraint is provided no reference need be ‘made to 4.3 which deals with the lateral torsional buckling resistance of the member, Full restraint exists ifthe frictional or positive connection of a floor or other construction to the compression flange of the member is capable of resisting # lateral force of not less than 2.5 & of the maximum factored force in the com. Dression tlange of the member. under factored loading, This load should be considered as distributed uniformly 2 along the flange, provided that the dead load of the floor and the imposed load it supports together constitute the dominant loading on the beam. The floor construction should be capable of resisting this lateral fores. 4.2.3 Shear Shear force F, not greater than shear capacity Py, where P, = O.8py Ay and Ay is the shear area taken ae follows: (a) rolled I, H anu channel sections, nip © (bap mtorr bow, load parallel to webs td {c} solid bars and plates 0.94 (0 urge termctors, rp imsreaala (;23) 4 (exe lon eto Ona (anyon one 08a, where fia the totel web thickness: 8 isthe breadth; D isthe overall depth: dis the depth of the web; A is the area of the section; Ag is the area of the rectilinear element of the section which has the largest dimension in the direction parallel to the load. ‘When the depth to thickness ratio, d/t, of a web exceeds {63e then it should be checked for shear buckling in accordance with 4.4.5. A.2A Elastic shear In sections where webs vary in thickness or have holes, significantly larger than thote required for fasteners, ‘the shear stress should be calculated trom tirst principles assuring elastic behaviour. In such cases the maximum shear stress, f,, should not exceed 0.7p,,. 4.2.8 Moment capacity with low shear load Where F, <0.6P, the moment capacity, M., should be taken as follows. For plastic or compact sections: Me = pyS but <1.2pyZ NOTE. The close limitation i to prevent plosticty ot working Joga. 11> 1.22 then the 1.2 constant may be replacea By the ‘tie of the fastortd load tothe unfactored load For temi-compact sectians: Me > eyZ For slender sections: Me BZ where py is the design strength (reduced for slender sections, see 3.6):BS 5950 : Part 1:1 Section four isthe plastic modulus of the section about the relevant axis; 2 is the olastic modulus of the section about the relevant axis When the depth to thickness ratio, dit, of a web exceeds {636 then it should be checked for shear buckling in accordance with 4.4.5. 4.2.6 Moment capacity with high shear load Where F, > 0.6, the moment capacity, Me, should be taken as follows. {a} For paste or compact sections: Me ~ py\S~ Spi) but <1.2py2 where ps and S, is taken a follows: For sections with equal flanges: the plastic modulus of the shear area, A, (see figure Als)); For sections with unequal flanges: the plastic modulus of the gross seotion less the plastic modulus of that part of the section remaining after deduction of the shear area (see tigure 4(b)). (b) For semi-compact sections Me Bye (6) For slender sections: Me Dye where py and Z are as defined in 4.2 When the depth to thickness ratio, dt, of a web exceeds 63e then it should be checked for shear buckling in accordance with 4.4.5, 43 Lateral torsional buckling 4.2.1 General ‘A beam not provided with full lateral restraint as defined in 4.2.2 should be checked for resistance to lateral torsional buckling. When a beam requires lateral restraint within its span, such restraint should have sufficient strength and stiffness {0 inhibit lateral moverent of the compression flange reletive to the supports. This may be provided by lateral reetrainte or torsional restraints (see 4.3.2 and 4.3.3), Al beams should alzo satisfy the requirements of 4.2.1 ‘and 4.2.3 to 4.2.6 inclusive, 432 Lateral restraints 4.3.2.1 Where one or more lateral restiaints are required at intervals within the spen of a beam, those intermediate lateral restraints chould be capable of resisting 2 total force ff not less than 2 5 % of the maximum factored force in ‘the compression flange, divided between the intermediate lateral restraints in proportion to their spacing, “The intermediate lateral restraints should elther be con nected Lv an appropriate system of bracing capable of transferring the restraint forees to the beam's effective pointe of support, ar else connected to an independant ‘robust part of the structure capable of fulfilling a similar function, Where two or more parallel members require lateral restraint at intervals itis not adequate merely to connect the members together such that they become mutually depen: dent. 4.3.2.2 Where three or more intermediate lateral restraints {are provided, each intermediate lateral restraint should be capable of resisting a force ot not less than 1 % of the maximum factored force In the compression flange. In this case, the bracing system should be capable ot ress: ‘ting the greater of the effects of: {2} the 1 % restraint force considered as acting at only fone point at a time: ()) the resteaint forces described in 4.3.2.1 4.3.2.3 Where more than three parallel members share the ‘ame system of rattrainte, the combined Iateral restraint force should be taken as the sum ot the three largest lateral restraint forces required for each individual restrained member, as determined in accordance with 4.3.2.1 and 43.2.2. aoe t Shear area = A, = 10 Shear area = A, = td Rolled section Welded section lat Equal anges Figure 4. Effective she of typical sections Shear aree= Ay= td Welded section (01 Uneguattarges 224.3.2.4 Purlins adequately restrained by sheeting need not normally he checked for the forces arising trom the restraining of rafters of root trusses or portal frames carrying predominantly roof loads, provided that either: (a) there is bracing of adequate stiiness in the plane of the rafters; or (b) the roof sheeting is capable of acting asa diaphragm: 4.3.3 Torsional restraints A beam may be taken as torsionally restrained (about its Tongitudinal axis) at any point in its length where both the tlanges are effectively held in position relative to each other by external means, (i the lateral direction). Torsional restraint at support positions may be provided by Lbeating stifeners acting in conjunction with the bearing of the beam (see 4.6.8) Torsional restraint may be provided at any point by means of a evitable diaphragm betwoen two similar members or ‘else an equivalent panel of bracing. Alternatively such restraint may be provided by external meas A torsional restraint should be capable of resisting a couple comprising forces of not less tart 1 5 of the maximum factored force in the compression flange, acting ata lever arm equal to the denth between the centroids ofthe flanges, 4.3.4 Destabilizing load Destabilizing load conditions exist when @ load is applied to the top flange of a beat and both the load and the flange are free to deflect laterally (and possibly rotationally also) relative to the eantraid of the heam 4.3.5 Effective lengths of beams ‘when considering lateral torsional buckling, the effective lengtt, Ce, of a beam should be taken as follows. BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990 Section four (2) For beams with lateral restraints at the ends only, the Value of Le should be obtained from table 9, taking L as Use span of the beam, Ifthe conditions of restraint at each tnd differ, the mean value of Ly. should be taken. (0) For beams with effective lateral restraints at intervals ‘within their length, the value of L¢ should be taken at 1.01 for normal lnading conditions or 1.2L for destabil- izing loading conditions (see 4.3.4), taking £ as the distance between restraints {6} For a portion of a beam between one end and the first intermediate restraint, account should be taken of the conditions of reetraint at the eupport. The effective length I~ should be taken as the mean of the value given in item (b) and the value given by table 9 for the condit ions of restraint at the support, taking L as the distance between the restraint and the eupport in both cates. 4.26 Effective langths of cantilev 4.3.6.1 With intermadiato lateral restraint. f 2 cantilever hhas intermediate restraints to the compression flange, or when a moment is applied at the tip, the lengths between restraints should be treated as beams; the effective length, Lg, should be taken from 4.35, 4.3.6.2 Without intermediate lateral restraint, When cantilever has no intermediate restraint to the compression flange and no moment is applied to the tip, the effective length, Uc, should he taken from table 10. 4.3.7 Lateral torsional buckling resistance of members subject to bonding 4.3.7.1 General. Equal tlanged rolled sections may be checked using the conservative approach in 4.8.7.7 Tor other members, or # portion of @ member, between Conditions of castrant at supports conditions ‘Normal Dertaiing ‘Compression flange laterally restrained | Both flanges fully restrained against on. 08st Ream fully restrained against torsion. rotation on plan Both flanges partially restrained against | 0.85L. 1.02 rotation on plan ‘Both flanges free to rorate on plan 1.0L 1.2L Compression flange laterally unrestrained | Resteaint againet torsion provided only by | 1.0L +20 | 1.2L +20 Both flanges free to rotate on plan Dositive connection of bottom tlange to supports Restraint against torsion provided only | 1.2L +20 | 1.41 +20 by dead bearing of bottom flange on supports D is the depth of the beam, 23BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section four adjacent lateral restraints, subject to bending about their 4.3.7.2 Equivalent uniform moment, i. The equwalent major axls the following conaltion should be sais Uniform moment, His given by acm, i wher Mis the equivalent uniform moment; ‘Ma. is the maximum moment on the member or the ‘My isthe lateral torsional buckling resistance moment. portion of the member under consideration: NOTE. Fur box wctions of uniform thickness [including sructurel_ is an equivalent uniform moment fact hallow sections this check ic unoecastary wathin the limits given from 43.76. InB.6-1 and Mi may be taken at pySq-For circular hallow termined sections lateral forsional uekling check Is not requted ‘Table 10, Effective length, L¢, for cantilever of length £ Restraint conditions Loading conditions ‘At support atti ‘Normal | Destabilzing Continuous with lateral restraint only Free sor | rou Laterally restrained, ‘on top flange only ame | 7.5L Torsionally restrained only | 2.41 | 4.5L Laterally and torsionally restrained au | a6L Free 10L | 254 Laterally restrained (on top flange only oo | 252 Torsionally restrained only | 0.8L | 1.6L Loterelly end torsionally restrained ore | 120 Buil Free ose | iat Lateral restraint ‘on top flange onty ore | 1ae Torsionally restrained only | 064 | 0.6L Laterally and torsionally restrained os. | ose 7 e200 laterally in at least one Top flange restraint Torsional restraint Lateral and torsional restraint THOTE. Wien values rom this table ae used for Lg the mjlvalent uniform moment Factor, and he slendernen correction faeror, fnsahould be taken 2210, 244.3.1.3 Buckling resistance, M,,. For members with st least ‘ane axis of symmetry the buckling resistance moment, My, Is ven by: My = Sado where isthe plastie modulus of the section about the major ’Pp is the bending strength determined from 4.3.7.4. BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section four 4.3.7.4 Bending strength, p.,. The bending strength. De, is related to the equivalent slenderness, A,r, the design strength of the material, py, and member type, ie. rolled or fabricated by welding. pp ean be obtained from table 11, 12.0r from the formulae in B.2.0n which these tables are based Table 11. Bending strength, nin N/mm?) for ‘Table 12. Bending strength, p,, (in N/mm?) for rolled sections welded sections p oy 245 | 265 | 27» | sz0 | sav | a0 | a19 | a30 | 450 1245 | 265 | 275 | 325 | 40 | 355 | 415 | a30 | as0 A a 30 [245 | 265 | 275 [38 [240 [sas [ane | 421 [aaa] [a0 |2as ]20s [ave [ze | oa0 | ae [aon [ana [ov 36 |245 | 265 | 273 |316 | 328 | 341 | 390 | 402 | 418 | | 35 {zap | 205 | 272 | 307 | 317 | 328 | 368 | 378 | 301 40 [209 | 264 | 262 | 302 | 313 | 225 | 371 | 292 | 297 | | 40 [aor | 24s |260 | 202 | 202 | 301 | 337 | 346 | 368 48 |z27 | 242 | 200 | 287 | 296 | 309 | so0 | 361 | 74 | | 45 [212 | 224 |230 | 259 | 268 | 276 | aoe | s16 | sz 0 |217 | 201 | 238 | 272 | 282 | 202 | 320 | 308 | 350 | | so [196 | 207 | 212 | 200 | zac | 209 | 262 | 288 | 207 88 |200 | 219 | 220 | 257 | 260 | 274 | 307 | 315 | 325 | | 55 zap | 292 | 257 | 26s | 275 60 [195 | 207 | 213 |2a1 | 249 | 257 | 2a5 | 292 | 200 | | 60 207 | 212 | 24s | 253 | 264 85 |185 | 196 | 201 | 225 | 232 |239 | 263 [269 | 276 | | oe 196 | 204 | 235 | 242 | 251 70 [174 | 194 | 198 | 210 | 216 | 222 | 242 | 247 | 252 | | 70 199 | 196 | 224 | 230 | 238 75 [164 | 172 | 176 | 195 |200 | 205 | 22s | 226 | 231 | | 75 182 | 188 | 212 | 218 | 220 0 |rs4 | rer | 165 |1a1 | 186 | 190 | 204 | 208 | 212 | | ao Jras | sar | rae | ren | 274 | 79 | 200 | 208 | 211 a5 [rag | ist | 156 | 108 [172 |175 | 198 | 190 | 198 | | as fz | 136 | 140 | 160 | 1065 | 171 | 188 | 190 | 194 90 }135 | rat } rae | 156 | 180 | 162 J173 ] 175 | 178 | | oo |x29 | 491 | 196 | 162 | 187 | 62 | 193 | 178 | 178 95 |126 | 131 | 134 | 144 | 147 | 180 ] 159 | 161 | 163 | | 96 Jat | 128 | 129 | 148 | 147 | 150 | 159 | 161 | 163 soo f1e | 129 | 126 } 194 [197 | s90 [rar | 148 | 160 | | 100 [119 | 120 | 29 | 194 | 197 | 190 | 147 | 148 | 160 ros far [rns | 117 fas fr27 [129] 196 | 197 | 199 | | 108 [109 | sas | 397 | 325 | 227 | 229 | 196 | 197 | 199 110 fro | 107 | 109 Jane fram [120 | 126 | 127 | 128 | | ss0 |r04 | 107 | 109 | a¥6 | a8 | 220 | 126 | 127 | 128 nis | 97 | 101 | 102 | 108 | aso Jari | r17 J ate | x19} Jane | 97 | r00 | a02 | roe | r10 | ann | an7 | 108 | 119 x20 | 01 | 04] 96 | 101 [102 | 104 | 108 | 109 | 11 | | 120 | 91 | 94 | 06 | 101 | 402 | 104 | 108 | 100 | 111 ws | we | wo | 90} 95 | 96 | a7 |ror [soz |r| | 125 | 6 | a9 | 90 | 95) 96) 97 | 101 | 102 | 109 130 | a1 | aa| aa} ap | 90] or] 94] o5| 96] |120] ax] a2] se] ao] oo] or| | 95] 96 135 | 76 | 78| 79] 63 | e¢| 85] 68 69| 90] |135 | 76 | 78| 79| 83] e¢| 25| 8 | 89] 90 tao | 72| 24] 25] 2¢| 79] 20 | e2| e4| aa] || 22] 24| 26 | 72] 70] 90| o2| a] ae va | os | ro] m1 | 74 | 75 | 75] 78] 79] 73] |145 | os | 70] 7] 74] ro] 78 78) 79] 79 seo | 6¢| 65 | 67 | 70] 70| 71] 73] 24] 26] | 150 | o| | e7| 70] 70] 71 72] 74] 76 185 | ot] 62| 63 | 06 | o6 | o7 70| 70| || 61] 62| es | e6) o6| o7| o9| 70] 70 sen | sa} sa | 60 | 62 | 62 | 62} 65] 65 a8] | 160 | s2| so] 60| e2| 62] 62| 65] 6a] 66 wes | 55 36] 57 | 59 | 60] 60| 62| o2| 62! | res | v5 | 96 | 97| 58] 60] 60] sz] oz] 09 yo | 62] 63] 54 | s6| se | 57 | so] so] 50 | | 170 | s2| so| s4| se] se| 57| 5o| so| so vs} so] s1/ 51/53/54] 5¢} 56] 56] 56] as | so] st] sr] 53] se] 54] 56] 36] v6 reo | a7] aa) ao] si | si] si] ss] ss] 53] | sao | a7] ae! ao] sr] sr] sr] sa] 53] 53 res | a5] 46] a0} 43] 49] 49] so] so] 51] | ies | 45| 46] 46] 48] 40| 49] 50] 50] 51 soo | aa| ae) ae | an | an | a7} an] an aa) | soo | 42] a4] ae] as] ac] a7] aa] an] as sa | ar] az] a2] a4] aa | 4s] a6] 40] 40] fags | ar] az] az] an] aa] a4] a6] 46] 40 200} 29] 40] 40] 42 | a2] a2] aa} aa] aa} | 200] 20] 40) 40| a2] az] az] aa] ae] ae 2} a6] a7] 37 | ae | so | a0 | 20] 20] 20] | ato] a6] a7] a7| 28] a0] 99] 40] 0] 40 zo} 33} 34] 3¢| 35| 35| 36] 36] 37] 37] | 220] 22] 34] 24] a5] a5] a6] 36] 37] 37 200} av { av} ar | 32 | 39 30] 39] a4] a4} | 290] 31] 31| a1] 52] 93] a3] 3] 34] 34 240 | 29] 29] 29] ao} a0] 20} a1} ax] a1} | 240] 20] 29| 29{ 30] a0] ao] ar] ar] at 20 | 27| 27| 27 | 28] 28 | 28 | 29] 29] 29] | 200 | 27| 27| 27| 28] 28] 28] 29] 20] 29 25BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990, Section four 4.3.75 Determinetion of dy. For flanged members symmetrical about at least one axis and uniform through its length: Aur sau For mombert of other cross section, or of non-uniform section, refer to B.2.6, B.2.7 and B.2 In the above equation: 2is the minor axis tenderness: = Le /ry where Lg 1S the ettective length trom 4.3.5 t0 4.3.8: 1 isthe radius of gyration about the minor axis of the member. visa buckling parameter (} for a ROLLED I, H, or channel section, u may be taken from appendix B, published tables or canserv. atively as 0.9; (b) for any other section, u may be taken feam appendix B or conservatively as 1.0. ¥ isa slenderness factor: (1) for flanged members symmetric about one axis of Uniform section v may be determined from table 14 Using M and Nx in which: latte where Jeg. lg are the second moments of area of the ‘compression and tension flanges respectively about the minor axis of the section; D is defined above; Xs the torsional index and may be determined from B.25 or published tables. Alternetively, x may be taken at D/T, provided that u is taken OS for rolled sections, or 1.0 tor other sections, NOTE. = 05 for memberswith equal anges (2) For other sections v may be determined from B.2.5 using the formulac on which table 14 is based. ‘isa slenderness correction factor: determined from 4378. 4.3.7.6 Factors m and n. Factors m and n should be determined trom the following, (2) Members of uniform cross section, sae table 13, (b) Members of non-uniform eross section, reference should be made to B.3. ‘Table 13, Use of m and n factors for members of uniform section Description Mombers not subject to Members subject to ‘destabiizing loace ‘destabilizing tones 43.4) Woe 43. Members loaded between adjacent lateral — | Sections with | 1.0 From bles | 1.0 10 restraints ‘equal flanges 18 and 16 Sections with 10 10 10 10 unequal flanges Members nat loaded between adjacent Sections with | From table | 1.0 10 10 lateral restraints equal flanges 18 Sections with | 1.0 10 10 10 Unequal tlanges Cantilevers without intermediate lateral restraints 10 10 10 1.0BS 6950 : Part 1: 1990 Section four Table 14. Slenderness factor v for flanged beems of uniform section TH compression I C L ‘Comoression| Tension Tension . a 10 [os fos jor Joe | os oa jos |o2 for foo os [or [oa [ose [oar [oss | 100 a [aaa fasr [220 | i267 xo Jove |oso |oss |osr |osz | ose tao | 1a7 {rsa [2a | 036 ts or |oao Joe Joss joo | 007 yoa | 124 [sae [aga] 427 20 |o7% |o7 Jos: joas joss | os6 198 | 120 |14z [ise | 320 28 |o7s |o77 |oso joss joss | oss 103 [rte [tas [170 | 22 sv joss joss Jove Jose joss | os too faz |rzs jisr [az 3s [072 |or |or |os0 joss | oso 097 | 107 132 |rae [iar ao far |ora Jor |o7a joa | oss ose [ros fate faze | uz 43 oes [o71 ors |o7e | oso | oss os1 [oss fat [rz | 16 s0 lose |o7 Jor |o7 |or | oa ona [oss |105 }120 | 141 ss |oss |oss Jor Jor |o76 | 070 ows {oor ro faaa | tat so loss |oar jos jo [ora | 07 os2 {oso |os7 |1or | 12 6s loss |oss Jos |oz |or | ors oso joss joss [ro | 114 70 Joss |os« joss |oss |o7 | 073 ova |oas |oao joo | 108 7s |osr [oss Jos» joss |oss | o72 ore |oso |oss joss | 102 ao |oso |oe oss Joes Jos? | o70 074 |o78 |oas joss | oss ss |ose |oso Joe Joss jose | cos o72 |o7e |os0 Jose | oss 90 Jose |oso Jos: Joss jose | os 070 |o7 }o7e joa | ogo gs |os7 [oss |osv jus: juss | use vss love ow oso | ose roo Jose |osr Joss [ooo |osz | oss os? |o7 Jor jor | oss tio Joss |oss |osr Joss [oso | os oe |osr |o70 ors | o76 rzo joss |oss Joss |oss joss | oso os: |oss joss |o7 | 073 sao jos: |osz joss Jose |oss | os7 oss |ost jose joss | oes rao oso fos: Jose Joss joss | oss os {ose jos foc | ose 150 oa [oa [oso [ost |os2 | oss oss |osr jose fost | aaa roo joa? |ose Joao oso jos: | ose oss |oss |osr jose | ost wo joss [oar Jose Joa |oao | 050 os2 |oss joss |os7 | oss wo joss [ose [oar foar |oas | 049 oso jose joss joss | oso roo fora |oas Joss [oss |oar | 048 o49 [oso |os2 joss | os 200 [oss joss fos joa oss | var vas |oas juny fost | oss NOTE, 1 For beams with EGUAL Tanaes, N= 0.5, For Beams with UNEQUAL flanges refer 1043.7. [NOTE 2. snould be cetermined trom te genera formulae given in 8.2.8, on which this table Is bused. (a) for wections with LIPPED longer (eg. guntry yitders ompuned of chante + universal Lear), aid (b) for intermediate values tothe ight ofthe stepped line inthe table. 27BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section four t ned Fength a [tee NOTE 1. All hooaina moments ae +. NOTE 2 Bis detined in table 18 NOTE 3, Mi the midiength moment ona simply ‘uipnoried span ania #9 tha unrectained length ‘Table 18. Slenderness correction factor... for members with applied loading substantially concentrated within ‘the middle fifth of the unrest [NOTE 4. Te values of 7 inthis table apply only to members of UNIFORM section. NOTE 5. Values for intermediate values of # and 7 may be interpolned, NOTE 6. When 2 rom this table is vsed, n= 1.00. } (soe able 17) Unrestrained length £ Boositve Brrogative MIM vo [os [os [oa [oz 09 02 [0s [08 |-08 |-10 5000 [100 [ose lose [oar | osz 077 072 [osr [oss [oss | oa +1000 Joos |oa joss | oso | ons ono 075 Joss jose jos | oa? +s00 [oss |oss |os7 | 093 | oso one 079 |o73 Jor ozo | o70 z200 |ose | 096 oss | oo | os 094 oso joss |o7 |o7 | 076 sso [oss oss Jose | ove | oss ogs ose }oso fous [oso | ow v190 |oa2 jos |osz jose | os2 oan oor fost oa |os2 | 092 +050 [090 joao |oao |osa |oao 089 os joao jose |oaa | oss 00 [oss [oss joss | oss | osc 036 oss [oss [oss [oss | oss oro fos [oss |oss joss | oss 036 cas jose [oss |oss | oss -o20 [082 [oss |oss | oss | oss os, cas joss |oas |oas | 085 030 jos |osz |osz joss | oss ons oss joss |oss oss | os7 soa 07a [ono jos [om | oar ona one fons foas ons | oar -os0 |o77 [07 |o79 | oso | osz 083 cas joss [oss |oa7 | oss os jos: |oss |o7 |o7 |os0 oz ose joss [oss |os7 | oss -e70 oss |oze joc: |osr |o7 079 003 Joos |oor |oso | oo» com joss jos: jose |oso | ons an o77 Joa: joa |oso | oo 090 [oss |osr jose Joss |os7 04 om |o77 Jose Joss | ost -100 |os2 Jose Joss |os2 |osa 059 oss |o72 |0s0 |oas | os2 sso [ose fosz |osr Joss |ose os? oso oss |o7s }oss | os0 120 070 |oss }oso | oss |os« 055 oso joss |o73 |oao | oa7 -130 |o7s |oos joss |os7 |oss oa os? |osr |oe |oz7 | oa van [078 070 Joss Joss |oss ose oss [oso |oss jor |om -1s0 [07s |o70 Joss |os9 | ose osa oss joss |oss ozs | 080 170 077 |o7 joss jos: | oso 056 oss joss joss |o7 | 070 -180 079 |077 |oss |oss | ose 056 oss jos? |os2 joss | 076 -130 oso |o79 Jose |oos | 060 os? oss jos? jos: [ocr | 07 -200 Joa joa jor |oas joss ose ass joss joao Jans | a7 -s00 Jos: [oa Joss |or |or 8 ose fos: |oso |osz | oss -so0o [oss |ov fos |oss | ov ora o7 joer |oes Joss | oss torinty [1.00 [oss [oor | oss | osz on 72 [oss | 045 28BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 ‘Section four Table 16. Slenderness correction factor, , for members with applied loading other than as for table 18 [NOTE 1. All hoagina moments are +e NOTE 3, Mis the mic-iengtn moment on simply tuipported span equal te the unrestrained length {see table 17). L Unrestrained length £ postive Bowgatiee MIM : —_— 19 [os los os oz 00 2 |o« [os [os |-10 +6000 [100 [ose [ose Jor | oss o77 o7z Jos jose |oss | oss tro00 | 090 [oss | oss |os: | ose ost o7e |o70 Joss |oss | os? +500 | 099 |oss |os7 joss | 030 085 ogo [07s |o7 |o70 | 070 1200 | 09 |ose |os7 Joss | oss 082 030 |oas |osz |o7 | oz s60 |o97 |oa7 Joa7 Jose | ons 093 092 [oss joss |oas | 070 vio os? |os7 |os7 }ose | 036 035 ose joss |oss |ost | oss soso [ose [oss jose joes | ose 006 oot [oor |ooa |oos | oor 000 [oss [oss Joss [oss |oos 094 ose [oss [oss oss | oss -o10 [oss [oss [oss [oss [oss 034) ose [oss [ose [oss | ose -020 |092 |os2 |os2 |oo2 |o93 092 093 [oss |oos |oss | 00s 40 | 090 |o90 |oo: Jos: | 002 92 a2 |oo2 |oos |oss |oos 050 |oa9 joao jos: Jos: |osz 092 os2 Jos joa |os2 | os -o60 fom |o7 Joss Jonr |oas oat a Joa fosr |os |o0 -070 }os7 |osa Joro Jor |osz 087 os jos: fosz |osz jos -os0 [oar |os2 [oso fos | ora 080 eas |os0 [oor |os2 | coz oy oar |oas oso joss | os» ous va |osr jos |osv | ose 100 oso jose joss jos: | ose oe 72 |oa: |oar |oso | oso -110 Jose Jos: |oss [oss jose ost oss |o77 Joss |osr | oxs “m0 fos: [ose asa foar [oss Osa ose [or |oao [ore |oar -130 |os: |oss |osz Joa |oa9 033 os: |o70 |o77 |osz |oas sta0 [oss foso oss joao | oxo ost oss |os7 |o7 |o7 | oss svso fos jose |osr fos: |var vay vss foes Jun for | oss -160 [ose [oss oso Jose |o4s 050 oss joss joss |o7 | oss “170 |or: [ose joe Joss |os0 ost oss jos: joes Jor |osz may be interoolated NOTE 6. When n trom this table is used, m= 1.00, 29BS 6960 : Part 1: 1990, Section four ‘Table 17. Moment diagram between adjacent points of lateral rest on Bove y-veBS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990, Section four "ie 18, uate unitorm moment eam 8 a online ee : os | Ese , oy | Gee a Jan oo | Gao —_—_— —— os [ar ” BM oA 0.72 aa os tas o2| Ses ot Sea ere a fom 23 [oe lee 0s NOTE 1 The values of m in thi table apply only #0 end moments applied a beams af UNIFORM ection with EQUAL Hangee In all other cases, n= 1.0, NOTE 2. Value of m for intermadiat valuct of # may be 157 + 0.398 + 0.105"; but not les than 0.43, NOTE 9. Bie the rata far the eal sed moment to the larger end moment an # span equal tothe unceetrsined length 4.3.1.7 Equal flanged rolled sections. This clause gives 8 When using table 19 the effect of the loads and moments conservative approach, Ifa full analysis is required or the between restraints may be considered by multiplying the sections are equal flanged rolled sections, then the provisions effective length by the tlanderness correction factor. (01 4.3.7.1 to 4.3.7.6 should be used, Reference may be made to 4.3.7.6 for value of n. Altern: In each length between lateral restraints, the maximum atively, except for destabilizing loads (see 4.3.4), n may be ‘moment should not exceed the bucklina resistance moment, _t#ken from table 20. My, of the section taken as Pi Sy. 4.3.8 Buckling resistance moment for single angles Where determined tom table 19a), (bf) orf), tora TRE Buekling resistance momen for a sngle angle should be ae taken as: My = 0.8p,2 for L/ty, 100 Sis the plastic modulus of the section about the xx My © O.?py2 for Lity, 180 A. fethe slenddarness of section = Le ir My = 0.6py2 for Lrg, 300 Le it tho effective longth from 4.3.5 oF 4.3.6, where 7 ithe radius of gyration about the member minor Z 1 the smaller elastic modulus about the appropriate x inthe torsional index (coe 4.3.7.6} which may be ‘ra i the rads of gyration about the weakest axis: taken ae DIT Lis the unrestrained length 31BS 6960 : Part 1 : 1990 Section four ‘Tabla 19. Bending strength, p., (in N/mm®) for rolled sections with equal flanges (a) py = 205 Nimm? ale 10 6 20 2s 2 26 “0 4s 50 » 30 [265 [20s | 205 | 205 | 20s | 05 | 208 =| 20s | zon | 208 as [265 26s | 268 | 268) | 2s =| 265 | 268) | nas =| 265 | (208 40 [265 |205 | 265 | 268 «| 208 | 264 | 26e =| 26) | 263 | 203 a [266 aes | 261 | ace | ass | 255 | 258 © | asa | 25a | 250 so [265 fze1 | zes | ay fz | cas | zap | za | cas | za ss [265 ass | 245 =| 2a1 fz | 236) | 208 | 2s | 238 | 238 00 |265 250 | 239 | 209 | azo | 227 | 228. | 2s | 228 | zee es [765 2s 27 | 208 fon f aan | ane ots | ta | ot ro |265 | 200 225 fair faz | 209 | 207 | 208 | 208 | 208 7m [2a 205 [20 | 210 | 204 | 200 | toe) | tos | 105 | 108 0 © [200 |200 Jara zoe) | toe) toy J neo) [tor aos | te as |asr [708 | 207 | a08 fama] aaa tao faa fe | 08, 90 | 2se zzz J 201 tea | go favs fam | 09 ter | 08. os [252 217 toe) | naz fu | ser] ten | to] asa | 57 wo [ze ars fa fave | tes] to] tee fans] apo | ta wos |2ar 209 faas. favo feo] ts tae tas] tas | tat io [24s 200 90 | toe fase | tar tae fase | a6 | 138 ws [22 202 fae tsa f tae] tao tas naa | aap | 27 wo |ze0 fase fan vz fiss fas | sf zs | aa 128 [207 | 105 | 167 soy 199 faze J az0 fate | ats ra [235 fsx tos tae fase fae tte fata fate | 09, ras [aaa fxm tsa nan foe na tne toe | to | 10 wo fzsr tes fase J g5 faze fis | toe | 105 | 102 99 ras 200 Juez fitz fitz f 120 fast | t058 | to 7 08 wo [zr fxg tae tz9 fe | 07 | 10 7 3 3 ass [228 fue, tas fxs fanz | 108 a 9a 29 a roo |z2s fas, saz fuzz | 109 | 100 94 80 86 3 wes [221 x0 ta9 ft | 08 °° 3 86 3 80 mo jag ter J tz6 fate | 103 94 cd 83 80 n ts [27 res fitaa sf ta | 00 or 3 80 n ” two 2s fez ftg0 J n10 97 88 a n ” n vas [aia ftwa | sae | to 95 88 7” % n a wo [2 fisr | x28 | 108, 2 83 n B ° os ros |200 sss fitzz | t0 0 a 8 0 8 ee 200 f20r ass 120 to 2 1” B cy ca 62 zw foe tae | 6 96 Ba 18 eo ea 6 58 zo [200 tae | a2 93 80 n 6 et =o 55 zo fio7 tao | 108 a9 n 6 a 58 5 52 20 free fase | 108 86 74 05 59 55 82 2 ro |sg0 x32} sor aa n a 5 52 2 o 32BS 5950 : Part 1: Section four Table 19 (continued) Wb) py = 275 Nien? Ns 10 16 20 28 20 28 0 s 50 30 fas 27s [ars | 27s | areas | are) | ars | ars | a5 2s fam | fame [ams | a6 fare f as, | as eS ae | 26 ao fz zs) fas 25 J re fas | oe fee) am | oe as [27s 27s | 200 | 200 | zoe =| 20 | 200 | 22 | ace | 202 so [27s ze) | 261 | 257 | ass | 252 | sa | ono) | eo | 2 ss Jars 263] asa | zap | zap | za | 2a | zanna | 2a wo fz 28 | 208 | 2a) 258 fase | 23 fase) fan | 20 es 27s |2s2 | 200 | | 202 | aor zee | 223 aes | 200 wo 27a zen | 22 22a, fare fats | ata fa | ato | 209 7 2 242 | 225 | 215 | 208 | 206 | 203 | 201 | 200 | 189 so 208 jzs7 zie =f 208) 201 | 96 fas | tar] 190 | 8 as [ze = [292 1a | 200 toa [toe fae | a2 | tao | 70 wo fase fxs jaw fs we fe fae fos fa | te os [260 [228 = 201 J see, [77 a7s nerf tee | sez | 00 roo |2s7 21g | 195 tao f tof tee] sof tse fsa | 82 tos fase fais | t90 faze ftw] tse] st tae ta | te tio f2sz fzi1 [na fee J tsy | a0 figs f tat fina | 136 a5 [250 207 190 sez f ass fsa J age faze aay | 129 vo fazer fos fare fay fae fase fase sf te | as rs |24s |200 favs fase | t4o | uaz] aa, faze J to | at ro [ase |r90 ter asrfass |] az6 x20 nef asda yas aan soa ter tea sao aay fists fast J toe | 08. vo fase [ayo fay fsp ze fry fam | ef nas ar us [26 [tes ass, fas 122) [a9 | 05 | t02 ry 96 wo f23j tes fas) fas tte | t09 | 02 98 9% 2 wes faa faao fae | ts 9 oe a aa wo [229 fary fase fae fa | a 9 80 a 24 ses [227 fava nas, azn | t07 98 2 7 e a wo |225 amt fxss J ta | 0 8 9 a4 8 78 ws [223 [too fas] asf to 2 86 a ey 8 wo f2ar fase asa] riz 99 89 8 8 ~ n res 2% sez s30 | 300 96 7 20 76 n 70 wo fav [rer faz ar 9 a4 8 1 0 8 ros fas fase sz | 108 o 2 7 n eo 6 oo fang fase [122 | 102 3 80 14 ao 6 8 20 [ong fast [118 oa 88, 8 m 6 @ 59 zo |208 aay | tna 94 a 2 cy 62 38 25 230 [202 Jas [110 90 mB 6 3 59 55 2 zo fie9 fass | 108 8 14 88 cy 28 82 80 260 [tos ft | 100 a n 6 87 5 50 o 1990BS 5960 : Part 1: 1990 Section four Table 19 (continued) (cl, = 340 N/mm? Nod 5 10 » 20 cy 0 Fe “0 4 20 » 20 [2 faao [aan [aan [aan [azo | sao | a0) | sao | 340 we [ae — faao | 300 sao 3a0 | ago | 309 | a9 | 09 | 209 40 | 200 = fae | ann J a20 | ae) | aan far | asf 25 | a8 45 [300 asa faa Jaw sis fate fae [aie fats J ais so | 240 322 | az 07 | 304 =| a02 J aor | gor | 300 | 200 ss [a0 Jars | 200 206 202 | 250 zen | 287 | 205 | 20 eo |2a7 aoe | 200 208) fng0 fam) fs | aa favs | an 6 [333 sor [ass | zee =| 20s | 202) | 200) |u| 288 7 |229 208 | ara 253 ass || s1 fas ate | ous | aaa [ars 2ey | 205 fase fzae =| 239 235] 233 zat | 20 eo jaar far fasy nan [am apr | 9 J npn oe at a fae [a fzae faz zzz zis, | 211207 | 208 | 20. 9 © fara [260 f2a0 fag) | ts 208 | too) J 196 ft | 101 as fan [263 fzsz 21s |r tye || we J tae te | 180 soo aor fzer|.z25§= | 20s) toe) te J tna faze furs] t00 wos aoe fasz favs fer ftes favs | top tos fst | a to jar fas fans | tao fasts, || ten tse | fs | 180 me fz fzar 208 fgets tse J sz tay fae | ta x20 |204 [206 | 100 | 7g ftet ttf tas tao fsa | 34 rs fan fza1 193 J 70 ts tas fas ftss faa | tar ta an [aor [nme ftp [tas faze Jn tas fsa] 20 vas 20s |z2z fuss fass [tas fas] 125 faa fist | at vo 202 fare faves faze fazy x20 fans fata | si ws fae [zis favs fags tas fuzz ts fro J t06 | 103 sso 27 [200 see fate faze tte [10 tos 101 90 ws ars [208 ses tsp faze fata | 106 to 7 94 reo 270 |20r, | seo. faas x70 so | so 97 a 90 we 2s, ftsrfts6 fase fis | 06 98 93 29 86 smo 26s [toe sea fae tsa | to 96 90 86 a 1s |2e2 [igo fag] t25 | 109) Py 2 88 82 19 veo aso funy fas fat | to 96 ea ra a 8 ves 257 fase uaz fare | 103 93 88 80 7 74 wo 26a seo | 130, Jass | 100, 90 a3 ” 7m n ws fast far tse dn 98 8 80 8 n 68 200 zag are [38 | t10 rs 2s 7” a o 6 zo eas fxs [128 | 105, 90 a m4 o os e mo |29 faesf23 tor 86 n 70 85, at 5a zo fase fsa | ng 98 82 2 66 61 58 25 mo 20 fas [ats 2 7” 70 6 sa 5 52 20 fs |tag fin ct 78 e wo 38 2 a 34BS 5950 : Part 1: 1 Section four Table 19 (concluded) (6) py = 3b Niemen* als wo |e 20 Jas fo fas ao fas | 0 aN 30 [ass [ass [ass [oss | [oss | [oss | ass) [ass | ass | acs as [ass [ass [ass ase ass | a3 | 352 | 352 asa | 52 0 fass faz aaa ez fuer | 540 | 502 | 509 | aa0 | 30 a [ass fae [305 azo] zp, | aay fans | ons |aas | a5 so fase fe fe fos ate fats fe fs ff sn ss fase [or Jara ans aan | 200 | asa =f 257 amr | 208 eo [380 fas [30s Jase | 269 | 250 | zee | 28s | zee | 28 os fous [312 200 203 fae) | 202 | 270 | 0 266 ro ser | 308 | zusJ2 zoe | ey | 205 | ze se | zon 7 [so [200 [zr |250 251 | ous | zan | om [208 | 236 ao fass fz 208 f2ap fae ass | zap faze zea | ae os faz [zee 258 200 faze) | aan | ae fara |at0 | 200 90 faze zm fer fxs fz zee | 208 ws | 96 as |az2 [271 fap fata 200 | 190 | 109 vos | 104 soo fase [one oan, ota | tay | tna | a rm [ama tos Jars aco 224202 sae 2 fre tes | t62 vio fat) fase zr te [a7 ws [9 [155 | 153 us 308 2a 20 foo avs wo [150 uaz | ta v0 |305 243 20ers | at v7 fee faa | 138 Ja |2s8 Jase fis apr vo fics fast | 28 rao Jona [zane ar fasy te fits fre [tas fae rss [200 [228 fey fxer nas tse sar faze fate | tn waa 202 [229 aay fase feo. faz faze fain fata | nto vas fee fate fare fst faze ize fez at tas | 0 wo [200 [zie dave aac ft30 fe fanz for 0 | 100 rss jez Jaro fuer ftez fae J ns J tor toe] ge | 8 wo [27 foe [sea ize, fas, sty soa | ce | ae | ot wes [276202 tsa fase fate tor 100, | ge) | go | 170 [arate sss [soo ase ton] 96 | os | or | ms [2 figs ftsz fas. fats, too | os] ay | a | so 200 aor fas fsan. sor for | oo | ow | | was [aes [ama tas, sz0 aoe foe a) | ms | | 7 10 |2e2 free free arr for, for] os = | | | oe sos 250 fer fa0 fata gp | ge] ot | oe foe] wo far fiw fue fr we ws J | ef | wr zo far fare faa tos, sft fat] sf eo | ws | ae zo |20 roo [128 soa | or) | wy] | sf | zo fa faer fat |'p fas te] wf ef se | os zo ze fi fief xe = fo | | oe fe | oe |e zo fast ass, ft? foo ff or | of se | se | 0 35BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section four Table 20, Slanderness correction factor, n, for standard load adhe ecco ene 5 a: > 32 ‘The thickness of webs should comply with both 44.2.2 @ ay"? and 44.2.3, (2) where stitenerspacinga 32° (5) (c) With Longitudinal stiffeners: as given in BS 5400. 364.4.2.3 Minimum web thickness to avold flange buckling. In order to avoid the flange buckling into the web: ( poe 350 Put a Without intermediate stiffeners: > > a) fed oa isi (8) Wit ited amr err (te 6 Cawnn eter snore 50:2 2 (Bt (1) where stiffener spacing a> 1.5d: ¢> ) ) 4.4.3 Design strength of components “The design strength should be obtained from 3.1.1. For hybrid girders due account should be taken of the ation in design strength between the component parts. 4.44 Momont capacity 4.8.1 General. The moment capacity for a section with webs where d/t < 63¢ should be determined in accordance with 4.25 and 4.2.6. ‘4.4.8.2 Sections with thin or slender webs. Where the tlanges of a section are plastic, compact ur semi-compact, but the web is thin (i. d/t > 63) or slender (see table 7), the moment capacity should be calculated using one of the following methods. {a} The moment and axial load may be atsumed to be ‘asisted by the flanges alone (each flange being assumed ‘to be subject to uniform stress ay) and the web designed for shear only, see 4.45. {(b) The moment and axial load may by assured to be resisted by the whole section, the web being designed for ‘combined thear and longitudinal stresses, see H.3. For @ section with semi-compact flanges the moment in the web should be determined from simple elastic theory. For a section with plastic or compact flange plastic theory may be used. {c} A proportion of the loading may be assumed to be resisted by method (b), the remainder of the loading being resisted by method (a) and the web designed accordingly. simple 4.4.3 Sections with slender flanges. The moment capacity should be calculated from the reduced stress as given in 3.6. 4.85 Shear buckling resistanos of thin webs 4.4.5.1 General, This clause applies to webs which are assumed to carry shear only, axial load and bending moment being carried entirely by the flanges. For webs carrying shear and direct stress, see H.3. Webs without intermediate stiffeners should he designed according to 4.4.5.3. Webs with intermediate stiffeners may be designed according 10445307 4.4.5.4. Webs with longitudinal stitteners should be designed to 8S 5400, 37 BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990 Section four 4.48.2 Design of internal and and panels. Internal panele may be designed using tension field action and the end, panels designed accordingly. Alternatively internal and end panels may be designed simply (but conservatively) without using tension field action. 4.8.8.3 Design without using tension field action. This clause should be used for the design of unstiffened girders and may be used (conservatively) for the design of internal and end panels of 9 stiffened gied ‘The shear buckling resistance, Ver, ofa stiffened or unstiffened panel is given by: Ver = Gert where ‘er isthe evitcal shear strength as obtained trom tables 21(a) to (d) as appropriate, For girders without intermediate stiffeners the spacing should be taken as infinity; q ‘ 4.4.8.4 Design using tension field action 4.4.5.4. General. Ths clause may be used forthe design ‘of internal and end panels providing the end panels are designed according to 4A S.A.2 or 4.4.5.4.3 0s appropriate, ‘The shear buckling resistance of a stiffened panel i given by: Ye ~ aot It the flanges inthe pane! are not fully stessed the shear resistance may be inereased to: Ve lap + a¢-VK) dt but <0.8py de is the depth of the web; is te thickness of the web, where diy isthe hasc shear strength as obtained from tables 22(a) to (a) as appropriate, dy isthe tlange dependent shear stenath factor obtained from tables 23{a) to (d) as appropriate; 4 etme depin of ne wed: inthe thickness of the wa M, ' K, - Me (1-4), ce) Me isthe paste moment capacity ofthe smaller Henge Shout ts own equal sree ans pars to the fang 1 isthe mean tongiudina tes inthe smaller flange due 19 moment andor axial oad; Dy isthe design strength ofthe lange; Me is the plastic moment capacity of the web about its ‘own equal area axis perpendicular to the web. 4484.2 End ponele designed not using tension field ‘action (see figure 5). This clause may be used tor the design, ff end panels in girders designed using tension field action. Ins this ease the end pane! should be designed according 10 4.45.3. ‘Additionally they should be checked a a beam spanning bbotween the flanger of the girder capable of resisting a shear force Ry and a moment My as ven in 4.8.5.4.4.BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section four ‘The end stiffener should be capable of resisting the reaction. plus @ compressive force due to the moment My. 4.45.43 End panels designed using tension field action (see fiqures 6 and 7). This clause may be used for the design Of end panels in girders designed using tension field action. In this eaze the end panel should be designed according 1445.41 Additionally it should be provided with an end post con. sisting of a single or double stiffener, see figures 6 and 7, satisfying the following. (a) Single stittener, see tigure 6. The top of the end post should be rigidly connected to the flange using full strength welds. ‘The end post should be capable of resisting the reaction plus a moment from the anchor forces equal to 7/5 Myr; whore My is obtained from 4.4.5.4.4 The width and thickness of dhe end post are not Lo ‘exceed the width and thickness of the flange. (b) Double stiffener, see Figure 7. The end post should be checked as.a beam spanning between the flangos of the girder capable of resisting a shear force Ry and a moment My due to the anchor forcesasqiven in 4.4.5.4.8. 4.45.44 Anchor force. The resultant longitudinal shear force Ay, and moment My, due to the anchor force Hq should he obtained from the following: nan te 4 dea Be Ger"? ss07800, (1 gi 07m, (1-8) is the wb depth; Is the web thickness; 1, Is the applied shear stress in the panel utilizing tension field action; Is the basic shear strength of the panel utilicing tension field action; Ger isthe critical shear strength for the panel designed, utilizing tension field ection: Fe, 200 Gey are for the panel designed utilizing tension field action, ie. panel A in figure 5 and panel B in figures 6 and 7. % If fy

t to | 22 [ae [aoe | sor [soe | sos fare [sar [300 face [330 | aoe [ase | 210 tis | ba [ace | ase | sro [era |soo [tea [seo |aor [ace [330 | 300 las [200 120 | 220 [126 | soo |sce [sro [eos fase | aco laos fase |oar | 10 |2ee | 10 ws | 300 [aes [sis [sot [ses [soo lass |aas aos |aeo |aae | a1 | 260 | 220 two | ase |40a | sar | toe |s20 [ers aso |aar [aoc [aro [ove | arz [209 | 220 tas | ar [as [sae [san [sae [sty [aos | tea [aon [an [a0 | ara |>e0 | 201 zoo | are {201 [sae [sez | oso Jozo [see | as: foo |ar2 fant | ara [200 | za1 wo» |e lore joss |soe fous [sas lsu lass foro far Jace [ore foe |2zr Bo [ao [sce [see [eco [ese [eae feos [ver [ar [are |ae0 | ae act [200 ais [ar |sas [srs |e | sor |s2o sos [aso Jer [ars [ae [ars | ast | 22 z20 | asa | esr [200 [ora |ese lear 200 fac [ara [aro [ae | aro | aor | zee gos [arn {ser [sen {srr |ser leas son [asa [aie [are (300 | ate | m0 | 220 aso | aac srr [sor [eer [seo [sae feo [aso [ais [arr foes | at7 [aca [20 zi | oon | sue [sur | se |soe lose lor [aco [are fare [ae far | aoe | zee pao [sat lene [ec sor [ses leon ler [ac [air [are [3a [arr [aco [220 zs | sa6 |eot }ece | seo | ser |se0 |sia [aso [air Jaro [346 | ate | asa | 22aBS 5950 ; Part 1 : 1990 Section four Table 23 (concluded) (4) Grade 50 stee! (py = 355 Nii?) ‘Stifenerepacing ratio 21d at [oa Jos Jos Jo? Joa [os ]10 |12 |1# |ts [1s |z0 [zs [so ss | of of o| o] of of of of of of of of oj o so | of of ojo}]ofofo}ojvfofofo]ojo a | of of} of] oj] of] of of} o} of ofa | m | 0 | 09 wm | of of}o]o]}o] o] 0} o | e4 fr20 }s33 | 137 | 134 | 126 wm} of] of of of o | of o Jrar jroo |rra |s76 | 179 | 100 | s45 a | o | of] o |} of] o | o |r Jase | 208 | 202 |z0e | 200 | 179 | 100 as | o | o | o | o | o |aze | 192 J220 | 200 | 207 |230 | 220 | 105 | 172 a | o | o | a | o | a fas |240 J 266 | 267 | 260 |249 | 237 | 208 | 183 x | o | o | o | o arr |2aa |278 |293 | 290 | 280 |z60 | 263 | 221 | 199 roo | o | 0 | o Jase Jaa2 }2e2 310 3: | 311 | 209 | ans | 267 | 220 | 200 ros | 0 | 0 | 0 soo Jara fars |asr ato |aa1 |ars |206 | are | 237 | 206 tio | o | o | 7 |243 | 309 | sae | 361 | 362 | sas |sz7 |s0e | ze | zas | 210 tis | 0 | o res |2es | 580 | acs | 302 | 200 | 261 ]oa7 Jara | 209 | 248 | 213 120 | 0 | 0 |2a2 |are | 367 [a | aor | aes [an | ses |r | 298 | 251 |216 vw | vo | a | 266 |aao | sez | air |aze | sor | 380 |ss2 |sze | 20s | 254 | 210 130 | 0 {122 |303 | are | are a [arr |se7 {357 [320 | 306 | 297 | 220 tae | 0 |190 |a05 |4or | 430 asz_|426 [300 | 362 3a | 300 | 260 | 222 rao | 0 2a |asa | ara | 450 463 [432 [08 36s [ase | a |e |x vas | 0 278 |300 | aa7 | 477 47 [430 [400 |370 [340 | 515 | 263 | 224 wo | 0 212 [are favo | aor ao [aaa | aor | 37a |aas | 317 | 264 | 225 tss | 74 [ana [ase |aao | soa | 490 | aoe | ace [aro |ors |sas | aie | 265 | 270 wo | tse [370 |as7 [505 | ss | ovr jax |asz Jars |a7e |s7 | azo | 268 |227 ws ]2i0 |205 |aao [sso |sza |sra | aoe | ase [ase |aa0 |3a0 | 201 | 267 | 220 470 Josr [aia |sor |sa2 |s22 | 520 |602 |as9 | ais |se2 | 350 | 323 | 28 | ze is | 208 [aso [sre | sas | so |s26 | sor |acz |4z0 | 0a | ast | a2 | 260 | 220 reo 316 Jas | asa oz |oar |o31 |s10 |aoe fazz | 389 [se |s28 | 270 | 200 ses | 246 ]4ao |sae |sor |sso sas [ora |aer |r | 3a [ase | 226 | 270 | 220 190 J asa |sor |seo |s6o |ssa |sse |517 | 469 |az6 | sus se |e | zm | 230 rs 292 |s21 |or1 |s7e | 503 | ses |s2o | 471 |az7 | aoa Jose |r | 271 [201 zoo [ata fese [ser {sea |ser |sas [52 | ara [aoa |aeo Jase | a2 | 272 | 231 20s |42s |ssa [soo |see |er1 |r | sor | are |4ao | 01 | 57 | are | 272 jaa 210 |as¢ |s6s soe [ses [575 |ssz |szr |are |asr |ouz |sce [ozo | 272 | 222 ass [ara car Joos [oso [570 |ssa |szo | 477 432 | 202 | sso [0 | 273 | 202 220 | aso |se2 Jor |aor |sar |ss7 |sso |a7e | 433 |3e3 | asa |as0 | 279 | 232 225 | 507 |so2 |617 |oos |ses |sso |ssz |as0 45s |30e |s00 | ss0 | 273 | 202 200 [526 er Jezs low jew, |oor |ose | esr |43e |se¢ | sco [sar |27e |2s9 205 [saa |cz2o Joze |c12 |soo |sea |sas | ae |aa6 | 205 | 261 [a1 | ar |233 pan [sar [are ear lore |sez [ses |s36 | ass |a36 | 305 | 361 |asz | 27 | 23s zen |o7s [ess esr fore |sss [sco |sse | 400 |49¢ | osc | ace [ose | 274 | 200 260 | 509 |ca2 eat ser [sae jaa | aay [306 |asr as | 275 | 233 61BS 5950 ; Part 1: 1990 Section four 4.4.8.1 General, Intermediate transverse sttteners may be fn one or both sides of the web. 44.62 Spacing. The spacing of intermediate stiffeners, where they ere provided, should comply with 44.2, dependent on the thickness of the web. 4.4.8.3 Outstand of stiffeners. The outstand of the stiffeners should comply with 4.5.1. 4.4.64 Minimum stiffness. Transverse web stiffeners not subject to external loads or moments should have a second ‘moment of area, /,, about the centreline of the web such that: 1,2 0.78dt9 fora /24 and 180% 2 fora where |, is the external load or reaction: A. ig the area of the stiffener in contact with the flange; ‘ys is the design strength of the stiffener. 4.55 Design of bearing stiffeners Bearing stiffeners should be designed for the applied load or reaction less the local capacity of the web as given in 4.5.3. ‘Whore the web and the stiffener material are of different strengths the lesser value should be assumed to calculate the capacity of the web and the stiffener. 4.86 Datign of diagonal stiffeners Diagonal sttfeners chould be designed to carry the portion of the applied shear and bearing that exceeds the capacity of the web, Where the web and the stittener are of different strengths ‘the value taken for design should be taker as given in 4.5.5. 45.7 Design of tension stiffeners ‘Tension stiffeners should be designed to carry the portion of the applied load or caactian less the capacity of the web as gven in 4.5.3 for bearing stiffeners. Where the web and the stiffener are of ditterent strengths ‘the value taken for design should be taken as given in 4.5.5, 4.58 Torsion stiffeners Where bearing stiffeners are required to provide torsional restraint at the supports of the beam, they should meet the following criteria, {0} The conditions of 4.5.3. (b) The second moment of area of the stiffener section about the centraline of the web, ly, should be such that 1,2 0344,0°T. where , = 0.006 for < 50;0.3/A for 50< 2 100; ay = 30/4? for N> 100; D Isoverall depth of beam at support; T. isthe maximum thickness of compression flange Of the span under consideration A= Lely tor the beam: Le isthe effective length of the beam £9 Connection to web of load carrying and bearing ‘Stiffenwers which resist loads oF reactions applied through flange should be connected to the web by sufficient welds ff fasteners to tranemit a design force equal to the lesser of: (a) the tension capacity of the stiffener; (b) the sum of the forces applied when they act in the same direction or the larger of the foroes when they act in opposite directions Stiffoners which do not extend right across the web should be of such length that the shear stress in the web due to the design force transmitted by the stiffener does not exceed the shear strength of the web. In eddition, the capacity of the web beyond the ond of the stiffener should be sufficient to resist the applied torce. 4.5.10 Connection to flanges: stiffeners in tension Stiffeners required to resist tension should be connected to the flange transmitting the load by continuous welds or on slip fasteners 4.5.11 Connection to flanges: stiffer ‘Stiffeners required ro resist compression should either be fitted against the loaded flange or connected by continuous wolds oF non-slip fasteners ‘The stiffener should be fitted against or connected to both flanges when: (2) @ load is applied directly over a support; cr (b) it forms the end stiffener of a stiffened web, in compression fr (c) it acts a5 @ torsion stiffener. 4.5.12 Hollow sections Where concentiated loads are applied to hollow sections ‘consideration should be given to local stresses and deforma tian and the section reinforced ae neceseary 4.6 Axially loaded tension members 4.6.1. Tension capacity ‘The tension capacity, P,, of e member should be taken from: Pee Aady where A, is the ettective area of the section as determined from 3.3.3 oF 4.6.2 10 4. 55 BS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section four 46.2 Eccentric connections When members are connceted eccentric to the axit of the member the resulting moment has to be allowed for in accordance with 4.8.2, except for angles, channels and ‘T-sections designed 10 4.8.3 or 4.6.4 which may be treated 425 axially loaded members. 4.6.3 Effective areas of simple tension members 4.6.3.1 Single angies, channels and T-sections. For single ie ties connected through one leg only, single channel rections conneeted only through the web, and T-sectioné connected only through the flange, the effective area should be taken as the net area of the connected lea, plus the area of the vutstanding leg multiplied by: 3a, Ja tay where 2 is the net sectional area of the connected leg as given in 3.3.2; 2 is the sectional aree of the unconnected leg. For double angle ties, connected to one side of a gusset or section, the angles may be designed individually as given above. 4.6.3.2 Double angles. For back-to-back double angles ‘connected to one side of a gusset or section which are: (2) in contact or separated by a distance not exceeding the aggregate thickness of the parts with solid packing pieces; (} connected by belts or welding such that the slender: ness of the individual components dors not exceed BO; then the effective area, Ag, may be taken as the net area of the connected legs plus the area of the autstanding legs ‘multiplied by 5a, Ba, +a, where «4 is the net sectional area of the connected parts as given in 3.3.2; 42; is the sectional area of the unconnected parts. Draduct of the thickness By the length from the outer corner minus Fall she thicknenn,and the aren of the leg of # T-section a the Droduct of the thickness By the depth minus the thks ot tne Mange 4.6.3.3 Uther types, The following types of members should be designed using the net area from 3.3.2 and troated ae axially loaded members (a) Single angle ties connected through both legs by lug angles or otherwise, single channel sections connected by both flanges and T-sections connected only through the leg or both the flange and the leg. () Double anale ties connected to both sides of a qusset tr section provided that the components are heldBS 5950 : Part 1: 1990 Section four longitudinally parallel and connected by bolts or welds tn at least two places ang hela apart by solid packing pieces. The gutermost of such connections should be at ‘distance from each end of approximately nine times the smallest leg length, The halts should be of the same diameter as the end connections. {c} The internal bays of continuous ties. 4.6.4 Laced or battened ties ‘Any lacing or battening systems should be designed tw resist the greater of the following, {a} Forces and/or moments induced by ecventric loads, applied moments or transverse forces, including self ‘weight and wind retitance. (0) Forces and/or moments induced by a transverse thear on the complete member at any point in its length equal to 1 % of the factored axial load in the member. ‘These forces may be taken as shared equally between all transverse lecing or battening systems in parallel planes, 47 Compression members 4.1.1 General AIA4 Length, The length, [, of a compression member in ‘any plane should be taken as the distance benween the points at which it has effective positional or directional restraint against buckling in that plar ATA Restraints, A restraint should have sufficient strength and stiffness to inhibit movernent of the reetrained paint in position or direction as appropriate. Positional restraints should be connected to an appropriate shear diaphragm or system of triangulated bracing Positional restraints to compression members forming the flanges of lattice girders should satisty the recommendations for lateral restraint of beams given in 4.3.2. All other positional restraints to compression members should be capable of resisting a force uf not less thar 1 % of the axial force in the restrained member and transferring it to the adjacent pointe of positional restraint. 4.7.2 Effective lengths For angles, chennels and T-sections the effective length should be dotermined from its length centre-to-centre of intersections with restraining members in accordance with the conditions of restraint in the appropriate plane as given in table 24 or as limited by 4.7.10, Inother cases the effective length, Le, should be determined from the actual length and the conditions of restraint in the relevant plane, as follows. (a) In determining the conditions of restraint, restraining ‘members which under the same loading conditions are required to carry more than 90 % of their reduced moment capacity (i.e. reduced for axial load) should be taken as incapable of providing directional restraint to the member under consideration. (b) For standard conditions of restraint see table 24. 56 Table 24, Nominal effective length, Le, for a strut NOTE. For anal, channel and Tisection strats, 86 4.7.10 Conditions of restraint at ends lin plane Effective Under consideration! vena, Ce Effectively | Restrained in direction held in at hath ends. om position at both ends | Partially restrained in direction at both ende 0.882 Restrained in direction at one end o.g5L NOT restrained in direction at either end 1.06 One ane Other ond Enfectively | Notheid | Effectively held in in restrained position and | position | in direction 124 restrained — in direction Partially restrained in direction 151 NOT restrained in direction 2.0L (c} For stanchions in single storey buildings of simple construction see D.1. (@) For members forming part of a frame with rigid Ioints see appendix E. 413 4.7.3.1 General, The value of the slenderness, should be taken as the effeetive length, Le, divided by the radius of yration about the relevant axis except as given in 4.7.9 for battened struts or 4.7.13 for back-to-back struts. lenderness 4.7.3.2 Maximum slenderness. The velue of } should not exceed the following: (2) for members resisting loads other than wind loads 180 (b) for members resisting self weight and wind loads only 250. (6) for any member normally acting a tie bbut subject to reversal of stress resulting from the action of wind 350 ‘Members whose slenderness exceeds 180 should be checked {or self weight deflection. If Uns exceeds length/1000 the cffeet of ending should be taken into account in designBS 6960 : Part 1 : 1990 Section four 4.7.4 Compression resistance For single angle, channel and T-section struts reference ‘The compression resistance, Pc, of a member should be should be made to 4.7.10, obtained from: (a) for plastic, compact or semi-compact sections: 4.7.8 Compressive strongth The compressive strength, Pc, depends on the slenderness, A, Pe=AgPe of the gross section, the design strength, p,. or the reduced (b) slender sections: design strength for slender sections {see 3.6) and the Pe= Ay Py relevant suut curve, wahes ‘be may be established frst by reference to tables 25 ‘and 26. These indicate, for any shape, thickness of steel and ‘Ag is the aross sectional area (see 3.3.1); ‘axis of buckling, which of the four strut tables 27(a) to (d), pis the compressive strength (see 4.7.5); is relevant to the case. Alternatively, p, may he obtained cs is the compressive strength for slender sections ‘trom the formula given in appendix C. (c00 4.7.5 and 3.6) For seetions fabricated from plate by welding, the value ‘Steel sections encased in structural concrete may be of p,, should be reduced by 20 N/mm? ‘designed as cated struts in accordance with 4.14 ‘Table 25, Strut table selection ‘Type of section ‘Thickneee Ate of buckling (20 now 1) Hotcolled structural hollow section 27a) | 2710) Rolled I-seetion (or as shown in table 26\al) 2a) | 2716) Rolled H-section (or at chown in table 26(3)) up to 40. mm 2b) | 2746) fever 40 mm. 7e) | 271d) Welded plate I or H-section (see note 2 and 4.7.5) up to 40. mm zo) | 2710) (or as shown in table 26(c)) over 40 mm. 2) | 271d) Rolled 1 or H-section with welded flenge cover plates up 10 40 min 27) | 271) (as shown in table 26(0)) over 40 mm. 27(e) | 2746) Welded box section (see note 9 and 4.7.6) up to 40 mm 2b) | 2716) over 40 mm. We) | 27le) Round, square or flat har up to 40 mm zo) | 271) cover 40 mm ze} 270) Rolled angle Buckling about Rolled chennel or T-seetion any axis Two rolled sections laced or bettened 276) Two rolled sections back-to back Compound rolled sections [NOTE 1. For rhiknesses between 40 mm and 80 mm the valuy of e May Be taker! ws he avery Othe valves for Tikes ip 10-40 men and over 40 om. [NOTE 2. For welded late I or H-sections where it can be guaranteed thatthe edges ofthe tlanges will only be flame cut, table 271b) moy be used for buckling about the yy axe for Hlangas up to 40 mmm thick, and tabla 27) for flanges over 40 mm thick NOTE 3, ‘Welded b lagna wale Included in thao fear tha cornareat the caction Bax eetions with welded longiudinal 87BS 5950 : Part 1 : 1990 Section four ‘Table 26, Type of section obtained for table 25 (a) Rolled I or H-section B 8 oo ow ors<-t 4 NOTE. Large outstands may be subject to Focal bucking, se 36. LY (b) Rolled I or H-seetion with welded flange cover plate troe (6) Welded plate I or H-section ¥

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