Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources:
1. Brand, Christo, and Barbara Jones. Mandela: My Prisoner, My Friend. New York: Thomas
Dunne Books
This primary source gave us insight on Mandela's time in prison. The author, Christo
Brand, was a young prison guard while Mandela served his time at Robben Island. Brand
formed a strong friendship with Mandela while they were on opposite sides of the cell, so
this source provided information about Mandelas 27 years in prison.
2. Carlin, John. Knowing Mandela: A Personal Portrait. New York, New York: Harper Perennial
This primary source was written by a man who knew Mandela and watched him through
his ups and downs. He knew Mandela from rugby and had a unique relationship. This
source provided a new insight to Mandela's ideas and actions on apartheid. The source
was able to show our group more information on the character of Mandela and how he
dealt with certain people, events, and problems in South Africa.
3. Carlin, John. Playing the Enemy: Nelson Mandela and the Game That Made a Nation. New
York: Penguin Press, 2008.
This primary source is from a man who knew Mandela and watched him through his ups
and downs. He knew Mandela from Rugby and had a unique relationship. This source
will hopefully provide a new insight to Mandela's ideas and actions on Apartheid. It was
helpful to see a view on Mandela apart from historians, but instead had formed a
relationship with Nelson Mandela that gave him information different from others.
4. De Klerk, FW. F.W. De Klerk. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999.
This source is a primary source written by F.W. de Klerk himself about his life as
President of South Africa. It gave us important information on his thinking at that time
and what he thought about Nelson Mandela and the issues surrounding apartheid. F.W. de
Klerk knew exactly what he felt about apartheid, Nelson Mandela, and many other issues
surrounding the apartheid regime in South Africa during that crucial time in history.
5. "Federal Register." National Archives and Records Administration. Accessed February 03,
2016. http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/12532.html.
This is a an executive order commissioned by Ronald Reagan in 1985 that discusses the
prohibiting trade and certain other transactions involving South Africa. This is primary
because Ronald Reagan, the President of the United States at the time, talks about his
reasoning behind ending relationships with South Africa during apartheid.

6. Gordimer, Nadine. "Nelson Mandela." In Telling Times, 742p. 1st ed. New York, New York:
W.W. Norton & Company, 2010.
This source is a primary source because it was written by a woman who was on the ANC
council and also experienced all the important events that lead up to the end of apartheid
in South Africa. She lives in South Africa and with her perspective on this topic, created a
new understanding for us as students to understand whats going on. This primary source
gave the reader a different view point of Mandela and of F.W. de Klerk.
7. Mandela, Nelson. Conversations with Myself. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010.
This is a primary source written by Nelson Mandela himself. It included letters from the
time that Mandela was imprisoned giving us an insight into Nelson Mandelas private
thinking and meetings with F.W. de Klerk. The encounter of these two political figures is
a large topic of our project, so the information of this book was very informative for us.
8. Mandela, Nelson. Long Walk to Freedom: The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela. Boston,
Massachusetts: Little, Brown, 1994.
Nelson Mandela reflects on his own thoughts, experiences, exchanges, and encounters in
his autobiography. This is a primary source because it is written by Nelson Mandela
himself. This is a very significant source because of the value that Nelson Mandela's own
words can add to our project.
9. Steward, Dave. "Dave Steward, Chief of Cabinet of South Africa under F.W. De Klerk."
Online interview by author. October 12, 2015.
This interview was a crucial source in our history fair project. We relied heavily on his
quotes and words during our interview. Dave Steward provided us with an insight to how
de Klerk worked in his office and interacted with Nelson Mandela. Dave Steward worked
alongside F.W. de Klerk which provides primary information on our topic.
10. Pearson, Michael, and Tom Cohen. "Life Under Apartheid." CNN. December 6, 2013. http://
www.cnn.com/2013/12/06/world/africa/mandela-life-under-apartheid/.
This article from CNN provides interviews and stories of peoples lives during apartheid.
They recalled events of violence during apartheid and their struggle in South Africa. The
CNN article is a primary source which provided our group with knowledge of violence
and what life was like during apartheid.
11. Faul, Michelle. "What Life Was Like In South Africa During Apartheid." Business Insider.
December 9, 2013. http://www.businessinsider.com/what-life-was-like-in-south-africa-duringapartheid-2013-12.

This primary source tells the story of a young South African slave and her childhood
living with apartheid. It gives primary information that we used to show the idea of
violence and suffering during apartheid in South Africa.

Secondary Sources:
12. Addison, John. "The Birth of Apartheid." In Apartheid, 72. 1st ed. Vol. 1. Great Britain: B.T.
Batsford Ltd, 1981. 71
This secondary source included what the South African civilization was like that lead up
to the beginning of apartheid. This source also reflected on the different acts passed to
become the new laws of land that started the foundation for the country to the start the
segregation in the South Africa. This source talked about the birth of apartheid.
13. Boehmer, Elleke. Nelson Mandela: A Brief Insight. New York, New York: Sterling
Publishing, 2008
This biography provided insight into Nelson Mandela's time in prison, his release from
prison, the first democratic election, and his presidency. The book outlined Nelson
Mandelas exemplary figure on non-racialism and democracy. This book offered a quality
portrait of Mandela that provided more detail to further our understanding of him.
14. Bryant Pratt, Paula. The End of Apartheid in South Africa. Vol. 1. San Diego, California:
Lucent Book, 1995. 128.
In this historical novel about the end of the apartheid, it talked about the events taken
before apartheid was over, and also about the aftermath of the huge day in South Africas
history. This book also dates back to when Apartheid was still a huge conflict of interest
in South Africa, and how people changed the country for the better.
15. Canesso, Claudia. South Africa. Vol. 1. Chelsea House Publishers, 1999. 117.
Claudia Canesso stated what life was like in South Africa, before the entire movement of
ending apartheid. Canesso also talked about the control Great Britain had over South
Africa, and how the Republic of South Africa cut ties with Great Britain to form their
own government run by the South African people. This book is a secondary source but
the information that it contains is the crucial part of history that lead up to the encounter
of Nelson Mandela and F.W. De Klerk
16. David. Chained Together: Mandela, De Klerk, and the Struggle to Remake South Africa.
New York: Times Books, 1993.

This secondary source provided in-depth information on the relationship between F.W. de
Klerk and Nelson Mandela and how they worked together to end apartheid in South
Africa. This book revealed important details on the encounter between the two political
leaders.
17. Eades, Lindsay Michie. The End of Apartheid in South Africa. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood
Press, 1999.
Lindsay Eades discussed the complex history and politics of South Africa that form the
insightful study of the factors that contributed to the end of apartheid and the end of racial
division in government. The source examined the people, history, and politics of South
Africa in the age of apartheid. It provided our group an analysis of these factors enhanced
by biographical profiles of key people, most importantly F.W. de Klerk and Nelson
Mandela.
18. Glad, Betty, and Robert Blanton. "F. W. De Klerk and Nelson Mandela: A Study in
Cooperative Transformational Leadership." 27, no. 3 (Summer, 1997): 565-90.
Betty Glads book talked about the relations between F.W. De Klerk and Nelson Mandela
in an article from the Presidential Quarterly volumes. This is a secondary source but has
reliable information on the relationship which is a key part of our project. The study of
their relationship gave more information that was directly on our subject, which furthered
our understanding of the two important leaders and their work to end apartheid.
19. Hamill, James. President De Klerk's Options, 1992. Accessed October 1, 2015. http://
find.galegroup.com/gic/dispHomePage.do?prodId=GIC&userGroupName=mlin_n_hware.
This is a secondary source gave insight into the encounters and exchanges between the
African National Congress and F.W. de Klerk. In 1990, the ANC was allowed to meet
again under the permission of de Klerk. This journal gave us dates and important
information about the meetings between the ANC and the President as it followed.
20. Harwood, Ronald. "Kliptown." In Mandela, 131. London, England: NAL PENGUIN, 1987.

This secondary source describes Nelson Mandelas actions that he took to end apartheid.
His actions were documented and a Historian Ronald Harwood interpreted them and
converted them to a book that many of the readers will understand and be able to fully
comprehend the actions that were taking place.
21. Lapierre, Dominique, and Kathryn Spink. A Rainbow in the Night: The Tumultuous Birth of

South Africa. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press, 2009.

This secondary source provided information on the history of South Africa going back
hundreds of years. This also provided detailed facts about Mandela and de Klerk's
meetings and encounters leading up their election for president of South Africa in 1994.
The background information along with information on our actual event supported our
topic that allowed us to expand on South Africas history.
22. Lapping, Brian. Apartheid: A History. New York: G. Braziller, 1987.
This secondary source provided background information on what happened before
Nelson Mandela and F.W. de Klerk put an end to apartheid. It is important to know
exactly what was happening and how that system came into place. The beginning of
apartheid was crucial in building the apartheid-filled society Mandela and de Klerk
worked to end in South Africa.
23. "Life & Times of Nelson Mandela." The Nelson Mandela Foundation. Accessed October 8,
2015. https://www.nelsonmandela.org/content/page/biography.
This source is from the Nelson Mandela Foundation Website. It had a lot of quality
information including a biography and timeline of Mandela's life. They focused on
certain political events that Mandela dealt with and also provided information on
Mandela's political role in South Africa.
24. Mark Gevisser "Strange Bedfellows." In Review: Strange Bedfellows: Mandela, De Klerk,
and the New South Africa, 173-178. 1st ed. Vol. 79. Tampa Bay, Florida: Foreign Affairs, 2000.
This secondary source provided the thoughts Gevisser has about the encounter of Nelson
Mandela and F.W. De Klerk. This journal contains quotes from Mandela and De Klerk,
these quotes were crucial to understanding the emotion that went in that lead up to the
1994 election of South Africa. This journal included other statements from fellow friends
of the two men and how they viewed the change in government and how they viewed
their friends.
25. Meredith, Martin. Nelson Mandela: A Biography. New York, New York: St. Martin's Press,
1998.
This is a secondary source that provided in-depth information about Mandela's efforts to
effecting a peaceful and to apartheid in South Africa in 1994. Meredith also included
insights into the enduring friendships Mandela created among whites and blacks alike, as
well as the influential role played by his colleagues.
26. Omer-Cooper, J. D. History of Southern Africa. 2nd ed. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemen, 1987.

This is a secondary source of how apartheid was created, how people in South Africa
dealt with it, and the reactions and fights of several protesters, such as Nelson Mandela
and F.W. de Klerk. It gave background information on apartheid, but also gave insight on
the work that helped end apartheid.
27. Reitzes, Maxine. The Impact of Democracy on Development: The Case of South Africa.
Johannesburg: Centre for Policy Studies, 2007.
This secondary source gave detailed information about South Africas new government
policies and structure after the 1994 democratic election. It discusses post-1994 changes
to South Africas democratic government and socio-economic positions.
28. Saul, John S. South Africa -- the Present as History. Johannesburg, South Africa: Jacana
Media, 2014.
This source traced South African history from early days into two decades of democracy.
It also reflected F.W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandelas early decisions, concessions, and
choices leading into the depth of apartheid. Their meetings and encounters were the
central reason for the end of apartheid.
29. Wekesser, Carol, and Pierce, Christina. Africa: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego, CA:
Greenhaven, 1992.
This book provided several viewpoints that argued against our points and some that
helped to support our points. This book by Carol Wekesser and Christina Pierce allowed
our group to use evidence to argue and advocate for the ideas we are trying to portray.
The differing viewpoints informed our group and allowed us to be able to better support
and explain our topic.
30. Welsh, David. "F.W. De Klerk and Constitutional Change." Issue: A Journal of Opinion 18

(1990): 6-10.
This journal provided insight on F.W. de Klerks power and views as a political leader in
South Africa at the time. It gave information on F.W. de Klerks goals and aims to lead
South Africa, along with difficulties achieving support in South Africa. The difficulties
were crucial in many of de Klerks decisions, such as releasing Nelson Mandela from
prison and working with him to end apartheid by exploring a new form of government.