UNIVERSITY OF WEST BOHEMIA

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING

JET ENGINES
GAS TURBINESS

GAS TURBINES
MAIN THEMES

Introduction

Main types of gas turbines

Basic parameters of gas turbines

Stage of gas turbine

Stator of gas turbine

Rotor of gas turbine

Multistage gas turbine

Stator cooling

Conclusions

INTRODUCTION

In turbines is converted heat and pressure

energy to kinetic energy and mechanical work
with very high efficiency
The conversion is provided in stator and rotor
canals
In stator vanes is converted heat and pressure
energy to kinetic energy
In rotor blades is converted heat and pressure
energy to kinetic energy and mechanical work

INTRODUCTION

Obtained performance on turbines is exploited

for compressor and assembly drive. In case of
turboshaft engines, performance is also used
for propeller or rotor drive.
Ground power unit use converted energy for
drive of electric generators or compressors and
many types of equipments.

INTRODUCTION
REQUIREMENTS

High performance

High reliability

High lifetime

High efficiency

Minimal weight and dimensions

Simple construction and maintenance

Low price

GAS TURBINE TYPES

TYPES BY DIRECTION OF FLOW

Radial

Centrifugal

Centripetal

Axial

GAS TURBINE TYPES

Fig. Centrifugal and centripetal gas turbine

GAS TURBINE TYPES

Fig. Parts of centripetal gas turbine

GAS TURBINE TYPES

Fig. Engine with centrifugal compressor and centripetal turbine

GAS TURBINE TYPES

TYPES BY INLET FLOW FIELD

Turbines with homogeneous inlet flow field

Turbines with non-homogeneous inlet flow field

Fig. Turbines with homogeneous and non-homogeneous

inlet flow field

GAS TURBINE TYPES

TYPES BY NUMER OF STAGES

Single stage

Dual stage

Triple stage

Multi stage
TYPES BY NUMBER OF SPOOLS

Single spool turbines

Dual spool turbines

Triple spool turbines

GAS TURBINE TYPES

Fig. Single stage axial gas turbine

GAS TURBINE TYPES

Fig. Dual stage axial gas turbine

GAS TURBINE TYPES

Fig. Triple stage axial gas turbine

GAS TURBINE TYPES

Fig. Multi (4) stage axial gas turbine

2 stages for compressor drive
2 stages for propeller drive

GAS TURBINE TYPES

Fig. Multi (8) stage axial gas turbine

GAS TURBINE TYPES

TYPES BY REACTION OF STAGE

Impulse stage

Impulse/Reaction (Reaction) stage

GAS TURBINE TYPES

Fig. Impulse and reaction stage

BASIC PARAMETERS
Flow rate

Depends on construciton 0,5-300kg.s -1

Thermal gradient

Max. 30kJ.kg-1on one stage

Temperature before turbine

Non-cooled turbines max. 1000C

Cooled turbines 1200C and more

BASIC PARAMETERS

years

Fig. Evolution of temperature parameters

BASIC PARAMETERS
RPM (Revolutions per minute)

Depends on construction 5-90.103 min-1

Reliability

Means reliability of blades. At present days in modern engines

its approximately 10000 hours.
Efficiency

Single stage turbines 0,82-0,90

Multi stage turbines 0,88-0,94

Cooling air

Depend on intensity of cooling (approximately 5% from flow

rate)

BASIC PARAMETERS

Fig. Dependence of efficiency on flow rate

TURBINE STAGE

Fig. Elementary turbine stage

TURBINE STAGE

Fig. Impulse turbine stage

TURBINE STAGE

Fig. Reaction turbine stage

TURBINE STAGE
Forces on rotor blade are created by:

Aerodynamic forces created by fluid around

blades (impulse action of gases)
Reaction action of gases in convergent rotor
blades canal where are gases accelerated

TURBINE STAGE
,
3

c c 3
c 3150 m.s

c4= u4 w4

Fig. Reaction turbine stage

TURBINE STAGE

Work transferred to blades of elementary stage

from 1kg of gas
From Euler equation:
1

W e , st =u ' 3 . c 3' uu 4 . c 4u [ J.kg ]

since c 4u 0
1

W e , st =u ' 3 . c 3' uu 4 . c 4u [ J.kg ]

TURBINE STAGE

Fig. Velocity triangles on elementary turbine reaction stage

TURBINE STAGE

Fig. Ideal and real expansion on turbine stage in T-s diagram

TURBINE STAGE

Fig. Real expansion on turbine stage in p-V and T-s diagram

shows static and total parameters

TURBINE STAGE

Work on turbine stage

1
W e , st =c p. T 3t T 4t [ J.kg ]
W ad , st =c p. T 3t T 4t , ad [ J.kg 1]

Efficiency of turbine stage

W e , st
st =
[1]
W ad , st

T 3t T 4t
st =
[1]
T 3t T 4t , ad
st =0.830.89

TURBINE STAGE

Efficiency of multistage turbines is higher than

efficiency of every single stage (in compressor
that's NOT true)
Efficiency of multistage turbines is 0.88-094
Efficiency increasing by number of turbine
stages WHY?

TURBINE STAGE

Efficiency of multistage turbines is higher than

efficiency of every single stage (in compressor
that's NOT true)
Efficiency of multistage turbines is 0.88-094
Efficiency increasing by number of turbine
stages WHY?

Lower velocity of gases as in single stage

Losses from stage before are exploited in the next
one

TURBINE STAGE
Reaction of elementary stage

Is ratio of adiabatic static work of rotor and

adiabatic static work of elementary stage

hR
= [1]
H
01

TURBINE STAGE

Fig. Impulse and reaction turbine in T-s diagrams

LOSSES IN GAS TURBINE

Profile losses

in stator and rotor as well

These losses are generated as soon as gas
fluid around vanes/blades.

Friction losses (boundary layer)

Shock phenomenas

Wakes (high angle of atack)

Profile losses are higher in rotor

LOSSES IN GAS TURBINE

Secondary losses

Generated by pair-wakes (induced drag)

Losses in redial spaces between rotor blade
and turbine case
Other losses

Losses in bearings

Friction of disks

LOSSES IN GAS TURBINE

Fig. Losses in rotor blade

BLADE GEOMETRY

Characteristic shape of rotor blade is the longitudinal

shape
In elementary stage is determined in the middle diameter
( by flow equation )
The real flow is spatial. The peripheral speed is increase
from rotor root to rotor tip. Absolute velocity and pressure
changed as well. All of these parameters are connected
The real flow is spatial, compressible, viscous and
non-stationary
GEOMETRY of blade must accepted these facts

BLADE GEOMETRY

Fig. Geometric solution of rotor blade construction

BLADE GEOMETRY

Fig. Reaction rotor blade construction

BLADE GEOMETRY

Fig. Creating rotor back with lemniscate

BLADE GEOMETRY

Fig. Creating a impulse rotor blade

MULTISTAGE GAS TURBINE

Created by compiling of turbine stages in a row

Modern engines used 6 and more stage
turbines because:

There are high thermal gradients

Higher efficiency

Better collaboration with compressor ( bigger

diameter lower RPM )
Smooth shape of engine

MULTISTAGE GAS TURBINE

Fig. Shape of overflow canal

MULTISTAGE GAS TURBINE

Fig. Parameters through the multistage impulse turbine

MULTISTAGE GAS TURBINE

Fig. Thermal gradient distribution on multistage turbine

TURBINE CHARACTERISTIC

Fig. Gas turbine characteristic

TURBINE CHARACTERISTIC

Fig. Gas turbine characteristic

STATOR VANES

Fig. Tubular stator vanes

STATOR VANES

Fig. Stator vanes

ROTOR BLADES

Fig. Turbine rotor blades

ROTOR BLADES

Fig. Turbine double-rotor blades

ROTOR BLADES

Fig. Turbine double-floor rotor blades

MULTISTAGE GAS TURBINE

Fig. Double-stage gas turbine

MULTISTAGE GAS TURBINE

Fig. Scheme of double-stage gas turbine

MULTISTAGE GAS TURBINE

Fig. Double-stage gas turbine

MULTISTAGE GAS TURBINE

Fig. 'Free' gas turbine

MULTISTAGE GAS TURBINE

Fig. Triple-stage gas turbine

MULTISTAGE GAS TURBINE

Fig. Four-stage gas turbine

GAS TURBINE COOLING

Fig. Thermal and mechanical load blades

GAS TURBINE COOLING

Fig. Rotor blade damaged by thermal load

GAS TURBINE COOLING

Thermal damage of pressure side

of stator blade

Cracks on cooled
stator blade

Fig. Stator vanes damaged by thermal load

GAS TURBINE COOLING

Fig. Evolution of temperature increasing

in depends on used material

GAS TURBINE COOLING

Sources of cooling

Air from fan

Air from low pressure compressor

Air from secondary flow on CC

Air from secondary flow ( turbofan engines )

GAS TURBINE COOLING

Fig. Turbine cooling

GAS TURBINE COOLING

Fig. Multi-stage turbine cooling

GAS TURBINE COOLING

Fig. Distribution of cooling air in turbine stage

BLADES COOLING
Methods of blade cooling

Convective ( Internal cooling )

Film cooling

Transpiration cooling

BLADES COOLING
Convective cooling

Hot air flows around

blades
Blades are cooled
with air, which flows
through cooling holes
inside blade

BLADES COOLING
Film cooling

Cooling is provided
with cooling air, which
is delivered through
the holes on the blade
surface.
Cooling with air film is
more efficient as
convective cooling

BLADES COOLING

Transpiration cooling
Transpiration cooling is similar technique of
cooling as cooling with air film.
In this case is generated a homogeneous
surface of cooling air on surface of blade
Transpirationally cooled blades have no holes.
Air flow through the porous surface of blade.

BLADES LOAD

Fig. Turbine rotor blades load

REFERENCES

Otis, Vosbury: Aircraft gas turbine powerplants

Jeppesen: 2002
Rolls royce The jet engine, 1996
Hanus D., Marlek J, : Studijn modul 15,
Turbnov motor, CERM, s.r.o. Brno 2004
Kadrnoka J.: Tepeln turbny a
turbokompresory, CERM, s.r.o. Brno 2004

DISCUSSION...
...QUESTIONS