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    comparative modulation ... can't say its all will be complete

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    6 views7 pages

    A Comparative Analaysis of Modulation Techniques in Mobile Communication Systems

    Uploaded by

    Ali Murtaza
    comparative modulation ... can't say its all will be complete

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MODULATION TECHNIQUES IN MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS, *Y. A Adediran and**T. Reyaz *Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna. ** Department of Electronics, University of York, York, U.K. Abstract ‘Various modulation techniques, both analogue and digital, have been applied to-date in mobile ‘communication systems. It started with the simple amplitude modulation technique through the simple shift- keying technique and has advanced to the more complex digital modulation systems. Some of the ‘modulation techniques have been found to be more suitable than others under specified mobile ‘communication environments. The paper therefore attempts to introduce the known different analogue ‘nd digital modulation techniques, their advantages and disadvantages, as well as the suitable conditions under which each is applicable. Introduetion ‘The first known attempt to provide mobile ‘communication was made in 1897 by G. Marconi who demonstrated radio's ability to provide continuous communication with ships sailing in the English Channel, Since then, mobile communication has ‘metamorphosed in form of Citizens band, pagers, and, of course, the popular cellular radio which includes the Global System of Mobile communication (GSM). ‘The tremendous growth of mobile communication in the last two decades has been the result of improvement in digital and radio frequency circuit fabrication technology, particularly the VLSI technology, which has made hardware components smaller in size, cheaper and even more reliable. The improved technology is extended to circuit units, including modulator and demodulator circuits. ‘The first generation mobile radio system employed analogue modulation techniques (amplitude modulation and frequency modulation) for transmission. Improvements in fabrication technology have made digital communication techniques more acceptable and favourable. Mobile telephone handsets ‘contimie to be miniaturised in size. However, spectrum Proceedings of Conference on GST in Nigeria 2003 cfficiency has been one of the major requirements of any acceptable modulation scheme for mobile systems as international regulations have specified a limited ‘band for transmission. The cellular mobile systems have taken advantage of frequency reuse concept 10 increase capacity without necessarily increasing, transmission bandwidth, In mobile communication, system, a challenging task is the design of a ‘modulation scheme that is resistant to mobile channe! impairments such as fading and multipath, ‘This paper discusses the important analogue and digital modulation techniques as used in mobile communication systems by highlighting the attractiveness of individual modulation schemes. A. ‘measure of performance of analogue modulation, technique isthe figure of merit ofthe receiver. For the digital modulation schemes, the bit error rate (BER) is, ‘an appropriate measure of performance in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) whose power spectral density is N,. This is usually found using the Q- function of the distance between the signal points in the constellation diagram, Such values are quoted in. the paper for different types of digital modulation scheme, Analogue Modulation = ® “The only feasible modulation technique up till the early 1930s was the amplitude modulation (AM), hence its popularity up to that time in mobile ‘communication systems. Frequency modulation (FM) came into the picture in the Iatc 1930s and was subsequently employed in mobile communication sysfems because of its outstanding advantages over AM, 2.1 Amplitude Modulation In simple AM, the amplitude of the carrier wave is linearly varied with the instantaneous value of the ‘message signal, An AM signal can be mathematically ‘expressed as Aden ond Reyer ~ A Comparative Analysis of Modulation Tecnignesin Mobis Communication Systems = AML k,rm(O} cost2af) = Ree @expG2D} o where a(0 = A1-+£,m(p] isthe complex envelope ofthe AM signal 6 the carrier frequency, 4, isthe cartier Timplitude, and &, isthe amplitude sensitivity of the modulator cen IrS(?) and MU) are the Fourier transforms of atrpand my respetvely, then the frequency-domain description of he AM wae given by Sat = BU -1)+ 8 apo AiMy 14M +L @ 1, The bandwidth ofthe AM signal is twice the maximum frequency where 6(,is the Dirac delta (impulse) function ‘of component of the message signal. Tria mebile environment, fading resulting from multipath effect deteriorsics the transmitted AM signal, Inaddition, tle note (e-g,reciver noise) causes more deterioration. If Rayleigh Fading i negligible (e.g. ian open area propagation case or when diversity tetmique is used), the average Power ‘of the modulated message signal is equal to, 42(1 +P) where P, =k, (rm? (0) is the message power. Since, for a noise power spectral density, 7, the average noise power within the message bandwidth 1 isn, then the channel signal o-nols ratio (SNR) is AL (+Pu) SNR, 5 oni @ “The figure of merit, F, whichis the rato of oxtpu-SNRto input SNR. i given by SNR, __Pp “P ® SNR, 1+Pq For sinusoidal wave of fequency Wand amplitude ,,P, given interms of modulation dep, 1-38 7A “ 5 ee ° Hence, the figure of merits a © nen the rceved signal is oroptd by mulpicatve nose arising fom multipath propagation ‘he signal-te-signalsuppression noise ratio is #2 o P, is usally ofthe order of. 1 to avoid overmodulation Theron the SSN is approximately equal to 0.333; that stgnal-suppression noise power is 3 times as large asthe signal power. Hence Rayleigh fading has a disastrous cffect on AM systems (Rappaport, 1997; Yacoub, 1983) nx signals can be detected noncoheentlyorcoherently A commen noncoheren Tse Ht the ubiquitous cavelope detector which i useful when the input signal power is atleast 10 €® ‘areater than the noise power. The produet detector isan example of coherent detectors which are able 10 Proosss 'AM signals with input SNRs well below 04B, Single sideband (SSB) AM technique has also been experimented vPo® jn mobile comummication systems. tiga bandadtheficient modulation technique but however performs poorly in fas ‘channels. For example, frequency difference between transmitted and local oscillator frequen in ee 'SSB detector leads to variation in pitch of the received signal. Inthe alternative the pilot one SSB method ‘is adopted. Here, alow level pilot cone ees 39 “EA Adediran and 7. Reyas “Comparative Analysis of Modulation Techniques in Mobile Communication Systems is sent along with the SSB signal. The pilot tone cam be either inserted in the place ofa small portion ofthe audio spectrum (tone-in-band) or placed above or within the SSB band, ‘The figure of ment of the SSB modulation is approximately unity while the signal-to-suppressidn noise ratio 453.66, an improvement of 10.4 4B over the standard AM case. The effec of multipath isto broaden each spectral dine ofthe signal until it occupies a spectral width of 2, = 2v/A where fis the maximum Doppler shit, and vis the vehicle speed ‘Some new SSB modulation techniques arc being developed and are likely tobe used in further mobile ‘communication systems such as satellite mobile systems. 2.2 Frequency Modulation Frequency modulation (FM) is a non-linear process in which the frequency of the carrier is varied in accordance with the message signal. It can be mathematically expressed as Say (1) = A, cos [2nf.t + 0(1)]= A, exp [j(2af.t + a(n] ‘where 0(9 isthe angular argument of the carrier of amplitude , and frequency f 0(t) = 2k, fmcxyde + 0(0) o ‘The transmitter bandwidth, guided by the Carson's rule, is given as B=2Af+2W =2W(1+ A) (10) Where fis the modulation index and fis the frequency deviation, FM offers some advantages over AM, particularly its outstanding performance with respect to audio utput signal-to-noise ratio Inthe presence of adalitive noise (multiplicative noise in non-Rayleigh environment being irrelevant and negligible), the channel signal-to-noise is = 4, SNR, = ay 2nW For single-tone modulation, the modulating signal poweris P= aQaafy” a(b-20)? «3 where a= 1/{2@.i, } isa constant and k, is the modulator constant in Hertz per volt. "She output SNR is then siven by SNR, = 30*(B/Wyy ay showing thatthe SNR, and bandwidth, B, are interchangeable in FM systems, In this case the figure of merit is SNR, : 3p sun 228 co) By plotting SNR with additive Gaussian noise, the threshold and capture effects would be quite evident. At large Yalues of 7 the FM receiver captures on the signal and suppresses the noise. The opposite effect aceurs when y is small. In conclusion, capture effect is prominent in a fading environment (Rappaport, 1997), In multipath conditions, the capture effect of FM receivers tends to varnish due to rapid fading, leading to Suppression of baseband output signal. This gives rise to signal-suppression noise, In addition, deep fades are Digital Modulation Digital modulation involves using a digital signal (obtained from sampling of the message signal) to modulate ‘dial carrier signal. Thus, an analogue-o-digital converters first used to reduce the complex analogue messige ‘waveform toa convenient digital form. es 40 “VA Adediran and T: Reyas ~ A Comparative Analysis of Modulation Techniques in Mobile Communication Systems Pigital modulation has become more attractive and acceptable than analogue modultion forthe following reasons Greater noise immunity; Robustness to channel impairments; Ability to support complex signal processing and conditioning techniques Greater security Easier multiplexing of various forms of information (e.g. data voice and video), Capability of completely implementing digital modulators and demodulator in software due to advancement in new multipurpose programmable digital signal processing technology; ‘Accommodation of digital error-control codes with detection/correction transmission errors. Fr gtoice ofa particular digital modulation scheme, out ofthe numerous available alternatives, depends ‘On many factors which have to be put into consideration. Among these are: the required bandwidth, the bit error rate (BER) at low received SNRs, perforsiance in multipath and fading conditions, ‘ease and cost of implementatio adjacent channel interference. Taare therefore, the need fo a trade-off since no single modulation technique can favourably satisfy all these factors, The two main performance measures used in digital modulation schemes are

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