W

W
KK

WW

KW

- -

K
K

K Blaise Pascal Pierre de Fermat

John Graunt
K

WK
W
K

WW

A = {0,1,2,3,4,5}
B = {1,3,5,7,9}
C = {6,3,0,3,6,9,12,15}

A = { 50 }
B = { 91 }

C = { 15 6 3 }
S W
K card (S ) W S K

- -

WW
card ( A) = 6, card ( B) = 5, card (C ) = 8
A S A W
KK A S W A S WK S

WW
A = {1,2,3}, B = {0,1,2,3,4,8}, C = {1,0,2,3,5,8}, D = {1,2,5}
1 C B A
K C

K C D

K card ( ) = 0 W W
(a, b) B A A B W

KK B b A a

WW
A = {0,1,2,5}, B = {5,9}, C = {0,1}
1) A B ,

2) A B C

1) A B = {(0,5), (0,9), (1,5), (1,9), (2,5), (2,9), (5,5), (5,9)}

2) A B C = {(0,5,0), (0,9,0), (1,5,0), (1,9,0), (2,5,0), (2,9,0), (5,5,0), (5,9,0),
(0,5,1), (0,9,1), (1,5,1), (1,9,1), (2,5,1), (2,9,1), (5,5,1), (5,9,1)}

W B A W
card ( A B) = card ( A) card ( B)
K
WW

card ( A B ) = card ( A) card ( B) = 4 2 = 8

card ( A B C ) = card ( A) card ( B ) card (C ) = 4 2 2 = 16

WK
KW
- -

WW

K1,2,3,4,5,6 E
E

KEFE
KE

K S KW

KW

D K
WE
K S = {N , D} WKK N

K S = {1,2,3,4,5,6} WE

L W WE
K S = {L, D,U } WK U W D W

H W T WE

K S = {H , T } WK

K E

S = {H ,T } {H ,T } = {HH , HT ,TH , TT }
W
S = {{H , H },{H ,T },{T ,T }}
K
KKW
1,2,3,4,5,6 W
W

- -

A = {1,3,5} WW A

B = {2,4,6} WW B

K C = {5,6} W4W C

K21W 414W
K

KE

W B W A WE

KW D W C
1) S = {{1,2},{1,3},{1,4},{2,3},{2,4},{3,4}}
card ( S ) = 6
2) A = {{3,4}}, B = {{1,3},{1,4},{2,3},{2,4}}, C = {{1,2}},
D = {{1,3},{1,4},{2,3},{2,4},{1,2}}

WW

K B A A U B E

K B A A I B E

K A A E
K A I B = A U B A U B = A I B W

1,2,3,4,5,6 W

KW C W B W A W

KE1

K C B A WE2

A U C A U B A I B I C B I C A I C A I B W E3
K A U B U C B U C

K A I B A U B B A WE4

K4E5

- -

1) S = {1,2,3,4,5,6}

card ( S ) = 6

2) A = {4,5,6}, B = {1,2,3,4,5}, C = {2,4,6},

3) A I B = {4,5}, A I C = {4,6}, B I C = {2,4}, A I B I C = {4}

A U B = {1,2,3,4,5,6} = S ,

4) A = {1,2,3}, B = {6},

A U C = {2,4,5,6}, B U C = S ,

A U B = {} = ,

AU BUC = S

A I B = {} =

5W B 4W A E5

63W A U B
K54W A I B

WK
S W

K P( A) =

card ( A)
W A
card ( S )

KW

S = {H ,T } W

WK

P({H }) =

card ({H }) 1
= = 50%
2
card ( S )

K P({H }) P(H )

P(T ) = P({T }) =

card ({T }) 1
= = 50%
card ( S )
2

KW

S = {H ,T } {H ,T } = {HH , HT ,TH , TT }W

WK
P( HH ) =
- -

card ({HH }) 1
= = 25%
card ( S )
4

P({HT , TH }) =

card ({HT , TH }) 2
= = 50%
4
card ( S )

S = {{H , H }, {H , T }, {T , T }} W

{H , H } {H , T }
K

K C B A KW
S = {1,2,3,4,5,6}
card ( S ) = 6
A = {4,5,6}, B = {1,2,3,4,5}, C = {2,4,6}
3
5
3
P ( A) = = 50%, P( B ) = 83.33%, P (C ) = = 50%
6
6
6

WW

K10 E
K1001EFE

145W
W

14

13

12

11

10 9

.03 .13

.14

.06

.23

.11

.08

.17

6 5
0

.05

K11E1

K9E2

K138E3

K4E4

K20E5
- -

D C B A K S = {5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14} W

K51 E

K110

1) A = {5,6,7,8,9,10}

P( A) = P(5) + P(6) + P (7) + P(8) + P (9) + P (10)

= 0.05 + 0.00 + 0.17 + 0.08 + 0.11 + 0.23 = 64%
2) B = {10,11,12,13,14}
P( A) = P(10) + P(11) + P (12) + P (13) + P (14)

= 0.23 + 0.06 + 0.14 + 0.13 + 0.03 = 59%
3) C = {8,9,10,11,12,13}
P( A) = P(8) + P (9) + P (10) + P (11) + P(12) + P(13)
= 0.08 + 0.11 + 0.23 + 0.06 + 0.14 + 0.13 = 75%
4) D = {} = P ( D) = 0
5) E = {} = P ( E ) = 0

K
F A B B A W
KKE P( A) 0

K P(B A) W S A W
KW

K
W

K W B W A

K B A

S A = {HH , HT } W S = {HH , HT ,TH , TT } W

P( B A) =

card ( B A)
card ( S A)

- -

1
= 50% W B A = {HT }
2

35W
WK
KE

KE

KE

KE

KW C W B W A

C A B A W

K C B

E
R1 , R2 , R3 , R4 , R5 S = {R1 , R2 , R3 , R4 , R5 , B1 , B2 , B3 } W
WK B1 , B2 , B3
5
8

A = {R1 , R2 , R3 , R4 , R5 }, P( A) = = 62.5% 0
WE

3
8
S A = {R2 , R3 , R4 , R5 , B1 , B2 , B3 } W
E

B = {B1 , B2 , B3 }, P( B) = = 37.5% 0

W C A = {B1 , B2 , B3 } WK

3
7
S B = {R1 , R2 , R3 , R4 , R5 , B2 , B3 } WE

K P(C A) = 42.86%

W C B = {B2 , B3 } WK
2
7

K P(C B) = 28.57%

- -

W B A S W
0) P ( S ) = 1,

P ( ) = 0

1) P ( A) = 1 P ( A),
P ( A) = 1 P( A)
2) P( A U B) = P( A) + P( B) P( A I B)
P( B I A)
3) P ( B A) =
( P ( A) 0)
P( A)

KW

W
KE1

KE2

S = {H , T } {H , T } {H , T } {H , T }
= {HHHH , HHHT , HTHH ,THHH ,..., TTTT }
card ( S ) = 2 2 2 2 = 16

K B A 21

1
= 6.25%
16
WW B W B E

1) A = {TTTT } P( A) =

B = A P( B) = P( A) = 1 P( A) = 1

1
= 93.75%
16

KE
70% W
73% 85%

KK
W B W A W
W A U B
- -

P( A) = 0.7, P( B) = 0.85, P( A I B) = 0.73

WE
P( A U B) = P( A) + P( B) P( A I B) = 0.7 + 0.85 0.73 = 82%
KEW

K S = {HH , HT ,TH , TT } W

K W B W A
A = {HH , HT }, B = {HT , TT },

A I B = {HT }

WK B A

1
P( A I B) 4 2
P( B A) =
=
= = 50%
1 4
P( A)
2

B A W

P( A I B) = P( A) P( B)
K
WK B A W
P( A I B) = P( A) P( B)

P( A I B) = P( A) P( B A)

W
K0.20.1
K

KK
- -

W B W A W

W A I B

P( A) = 0.1, P( B A) = 0.2
W
P( A I B) = P( A) P( B A) = 0.1 0.2 = 2%
WW

W C W B W A

KK

C A K B A

K C B
W

S = {H , T } {H , T } {H , T }
= {HHH , HHT , HTH , HTT , THH ,THT , TTH , TTT }
card ( S ) = 2 2 2 = 8

W
4
= 50%
8
4
B = {HHH , HHT , THH , THT }, P( B) = = 50%
8
2
C = {HHT , THH }, P (C ) = = 25%
8
A = {HHH , HHT , HTH , HTT }, P ( A) =

2
8

W B A E

A I B = {HHH , HHT } P( A I B) = = 25% = 50% 50% = P( A) P( B)

K B A

W C A E

1
8

A I C = {HHT } P( A I C ) = = 12.5% = 50% 25% = P( A) P(C )

K C A

W C B E
- -

2
8

B I C = {HHT , THH } P( B I C ) = = 25% 12.5% = 50% 25% = P( B) P(C )

K C B
K310W

W
E

KE

K W B W A
A I B
KW B A E
P( A I B) = P( A) P( B) =

7 7
= 49%
10 10

KW B A E
P( A I B) = P( A) P( B A) =

7 6
46.67%
10 9

- -

KK {1,2,3,4,5,6} W
KE1

WE2

KW C W B W A
K2E3

WK S = {1,2,3,4} WW
1
1) P (1) = ,
2
1
2) P(1) = ,
2
1
3) P (1) = ,
2
1
4) P(1) = ,
2

1
P ( 2) = ,
3
1
P ( 2) = ,
4
1
P ( 2) = ,
4
1
P ( 2) = ,
4

1
1
P(3) = , P(4) =
4
5
1
1
P(3) = , P(4) =
4
2
1
1
P (3) = , P(4) =
8
8
1
P(3) = , P(4) = 0
4

3W
34W
5

K50150W

W
K7E1

K11E2

K19E3

K1005150W

W
K53E1

K61E2
K79E3

- -

WKW
E1

E2

E3
KK61W

W
K6E1
K1E2

K4E3

- -

WK
W

KK

W
K
K

W
K
K

WW

2, 1, 3, 5, 2, 2, 2, 1, 4, 2, 6, 2, 4, 3, 1,

2, 4, 3, 1, 4, 4, 2, 4, 4, 2, 2, 3, 1, 4, 2,
3, 1, 5, 2, 4, 1, 3, 2, 4, 4, 2, 5, 1, 3, 4

KW
KW
E

KE

K45E

22

14

41

12

29

WE

2
4

- -

44

45

45

14
12
10
8
6
4
2

1
2
3
4
5
6

W {x1 , x2 ,L, xn } WW

x=

x1 + x2 + L + xn
n

(x x ) + (x x )
=
2

+ L + x xn
n 1

W
s = s2
WEF
med = x n+1 W n
2

xn + xn

med =

+1

W n

K mode WK

K
- -

KW
W

E1
W

x=

(8 1) + (14 2) + (7 3) + (12 4) + (3 5) + (1 6)
= 2.8
45

WE2

8(2.8 1) + 14(2.8 2 ) + 7(2.8 3) + 12(2.8 4 ) + 3(2.8 5) + 1(2.8 6 )

s =
1.75
45 1
2

WE3
s = 1.75 1.32
W n = 45 E4
med = x n+1 = x 45+1 = x23 = 3
2

WE5
mode = 2

WE CASIO fx 82TL WF

KE MODE SD FW

KE SHIFT Scl = FW

KE DT FW

E SHIFT x n 1 FE SHIFT x FW

KEF

WEF W
0.80 0.81 0.81 0.82 0.81 0.82 0.80 0.82 0.81 0.81
K

- -

EF

0.80

10

0.82

0.81

(2 0.80) + (5 0.81) + (3 0.82)

= 0.811 cm
10
2(0.811 0.80) 2 + 5(0.811 0.81) 2 + 3(0.811 0.82) 2
2
s =
0.000 054 cm 2
10 1
s = 0.000054 0.007348 cm
x=

1
1
1
1
med = x n + x n = x10 + x10 = ( x5 + x6 ) = (0.81 + 0.81) = 0.81 cm
+1
+1
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
2
mode = 0.81 cm

WW
4 6 6 7 9 10
W20W
20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 10 9

4

2 1

2 1

WW
3 4 10 4 4
K
K105 110 115 109 110 111 WW
K

W
- -