Single-Phase Controlled Rectifiers & Chapter Outline 6.1 Introduction 6.4 Full-Wave Controlled Bridge Rectifiers 6.2 _Half-Wave Controlled Rectifiers 6.4.1 With a Resistive Load 6.2.1 With Resiitive Load 6.4.2 With an Inductive (RL) Load 6.2.2 With an Inductive (RL) Load 6.4.3 With a Freewheeling Diode 6.2.3 With a Freewheeling Diode 6.5 Half-Controlled or Semicontrolled 6.3 Full-Wave Controlled Center-Tap Bridge Rectifiers Rectifiers 6.6 Dual Converters 6.3.1 With a Resistive Load Probl 6.3.2. With an Inductive (RL) Load S27 - Problems 6.33 With a Freewheeling Diode 68 Equations 2 = Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, the student should be able to. . ~ @ describe with the help of waveforms the bridge rectifier with resistive and operation of a half-wave controlled inductive loads rectifier with resistive and inductive m discuss the advantages and loads disadvantages of a center-tap converter B describe with the help of waveforms the versus a bridge converter operation of a full-wave controlled @ describe the operation of a half- center-tap rectifier with resistive and controlled bridge rectifier inductive loads _ describe the operation of a dual @ describe with the help of waveforms the converter operation of a full-wave controlled 150 ‘ ,6.2 Half-Wave Controlled Rectifiers 151 i 1 so age Introduction To build a controlled rectifier or a phase-controlled rectifier, the diodes in the rectifier circuit in Chapter 5 are replaced by SCRs. These circuits produce a vari- able DC output voltage whose magnitude is varied by phase control, that is, by controlling the duration of the conduction period by varying the point at which a gate signal is applied to the SCR. Unlike a diode, an SCR will not automatically conduct when the anode-to- cathode voltage becomes positive—a gate pulse must be provided. If we adjust the delay time of the gate pulse, and if this process is done repeatedly, then ths rectifiers output can be controlled. This process is called phase control, “ Controlled rectifiers, or converters, as they afe generally called, ave broacly classified into full-controlled and half-controlled types. The full-controlled or two-quadrant type uses SCRs as the rectifying devices. The DC current is-unidi- rectional, but the DC voltage may have either polarity. With one polarity, the flow of power is from the :AC source to the DC load—this is called rectification, With a reversal of the DC voltage by the load, the flow of power is from the DC source to the AC supply; this process is called inversion. If we replace half of the SCRs with diodes, the circuit is classified as a half- controlled or semiconverter circuit. Such a circuit also allows the average value of the DC output voltage to be varied by phase control of the SCR. However, the polarity of the DC ‘output voltage and the direction of current’ cannot change, that is, the flow of power is from the AC source to the DC load. Con- verters'of this type are also called one-quadrant converters. Controlled ‘rectifiers provide DC power. for various applications, such-as DC motor speed control, battery charging, and high-voltage D€ transmission. Phase control is suited for frequencies less than 400 Hz, typically 60 Hz. The main drawback of phase control is radio frequency interference (RFI) The chopped. half-sine ‘wave produces strong harmonics that intetfere with radio, television, and other communication equipment. Ih this chapter we will study controlled rectifiers, ranging ‘from the sim- plest configuration, the half-wave rectifier (which is seldom used in power'elec- tronics applications because of the high ripple voltage. content of its output), to the center-tap anc the bridge rectifier circuit. . 3.2, Half-Wave Controlled Rectifiers 6.2.1 With a Resistive Load : : ; ; a: Figure 6.1(a) shows a half-wave controlled rectifier circuit with a resistive loa During the positive half-cycle of the supply voltage, the SCR is forward-biased and will conduct if a trigger pulse is applied to the gate. If the SCR turns on.at %, load current flows and the output voltage u, will be the same as the iipuf152 CHAPTER 6 Single-Phase Controlled Rectifiers . ” voltage. At time t= m, the current fills naturally to zero, since the SCR is reverse-biased. During the negative half-cycle, the SCR blocks the flow of cur- rent, and no voltage is applied to the load. The SCR stays off until the gate sig- nal is applied again at (J + 2n). The period from 0 to f in Figure 6.1(b) rep- resents the time in the positive half-cycle when the SCR is off. This angle (measured in degrees) is called the firing angle or delay angle (0). The SCR conducts from f, to m; this angle is called the conduction angle (8). The average or DC value of the load voltage is given by Val + cos ot) : = Hall_+ cos 0) Vixavaa = In 5 64 Vax — 4 x x i SG 4 AC supply + : ere ® Cn i i Ya i i ' tL 4 a ~V,,| ‘ ® Figure 6.1 Half-wave controlled rectifier (a) circuit (b) voltage and. current wayetorms