Professional Documents
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DEVELOPMENTS
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The Latest Issues and Trends in International Development and Humanitarian Assistance
Elections and
Conflict Prevention
Washington, DC 20036
March
1400 16th Street NW, Suite 210
2010
InterAction
Copy Editor
Kathy Ward
Additional Contributors
Nasserie Carew
Senior Director of Public Relations
Contents
Tawana Jacobs
Senior Public Relations Manager
Margaret Christoph
Senior Admin Associate
Nancy Backus
Intern
12
March 2010 • Vol. 28 • No. 3
InterAction
1400 16th Street, NW
Suite 210 Features A Conflict Cycle Family Planning:
Washington, DC 20036 Perspective on Electoral Project Support in An
Tel: 202.667.8227 Special Report: Violence | 15 Era of Aid Effectiveness | 21
publications@InterAction.org
Haiti Earthquake Taking the long and broad view A look at the funding
ISSN 1043-8157 Response: on electoral violence. mechanisms and what
works best.
The First 48 Hours | 10
A look at the NGO Electoral Complaints
Monday Developments is published 11 community’s response Adjudication: An Unprecedented Year:
times a year by InterAction, the larg- during the first hours after An Object Lesson from The Fight Against Global
est alliance of U.S.-based international
the disaster. Afghanistan | 17 Hunger | 23
development and humanitarian non- 2009 saw major efforts to
governmental organizations. With more The challenges of the 2009
than 185 members operating in every Afghan elections systematically address food
developing country, InterAction works to Cover Story: highlight the need for effective security.
overcome poverty, exclusion and suffer- Beyond the Ballot Box | 12 ways to handle electoral
ing by advancing social justice and basic A long-term approach complaints. Want Food Security?
dignity for all. characterizes today’s electoral Focus on Women | 25
InterAction welcomes submissions of assistance programs, with Shouldn’t It Be From times of disaster to long-
news articles, opinions and announce- an emphasis on cross-sector Intuitive? | 19 term development efforts,
ments. Article submission does not guar- alignment of strategies, Family planning as a life-saving women are key to food and
antee inclusion in Monday Developments. including those to prevent intervention in humanitarian
We reserve the right to reject submis- nutrition security.
sions for any reason. It is at the discretion
conflict. settings.
of our editorial team as to which articles
are published in individual issues.
Around 40 InterAction member organizations were already Finally, I’d like to acknowledge the hard work our team
working in Haiti, and many of them had worked there for here at InterAction, as well as the work of the humanitarian,
decades before the earthquake hit. The vast majority of their communications and security specialists at all our member
employees are Haitians, many lost family members, some organizations, for their hard work, long hours and superb
were killed or are still missing, and large numbers lost their ability to keep their cool as we respond to this difficult crisis.
homes. As we rebuild this NGO infrastructure we must work Ultimately, our collective effort is about saving lives now, and
to build the capacity of local organizations and support Hai- paving the road for long-term reconstruction and a better
tian efforts to rebuild their country and their lives. future for Haiti. MD
Currently, 82 InterAction members are responding to the
crisis in Haiti. The public outpouring of support for relief
efforts has been tremendous, and a large number of Inter-
Action members will be able to respond and expand their Sam Worthington
efforts. As of January 27, 2010, our community had raised President and CEO
$352 million in private funds—from individual Americans InterAction
dent of Refugees International in 2001 and led the organization Global Disease R&D Expo
until he passed away in August. Previously, Glickman served On April 21, 2010, the Global Health Technologies Coali-
for 18 years in the U.S. House of Representatives. where he tion (GHTC) will host its first annual Congressional expo on
was a member of the House Agriculture Committee, the House research and development (R&D) for global diseases.
Judiciary Committee and chairman of the House Permanent “Innovation In Action: Advancing New Tools to Combat
Select Committee on Intelligence. In 1995, President Bill Clin- Global Health Diseases” will highlight the need for and role of
ton appointed Glickman as Secretary of Agriculture, where he new health technologies for diseases affecting people worldwide.
stayed until the end of Clinton’s term. During his tenure, the Held in the Kennedy Caucus Room in the Senate, the event will
department made significant inroads in improving America’s showcase critical new tools under development to prevent, diag-
diet and nutrition and fighting hunger. He is currently Chair- nose, and treat global health diseases. More than 30 non-profits
man and CEO of the Motion Picture Association of America. working in global health R&D will be invited to display their
work, and a high-level panel will speak about the policy issues
Vicente Díaz Sanchez to Become Deputy Director most critical in meeting future needs of the developing world.
of IPPF/WHR The event will also launch the GHTC’s first annual report
The International Planned Parenthood Federation/ on global health R&D. The report will focus on the GHTC’s
Western Hemisphere Region (IPPF/WHR) is pleased to three priority areas—U.S. policies related to public financing,
announce that Vicente Díaz Sanchez will join its staff as regulatory pathways and incentives and innovating financ-
Deputy Director in April 2010. ing. It will highlight the role U.S. agencies and policymakers
IPPF/WHR recently adopted a new strategic plan and the play in advancing innovation for global health products, as
newly created position of Deputy Director will support the well as review relevant recent policy changes. In addition, the
Regional Director in reaching the plan’s goals. The Deputy report will make policy recommendations to help accelerate
Director will have specific responsibility for the internal the development of new global health technologies.
operations, including oversight to the Directors of Programs, The GHTC includes more than 30 organizations advocating
Development/Public Affairs, Finance, Human Resources/ for critical investment in research into health products for the
Office Services and Management Information Services, and developing world. For more information about how U.S. policy-
fostering synergies among the large variety of activities and makers can advance the development of these tools, see www.
programs of IPPF/WHR. ghtcoalition.org. MD
Kjaer Group (US Liaison Office) Inc. | 1601 North Kent Street, Suite 100 | Arlington, Virginia 22209
Tel: (703) 778.9400 | Fax: (703) 778-9405 | USA@KjaerGroup.com | www.kjaergroup.com
Defense Secretary Gates Proposes support from the U.S. government and the American people
Three New Accounts to those affected by the earthquake.
In mid-December, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates As of January 21, total USAID humanitarian assistance to
addressed a memorandum to Secretary of State Hillary Clin- Haiti for the earthquake equaled nearly $170 million. Earlier
ton putting forward a new set of funds that would dedicate that week, a spokesperson from the White House Office of
existing and new money—totaling as much as $2 billion– to Management and Budget said that a supplemental spending
training security forces, preventing conflicts and stabilizing bill for Haiti was not currently in the works; however he did
violence-torn societies around the world. This funding could not rule out the possibility of a supplemental for Haiti. On
be drawn from existing accounts or identified as a separate January 22, President Obama signed a bill (HR 4462) that
funding requirement with a dedicated appropriation each Congress passed to allow taxpayers to claim an itemized
year. The proposal aims to model this system, named Shared deduction on their 2009 tax returns for donations made by
Responsibility, Pooled Resources, along the lines of one used March 1 for the relief efforts in Haiti. The next week, Secre-
by the United Kingdom. According to Secretary Gates’ memo, tary of State Hillary Clinton joined delegates from ten other
use of the funds would be under dual-concurrence authority countries at the Montreal conference on Haiti. Haitian Prime
by the State and Defense Departments with funding com- Minister Jean-Max Bellerive said that the Haitian govern-
ing from each of the departments, and at times USAID. A ment is ready to take the lead on rebuilding the country, and
copy of the memo was published in the Washington Post on all the countries participating in the conference issued a joint
December 24, 2009 and is available online at http://www. statement agreeing on the necessity of an initial 10-year
washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/documents/Gates_to_ commitment to rebuilding. The U.S. will be hosting an inter-
Clinton_121509.pdf?sid=ST2009122303054. national donors conference for Haitian relief in March, at the
UN headquarters. MD
Haiti Response: On The Hill
Our thoughts are with those who have colleagues and If you have any questions, or would like to be added to the
loved ones in Haiti, where the capital suffered a devastating email list for the weekly public policy update, please contact
earthquake on January 12. There has been an outpouring of Margaret Christoph at mchristoph@interaction.org.
ENTER BY
MARCH 30
A
t 4:53 pm on January 12, a desk. Civil and Marek also scurried the neighborhood, not through a window
Matthew Marek, the American under their desks as everything around but through what had been the office
Red Cross country representa- them—office equipment, windows, the wall. It was no longer there; blown com-
tive for Haiti, was in his office building—kept shaking. Thousands of pletely out and replaced by hundreds of
T u e s d a y
A magnitude 7.0 earthquake Aid workers use Organizations Disaster relief specialists from Some
strikes 15 miles W/SW text messages, providing adoption the U.S. and other points organizations
of Port-au-Prince, Haiti, Tweets and Skype assistance begin begin deploying. Hundreds are finally in
crippling infrastructure, to inform their family fielding calls from of thousands of dollars are contact with
communications, roads, and headquarters concerned parents committed initially. Blankets, their staff in
ports and public/private overseas of their in the U.S. in kitchen sets, water containers, Haiti.
services. well-being and the process of adopting food, tents and medical
status of personnel, children from Haiti. supplies begin to be moved
supplies, equipment to the earthquake zone from Organizations not
and facilities. within and outside of Haiti. already present in Haiti
decide to deploy.
January 12 January 13
4:53 pm at epicenter Hour 1 Hour 2 Hour 3 Hour 4 Hour 6 AM
InterAction member International Agencies focus Mobile Accord, Child-friendly At daylight, Essential
organizations in Haiti emergency their initial efforts on the U.S. State spaces are official services
before the earthquake response staff life-saving services. Department and planned by assessments provided by
begin assessing damage and leadership Community members others launch a agencies begin on InterAction
and humanitarian at headquarters help one-another and mobile fundraising serving foot and by members before
needs, and providing offices in the relief organizations in campaign. Traditional children. motorcycle the earthquake
humanitarian assistance U.S. meet and clearing rubble, search fundraising due to continue,
such as first aid and determine their and rescue and other campaigns launch. blocked and including
rescues. The earthquake initial response services. Spontaneous damaged deliveries of
took the lives of many strategies. volunteers join the roads. anti-retroviral
aid workers, their families efforts of NGOs and medicines AIDS
and colleagues. All staff rescue personnel. patients must
are affected. take daily.
W e d n e s d a y T h u r s d a y
It becomes apparent that Families—injured Aftershocks Financial Distributions of Agencies Existing medical stock
the Port-au-Prince airport and non-injured, too continue to cause commitments tents, medicine help children in supply chains serving
and roads will not facilitate afraid to go back building collapses, increase, as and toiletries remain with AIDS patients and others
the multitude of offers of into their homes and terrifying those needs are continue. and be cared is re-packaged into
assistance at one time. buildings—sleep who survived the better known for by their emergency relief kits and
InterAction develops and in the streets on initial earthquake, and donations families, and delivered with bandages
distributes guidelines on sheets, blankets, and challenging pour in globally. conduct family and antibiotics to doctors
the most appropriate ways pieces of plastic or aid work. reunifications. and nurses desperate for
to help those affected by cardboard. Tent cities the most basic supplies
overseas disasters (www. begin to appear. in hospitals.
interaction.org/how-help)
January 14
PM AM PM
Responding As initial Organizations NGOs work Emergency Adoption Food distribution Responding
organizations assessments begin planning cooperatively with response staff organizations urge is planned for InterAction
route through are known, for the long- one-another and from the U.S. Congress to allow 1,500 patients, agencies begin
the Dominican commitments of term—cash-for- other organizations, begin arriving in immediate adoption family and staff planning for
Republic by cash, personnel, work programs to including helping Port-au-Prince. of children already at the General years of building
land and air supplies and clear roads and the United Nations in process of being Hospital in Port- back better.
due to limited equipment rubble, building with its roles since adopted in Port-au- au-Prince, and
air space and increase to of temporary the UN lost its Prince and other for those at other
unsafe landing meet keep homes and main facility and affected areas, health facilities.
conditions in up with the reconstruction 100 or more staff. and discourage
Port-au-Prince. enormous need. efforts to build Staff that have lost immediate adoptions
earthquake- their buildings are of children believed
resistant hosted by partner to be newly orphaned
structures. organizations. by the earthquake.
Beyond
Building Communities of Practice
The Carter Center has played a key
role, with the UN Electoral Assistance
Division and the National Democratic
Institute, among others, in the devel-
opment of internationally agreed-upon
professional guidelines for election
observation. Launched in 2005, the
E
assess the overall quality of an electoral
lections have long held center stage in democracy promo- process,” said Stremlau. “The aim is to
tion programs, whether carried out as a foreign policy priority or through develop a template, so that voters also
know what they’re entitled to based
the activities of international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs),
on their governments’ commitments.
consulting firms and multilateral institutions. Election day itself has tended Most governments claim they believe in
to steal the limelight, with heavy media coverage of foreign election observers’ democracy and human rights. With the
reports shaping perceptions of the legitimacy of announced results. help of elections you can overcome one
of the main obstacles to development:
In the past two decades, elections have also become a point at which democrati- accountability.”
zation and people-centered development increasingly intersect. Among NGOs and “One of the most significant and
international bodies that conduct electoral assistance programs, the trend has been promising trends in electoral assis-
toward better coordination with one another and with community-based organiza- tance is the emergence of strong com-
munities of practice and extensive
tions and deeper engagement in political processes beyond the act of voting. knowledge-sharing platforms, many of
which draw on development tools,” said
“Since about 1990, there’s been staying longer,” said John Stremlau, Geraldine Fraser-Moleketi, director
increased attention paid to elections vice president for peace programs at the of the UN Development Programme’s
as part of broader democratization Atlanta-based Carter Center, which has
and conflict resolution,” said Eric observed 77 elections in 30 countries
Bjornlund, author of Beyond Free and since its founding in 1982. “We like to
Collage: Chad Brobst; elements: Huseyin Bas and Malchev - Fotolia.com
Fair: Monitoring Elections and Building be there six to eight months, and have
Democracy and co-founder of Democ- worked in some countries for several
racy International, a consulting firm years, in part because it allows us to see
based in Bethesda, Maryland, that con- if there is a minimal basis for people’s
ducts and evaluates democracy and engagement in elections and that the
governance programs around the world. elections don’t just sow the seeds for
“Electoral assistance has become more the next conflict.” In Sudan, the center
institutionalized and professional and began its monitoring activities two years
more resources are being put into the before the general elections scheduled
broader democratization context. The for this April, and its work there now
focus is less on an election as a high- includes the training of 3,000 local
level political event and whether it gets election observers. “We monitor three
a passing grade. Democracy assistance to five elections a year, and think very
has evolved into a new field of develop- hard about where we go,” said Strem-
ment, with programs that are longer lau. “President Carter wants us to go
term and help build capacity and dem- to the hard cases, the ‘Bottom Billion’
ocratic institutions.” countries, with a particular eye on those
“We are getting in a lot earlier and emerging from conflict.”
W
hile the development on the political actors, government management, they have traditionally
community often looks to agencies and security bodies, civic and not been as quick to adopt holistic con-
elections to stabilize and media groups and national purveyors flict cycle approaches to address elec-
legitimize government, elec- of justice to uphold their roles in the tion violence. Instead, electoral sup-
tions often bring social tensions to a process. Just as almost all sectors of port providers often revert to limited,
head and may trigger violence. Election- society have an interest in the outcome sector-specific responses that fall short
related violence is a unique form of con- of an election, they have equal respon- of addressing the broader issues and
flict and requires specifically designed sibility in promoting its integrity. full range of stakeholders involved.
responses for effective prevention, miti- While this holistic approach is prov- This is changing. Electoral practi-
gation and resolution. When we fail to
recognize the uniqueness of election- Early and extensive security coordination across electoral stakeholders played a critical role
related violence the burden of respond- in the success of the 2006 transitional elections in the DRC.
ing is too often placed on the shoulders
of a few actors. Yet, as we develop an
increasingly textured understanding
of the phenomenon, it is clear that the
development community must move
beyond ad hoc, compartmentalized
approaches and take a more compre-
hensive, multi-stakeholder approach to
election conflict.
Electoral Complaints
idential and Provincial Council elec-
tions and set an important example on
how to implement the rule of law under
Adjudication:
trying circumstances.
The ECC is an independent Afghan
body established under Article 52
of the Electoral Law to adjudicate all
challenges and complaints related to
An Object Lesson from Afghanistan the electoral process. The ECC heard
complaints related to violations of the
election law as defined in Article 53,
The challenges of the 2009 Afghan elections and it had the authority to impose
highlight the need for effective ways to handle sanctions if an electoral offense was
committed. In addition, the ECC con-
electoral complaints. sidered challenges to the eligibility of
nominated candidates during a pre-
By Grant Kippen, Chairman, Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Electoral election period. The ECC is constituted
Complaints Commission for the 2009 Elections and dissolved each election cycle with a
commission and secretariat combining
national and international staff. The
ECC is distinct from the Independent
Electoral Commission (IEC), which is
the management body responsible for
administering elections in Afghanistan.
Despite its late establishment ahead
of the 2009 elections, the 2009 ECC
managed to create a transparent com-
plaints process. The ECC was also able
to aid public understanding through
a variety of public outreach activities
that included using its website for
the timely release of documents that
describe the complaints management
system, its rules of procedure, or the
code of conduct of the commissioners
and decisions.
Regarding its composition, the 2009
ECC included three international com-
Samples of fraudulent ballots from Afghanistan’s 2009 elections. missioners appointed by the Special
Representative of the UN Secretary-
I
t is a truism in the field of in worse case scenarios, might even General for Afghanistan, one Afghan
election law that no election runs be vital in preventing armed conflict commissioner appointed by the Afghan-
perfectly. In every country, from the or other types of violence. Election istan Independent Human Rights Com-
most stable democracy to the most dispute resolution systems include mission and one Afghan commissioner
troubled developing nation, ballot irreg- everything from advance training of appointed by the Supreme Court of
ularities, mistakes on voter rolls, offi- judges and election officials to judicial Afghanistan. The rationale for the com-
cial misconduct and more can plague or administrative structures and poli- position of the ECC was to ensure sup-
a vote, and cast doubt on its outcome. cies to evaluate complaints by voters, port from both domestic stakeholders
Most Americans think of the aftermath candidates and political parties, some- and the international community, which
of the presidential election of 2000 as times serving as the final arbiter of the followed on recommendations made by
chaotic and uncertain, but compared election’s outcome. an impartial panel of electoral experts
to the assassinations, coups and civil The political situation in Afghanistan following the 2004 Presidential election.
wars that have resulted from disputed has made it a perfect case study for Despite the goodwill of the ECC for
Photo: IFES-Afghanistan
elections in other nations, the events in the importance of electoral complaints smooth Presidential and Parliamen-
Florida a decade ago barely register. adjudication. By executing its assigned tary elections, its late establishment,
Having a proper election complaint role under Afghan law in a steadfast as well as the political instability and
adjudication system in place before an and impartial manner, the Electoral the general situation pervading the
election can help establish the legiti- Complaints Commission (ECC) played country, created a difficult context for
macy of a victorious candidate and, a historic role in the 2009 Afghan Pres- it to operate throughout all phases of
R
eproductive health needs Patel and colleagues published in PLoS or unintended pregnancies each year,
do not disappear when people Medicine, found that of the $20.8 bil- 42 million of which are terminated. Of
are forced to flee their homes lion annual average of official develop- the 42 million abortions, 19 million are
and communities due to conflict ment assistance disbursed to 18 con- conducted under unsafe conditions,
or natural disaster. In fact, displace- flict-affected countries between 2003 whereby women risk complications
ment can increase people’s desire and and 2006, an annual average of $509.3 that can lead to infection, severe bleed-
need for family planning, while at the million, or 2.4 percent, was allocated ing, infertility, psychological damage or
same time making it more difficult for to reproductive health. This translates death. Access to family planning services
them to access services. In the confu- to $1.30 per capita per year. Almost can reduce the need for women and ado-
sion of flight, people may be unable to 50 percent of these funds were distrib- lescent girls to resort to unsafe abortion.
bring their contraceptives with them or uted towards HIV/AIDS control efforts,
to obtain them where they take refuge. while only 1.7 percent supported fam- Contribute to achieving the MDGs
The devastating earthquake in Haiti ily planning programs. The majority of the ten countries with
illustrates the need to address family Policies and guidelines developed the highest maternal mortality rates
planning in emergencies. According to by select donor governments, United are characterized as “fragile states.” In
the Population Reference Bureau, 25 Nations agencies, multilateral fora and humanitarian settings, health systems
percent of the population in Haiti is private foundations show similar trends, are often weak or disrupted, and access
using some method of modern contra- with far more focusing on gender-based to skilled help at birth and to life-saving
ception. If we assume that 25 percent violence (GBV) and HIV/AIDS than on emergency obstetric and newborn care is
of the three million affected persons family planning. In fact, a 2009 analy- restricted or unavailable.
are women of reproductive age, and a sis by the RAISE Initiative found that Contraception plays an essential
quarter of them are using family plan- of 241 policies and technical guidelines role in safeguarding infant health and
ning services, then some 187,500 peo- it identified on reproductive health and child survival. In crisis settings, where
ple in Haiti may want to continue using humanitarian assistance for 1994 to resources may be scarce, the ability to
their choice of contraceptive method. 2008, only one of each explicitly focused adequately space births may be a mat-
Photo: Sara Fajardo
In spite of known need, donor fund- on family planning in crisis settings. ter of life and death for children. Fam-
ing for reproductive health in humani- Field assessments, such as those ily planning improves newborn and
tarian settings in general and for fam- undertaken by the Women’s Refugee child survival and can reduce infant
ily planning services in particular has Commission, on the availability of mortality by as much as one-fifth to
been limited. A 2009 study by Preeti reproductive health services have also one-third.
Ensuring access to reproductive health services, which ables, emergency contraceptive pills and intrauterine devices
include adequate family planning, is essential to achieving the are available to meet demand from the onset of an emer-
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). MDG 4 to reduce child gency. Comprehensive family planning programming—which
mortality, MDG 5 to improve maternal health and MDG 6 to involves training staff, offering community education, estab-
slow the spread of HIV/AIDS are impossible to attain without lishing client follow-up and maintaining a contraceptive sup-
access to family planning, including in humanitarian settings. ply chain—should be initiated as the situation stabilizes.
The need to ensure contraceptives to meet demand is a com-
Contribute to recovery, development and stability ponent of an international standard for priority reproductive
Family planning plays an essential role in ensuring that health interventions in humanitarian response. The standard,
women are able to contribute as active, productive members of the Minimum Initial Service Package (MISP), is recognized in the
their families and communities through their roles as caregiv- Sphere Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disas-
ers, economic contributors and leaders in their societies. Wom- ter Response. With the MISP guiding the continued provision of
en’s participation, especially in leadership roles, helps bring a contraceptives from the onset of an emergency through to more
balanced, gender-responsive approach to governance and the comprehensive services as the situation stabilizes, MISP imple-
development of camp or community political systems that are mentation can facilitate continuity in service provision during
key to successful early-recovery and post-crisis reconstruc- the challenging transition from relief to development.
tion processes. The ability to plan families provides women the The benefits of family planning, especially in the pre-
opportunity to engage in education and training that can equip vention of death and illness, are well known. According to
them with skills needed for return or resettlement. a recent report by the UN Millennium Project, each dollar
spent on contraceptive services saves between $1.70 and $4
What can we do? in future expenditures on maternal and newborn health care.
Family planning is not often recognized as a priority in In humanitarian crises, where funding for life-saving inter-
emergency response, but as discussed in this article, it can ventions is limited, family planning is a sound, cost-effective
be life saving. And displaced persons have the same rights investment. In light of the Obama administration’s expressed
as anyone else to prevent or space births. For all these rea- priorities in promoting reproductive health and family plan-
sons, it is vital that family planning be properly integrated ning, it is time we redouble our efforts to advocate, plan,
into humanitarian response and existing supply systems, to finance and implement family planning programs so that the
ensure that contraceptives such as condoms, pills, inject- crisis-affected are not faced with even further harm. MD
Plant knowledge.
Grow justice.
GRADUATE PROGRAMS IN
SUSTAINABLE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
• MA in Sustainable International Development
• MS in International Health Policy and Management
• Dual MA in Sustainable Development & Coexistence
http://heller.brandeis.edu
Family Planning:
(UNFPA) estimate that addressing the
unmet need for family planning would
save the lives of 150 thousand moth-
A
fter decades of weak responsibility to make sure the money the management and delivery of their
support, international family is spent as planned. In many cases, aid through a process termed aid effec-
planning is making a come- project aid—not general or sector bud- tiveness. Aid effectiveness has primar-
back in the U.S. The first get support—is the best way to ensure ily been implemented through the use
large international conference on fam- that funding reaches women in need of general and sector budget support,
ily planning in over a decade was held of family planning and reproductive or aid to governments that is not allo-
in Uganda in November, with a huge health services. cated to specific projects or expendi-
turn-out from developing countries, the Family planning is essential to help tures. Sector budget support is often
U.S. Agency for International Develop- women and their partners choose the used to fund Sector Wide Approaches,
ment (USAID) and other donors. A timing and spacing of their children. or SWAps, where donors collectively
few weeks later, Congress passed the Globally, 215 million women—mostly pool money for government-led plans
2010 omnibus spending bill, providing young women in low income coun- instead of implementing their own proj-
Photo: Robert Engelman/PAI
$648.5 million in funding for interna- tries—want to avoid pregnancy but do ects. Increased country ownership is a
tional family planning and reproduc- not have access to contraception. In a welcome development on many fronts.
tive health. This represents a nearly 20 2009 report entitled Adding It Up: The It enables governments to make much-
percent increase in funding for inter- Costs and Benefits of Investing in Fam- needed investments in health systems
national family planning and reproduc- ily Planning and Maternal and Newborn that donors are often reluctant to fund,
tive health for the second consecutive Health, the Guttmacher Institute and such as the health workforce.
year. This increase in funding brings a the United Nations Population Fund The U.S. is currently reviewing its
international development policy, Effectiveness Work for Family Plan- also presents a challenge for meeting
including in health. There is pressure ning and Reproductive Health, project family planning needs. From 2004 to
on the U.S. to engage in more pooled aid has many benefits over budget 2006, Malawi transitioned from receiv-
funding mechanisms so popular with support, which has produced mixed ing contraceptives through project
other donors. The direction of broad results for family planning and repro- funding and in-kind contributions
aid reform remains open, pending the ductive health. Family planning in from USAID, the UK’s Department
results of the White House’s Presiden- particular often suffers from weak gov- for International Development, and
tial Study Directive on Global Develop- ernment support because of its politi- UNFPA to a government procurement
ment Policy, the State Department’s cally charged nature and its historic system funded out of a health basket
Quadrennial Diplomacy and Develop- reliance on donor funding. In practice, fund linked to the SWAp. While other
ment Review, and a proposed rewrite weak government support translates donors participated fully in the health
of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961. into government failure to effectively SWAp, the U.S. kept its funding out of
In early 2009, the administration prioritize family planning and repro- the pooled fund, but coordinated its
released a rough outline for a Global ductive health in national development activities with the health sector plan.
Health Initiative, with family planning strategies and key budget documents. When the government-led procure-
and maternal health high on its list of Therefore, general and sector budget ment system faced delays in the deliv-
priorities. It is unlikely, however, that support to fund national strategies do ery of contraceptives, USAID was able
the U.S. will reject project support not directly benefit these pressing con- to step-in with a supplemental emer-
for family planning, reproductive and cerns. As more and more donors are gency shipment funded through paral-
maternal health in favor of general and channeling aid away from dedicated lel financing and independent procure-
sector budget support, partly because projects to budget support, funding ment mechanisms.
of a legislative restrictions against for family planning and reproductive USAID also stepped in with emer-
“nonproject assistance” to government health appears to be declining. How- gency contraceptives in Tanzania in
health budgets. ever, the absence of systems for track- 2006 in response to similar govern-
From the perspective of advancing ing aid at the country level makes these ment procurement problems. By the
access to family planning, continued declines in funding levels hard to verify. following year the government system
U.S. project aid is a plus. As I explored The often-difficult switch from donor was strong enough to stand on its own.
in a recent paper titled Making Aid to government procurement systems A clear lesson emerged: As govern-
ments continue to build their forecast-
ing and procurement capacity, donors
need to be flexible and ready to provide
emergency contraceptives as needed.
Project funding allowed USAID this
flexibility in Malawi and Tanzania.
General and sector budget support
are as good as the policies and priori-
ties that they fund. In the medium and
long term, international civil society
groups should continue working to
foster southern government capacity
Master of New Professional Studies: and political and financial support to
An Unprecedented Year:
The Fight Against Global Hunger waters flow; to nourish starved bodies
2009 saw major efforts to systematically address food security. and feed hungry minds.” In subsequent
commitments at the G20 meeting, G8
By Rick Leach, Senior Advisor for Public Policy and Kevin Anderson, Senior Public
Summit and other global forums, Presi-
Policy Associate, Friends of the World Food Program
dent Obama and other senior adminis-
tration officials outlined an international
strategy to address global hunger. At a
meeting cochaired by Secretary of State
Hillary Clinton and UN Secretary-Gen-
eral Ban Ki-moon, representatives from
more than 130 countries joined together
and pledged to support a comprehensive
effort to alleviate the scourge of hunger.
To coordinate activities within the
federal government, Secretary Clinton
formed an interagency food security
task force, bringing together the myr-
iad government agencies with a role in
addressing global hunger. The admin-
istration’s announced intent to appoint
a “Global Hunger and Food Security
Coordinator” will help ensure that this
critical collaboration is maintained.
Similarly, the interagency task force
has consulted with and incorporated
the views of multilateral institutions
such as the World Bank and World
Food Program (WFP), non-govern-
mental organizations, foundations,
research institutions, farmers’ organi-
zations and other stakeholders.
The world has long possessed the col-
lective resources and knowledge to end
global hunger. What has been lacking
is the political will and sustained lead-
ership at the highest levels of govern-
ment. The Obama administration’s new
global food security initiative, which
couples significant improvements to
U.S. policy with efforts to catalyze global
action and collaboration, is a promising
step in achieving the needed will.
Growing consensus
A
s we begin 2010, it is a unprecedented effort to address the At the beginning of 2009, a consen-
fitting time to reflect on the immediate needs and long term causes sus emerged regarding key factors that
Photo: WFP/Maxime Bessieres
past year. While the overall of global hunger was launched by the limited the success of previous U.S. gov-
number of people suffering U.S. government with the broad sup- ernment efforts to address global hun-
from hunger grew to over one billion, port of other nations and institutions. ger. Reports released by the Govern-
events of the past year may also rep- In his inaugural address, President ment Accountability Office (GAO), the
resent a positive turning point in the Obama said, “To the people of poor Chicago Council on Global Affairs, the
fight against global hunger. 2009 may nations, we pledge to work alongside you Center for Strategic and International
be remembered as the year when an to make your farms flourish and let clean Studies (CSIS) and others have high-
lighted these factors, including: insuf- most vulnerable populations in times sion services, research, and training to
ficient coordination across the many of urgent need. These programs seek meet the needs of poor, rural farmers.
U.S. agencies and programs that play a to save lives through the provision In summary, a comprehensive strat-
role in addressing hunger; inadequate of food assistance to people affected egy that combines emergency assis-
efforts to promote agricultural develop- by an emergency, including through tance, safety nets, nutrition assistance
ment among smallholder farmers; and direct food distribution, food vouchers and agricultural development is neces-
the lack of a comprehensive hunger- and cash transfers. Based on current sary to address the full spectrum of food
alleviation strategy that focuses on both trends, it is estimated that 100 million insecurity—acute and chronic, urban
immediate and long-term needs. people will continue to require emer- and rural. To further enhance the suc-
Similarly, a consensus emerged gency food assistance annually. cess of this comprehensive approach,
regarding the specific activities needed Safety Nets—Safety net programs there is also growing agreement regard-
to reduce global hunger. The UN High are designed to limit or mitigate the ing several key elements that need to be
Level Task Force on the Global Food Cri- impact of shocks on vulnerable and integrated across all aspects of the strat-
sis, GAO reports, the Chicago Council food insecure populations who would egy, including gender considerations
Report and the Roadmap to End Global become destitute without additional and natural resource management.
Hunger—which united more than 40 assistance. By helping vulnerable pop- The road ahead will not be easy as
NGOs for the first time in history around ulations achieve a basic level of self- critical challenges remain, such as:
a specific plan to improve U.S. hunger- sufficiency and food security, these • Fostering effective, in-country and
alleviation efforts—have all called for the programs reduce the need for more regional planning processes that
development and implementation of a costly emergency interventions and ensure the views of key stakehold-
comprehensive U.S. strategy to address provide a foundation for future develop- ers are represented in the creation
global hunger. Legislation introduced ment efforts. Efforts in this area should of food security plans in countries
in 2009—the Roadmap to End Global help governments create their own targeted by the initiative.
Hunger and Promote Food Security Act safety net systems, similar to those in • Identifying strong indicators to
(H.R. 2817) and the Global Food Secu- the U.S., Brazil and other countries, measure success on an ongoing
rity Act (H.R. 3077, S. 384)—draw heav- which prevent people on the economic basis and to inform the develop-
ily from these reports and also endorse margins from falling into destitution in ment of new approaches if current
a comprehensive approach. the wake of shocks. methods can be improved.
This consensus comes at a pivotal Nutrition Programs—These pro- • Coordinating across the multiple
moment, as the global food, fuel and grams ensure that nutritionally-vulner- U.S. congressional committees and
financial crises of the last two years able populations, particularly mothers subcommittees with jurisdiction
have increased the number of people and young children, have access to the over efforts to address global hun-
suffering from hunger to more than one required calories and nutrients needed ger, including the Foreign Affairs
billion, threatening the progress made to live healthy, productive lives. There and Agriculture Committees, as
between the 1960s and the 1990s in is widespread consensus regarding well as the Foreign Operations and
reducing the overall proportion of the the need to provide adequate nutrition Agricultural Appropriations Sub-
world’s hungry from 37 to 17 percent. during pregnancy and a child’s first committees.
two years to avoid irreversible devel- • Maintaining U.S. leadership in the
The Administration’s plan opmental impacts. Efforts in this area area of emergency response, while
The Obama administration’s initia- should also support the unique needs expanding the food crisis toolbox to
tive incorporates the four cross-cutting of those suffering from HIV/AIDS and include greater cash support for a
pillars of a comprehensive strategy, as other severe chronic illnesses. more flexible range of interventions.
set forth within the Roadmap, the Com- Market-based Agriculture and
prehensive Framework for Action (CFA) Infrastructure Development Pro- If the administration successfully
and the legislation referenced above. grams—These programs increase the implements the principles it has out-
These pillars are emergency response productivity and profitability of small- lined—such as uniting key stakehold-
and management, safety nets, nutri- holder farmers, which is critical to ers, fostering whole-of-government col-
tion programs and agricultural devel- breaking the cycle of hunger among laboration, and spurring global action in
opment. All four of these cross-cutting the vast majority of the world’s poor support of a comprehensive approach—
activities are necessary to target dis- who live in rural areas and rely on agri- we will make significant, lasting strides
tinct groups who collectively comprise culture for their livelihoods. in alleviating global hunger.
the one billion people suffering from These efforts seek to expand and WFP, Friends of WFP and the NGO
hunger. Moreover, adopting these pil- enhance: a) rural infrastructure, such community stand ready to assist the
lars will enable the U.S. and global as farm to market roads, storage facili- administration and other partners in
community to address both the imme- ties, and irrigation; b) access to mar- this endeavor—to help translate the
diate and long-term impacts of hunger. kets and availability of financial ser- initiative’s sound framework into an
Emergency Response and Man- vices so that smallholder farmers can implementation effort that compre-
agement—Emergency response and afford inputs and investments needed hensively addresses global hunger and
management efforts target the world’s to expand their capacity; and c) exten- food insecurity. MD
Want Food Security? ill-informed about how to get assistance, however, and are
discouraged from registering for it, especially where the local
Focus on Women
culture frowns upon interaction between the sexes. Target-
ing food aid directly to women and involving them as central
actors and decision-makers can accelerate recovery.
Like their mothers, girls are especially vulnerable. In post-
From times of disaster to long-term
development efforts, women are key to food
and nutrition security.
By Michele Pietrowski, International Food Policy Research
Institute (IFPRI)
A
s the world marks International Wom-
en’s Day on March 8, we celebrate women’s many
achievements and advancements. At the same time, Online Job Board
it is important to recognize the unique challenges and
responsibilities they bear. Whether recovering from disaster careers.interaction.org
or revitalizing agriculture, women in developing countries
play crucial roles in their family’s food and nutrition security.
They also face enormous obstacles, including their particular Talk about interacting!
vulnerability during times of crisis, unequal access to educa- To compliment Monday
tion, agricultural resources and decision-making power, or Developments’ popular monthly
control over assets. These challenges, however, also provide
opportunities. Policies and programs that address the spe- job section, InterAction’s online
cific constraints faced by women and capitalize on their vast job board instantly connects
potential not only further women’s development, but also you to the latest international
accelerate efforts to fight poverty and hunger. development jobs as they
become available. Search by
The impact of crises on women and children
Illustration: Nancy Backus
crisis situations, poor families are often forced to pull chil- In Mexico, women receive a cash payment on behalf of
dren out of school, as the immediate gains of child labor take households that participate in a government-run CCT pro-
priority over the long-term benefits of an education, and girls gram known as Oportunidades (formerly known as Progresa).
are the first to suffer. Such setbacks to girls’ education have Girls receive larger education stipends than do boys, specifi-
negative consequences that last well into adulthood, jeopar- cally to encourage their schooling. In the program’s first few
dizing women’s health and earning power and the well-being years, health visits increased by 18 percent in participating
of future generations. communities, rates of anemia (often linked to micronutrient
malnutrition among women and girls) fell substantially, and
Gender inequality, education, hunger and malnutrition secondary school enrollment rates rose by six percent for boys
A recent report by Welthungerhilfe, IFPRI, and Concern and nine percent for girls. The rate at which girls went on to
Worldwide, 2009 Global Hunger Index: The Challenge of Hun- enter secondary school also increased by 15 percent, lowering
ger: Focus on Financial Crisis and Gender Inequality, demon- the gender gap in education and decreasing the likelihood that
strates that, not surprisingly, high rates of hunger tend to future generations will suffer from chronic poverty and hunger.
go hand-in-hand with inequalities between men and women,
especially where education and literacy are concerned. The Agricultural development and food security
analysis compared results from the Global Hunger Index with In sub-Saharan Africa, boosting both female education and
rankings from the Global Gender Gap Index, a report released women’s control of agricultural resources could increase agri-
annually by the World Economic Forum that ranks countries cultural productivity by 10 to 20 percent, improving household
according to levels of gender inequality. food security and a family’s ability to withstand future shocks.
Most countries in South Asia rank poorly on both the Female farmers are particularly vital to food production; they
Global Hunger Index and the Global Gender Gap Index. For do much of the work to produce, process and market food.
example, in Pakistan, only 22 percent of girls complete pri- Despite their major contributions, women frequently have
mary school, compared to 47 percent of boys. Nearly a third less access than men to basic production inputs, such as
of children in Pakistan are undernourished. Research sug- land, seeds, fertilizer, credit, and training. They also receive
gests that high rates of child malnutrition in South Asia are a disproportionate share of agricultural extension services.
linked to women’s low status, or their power relative to men’s Evidence suggests, however, that such programs could
in households and communities. enhance women’s output and incomes.
Of the sub-Saharan African countries with the most severe Recent studies in East Africa demonstrate that farmer field
hunger and malnutrition problems, more than half also top the schools (FFS)—a popular approach to extension—can be
charts when it comes to gender inequality, and as educational especially beneficial to women. Participation in FFS in Kenya,
disparities between men and women increase, so do hunger Tanzania and Uganda led to significant increases in livestock
levels. For example, Chad has the fifth highest level of hunger production, crop productivity and agricultural income among
according to the Global Hunger Index and ranks second world- female farmers, when results from all three countries were
wide in terms of gender inequality. The female literacy rate combined. Per capita agricultural income improved the most
in Chad is only 13 percent, compared to 41 percent for men. in Kenya, with an increase of more than 300 percent, while
Overall, less than one-quarter of all countries in sub-Saharan boosts to crop productivity were greatest in Uganda, where
Africa have achieved gender parity in school enrollment. productivity rose by about 100 percent. Livestock produc-
Research shows that women’s status so significantly tion, measured by change in value, improved most notably in
affects children’s nutrition that equalizing the status of men Kenya and Uganda, where production increased by well over
and women in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa could 150 percent, thanks to the use of new livestock technologies.
reduce the number of malnourished children by 13.4 million Generally speaking, agricultural technologies have the most
and 1.7 million, respectively. Another study suggests that if potential to benefit women farmers if they do not require large
all mothers had finished primary school, the proportion of financial investments or other capital, or if they enable women
people living below the poverty line could be reduced by up to obtain inputs such as credit or fertilizer or to pool their
to 33 percent in countries where women are at the greatest resources. In Bangladesh, poverty alleviation programs that
disadvantage compared to men. specifically target agricultural technologies to women’s groups
(as opposed to households in general) have improved children’s
Targeting programs to women and girls nutrition and gender equality, even when the income gains
Several developing countries have launched large anti- have been relatively small. Conversely, agricultural technolo-
poverty and social protection programs that specifically tai- gies that generate significantly more income have not necessar-
lor their benefits and services for women and girls. Condi- ily reduced the gender asset gap or improved women’s and chil-
tional cash transfer programs (CCTs), for example, dren’s nutrition when men determine how the money is spent.
are designed to provide the poorest families with During the aftermath of disaster, as in the generations-old
current, basic needs like food and clothing, or cycle of poverty and hunger, women’s unique roles and chal-
to enable them to invest in education and lenges affect their families’ ability to survive in the short run
health care. CCTs, which come with obli- and thrive in the future. Interventions that look beyond the
gations, such as attending school or getting household to specifically address how women struggle and
health check-ups, can be particularly success- cope will ultimately be most effective in achieving food and
ful when women receive the money. nutrition security, as well as overall long-term development. MD
28 MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS March 2010 To advertise, call 202-667-8227 ext 548 or email publications@InterAction.org
MONDAY Developments
EmploymentOpportunities
tion in a non-inflammatory manner, can tip the scale against
PROGRAM COORDINATOR, OBRA
United States growing violence. When the media follows best practices for
International Youth Foundation (IYF), a global nonprofit accurately reporting electoral issues it helps efforts to control
organization that prepares young people to be healthy, pro- the violence by mitigating inflammatory coverage and avoid-
ductive and engaged citizens, is seeking a Program Coordina- ing hate speech or censorship. Mediation led by EMBs and
tor, OBRA to provide technical & operational support to the civil society before violence escalates is also important.
Youth:Work OBRA Program in Latin America & the Caribbean. Conflict resolution. Resolving election-related conflict
REQUIREMENTS: Bachelor’s degree in a field relevant to IYF’s depends heavily—but not exclusively—on formal and alterna-
mission & programs; 1-3 years of related experience; Fluency tive dispute resolution mechanisms. More formal legal adju-
in Spanish. For complete job description, go to www.iyfnet. dications are more likely to be effective if the groundwork has
org & click on the “Jobs” inbox. Interested candidates must
been laid by identifying in advance potential legal points of
submit completed application, cover letter & resume. Please
email all required documents to jobs@iyfnet.org & with OBRA contention, educating political partisans on how to submit
in the subject box. acceptable official dispute claims, and training judges, law-
yers and electoral administrators in dispute resolution and
the investigation of alleged fraud. At the same time, alterna-
Conflict Cycle
tive dispute mechanisms can also resolve tensions by focus-
continued from page 16
ing on negotiated resolution (rather than punishment) of elec-
sary reforms throughout the electoral framework (e.g. legisla- toral disputes. The ongoing results as government agencies
tion, boundary delimitation, the composition of election man- and EMBs engage in lessons-learned processes further add to
agement bodies, and candidate and voter registration) helps improved performance in the future.
identify issues that may aggravate the risk of violence during In short, applying conflict theories to the electoral cycle
an electoral process and propose effective alternatives. allows a better understanding of the inter-related roles that
Electoral conflict prevention also relies heavily on non-gov- key stakeholders play in reducing violent conflict around an
ernmental actors, including media, civil society and political election. By identifying these distinct roles, we enable the
parties, to educate, advocate and provide early warning mecha- development of comprehensive programming responses to
nisms around election violence. It is useful to develop codes of election violence that bridge both differing sectors and differ-
conduct that establish parameters for appropriate standards ing phases throughout the election cycle. There is strength
of behavior during an election for all actors (candidates and in numbers: Shifting responsibility around the room and
political parties, media outlets and journalists, electoral offi- over time is creating stronger defenses against these ongoing
cials, security forces), especially those that specifically focus on threats to democracy development. MD
ensuring a non-violent campaign atmosphere. Educational ini- The author would like to thank IFES-Lebanon Chief of Party
tiatives that address causes of concern (including voter infor- Richard Chambers and the staff of the F. Clifton White Applied
mation campaigns and civic awareness promoting non-vio- Research Center for Democracy and Elections for their assis-
lence) help diffuse or channel tension before it triggers violence. tance in writing this article.
Conflict management and mitigation. When election
conflict prevention fails, stakeholders engage in a spectrum Election conflict and violence can develop during all
of mitigation and management responses. A range of cross- phases of the electoral cycle. Therefore IFES programming
sectoral early response mechanisms exist to track political approaches are designed to respond to threats throughout
and electoral developments and to monitor violent incidents the electoral process in order to prevent, mitigate and
in order to facilitate quick responses to emerging risks or resolve election-related conflict. Among the first election-
flare-ups. EMB and security sector preparedness can play a support providers to study the role of conflict in the electoral
process, IFES has developed applied research and offered
decisive role in rapidly quelling violence. Two essential ele-
programs for addressing election-violence in over a dozen
ments are: (1) developing an electoral security plan (e.g. based countries since 2001.
on scenarios during the campaign, polling and results peri-
ods) to manage potential “hot-spots”; and (2) training security One example is the IFES Election Violence Education and
forces and election workers on electoral security issues (e.g. Resolution project (EVER). Through community-based
management of campaign rallies and crowd control at polling election violence monitoring, education and advocacy,
stations). Troubleshooting mechanisms that involve electoral EVER provides early warning and response to electoral
actors (such as political party liaison panels and “green line” stakeholders. Other targeted tools, such as election violence
emergency call systems) in identifying and managing conflicts risk assessments and mapping, allow IFES to work with
can also provide channels for addressing nascent conflicts. government ministries, security managers and election
administrators to manage threats of election-related
Information management is another key tool. Training elec-
violence. By working with community peace committees and
tion officials, political parties, candidate representatives and through media campaigns, IFES seeks to address election
observers on how to gather accurate, credible information conflict at the grassroots level as well.
on electoral breaches as well as how to disseminate informa-
To advertise, call 202-667-8227 ext 548 or email publications@InterAction.org MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS March 2010 29
NOW HIRING:
Country Directors* Program & Training Officers* Administrative Officers*
The Peace Corps is looking for senior-level executives and The Peace Corps is looking for senior-level managers with exceptional The Peace Corps is looking for senior-level managers with
managers with exceptional leadership and motivational skills to manage staff and design and manage international extensive administration and finance experience, international
skills, international experience (including living overseas), development programs in a variety of fields such as health, education, and cross-cultural experience (including living overseas),
administrative and financial management expertise, and small business development and agriculture/environment that and exceptional management and leadership skills to serve
strong cross-cultural experience to serve as country directors. positively impact communities overseas. International and cross- overseas as administrative officers.
International development experience is desired. cultural experience are required.
The Administrative Officer ensures the effective management
We seek candidates that are reflective of the diversity of PTOs manage, advise and develop teams of professional program of country operations in support of a population of staff
Peace Corps and our Volunteers. and training staff to support Peace Corps Volunteers at post. Our and Volunteers entirely dependent on the critical services
PTOs oversee the processes of planning, analysis, implementation (administrative unit supervision, financial analysis, policy
Country directors must be United States citizens and must not and monitoring of programs and training activities, support staff and execution and implementation) the AO provides.
have been associated with intelligence activities. Candidates Volunteers to meet the expectations of project partners and conduct
should have work experience managing a program or business staff development. These officers guide coordination between working We seek candidates that are reflective of the diversity of
of comparable size to a Peace Corps country program (i.e., units to ensure effective strategic planning, cost-effective budgeting, Peace Corps and our Volunteers.
approximately 15 to 50 staff, 50 to 250 Volunteers, and an and appropriate recommendations.
operating budget ranging from $900,000 to $4 million), as All Administrative Officers must be United States citizens and
well as experience mentoring staff and volunteers. Since We seek candidates that are reflective of the diversity of Peace Corps must not have been associated with intelligence activities.
approximately 90 percent of Peace Corps staff at each post and our Volunteers. Candidates should have work experience managing a program
are host country nationals, cross-cultural communication skills or business, and mentoring staff and volunteers. Since
are critical. All PTOs must be United States citizens and must not have been approximately 90 percent of Peace Corps staff at each post
associated with intelligence activities. Candidates should have work are host country nationals, cross-cultural communication skills
The salary range for these positions is $87,848 - $140,940. experience managing an international development program or are critical.
These positions are time limited, as are the positions of business, and mentoring staff and volunteers. Since approximately 90
all Peace Corps U.S. direct hire employees. Employees are percent of Peace Corps staff at each post are host country nationals, The salary range for these positions is $46,736 - $104,534.
appointed for a 30-month tour and may be granted a second strong cross-cultural communication skills are critical. All Peace Corps U.S. direct hire positions are time limited.
tour for a maximum of five years (60 months) with the agency. Employees are appointed for a 30-month tour and may
The salary range for these positions is $57,678 - $129,008. All Peace be granted a second tour for a maximum of five years (60
Corps U.S. direct hire positions are time limited. Employees are months) with the agency.
appointed for a 30-month tour and may be granted a second tour for a
maximum of five years (60 months) with the agency.
The Peace Corps is one of the most successful and respected development agencies in the world. More than 195,000 Volunteers have served in 139 countries
since the inception of the Peace Corps in 1961. Thousands more from every background are eager to serve as teachers, business advisors, information technology
consultants, health and HIV/AIDS educators, and agricultural extension Volunteers.
Peace Corps accepts applications for these positions throughout the year. You may apply on-line through the website, http://pcoverseasjobs.avuedigital.us/. You
must complete the on-line application to be considered for a position; resumes are supplemental.
If you have any questions, please contact the Office of Overseas Recruitment, Selection and Support at 202-692-2411 or e-mail AOandPTOjobs@peacecorps.gov for
AO and PTO positions and CDSelection@peacecorps.gov for Country Director positions.
*While many of these positions do not require fluency in a language, some do. We anticipate a specific need for fluent French, Portuguese and Spanish speakers.
The Congressional We are currently recruiting a Co-Director, Policy and Special Initiatives for our Mickey
Hunger Center (CHC) is Leland International Hunger Fellowship program. In partnership with the Leland
a bi-partisan, non-profit Co-Director, Program and Operations, this individual is responsible for directing the
organization based in Mickey Leland International Hunger Fellows Program with particular emphasis on the
Washington, D.C. CHC policy component of the fellowship program. S/he takes the lead on food security
trains and inspires policy development and food security policy training, host organization recruitment
leaders who work to end and selection, leadership development, external communication and publications. S/
hunger, and advocates he will share responsibilities for fellowship advising, host organization communication,
public policies that create interviewing and selection of fellows with the Leland Co-Director, Program and
a food secure world. Operations. This individual may manage other program staff. Excellent writing, people
and program management skills required, and a demonstrated commitment to the
CHC’s Mickey Leland Congressional Hunger Center’s mission to end hunger and poverty. Domestic and
International Hunger extensive overseas travel required.
Fellowship is a unique
two-year leadership SALARY & BENEFITS
development CHC provides competitive salaries and excellent benefits.
opportunity for
experienced, motivated TO APPLY
individuals seeking to Visit our website at http://www.hungercenter.org/chc/jobs.htm for additional information
make a difference in the on this position and the Leland Fellowship program. Please submit current resume and
struggle to eliminate cover letter by Sunday, March 7, 2010 to hr@hungercenter.org.
hunger and poverty
worldwide. EEOE/AA
30 MONDAY DEVELOPMENTS March 2010 To advertise, call 202-667-8227 ext 548 or email publications@InterAction.org
Job Openings Chief, Program
Development
Arlington,VA
Deputy, Chief
Financial Officer
Arlington,VA
Deputy Director,
Health
Arlington,VA
Chief of
Operations,
Infrastructure
Kabul,
Afghanistan
Deputy Chief
of Operations,
Infrastructure
Kabul,
Afghanistan