Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Part 3 - Turbulent Jets: Environmental Transport and Fate
Part 3 - Turbulent Jets: Environmental Transport and Fate
Chapter 3
Benoit Cushman-Roisin
Thayer School of Engineering
Dartmouth College
Since the properties of a turbulent flow greatly depend on the geometry of the flow domain
and on the type of forces acting on the fluid, almost every situation is a separate problem
requiring specific investigation. We therefore limit ourselves here to the most common
case, that of a jet penetrating in an otherwise quiescent fluid.
11.8o
always!
A fully developed turbulent round jet (Photo taken in Thayer School Fluids Lab)
tan 11.80
1
5
1
x
5
d = diameter of orifice (=
( inner diameter of discharge pipe)
x = distance along jets centerline
r = radial distance from centerline
r1/2 = radial distance where velocity falls to half of centerline speed
<U> = statistically-averaged velocity as function of distance x along jet
and radial distance from centerline r
UJ = jet speed at orifice
U0 = jet velocity along centerline, function of x
r2
u (r ) umax exp 2
2
half
half-width
width = 2 = R = x/5
x
10
1
2
50
x2
50 r 2
u ( x, r ) umax exp 2
x
u 2 u rdr U U
umax
d2
4
5d
U
x
Verification of
umax
5d
U
x
UJ = U (nozzle velocity)
Uo(x) = umax (centerline velocity)
This plot shows that the centerline speed of a jet varies inversely with distance along the jet
Source: Pope, 2000
Average velocity
R2
u 2 rdr
u
5d
U max
2x
2
m Q
u 2 rdr
50
umax x 2
10
Ud x
It seems strange
g to note that the mass carried by
y the jjet increases with distance.
How can that be?
Answer: The jet entrains ambient fluid, and that it is why it grows in size.
dx
distance
10
r2
c( x, r ) cmax ( x) exp 2
2
50 r 2
cmax ( x) exp 2
x
Source: Nikolas E. Kotsovinos, U. Thrace, Greece see also J. Fluid Mech., 87, 55-63.
c 2 u rdr c0 U
cmax
d2
4
5d
c0
x
Putting
P
tti the
th shape
h
with
ith the
th magnitude
it d att th
the center,
t we have
h
the
th concentration
t ti
distribution along as well as across the jet:
c ( x, r )
Downstream distance along the jet
starting at x = 2.5 d at the nozzle
50 r 2
5d
c0 exp 2
x
x
Cross-jet distance
measured from centerline outward
c*
50 r 2
5d
c0 exp 2
x
x
r2
x 2 c0 5d
ln
50 c* x
c0 5d
c
1 xmax 5d 0
c* x
c*
u
consider advection
by average velocity
2c 2c
c
D 2 2
x
z
y
diffusion in
transverse direction
assume highly
advective situation
no diffusion in x
Pe
Ux
1 , to be verified a posteriori
D
x
u
c ( x, y , z )
With u
S /u
4 Dx / u
y2 z2
exp
4 Dx / u
( y2 z2 r 2 )
u r2
S
exp
4 Dx
4 Dx
5d U
, the expression for c becomes
2x
5d U r 2
S
c
exp
2
4 Dx
8D x
Map this solution on the known distribution deduced from laboratory experiments:
50 r 2
c cmax exp 2
x
5d U r 2
50 r 2
x2
8D x 2
dU
dU
10 D
0.0125 d U
8D
80
Ux
Ux
x
80
D
d U / 80
d
x 2.5d at a minimum
Pe
Pe 200 1