{SV 1 AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEE] ka09 TI 33 WEST 39TH STREET, NEW YORK, N. ¥. Diffusion of Sibindeped Jeti M. L. ALBERTSON, JUN. 4 R. A. JENSEN, anv HUNTER ROUSE, M. ASCE : VY RESEARCH scar CE DIVISION S Sone DEPARTS eee = 1226 060 9 2) MrpnAnY OF CONGHES 221951, Maséns, JAMES S, HOLDHUSEN? DUILIO CITRINI; STANLEY CORRSIN; 'W. DOUGLAS) BAINES; ABRAHAM STREIFF;, HAROLD. R. HENRY; axo ML. ALBERTSON, Y. B. DAI, R.A, JENSEN, axo HUNTER ROUSE. WITH DISCUSSION BY DN Ger S 000% PAR ObA-O3B3 syerq quaxsrt ERBFECTED * Paper No, 2409 Reprinted from TRANSACTIONS, Vol. 115, 1950, p.,639AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS Pounded November 5, 1852 TRANSACTIONS Paper No. 2409 DIFFUSION OF SUBMERGED JETS By M, L ALBERTSON,* JUN. ASCE, Y. B. Dar? R. A. JENSEN," ‘AND HUNTER Rouse, M. ASCE Wir Discussion wy Musens, Janus 8. Horoucsex, Dortzo Crramst, Sran- uy Connsix, W. Dovaras Bares, Annanan Statter, Hanoup R. HENRY, ano M, L. Avazrtsox, Y.'B. Dat, R. A. Junsen, aNp Hoxren Rouse. SrnoPsis As the direct result of turbulence generated at the borders of a submerged jet, the fuid within the jet will undergo both lateral dif ‘and at the same time fuid from the surrounding region will be brought into motion. The approximate characteristics of the corresponding mean flow pattern are derived analytically, with the exception of a single experimental constant, through assum hydrostatically dis- tributed throughout the flow; (2) the diffusion process is dynamically si ‘under all conditions; and (8) the longitudinal component of velocity the diffusion region varies according to the normal probability funetion at exch cross section. Experimental data are presented which justify the analysis and provide the necessary coefficients for flow from both slots and orifices. All results are reduced to a form immediately useful for design purposes. Srarmwent oF THE PRonLEm As far as most enginoers are concerned, high-velocity flow from a submerged outlet represents merely an irrecoverable loss of power, for a basic axiom of hydraulics states that the entire kinetic energy of such a jet will be dissipated ‘through reaction with the surrounding fuid. In more explicit terms, the differ- ence in velocity between a jet and the region into which itis discharged will give rise to a pronounced degree of instability, the kinotie energy of the on- coming flow steadily being converted into kinetic energy of turbulence, and the latter steadily decaying through viscous shear. However, such conversion is by no means restricted to the vicinity of the outlet, for any reduction in kinetic enongy necessarily represents a decrease in the velocity of flow, and even the whe tu pe or dntntion aba sted for pub * Asoiata Prt, Cle Bap Dep, Cora Agr and Meh. Calg, Port Calon, Cala. *Aooiala Prt, Naina! Hanon Une, Chane, Huns, Chan ‘Ramareh Engr, Foe Die, Batale Memorial ln, Calman Oko. ‘Disator Lowe not of Hyde. Rare, Sate Uae. of la, Lora iy, Torn 639640 supMERorD zeT8 most elementary considerations of continuity indicate that the ares of the flow section must become great as the velocity becomes small. In view of the Newtonian principle of action and reaction, moreover, it will be realized that deceleration of the fluid in the jet ean occur only through simultaneous accelera- tion of the surrounding fluid, go that the total rate of flow past successive see- tions of the jet will actually increase with distance from the outlet. ‘The phenomenon of “exit loss” so simply treated in hydraulics evidently involves far more than alocal energy conversion. Indeed, a detailed knowledge of the velocity distribution within such an expanding stream is essential to many problems of diffusion, Flow of a liquid suspension from a submerged pipe into a settling basin is a case in point, although a closely related phase of mixing is found in the efflux of heated or cooled sir from a ventilation duet in the wall of a room; in either ease tho engineer is interested in the shape and the “carry” of the jat, and in the amount of entrainment by (and hence dilution of) the jet from section to section. Directly related, although more closely re- stricted by boundary (that is, free-surface) conditions, ia the diffusion of plung- ing nappes from spillways or of submerged jets from sluice gates, because in- formation as to the accompanying rate of deceleration is often necessary in the prevention of scour beyond tho apron. Finally, since the slip stream of 2 propeller difers little from any other type of jet, the velocity distribution in the wake of sireraft and watoreraft (a matter of vital importance, for example, in submarine detection) should be subject to the same method of analysis. With reference to Fig. 1, it will be seen that an initial zone of flow establish- ment must exist beyond the efflux seetion of either a two-dimensional or a three- dimensional submerged jet. Since the fluid discharged from the boundary opening may be assumed to be of relatively constant velocity, at the efllux section there will necessarily be a pronounced velocity diseontinuity between the jet and the surrounding fluid. ‘The eddies generated in this region of high shear will immediately result in « lateral mixing process which progresses bothsupumnonn sen ea inward and ovtrard with distance rom the ston, Such ata mig Proasess soca bane eto an ection On thane and, he Bd Within th et gradually deceraety onthe ther bendy Bud om fhe et rounding region is gradually eecclerated or entrained. As a result, the eon- anv crf thet wil seni decree in Intra ett whens both the rte of Bow and he oval reat ofthe et il eed eae taguitade, with dias fom the fe ection. "The nif thi ial sone Off etaishren in tesshed when theming region has petted ote center line of the jet. Once the entire central part of the jet has become turbulent, the flow may_ be conidere! x uly ete, forthe dftxon protean continues therater wiht nodal cange in sharace. Forthereatuinmentoftheanrounding Suid bythe expanding ody ropon now blared iertly by eontnaous reduction in thecvaocty ofthe ene cesta regan. Sich asain 8p proaches (but never actually attains) a limit as the eenter-line velocity becomes Of nee mngite awry grat dstanc rors the orga eft son, theater extent ofthe eldy reson hence the guunty of uid witha the et~then bing holy xt of proportion to ennitos the itl sen. Just an the thereteal Hint ofthe sone of etslished flow evenly nonexistent, the border ction beeen this Sone andthe 2one of eablih ment (indicated by the vertical broken line in Fig. 1) ean be considered sharply defn ony to th extent to which one ny eget the sone o ation whith note eit Btwean two itn How rogie, Tore i fac, 0 prec put at which the ees from opps se of te et can be sd to tos, forthe tate! nate ofthe mvog procs esi aposble Pisce more than an ats into tlt ange.. Th ox ofthe Sitaron rg, lik fhe borer betnean the to sone tnt hero be 8 cented meri eonvesintnentnal designation Cation within the ne of fo etblhent nth on of exaised flow were first investigated theoretically by: W. Tollmien in 1926,* on the as- sumptions that: (a) The sole effective force was the tangential shear expressed {ntarino! he ltr nrmntam taper of theming roan () he ing Iegth varied withthe Sat power ofthe longitudinal Sitnee from te efx tetion; and (2) the vlcty ft serbslnce war propel fhe podict, OF tho ing lng ad tho mean veloc gradient Wit the excopon ofa mers couse nes had tobe eve exerinentally, ir. Ton arable to dnive se onolon which nested wih god aprosinaton Sh aeta pattern of tho tenn tn each rogon Later sis by ober investigator ntoduce eter th concept of oriety transport orth assumption of ensayo aos ey ton of he uo sone EERE RGAE mee WF Rn, i mi a oss bente ‘Ausbretuogsvoratings im Peeistah," by P. Raden, Die Naluruisvenachafen, Vol. 2, (bummer ae rome a wwe stata sa ly ne ee et * “Gecersng tie Vlog apd enpeatre Dna iy Pan ad Analy Syme Sta” ‘by 1 Howarth, Broaedag, Cabri Paerohicl Soc, Val 9, 10985 1a682 SURMERGED J0T% ‘but did not add materially to the agreement with experimental measurements. ‘As a matter of fact, the sensitivity of the mean velocity-distribution function to the type of turbulence structure assumed is not great; the comparison be- tween measurement and theory has, as @ result, never been sufficient to provide ‘ conclusive check on the accuracy of the assumed mixing characteristics. Indeed, not until detailed measurements of the turbulence withia two-dimen- sional and three-dimensional jets wore made by 8. Corrsin'® and by H. W. ‘Liepmann and J. Laufer was the considerable diserepancy between assumption ‘and fact fully realized Since an approximate analysis of the mean velocity distribution within cither zone actually requires no assumption as to the distribution of turbulence, fand since the characteristics of jet diffusion have not yet been published in a form readily usable by engineers, this paper seeks to full this twofold purpose. ‘The dimensional aspects of the phenomenon are first diseussed, followed by an clementary physical analysis of the mean flow pattern. Experimental data covering considerable range of each independent variable for both two- ‘dimensional and three-dimensional flow are then presented to justify the anal- ysis and to provide the single numerical coefficient still required for each ‘ase, All results are finally summarized in a convenient dimensionless form. Awavysts oF vHe Max FLow Parruny General Considerations—If the Reynolds number for fluid efflux from a sub- merged boundary outlet is not too low, the mean velocity » at any point (see Fig. 1) should depend only on the coordinates x, y, and z, on the efilux velocity t, and on a linear dimension Ly characterising the particular outlet form. ‘These variables may be grouped in the dimensionless relationship: 574(B84)- ‘This relationship most bo conidored to involve the magutude andthe dres tion of the vector 2, the components of which may further be related through the differential equation of coe 2a) 2 Oe ceeecseeeeeeeses es) ‘The rate of flow or volume flux Q past successive normal sections may be written as the integral of the differential flux 1 d4 over any normal section. Since, because of entrainment, Q will vary with the longitudinal distance z from the ‘efflux section, ite ratio to the efflux rate Q, may be expected to have the fune- tional fors gai eB = “nvengating of Flow in an Aslally Syma) Tigated Jot of Ale” by S. Gorsn, Adroner Con 2, Remi Re gam ti lg 7. om ean a iil Boe ie eM easopstengED s578 43 in which Ay is the cross-sectional arca of the outlet, Similarly, since the momentum fux Mf may be written as the integral of the volume flux % d4 times the longitudinal component of momentum per unit volume p 0%, p being the fluid density, the ratio of Af for any section to My for the efflux section should be v Lor 4 Sore ale) a fone BoMwra -(é) a Such general considerations will yield no frther clue to th actual fone tional relationships without spente statements as to the dynemsies ofthe fw For example, on th bass of experimental evidence it may safely be presumed {hat the pressure distribution ewentaly hydrostatic throoghout the zone of motioain othr word, that thesole fore producing the deceleration ofthe Jet ond th acedlertion of th surrounding uid isthe tangeatial shear within the mixing region, Because thin proces i wholly internal it follows at once that the momentum fax must be constast fr all normal sections of» given tae ptr y for, MPAs -@) If, moreover, viseous action is presumed to have no influence on the mixing process, the diffusion characteristics—and hence the charueteristies of the mean flom—should be dynamically similar under all conditions. ‘Thus, in effect, the same velocity function must ehar- acterize every seetion within the diffusion region. ‘As a matter of fact, experimental data follow the general trend of the Gaussian normal probability - en (-34) tect) in which the righthand member expresses the value *, the quantity in parentheses being the value of n, (A similar simplifeation applies subsequently in Eqs. 12, 19, 24, ‘and 29.) ‘The use of Eq. 7 in the analysis permits the characteristics of the en- tire flow pattern to be expressed in terms of the two parameters which define the proportions of the eurve: the velocity tax and the standard or root-mean-ous SUBMERGED J0TS square deviation ¢ (tee Fig. 2). Moreover, not only doce Ea. 1 then reduce to ne =n B2) but the condition of dynamic similarity simultaneously requires that at all cross sections, regardless of the efllux velocity, 6) eC sesceeceeeelO) In other words, the angle of jet diffusion must be constant.i= ‘Through use of Eqs. 6, 7, and 9, all charactoristis of the mean flow pattern for any specific boundary ‘condition may now be determined analytically, with the exception of a single experimental coefficient. Such characteristies include the variation in the magnitude and direction of the velocity veetor with coordinate space, and the variation of volume fux and energy flux with distance from the outlot section. In the following pages these eharacteristies are evaluated for the zone of fow establishment and for the zone of established flow under both two-dimen- sional and three-dimensional ‘conditions, Zone of Flow Establish- ment—In the case of efllux from a long slot, it will be noted from Fig. 8 that tnsx will correspond to ¥% as long 1s the eddies have not pene- trated to the central plane of the jet. ‘Therefore, the distribution of v noross any normal section within this zone may be represented as a first approximation by the two symmetri- ‘eal halves of the probability curve connected with a straight line through the constant-velocity core. Evaluation of the momentum-flux integral of Eq. 6, for the condition that ¢/2 = Cy, will be found to yield at once the specife re- lationship: 0) in which 2» represents the distance from the efflux section to the end of the zone of establishment. Evidently, the nominal inner boundary of the diffus region is 8 plane satisfying the expressio (1) ‘The distribution funetion for v, in the diffusion region then takes the explicit form: . [ (v4 05-8] 57 | -—az— a os 0 gother with all measured values Vile ot for the longitudinal velocity ‘component. Despite appreci- able experimental scatter, the analytical curvo is in reasonable agreement with the measurements over the entire range of the independent variables. The graphical solution of the con- tinuity relationship for vy, in terms of the constant Cy, is shown in the same general manner in Fig. 12, together with experimental values obtained by multiplying the measured velocities by the sinos of the corresponding angles of inclination of Fig, 8. Although the data follow the general trend of the theo- retical curve, the values computed from the measurements are at least 100% greater than those indicated by the plotted function—the discrepancy also ia, 14—Danatsonow oF Loworreanns, Vatoer® ot ‘dona or Enamsenuner or Pow vaow Storeost supMEROED sEn8 being apparent {rom comparison of the analytical curve (curve (2)) of Fig. 8 with the measured values. No explanation oan be given for this disagreement neither do the computations disclose any likelihood of mathematical error, nor hhave repeated measurements by different observers led to essentially different T il | | ’aeae (1\ os Ge) Gin) (per se) h_\| 2 im (as He | I HA ¢ cas od 7 i? 8 tise + fas Fe 7 results, Fortunately, the angles involved were so small as to result in a neg- ligible error in the longitudinal velocity. Because of the luck of dependable velocity measuremonts in the outer region, it eannot be stated whether or not the experimental data approach the velocity-of-entrainment limit given by th following specific form of Eq. 26: Limit ® 4] 5, = — 0188. oo (4) Eqs. 18 and 15 for the volume-flux ratio and the energy-flux ratio in the zone of flow establishment become, in terms of the constant Cy, (42)supmenorD sre 655 and z s Eas ~ 00055. 43) Tikowiso, Eqs. 25 and 27 for the zone of established flow will reduce to . $= 002 SF a) and £ Be £ ats6 [2 45) Eqs. 42, 43, 44, and 45 (as woll as the basic expression M/A, = 1) are plotted in Fig. 13, together with values obtained by integration of the measured ve- locity-distribution curves for typical runs with = as the independent variable, we 8 i le He | ne TT Although no measurements of turbulenee were made in this experimental program, it is nonetheless pertinent to note the results of the approximate ‘analysis ‘of the eddy pattern. Fig. 14 includes the simultaneous graphical solutions of Eqs. 35 and 37 as dimensionless curves for r, V (Wg) and eat any656 supuexexn sere section of the zone of established flow, the assumed curve for vs being included {for purposes of orientation. As will be noted therein, the zoue of maximum intensity of shear, and hence maximum intensity of turbulence, lies somewhat inside the point of inflection or maximum slope of the volosity eurve (that is, where y = 6). ‘The scalo of the eddies is a minimum in this general zone, whereas the mixing cooffcfent attains a maximum at the enter line. The indications are, of course, merely qualitative, but nevertheless quite significant. aes ol UAE | Results for the Three-Dimensional Jet—As in the two-dimensional ease just discussed, a logarithmie plot of all conter-line velocity measurements (Fig, 15) yields a horizontal and a sloping line for the two zones of flow, that for the established zone now having a 1:1 slope. The interseetion of these lines at the point z9/D, = 6.2 at once yields Cz = Ds/(2z) = 0.081, TnsupMencED Jars 657 terms of this constant, Eq. 19 for the distribution of the longitudinal velocity component in the sone of establishment assumes the specific form: Dif2 ed (46) = (00514 which is plotted, together with measured data, in Fig. 16. Unlike the ease of the slot, the agroement between analysis and measurement is not wholly satis factory. As shown by the broken line, considerable improvement would result through tse of the smaller border value 29/Ds = 4.5 (that is, Cs = 0.111). ae TTT T_T ei | | | ie | ey ove — | i) | 3 oce| 1 { a ao a i parsec) Gay RNY © 1025, ai caf 89 | ime t yr @ 46 8192 «0 eo anico 200 woo eo 1000 However, since close agreement in the limited zone of establishment is con sidered lese significant than evaluation of both sones (as in the two. sional ease) in terms of the same coefficient, the value Cs = 0.081 throughout. Thus, Eq. 28 is geen to take the specific form: te Dy” 8? which eorreaponds to the sloping line of Fig. 15. This is simply the limiting form of the general relationship for 1, of Eq. 28, which accordingly becomes 4 79-335, logis 5 = 0.79 ~ 985... (48) and is plotted in Fig. 17, together with measured date. Despite considerable experimental seater due to the great range of the independent variables,658 supstencen sets the points will bo soon to follow the probability curve with good approxima- tion. Fig. 18 gives the graphical solution of the continuity equation for v, supplemented by experimental results obtained through multiplying the ~ measured vector magnitudes by the sines of the corresponding angles of inclination, As in the two-dimensional ease, the data follow the trend of the x T, T be all : oh oo ee oa aS atts aus es Sh oD one tit ie 7 } oa | ‘ro. 6—-Duramonow op Lonarooutt, Vmocery Zone oF ‘Eerunstacreee Or Pose he Oks ‘theoretical curve, but the values computed from the velocity messurements are at least torice as great as those of the plotted function (see also curve (6), Fig. 8). It is evidently impossible to discover whether or not they finally approach the hyperbolic curve corresponding to the following specie form of Eq. 81 for the radial velocity of entrainment: init 8 = — 00408, imit 2 = (49) Introduction of the experimentally determined coefficients in Eqs. 20 and 22 for the volume-flux and energy-fux ratios in the zone of fow establishment—_$ $a scmurnoxp sors 059 ives . . Ba 14 00s0:2 + 00108 gy a and . = 1 = 0.000 §. + o.0038 2s oo) Similar evaluation of Eqs. 30 and 2 for the zone of established flow yields a (52). sd =e = (68) O30 T T aw TTT TLIC “TT Lik ; fe ee eee i * AH A INE os :) 2 me 3 i 60 i i | Lik LL vueot SE toot ia 1-—Dierumoron or Loxaroaoe Vasacry 2 Zone oF Prensa Rana Ege, 50, 51, 52, and 58 are plotted in Fig. 19, together with points representing, the corresponding intograls of measured velocity-distribution curves for typical runs in which + was the only independent variable,660 supMEROED JET8 Except for the fact that the development leading to Eq. 35 must be revised according to the distinction between the cubic element of the two-dimensional case and the cylindrical element of the three-dimensional case, evaluation of | ~ the approximate characteristics of the turbulence proceeds in essentially the same manner. Solution of the corresponding differential equations results in the functions for 7, V7), f, and ¢ plotted in Fig. 20 in dimensionless form + together with the function for #, for purposes of orientation, Inasmuch as the Teak 7 = oat 2 4 6810 © 40 608 ce curves differ from those of Fig. 14 only in minor details, the same comments are again applicable. . Generalization of the Mean Flow Pattern.—Although the results of the eom- * bined snalytieal and experimental investigation presented in the foregoing ‘must be considered as approximate rather than as rigorous, the series of specific * equations and plotted curves are nevertheless sufficiently closo to actual fact, to be used with confidence in general problems of design. ‘The equations or diagrams themselves indicate no limit of applicability. In faet, no systematic deviation from the reapeetive functions was noted with change insusMERGED Jers 661 ‘or velocity seale, Two probable limits of applicability ehould therefore he mentioned, At grest distances from the efflux section—however accurately ‘the mensured curves may be extrapolated— Ye) 600 +++ (60) Evaluation of the momontum-flux ratio in the zone of established flow of the two-dimensional jet shows that [anne r00 ay 05 Balm (61) ‘Thus, 2 : (62) ‘which shows directly thet the maximum velocity varies inversely as the square root of the distance from the orifice in the aone of established flow. ‘The threeHOLDHUSEN ON SUBMERGED JET5 667 remaining ratios are likewise determined as a. ae (63a) (698) and (63) In the zone of establishment of the eitoular jet, evaluation of the momentum- flux ratio will define the inner boundary of the diffusion zone as an ellipsoid of revolution, as was the case ia the paper. This indicates that Eq. 54 is not satisfied, and consequently no analysis of the flow characteristies will be made here for this zone. As will be shown, theoretical considerations indicate that similarity of velocity distributions should not be expected in this zone. Tn the zone of established flow of the three-dimonsional (circular) jet, evaluation of the momentum-Sux ratio will yield f (ans)? H(0) dy 2 ey =“ Ero ~ Sis ‘Thus, (64) ‘which shows dizectly that the maximum velocity varies inversely as the distance from the orifice. In the discussion concerning the circular jet, the following, designations will be used: ¥a= fra = [rape (65) = [rome in which, as before, the integrals have a constant dimensionless value for a given value of f(a). The three remaining ratios are then determined as Bn EI eet BLD | ey BW 2 V8 0a +++ (600) Limit Limit Sy, pce (862)668 HOLDHUSEN ON SUBMERGED IETS ‘The same functional relationships as derived by the authors have been derived without the necessity of assuming any specific distribution of velocity in the diffusion region. ‘The only limitation imposed on this velocity distribu- tion thus far is that the defined integrals exist. One is thus free to ehoose one of the calculated theoretical distributions, the sources of which have been noted in the paper, and, by a simple graphical integration, the constants in the equa- tion can be determined. ‘The authors’ use of the normal error curve ean be justified on the basis of its providing convenient arithmetic determination of the constants in the final equations. However, in view of the simplivity of making the graphical integrations highly accurate, one is permitted to use an snalytically derived form of the velocity distribution, which will allow the extension of the theory to boundary conditions other than those assumed in the present derivation, Also, the use of the error curve has the inheront weaknesses of specifying that the turbulence generated by the mixing extends to infinity, and of indicating a rather erratic variation in the mixing length (Figs. 14 and 20). ‘This ist dis- crepancy was pointed out by H. Reichardt" when he first postulated the use of the error curve to define the velocity distribution, ‘The weiter has evaluated the constants in Eqs. 55 to 66 using the velocity distribution that has boon derived on the basis of the momentuin transfer theory, assuming that the mixing length is constant over any eross section. ‘The constanta were evaluated for this distribution (Fig, 22) beeause, in general, Ty aaa oe L | — 2 ° | oo, 2.—Vavocee Dieracrion my Zone oF Dirrouion ay Mosse Taaseren Tisone it seems to follow experimentally determined distributions as well as, or better than, any other of the analytically determined curves. Tn addition, this dis- tribution is such that there exists a finite breadth outside which there is no a aeee ties Fe "oy He Reichard, Feu or onsale ae: matt ed ade Basen WOU ype BaP SeHOLDHUSEN ON SUBMERGED ETS 689 velocity in the z-direction, thus simplifying the evaluation of the integrals. ‘The velocity distribution was analyzed eompletely by W. Tollmien with the exception of the determination of a single numerical constant in each ease which determined the ratio between the mixing longth and the distance z. This constant was aseertsined by Mr. Tollmien in two eases from rather meager experimental data. Howover, the excellent data presented by the authors an be used to determine these constants, and the values of Ym, Yq and Ys fhave been determined from the values of z/By = 5.2 and 14/Ds = 6.2 for the two-dimensional and three-dimensional cases, respectively. In Mr. Tollmein's paper," it was pointed out that the distance z should not be measured from the plane of the orifice but rather from a plane about two diameters distant from the orifice in order that the profiles in the zone of established flow may be identical when plotted dimensionlessly. However, at large values of z the values of » would be practically identical for either definition so that it was assumed that 7 = y/z. The curves f(n) were first drawn to a convenient seale of 7 and graphieally integrated. "The correct scale for » was then deter- sined from Eqs. 57 and 64, and the corresponding values of Y, and Y, com- puted. In Table 1, the general form of the equations are listed with their numerieal values computed from the velocity distributions plotted in Fig. 22, tnd from the formula: fo) set. en --(67) in which, to simplify typography, J Es -Teyr +++ 1(68) Eq. 67 is obtained if it is assumed that the velocity distribution follows the normal error eurve. Tt will be noticed that the differences between the two sete of equations (Cols. 3 and 4, Table 1) are not large and might well fall within normal experimental error. ‘To the writer, one of the most interesting aspects of free turbulence is the ‘experimental verification, in a wide variety of problems, of the second assump- tion. However, it has been shown analytically by A. M. Keuthe’ that the assumption is not valid in the sone of flow establishment of the circular jet. (Me. Keuthe's excellent paper is s complete, but rather mathematically in- volved, theory concerning the zone of establishment of the circular jet.) It can be proved that at the edge of the orifice, the velocity distribution must be the same as that in the zone of establishment of a two-dimensional jet. From this distribution, there must be a gradual transition to the distribution of ‘velocity in the zone of established flow from the orifice (Fig. 22). The equation of the mean motion in the eircular jet Bue oe ae 2 +o, = -(69a) ‘The let side of Eq. 604 expresses the acceleration and the right side is the force per unit mass, At z= 0 and y = 1, designating the radius of the orifice as unity, the equation reduces to the equation of the mean motion in the two-TABLE 1—Comranisow oF Fonuctas tone ati Gener form | wor ouree | Meme —— aan eo| rs oT oe tbh: Yo STP ” Soro % Sr = mr 2 seseefemmciee)| | & a x i Ye S08 tn ® Soin Fe | ow : Aion |e eee ca oa vn -000 9 7 & ong | omg z at 2s E : aa * Sonne s ones ” So iin co 00684 % Sore 2 ora 870Grmxt oN SUPAERGED 3E78 on dimensional j es _ 19 ay pay If the same mechaniam of tusbulont shear exists in both cass, the distribution velocity te both the eicular and two-dimensional jets must be the same at {he point where mixing begins. ‘This argument also seems valid intuitively Tee Pet this point the breadth ofthe mixing region is infinitely small compared ithe tadius of curvature of the orifice. ‘The experimental data presented in ig 10 also bear out this argument. Close examination ofthe plotted points il show that there is a definite tendency for the distribution to vary with wie “Paints for smaller values of2/D, have ales fat distribution and indeed Thtoty closely the authors’ equation for velocity distribution in the zone of eiablishmeut of the two-dimensional jot whereas those points for larger values sreyDe ase approsehing tho curve for the rone of established flow of the circular fet. “The foal forms of the equations presented ia Tuble 1 are dependent on the values deterined for 24/By und t4/Do and as auch should be used with some botction in an application where the distribution of velocity at the slot or ceteo ie not uniforin. A distebution of velocity in an orifice corresponding to CThoimal turbulent profile might cause » very signiieant shortening of the fencth ee ‘Since the formulas forthe sone of established fow from an orifice tare linearly dependent on 20/Dz, a change of 10% in ze would cause an equal: Shange in the discharge-Qux ratio. ‘The variation in the constants with difer- Gar inlet velocity distribution could be quite easily determined from measure- saesevot velocity along the centerline ofthe et using the principles as derived. Farther eaperimenta along this line would be of value ia determining the im- portance of this factor. an 024 (60%) ‘Dorzo Cyrmun.—This research constitutes a remarkable experimental contribution to the knowledge of the diffusion process of both two-dimensional fand three-dimensional jets from slots and orifices. Especially important is the fact that the devised equipment enabled the authors to make observations at cross sections at considerable distances from the efflux seetion, where the values of the velocity and kinetic energy of the Suid are only a small fraction of the {nitial values. In a strict sense, the simple laws relating to variations of the Tongitudinal velocity component, the volume flux, and the energy ux can be applied only to the flow from infinitely smal slots and orifices. ‘The measure nents reported by the authors, however, seem to indicate the possibility that the laws can be extended to jets having e finite initial section. At least, the ‘larity between the two eases is reached asymptotically with increasing dis- tance from the effux section, because, in the region of the jets near the finite initial section (extending somewhat beyond the region which the authors call of flow establishment”), the ow is certainly governed by more complicated laws. ‘Tho analytical presentation of the experimental results is interesting as an yproach to the problem by synthesis. As the authors acknowledge, their Kat Ft ot Ryda, Tat Train da Paice, Mla, Tal672 crTRnst ON SUBMERGED JETS conclusions must be considered to be only approximations, although in the writer's opinion they are reliable for practieal purposes. They are based on substantially empirieal hypotheses, as, for example, the assumed distribution of the longitudinal component of the velocity, according to the Gauss normal probability curve. H. Reichardt, who first proposed itin 1041, tries to justify this distribution by an assumed anslogy between the diffusion of jets and the diffusion of molecular agitation connected with heat transmission in solids, ‘which is governed by laws that ean be expressed through curves of the Gaussian type. Mr. Reichardt shows inductively that, as e consequence of the assumed distribution of the mean longitudinal component of velocity #, the turbulent shearing stress can be expressed (in terms of the mean elements of the flow) by the following formula for circular jets (for two-dimensional jets a similar formula can be established): ta-0 |» +e]. which A is linear dimension proportional to z. Tt does not seem easy how- ever to justify such an expression theoretically. ‘W. Tollmien finds a different distribution of ¢, by deduction from the well- known expression for ? given by L. Prandtl, and also on the assumption that the turbulent mixing length 1 is a linear function of 2 only. ‘The authors call attention to the fact that to make one or another assumption about the de- tailed characteristies of the turbulent flow pattern does not greatly affect the distribution of the mean velocity; and thisis true for most turbulence problems, particularly for the one under discussion. ‘This conclusion is also reached by later studies, such as those of H. Gértler,? or those of G. Morettis* Mt Gortler proposes 2 theory of the two-dimensional jet based on the hypothesis that the so-called kinematic eddy viseosity «is constant on every eross section; and Mr. Moretti bases similar theories on diferent assumptions. On the other hand, even if all the velocity distributions proposed by the aforementioned investigations, and the distribution devised according to the normal probability curve, are equally useful for supplying an approximate interpretation of the experimental results, the fact cannot be disregarded that there exist between them some remarkable differences. Its enough to remember in this connection that, ifthe two curves (that by Mr. Tollmien and that of normal probability) identified with the same volume flux are compared for a circular jet, the first ives rise to a kineti nergy flax which is only 87% of that given by thesecond.!? Concerning the comparison of the different curves, itis interesting to con- sider the respective values ofthe Coriolis ooefiiont a—that is, the values ofthe ratio between the kinetic energy flax of the fow having a velocity distribution according to one of these curves, and that of an ideal flow having the same volume flux and eross section, but with a uniform velocity distribution. In Fig. 28 three curves are compared, with regard to a three-dimensional jet: The ola, ech Por oxgwonde Math (70) reo en hulen ar fen Twas Grand ae evn Noro,” by H ada dl una woe ta atloosto et carp d aldo quate by Bala Chal, L'a nated se asta doin "by Dadi Ch, ercaTmixt oN sumMeRORD JETS 673 ‘Tollmien curve, the normal-probability curve, end an experimental curve ob- tained by the writer*®* aa an avernge of nineteen measurements of mean veloo~ ity distribution, ‘The latter observations wore made on nineteen cross sections of six different water jets, flowing from the same orifice into still water, with ‘ifferent values of efflux velocity. For the first two curves the abscissn scale, ‘at first, is indeterminate, as it depends (according to the theory of jets issuing from an infinitely small source) upon a constant, which must be established by ‘experiment. This indeterminacy has been eliminated in Fig. 23 by the require- iment that the three curves raust meet at the place (abscissa r ~ 71.) where the velocity is reduced to half the axial velocity. ‘The values of the Coriolis ‘coefficient « have been calculated for the three eurves, taking into account, for ‘each one, only the part of the eross section covered by the experimental curv ‘This was done for the two theoretieal curves, in an attempt to exclude the ex- ternal region of the flow, which would have caused a great increase in the section area (infinite for the Gauss curve), whereas its eect on the volume flux fand on the kinetie energy flux would have been negligible. ‘The following. values of a wore obtained ‘Pollmien. 28 Normal probability. 364 Experimental 35 ‘This comparicon demonstrates that the normal-probability eurve is a good ‘empirical representation of the velocity distribution in the diffusion sone of jet ‘The results presented in the paper lead to the same conclusion. Naturally thi does not apply to the external region of the diffusion zone, where the velocity values really decrease rather quickly toward zero. It is the writer's opinion tat this circumstance is responsible for the appreciable diserepancy between the experimental values of the volume flux plotted in Fig. 19 and the curve repre- senting Eq. 52, which was obtained by the analytical integration of the Gauss curve. As to the kinetic energy flux, the agreement is rather good because that actor depends on the third power of the velocity, eo that the external region contributes very litle to it ‘The following series of numerical values, defining the writer’s experimental curve plotted in Fig, 28, i in good agreemont with the results of his tests cote eee ee 0.9865 Co.sso “ozs7 "10625, ‘0'500 No.387 0.284 0.191 0.108 Togs. SE SRE TSE eae RT eat we ao na "eNope tree pa dito 8 uaa vena Hava aw sampo quo fm quiet® by Dio coin, HE OH =ort ‘crTRIN ON SUBMERGED JET Itis the writer’s opinion (although lack of necessary numerical data prevents a direct comparison) that this curve also provides very good interpretation of tests presented in the paper. As to the expansion of the diffusion zone and the law of decrease of the axial velocity (the variations of the volume flux and energy flux being e direet conse- quence of it), the analysis of the authors seems to have been guided by a eriterion of practical convenience, rather than by theoretical exigence. Even accepting for the entire sone of established flow the hypotheses that define a diffusion along a dihedron or a cone (respectively, for the twa types of jets studied), there does not seem to be any predictable reason why the edge of the dihedron or the vertex of the cone should lie in the efflux section. Possibly, this appreciable disorepancy between the analytical function and the experimental values (shown by Figs. 11 and 17) is due also to such an assumption, wheress each ‘group of tests could be interpreted more logically by a more suitable Gauss function, correlated to a more suitable law of expansion of the diffusion zone. In order to compare the writer’s tests on three-dimensional jets, it must be noted that the Gauss function yields fag = LTB. (7a) ‘The value, Cz = 0.081, given by the authors for the empirical eoeffcient that enters their theory, corresponds therefore to the expansion law: 0.0954 2... fe s (710) On the other hand, for the region farthest downstream in the writer’s tests, the law O12 ~021Ds. te se) has been found most suitable. ‘This law does not differ greatly from the previous law (Eq. 712), but it places the vertex of the diffusion eone somewhat. farther than the distance 2 D, downstream from the efflux section, Upstream from this region (that is, for approximately x < 15 Dy) and also for the entire region which the authors term “flow establishment,” the waiter has found thet ‘he real expansion process is much more exactly represented by a law of para- bolic type—that is: Undoubtedly the Towa experiments lead to much greater values of z than the writer's experiments. This is due partly to the difficulty of measuring low velocities in the water, and partly to the limited dimensions of the stilling basin used by the writer in his tests. In this connection, itis the writer's opinion (dif fering somewhat from the authors’ view) that, if the downstream region has « sreater theoretical meaning, owing to its greater conformity with the assump- tions of the theory, the upstream region, which has higher values of velocity and ceneray flux, is far more interesting for practical purposes. This is the reason ‘that the writer has not derived a law of decrease ofthe axial velocity of the type of Bq. 47 (which undoubtedly isin much closer agreement with the theoretical Spt = 055 + (os st 20, whereas the velocity profiles are similar for 2/D, > 8. Making use of the foregoing assuraption and the shear profile of Wig. 27, the theoretical curve (Gimilar to the ourve in Fig. 20) plottod in Fig. 28 wes obtained, In order to va is tse bp.6st STREIPF ON SUBMERGED JETS agree with the experimental points, v, would have to be about four times v's ‘Thus the assumption of perfect corzelation does not svem valid sinee measure- ments" of these quantities have not borne out this proportionality. Problems requiring © detailed examination of eubmerged jets have con- fronted the civil engineer only recently. For many years a rough approxima- tion of the characteristics of jets was suficient for design purposes; but in recent ‘times the design of stilling basins for large dams has necessitated a detailed study of the properties of jets. This has been accomplished mainly by hy- raulie models, as has the eompanion problem of the seour caused by high- velocity flows, .Itshould be noted that the latter is simply a study of the effects ‘of submerged jets on sediment. Since a reasonable and workable design of structure is possible only when the engineer is intimately acquainted with the phenomena involved, this paper should greatly assist the designer of the afore- ‘mentioned types of structure. In the usual ease, the Reynolds number is of the same order as those in the experimental investigations reported by the authors, so that the designer is free of a further assumption. ‘Thus, it is the writer's opinion that this simple, direct analysis of submerged jets should be of great assistance to engineers in the future. ‘Acknowledyment—The investigations reported herein were conducted at the Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research under the auspices of the Bureau of Ships and the Offico of Naval Research of the United States Navy, and the ‘Department of Mechanics and Hydraulies of the State University of Towa. Annauan Srauire,* M. ASCE.—Submerged jets of water are of practical importance because of their use in underwater spilling through dams and powerhouses, For this reason large-scale tests were made at the Croton Dam. ‘on the Muskegon River in Michigan in 1915. Based on the results of these tests, the Mio, Alcona, Hodenpyl, and Hardy dams on the Ausable and Mus- kkegon rivers in Michigan have been provided with underwater spilling tubes. ‘The northern part of the southern peninsula of Michigan is covered with glacial rift, which causes fairly uniform runoff conditions. The application of spill- way tubes through the powerhouse therefore enabled a reduction in cost by entirely or partly eliminating an overflow spillway. ‘Considering that the tests reportod in this paper were made on a very small scale and with air, itis not surprising to find that tests with water jets, having » ‘velocity of 45 ft per see issuing from nozzles from 12 in, to 204 in. in diameter and discharging with the top 17 in. under the water surface, would give results ‘wholly different from the authors’ findings. Instead of the Reynolds number surface, thus calling in the influence of gravity.2™** ‘The pattern of flow resulting was wholly different from that reported in ‘the paper. The jet diffusion shown in Fig. 1 (rectilinear diffusion under s constant angle) was completely absent. Instead, a flow pattern appeared LATRY BSG Ree Vo Nye ia ha ie ae ydedpas”by eae sey Gabe Pra, Canin, Eagan, 8, 02686 STRELYP ON SUBMERGED 207s which was quite similar to the well-known streamline pattern into » Borda mouthpiece: ua etercosy, (830) vaytersing.. (888) and This is shown plainly in Fig. 29(a), which shows discharge (no baflle) from & 12in, nozzle, with the gate fully opened. ‘The water-surface elevation was 93.2; the elevation of the top of the nozzle, 91.8. The effect of the wind in producing ripples away from the nozzle is ra, 90 ‘Tho conclusion that “All results are considered applicable for design purposes to the flow of any liguid * * *” (under the heading, Conclusions") is not confirmed. The small scale, the use of sir instead of water with the resulting scale effect, and the absence of a free surface contribute to the eom= plete dissimilarity of the results. ‘The large-scale tests were made by siphoning a 30-in. steel penstock over an earth dam adjoining the powerhouse of the Croton Dam. The nozales varied in diameter from 12 in, to 20} in. and operated under » gross head of 40{ft. This is shown in Figs 20(8) and 20(c). The elevation of the nozzle was such that tho jet became submerged about 1 ft because of the rise in tailwater after the units in the powerhouse were opened wide.HENRY ON sUBWERGED INTs 687 The theory proposed by the authors following previous investigatoré such as W, Tollmien! Hl. Reichardt, P. Ruden,* assumes (under the heading, “Statement of the Problem”) that “* * * tha sole effective foree [of the jel was the tangential shear.” ‘The large-scale tests with water on Croton Dam led to opposite conclusions. There is so much kinetic energy in the jet that the tangential shear around ite circumference is minimal in comparison. The writer concluded that the decelerating force isthe reaction and equal to twice the head. ‘This assumption was in satisfnctory agreement with the test result, ‘The kinetic eneray is finally consumed by the tangential shear in the resulting turbulence. ‘The submerged jet and the hydraulic jump are the same; with rising tail water the jump is nally converted into the submerged jet. ‘The theory of the jump does not consider at all the sole decelerating force of the tangentis shear (under the heading, “Statement of the Problem”), whereas in appearance the turbulence of the jump is grester than that of the submerged jet. Test results show that in both cases the deceleration occurs at sbout the same distance. It will bo necessary to bring both theories into satisfactory agres- ment with each other, inasmuch as the only difference between the two phe- nomens is the elevation of the tailwater. Fig. 80 shows a 12-in, jet issuing at a velocity of 45 ft per sec at a depth of 12 Jn, under the water surface, looking down on the surface. ‘This surface was entirely unperturbed, the jet “drilling” hole through the surrounding water. Sitting in a rowboat, the bottom of which was only a few inches over the jet (Fig. 29(@)), the writer could not notice any evidence betraying the close proximity of a submerged jet issuing at 45 ft per sec. ‘The turbine discharge, shown in Fig. 29(@), as smooth water upstream from, the jet, lows at right angles over the jet as if it were a solid log lying in the water.” Tho jet acts like a weir, under and over which the turbine discharge flows at right angles. There was not the slightest indication of a straight-line diffusion cone in accordance with the theory propounded in the peper. On the contrary, the spreading is curvilinear and quite repid, in accordance with deceleration by the reaction force; the jet suddenly breaks through and spreads in all directions following approximately the pattern of the Borda mouthpiece. The authors’ dimensionless graphs, therefore, are not in agreement with these tests ‘These large-seale experiments were used in the design of apron protection for four hydroelectric plants which were placed on soil foundations. ‘The largest one, the Hardy Dam, operates under a head of 100 ft and has been in operation since 1938. ‘The submerged jets discharge under the hydraucone plate of the turbine unite, Hanon R. Hexny Jon. ASCE.—Tho value of thia paper lies not only in the specific results obtained, but in the method of attack, which may be applied with modification if nocossary to submorged jota of a diffrent nature ‘and application. For instance, one of the specific exazaples referred to by the asuthors,eflux from a submerged sluice gate is cited for comparison. The ‘te, Gv, Rag, Dept, Georg Tn of Tocnsogr, Attn, Gu,688 HENRY ON SUBMERGED JETS upper limit of submergence of a sluice gate (that is, infinite vertical extent of tailwater) may be represented by substituting a boundary for the plane of symmetry of the completely submerged two-dimensional jet shown in Figs. 1 and 2i, whereas the lower limit is represented by a free hydraulic jump forming on this boundary downstream from the efflux section, By far the majority of eases involving flow under & sluice gate occur nearer the limiting case of the free jump: Fig. 81 represents, schematically, a typical intermediate condition, © Fo S1-Sauusasie Rermeamrranos or Fiow roo 4 SomusnoeD Suvice Gar ‘The authors’ investigation serves to indicate the flow pattern for conditions approaching the upper limit. On the other hand, at Tower degrees of sub- mergence, the proximity of the free surface cannot be ignored. ‘The new effects introduced are: (a) A definite gravitational effect as is evidenced by the depression of the surface indicated in Fig. 3l, and whieh may be considered in the analysis by the inclusion of a Froude number; snd () the limiting of the fluid downstream from the efilux section to a finite vertical extent which ealle for a variable desoribing the relative depth of the tailwater. ‘The foregoing varias ny bo Fa = xf aod fin which B in ho beght of ante Le BNGB opening (= By/2); tis the tailwater depth; @ is the mean flow per unit width ‘or gate opening; and g is the accoleration of gravity. Hence, when modified to apply to two-dimensional flow from a submerged sluice gate, the formula for relative velocity at any point in the flow (Eq. 1) would take the form: os in which Vz = 9/B, the mean velocity at the gate.mEyny ON SuRMHERGED JETS 689 Eq. 84 and the reasoning leading to this equation indicate that an orderly method to determine experimentally the effect of proximity of the free surface trould be to investigate the flow phenomena with systematic variation of Fx and {/B, ‘The writer has condueted a series of tests to examine the mean flow pattern and the intensity of turbulence (v, the root-mean-square of the velocity fluctuation) for the three eanditions holding Fp = 2—namely, t/B = 3.35, 4, fand 8. The results are presented in Figs. 32, 38, and 34. ‘The first value of 1/B was necessary for the formation of a free jump at the vena contracta; the ‘other values were chosen to indicate the effects of incressed submergence. | gaa) y Hines ei ‘ra, 82—Prcenenn ron Dung Jona; Fa = 20% Fy 360% 1/8 = 385; 8 SEBPE, Petal haa We Tht Ibis enlightening to consider the effect of submergence from the standpoint of the discharge characteristics of the gate. Simultaneous consideration of Pa and the headwater depth, A, leads to the expression: - he = ta (32) sien in which Cy = o/VZGR may be treated as a discharge coficent. ‘Thus, MMhonever Fp appears any functional exprssion, as Eq, 84 it may be re- Tneoi by Cr er /B. Hence, the variation of Cy and A/B at various dgrees UEtmsbmergence should bo noted, A densionless expression for the exper mmental determination of this variation is a r— ‘The discharge characteristics of a sharp-edged sluice gate, as determined experimentally by the writer, aro shown as the solid eurves in Fig. 35. The e eurves, Hines of constant Fx, were computed according to Eq. 85, 2hey, N690 HENRY ON SUBaERGED JETS Ya, $8.—Prrrenen v08 (/B = 4; Fa 20; 4/8 = 7.98; ano Ce = 0501 (4 isin nena tance ates ot 4 Bee 26 26 26 aad eas Pio, 4—Parrense von = 8; Fy = 20; R/B = 13; ax0 Ce = 0391HBNRY ON SUBMERGED Jers oat ‘The three solid points represent values at which the patterns of mean flow ‘and turbulence were investigated, and sorve to indicate clearly the change in dogreo of submergence. ‘The experimentel.trend of the curves, C vorsus h/B, in Fig. 85 was verified by an approximate theoretical approach, utilizing the authors’ assumption of | ater of scveatocs 07 4 Sonusnase Sister Gare 7 ia. 35-—Daomanae hydrostatic pressure distribution throughout the flow plus the assumptions (eee Fig. 81): No energy loss between sections 1 and 2; uniform velocity dis- tribution at seotions 1 and 3; and, at the vena contracta (section 2), zero velocity in the roller and uniform velocity in the jet. The energy relation ‘between sections 1 and 2 and the momentum relation between sections 2 and 3 allow the following equations to he written: Cr= KC. 7 \ r) and ) in which K = Values of Ca692 HENRY ON SUDMERGED JETS given by the resulting forms of Eq. 87 for 1/B = 5 and for free discharge (essuming C, = 0.6) are plotted in Fig. 35 a8 the dotted eurves. The dashed curve represents the results of applying, for ¢/B = 5, the commer, formula: 7 Coat feces 9) srhich is really the limiting form of fg. 87 asthe depression inthe water surface Geereases and f approaches ¢ ‘The writer's data were obtained inthe laboratory of the Towa Tastitue of Hydraulle Restarch (Stato University of Tomo, Towa City), by using «sharp edged sluice gate in Lt fume which received water from 8 eonslont-hend tank. Velocities were dterminod ty pitt tues ofthe Prantl and lineal type, the Inter beng ustd in rgioas of inclined flow, ‘The Autiatios in ‘locity doe to turbulence were determined by a torbalene pitat™ (capable Of indeating only the longitudinal somponent), especialy constructed atthe Towa Insitute for such measoroments in water, The rests of investigating fhe internal flow phenomena are shown in Figs: 32,38, and ‘Th baie data ‘of these diagrams are the surface pros, the velocity distbation, ad the distributions of the intensity of turbulence, AN other date are computed from them. An eompared to Figs, 1 and 21 Vig. 32,38, and 94 indente vid the effect ofthe proxiaity of the fro surface ‘Asa direst result of limiting the vertieal extent of the Mud, three basic changes occur inthe flow phenomena: c (1) ‘The discharge or volume fux past successive sections perpendicular to the jet, instead of increasing continually according to Figs. 42 and 44, must be constant and equal to the discharge at the gate—that is, Sine a in which d is the depth at any section; (2) As a direct consequence of item (1), fluid undergoing the induced motion because of the accelerative action of the jet must be replenished by a return flow both at and near tho surface, forming what is-termed the “soller”; and (3) The vertical expansion of the jet does not continue indefinitely but is limited by the intersection of the uppermost streamline of the jet with the free surface. Inasmuch as the free surface is a line of constant pressure, this intersection must be at right angles, necessitating a curvilinear pattern of jot diffusion instead of the linear pattern indicated in Figs. 1 and 21. ‘The “pominal boundary of the jet,” as indicated by the authors, corresponds closely to the lines of zoro horizontal velocity in Fige. 88, 84, and 35. =1 (90) ‘The depression and unevenness of the surface, due to the gravitational effect, make invalid the regsdning leading to Bq. 6. Rather they lead to th in Bish, of Sopa Esnainentl Notodn of Meanaing Ty by BG. itubbned and J. S Norton, "rept, prepared. “ows fant of Hyde esa Fe Tat SPRL see a Na PR eeeBNAY ON SUBMERGED JnTs 693 constancy of the sui of pressure forces on any vertical section and the flux of the longitudinal component of momentum at the same section. Again, fusing the authors’ assumption of hydrostatic pressure distribution (which is the only one of the three original assumptions that could reasonably apply to flow conditions with finite tailwater depth) and letting Mf represent the in- dicated sum, the following relation may be written: pate [may Mo Mm tye Fea a in which 7 is the specific weight of water. The subscript ¢ in Eq. 91 applies ‘to uniform tailwater conditions. "Actual values of the ratios presented in Kags. 90 and 91 have beon computed from the experimental data and appear above the mean flow patterns. The constant value of unity is indioated; the variations are no doubt due in part to air entrainment and to accelerative forces the roller. With the complex flow pattern exhibited downstream from a submerged sluice gute, one could not expect relations in the nature of Eqs. 43 and 45 to Tepresent energy fiux at any section. Instead, the writer has shown variation in total head, HZ, plotted above the mean flow patterns, computed from the experimental data as follows: cee) Heath a (92) Here the authors? assumption of hydrostatic pressure distribution is again utilized. ‘At any section the energy lost to the mean flow, as referred to the enerxy at the efflux section, is the sum of the kinetic energy of turbulence and the ‘nergy expended as heat over the preceding distance. ‘This is the relation indicated by the authors (under the heading, “Statement of the Problem’”)— 4 + * the kinetio energy of the oncoming flow steadily [is] * * * con, ‘verted into Kinetio energy of turbulence, and the latter steadily * * * [decays] through viscous shear.” ‘This may be expressed in the equation: Hy = He + He... oo (08) in which Hz is the energy lost to the mean flow; Hr is the kinetic energy of turbulence; and Hy is the energy already expended as heat, This relation is represented schematically in Fig, 31. ‘The actual values of Hr were computed from the experimental data by the following equation: Lo, @ _ 39° dy. : oe (A) r= In Bq, 94 the assumption of equal turbulence components in the theo eoordi- inate direstions has been made. The values of Hr 90 computed were too small694 AUBERTSON-DAIJENSEN-ROUSE ON SUBMERGED Je7S to allow satisfactory representation as indicated in Fig. 31, but necessitated ‘an expanded scale as plotted in Figs. 82, 33, and 34, The discovery that the ‘eneray of the turbulence, which is involved in so great a dissipation of the mean flow energy, is on the order of only 1% as great as the total energy lost was one of the most interesting results of the writer's experiments. To allow it ant vivid coup, ~ 2 (hte at wich egy lt to th men fon) wa ad gpl at lp th ttl had lin td pote on he su etefoncnnes fe Declan of Hr this rate represents essentially the rate that energy is converted into bat” I tml a te ae nats antes ee th fw, = Land shld aia marinus ele te ene Sie th rad mo ay ef dternsing he ae, uh aan nn be'aadn, “Te robin of eney dpton duet orale al sae cae wiel aa ie ccoey af sone sea ocean ori nate ee The wile ht eflued that the method of experimental auch ae sop inh npr gat cin neignag yp a ete jet. It only behooves the investigator to recognize such factors as the dissimi- larities resulting from boundary conditions, and to modify the approach stneepmen—Thindcunion ihe on «the by he eter axd bac ft dt or te meadow pegs os Pee bone 1/B = 8 were obtained from a thesis by H. K. Liu. M. 1. Aunenson,* Jux. ASCE, ¥. B. Dar, R. A, Janses," ano Howron Rovse," M. ASCE—Among the six published discussions may be found essentially all the features that make such discussion worthwhile: Alternative ‘methods of analysis, which either simplify or shed farther light upon the problem; corroborative as well as supplementary experimental data; applica. tion of the general method to different boundary conditions; and—although in itself hardly contributory—the inevitable question as to the usefulness of the results. Since, as was indicated by the references cited, the investigation of sub- ‘merged jets was by no means originated by the writers, perhaps a rephrasing of the objective of the paper is in order. ‘The manuscript was prepared in an effort to present to hydraulic engineers, ina simplified yet systematic manner, the essential mean fiow characteristics of jet diffusion. ‘The probability fune. tion, which represented the simplest analytic approximation to the writers’ A Sady of Flog roms Sahel So Gala by Hanald By Heary, thle petal in the ing tir 7 foe a Toe il Tawa Webcury 1600 a pase Aadays Berle to the ‘he Be of eR 2 se ur oon Samed Sle at oy ihe nt ae Searee of Maser of Beimce,” “7 ao Sesuenes ' Auwrinta Pr, Civ: Bag, Dept, Colorado Agr and Mosh. Colles, Fert Cling, Cao. ‘ Asoc Prot, National Hasas Un, Chmnetb, Hanan, China ‘ Research Hagr, Foes Die, Hate Nasi ast, Cau, Oi ™ Diet, ews iro Hye, Rear, Sate Uni Tors Tows Ci, Towna [suBERISON-DALSENSEN-ROUSE ON SUBMBRGED JETS 605 plotted data, was introduced for the sske of mathematical convenience. 1" Plotieiee weve the results-particularly with regard to details of the zone of we abighment and of the derived turbulence functions—stated to be exacts 7 Bite precision in such details was purpoeely sacrificed to eniphasize the primary similarity of tho over-all picture. Ta only one reapoct do the waiters fear that their objective was far from ‘achieved. In the effort to familiarize the hydraulic engineer with the basic Sgpocts of jet diffusion, insufficient emphasis appears to have been placed on wre fast that the actual form of the flow pattern must be expeeted to vary tee dderably with the boundary geometry. ‘The limiting caso of the infinite Guid was chowen to illustrate the principles involved, and, hence, direot applica- Aa rhe results oblained requires that the boundaries in question be approxi Hetaly comparable. On the other hand, although a pronounced departure rears the assumed conditions~as represented, for example, by e pipe expausion ‘rom grey requires further experimental test, the fact remains that essentially ‘the same general method of analysis will apply. ‘Mancre’ Holdhusen and Corrsin rightly contend that the writers’ specie gasemption ofthe Gaussian probability function is not essential to the develop. arent provided, one must note, that some known relationship for the velocity ‘utsibution is at hand. Whether this relationship is a mean curve drawn airsah plotted data, or an algebraic approximation thereof, obviously makes thule ference. Surely the experimental plots would have sufficed had no imple relationship been available, just as a simpler mathematical relations\p Sroviding a ail better approximation would have been even more desirabiey The probability curve is commonly used in turbulence investigetions, however, ind e simpler and closer approximation to the data presented is unknown to tne Sflers Furthermore, the point must be emphasized that the experimental tee Mar of the writers’ data was due in considerable measure to their fully foneralized method of plotting; that is, all measured velocities for each sone aeitear wore included in a single composite plot in terms of the independent Quantities Za, and x rather than in the more favorable (and customa's) part thee ratio to the dopendent variable tax. The latter type of plots ‘Praented by Mr. Baines in Fig. 24, shows beyond doubt that the Goussian Fanotion is in itself « very closo approximation to actuality. Ni Holdbusen’s more general method of analysis and his tabulation of reaulis from soveral alternative methods aro very helpful, provided that the TRepreacion is not received thet the momentum analysis leads any closer tonal imPrerical values than the others. His plotted curves, like those of Mr. Gtr, permit a farther overall comparison of the various fonctions. | Mr Citrine investigation of the Coriolis coefficient ie an interesting sidelight on » the problem; however, such an evaluntion would appear more pertinent 40 the Jase of jet difusion in a bounded fluid, since only then is the mean velocity ‘a significant parameter. Str Gorrcin’s alternative analysis of the diffusion mechanism is not only beautifully concise, but also discloses in Eq. 76 s very fundamental expression othe rate at which energy is transferred from the mean flaw to the turbulence Sie Comin rightly contends that the assumption of dynamic similarity of605 AUBERTSON-DATTENSEN-ROUSE ON SUDMERGED JET the velocity profiles is notin itself suficient reason for the linear spread of the eb since the inherent constaney of the momentum flux is also requisite to this condition, This reveals @ misstatement in the lines following Eq- 8 Which should be revised to read: “but the eonstaney of the momentum fue together with the similarity of the velocity profiles at successive vections will pe found to require that: o/2 = C (Eq. 9). ‘That is, the jet will spread st a qinear rate defined by the constant C.”” With regard to the great diecrepaney between the values of the Interal components determined from continuity equirements and fom the angulsrity measurements, the writers are disapy. Pointed that neither Mr. Corrsin nor the other discussers suggested possible explanations. Sinve the writers themselves eould find uo further elue, the matter unfortunately remains unelarified Very essential contributions are made by Mr. Baines in his evaluation of the Reynolds-number effect and in his measurements of the intensity of ture bulent shear and the turbulence itself. Although measurements of the latter {ypes have been published elsewhere, those included in his discussion represeat 8 supplementary phase of the original experimental project. As far as the writers know, investigation of the extent to which the Reynolds number enters the problem had not previously been made, and the influence of fluctes, tions in the oncoming flow had not been determined. ‘These factors, without doubt, have been the cause of many diserepancies in experimental data The probability that the channel boundaries had some influence on Mr. Gitrini’s experimental indications at considerable distances from the effluy section is mentioned in his discussion, and for several other reasons be presses greater interest in the intermediate region. As a matter of fact, it this very factor of relative boundary effect which determines the limit of svplicability of the results presented in the paper. If the fluid body into Which a jet issues is large in all directions, the results will apply over 2 con, siderable distance; if the fuid body is limited in extent, the region of safe spolication will also be limited proportionately. Since the region of approxi, mate applicability and the surrounding region of boundary iniluenee maybe censidered roughly of the same order, itis obvious that a boundary spacing hich is not many times the dimension of the eflux section will ually reduce {the zone in which the boundary effect is negligible to the immediate vicinity of the issuing jet, ‘The type of jet which Mr. Streiff claims bears little resemblance to that investigated by the writers seems to be a typical ease of mixed boundary geometry. On the one hand, the efflux section lies only a few diameters frow, 4 longitudinal boundary (the free surface), whieh of necessity changes the local difusion and entrainment pattern. On the other hand, the jet appears to be directed against an opposite wall whieh is not sufficiently distant for the re, sulting deflection and return flow to be negligible. Nevertheless, the waiters anuot agree that Mr. Strif's observations indicate a complete desimilaity between the two eases, since he appears to have made no observations in ike more nearly comparable regions—that is, id the relatively unconfined zone below the jet. Mr. Strif's initial thesis that « small air jet in air and a lange jet underAMBERTSON-DALJENSEN-ROUSE ON SUBMERGED JETS 697 water are inherently different is a contention of the type that has been dis- proved regularly in fluids research. ‘The only known limits of similarity, for comparable fixed boundaries and Reynolds’ numbers, are those of sonic effects in air and cavitation effects in water. Tis beliof that it is the Froude number, rather than the Reynolds number, which governs the flow pattern in water is correct only in s0 far as the wave action in the vicinity of an outlet near or at the surface is concerned—and even then the wave pattern and the flow pattern must not be confused. There is, moreover, no physical basis for the statement: “Thro is s0 much kinetic energy in the [water] jet that the tan- ‘gential shear around its cireumference is minimal in comparison”—unless Mr. Streff mistakenly presumes that the shear in question is that of purely laminar ow. In any type of turbulent diffusion the turbulent shear plays the dominant internal role (G00 Mr. Corrsin’s Eqs. 78 to 76) and it is only when integrated beyond the zone of diffusion (as in the writers’ analysis or in the customary momentum relationship for the hydraulic jump) that the ehear terims become replaced by external characteristics upon which they depend. What Mr. Streiff means by “reaction” is not clear. ‘As shown by Mr. Henry's correct analysis of the diffusion below a partly submenged sluice gate, the fully submerged jet and the free hydraulic jump are (Mr, Streif’s implication to the contrary) by no means identical, repre- senting as they do the two distinct limits of « continuous change in boundary geometry. A theory auch as that proposed by Mr. Streif for the submerged jet as a hydraulic jump eannot be brought “into satisfactory agreement” with the writers’ analysis, since the limiting ease of expansion from one depth to another depth tunder gravitational action is similar to that of the jet submerged in an infinite fluid only to the extont that both involve turbulent shear and both are subject to the same basie principles of continuity, momentum, and energy transformation. ‘Mz. Henry's illustration of the mothods whereby these principles may be applied to boundary conditions other than those discussed hy the writers is most gratifying. His contribution formed, in fact, still another phaso of the al project, which is at the time of writing being extended to the case of abrupt conduit expansions as well” Although, because of instrumental limitations, Mr. Henry's measurements of turbulence must be regarded as ‘qualitative father than quantitative, they nevertheless show the correct order fof magnitude and as such represent the frat published data known to the writers for the conditions in question. ‘That the kinetic energy of the tur- bbulence is amall in comparison with the energy theroby dissipated is in full accord with measurements made in other studies of turbulent diffusion.» F Gangs of Mor Herana Tap aey Abe De a, 6 Resi tac Wie Usk a ‘hua Bitte egrets fer thn ders o Boro of Pi ‘Gate a Krone Yo Poteau a Few Bajos” by A, Kalla Fanning