3

(Proven reserved)

3,708
150
1,239
126
600
350
5,529

60,600
114,500
76,400
0

5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000

()
Source : BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2012


Reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios (Years)

Source : BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2012


Vietnam

15.0

Thailand

13.9

Taiwan

41.6

South Korea

79.4

Philippines

8.3

Malaysia

15.0

Japan

117.7

Indonesia

44.0

India
China

295.6
1839.4

Australia

49.8
0.0

100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
Coal consumption (Million tonnes oil equivalent)

Source : BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2012

500.0

Source: Japan Coal Energy Center (JCOAL), 2004

(, )

(Low rank coal)

(Lignite)

17%

47%

(Subbituminous)

(Hard coal)

52%
(Bituminous)

30%

(Thermal coal)

53%

(Anthracite)

(Coking coal)

60 %
:

16,800 kJ/kg
>
75%

60
71%
2.05.0%
23,000
kJ/kg
30-38%
1520%

7177 %

0.1-1.5%

29,300 kJ/kg
2430%
1-12%

7787 %
0.1
1.5

32,500 kJ/kg

8-15%

1-10%

8798%

0.1-1.0

36,250 kJ/kg
5-8%
0.510%

11


(Clean coal technologies)

12

13

(Reduce emission)
(Reduce waste)
(Increase energy
production)

14

15

Bottom ash
Steam coal

Fly ash
(Boiler) Slag
(FGD sludge)

Coking coal

(SOx, NOx)

16


1
2
3
4
5

17

http://www.energyboom.com/coal/10-reasons-clean-coal-offensive
http://teeic.anl.gov/er/coal/restech/tech/index.cfm

18

19


(Physical Cleaning)

(Pyritic Sulfur)
(Chemical Cleaning)

(Molten Caustic Leaching)
(Biological Cleaning)

20

 (Coal washing)

21


(Upgrading Brown Coal, UBC)

(Low-rank coal)

http://www.kobelco.co.jp/english/about_kobelco/csr/environment/2009/1182273_12555.html

22


(Upgrading Brown Coal, UBC)
1)
/

2)
/

3)
(Briquetting)

23


(Coal water mixture technology)

24


(Coal water mixture technology)

25

26

/

(IPP)
(SPP)

 ??
1
2
3
4
5

http://www.transport.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/60805/EV-fact-sheet-SECONDARY-renewable-energy-and-EVs.pdf

http://www.afriboilers.co.za/


(Pulverized Fuel Combustion, PFC)

(Coal pulverizer)

33

 (Fluidized
Bed Combustion, FBC)

34

 ()
(Fluidized Bed Combustion, FBC)

(Bed)

http://www.brighthubengineering.com/power-plants/26547-how-does-a-circulating-fluidized-bed-boiler-work/

35

36


(Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle, IGCC)

37


(IGCC)
(Coal Gasification)
(Gas Fired Combined Cycle Plant)




(Gas turbine)

38

 IGCC
: IGCC
20

: IGCC
IGCC
: IGCC
IGCC
(Desulfurization)

39

4
(PostCombustion Technology)

(SOx)
(NOx)
(Dust and Particulate matter)
()

41

2513

2523

2533

2543

2553

(EP)

(FGD)
Low NOx burner

(Scrubber)
SCR

(Bag filter)
Activated carbon injection (ACI)

(EP)

(FGD)
Low NOx burner

(Scrubber)
SCR

Activated carbon injection

(ACI)

>
(EP)

(EP)

(EP)

(FGD)
(FGD) Low NOx burner

(Scrubber)
Selective catalyst
reduction (SCR)


(SOx reduction)

Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD)

(Wet process)

(Dry process)

43

FDG -
(Wet limestone-gypsum process)

(Limestone)

(Gypsum,
CaSO4-2H2O)
CaCO3 + SO2 + 0.5H2O CaSO3-0.5H2O + CO2
CaSO3-0.5H2O + 0.5O2 + 1.5H2O CaSO4-2H2O

44

 flue gas desulfurization

45

FGD
(Dry limestone-gypsum process)

[Ca(OH)2]

46

 (NOx reduction)
(NOx)
2
LOW NOx burner
NOx
oSelective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)
o Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

47

Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR)

SNCR Reaction:
2NO + NH2CONH2 + O2 2N2 + CO2 + 2H2O
(Ammonia, NH3)

48

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

(Ammonia, NH3)

(
NO NO2)

(N2)

SCR Reactions:
4NO + 4NH3 + O2 4N2 + 6H2O
2NO2 + 4NH3 + O2 3N2 + 6H2O

49


SNCR Reaction:
2NO + NH2CONH2 + O2 2N2 + CO2 + 2H2O
SCR Reactions:
CATALYST
4NO + 4NH3 + O2 4N2 + 6H2O
CATALYST

2NO2 + 4NH3 + O2 CATALYST 3N2 + 6H2O

SNCR
SCR

/
/

NOX (%)
40-60
80 - 90

50


(Electrostatic Precipitator)

()

()

51

Fly ash
(85-95%)

Bottom ash
(5-15%)
http://www.jcoal.or.jp/coaltech_en/coalash/coalash_en.html

52

(Pulverized Coal Furnace)

(Fly ash) :
(Bottom ash) 9:1
< 25

(Fly ash)

(Silica, SiO2)
(Alumina, Al2O3) 70-80 %

(Bottom ash)

53

(Fly ash)
(Bottom ash)
(Boiler slag)
FGD
FGD
FGD
(FBC)

54

(Cement raw material)

(Cement mixture)

(Cement
admixture)

55

56


()

500
450
400

350

300
250

200
150
100

50

57

 (Greenhouse gases)

:

Carbon dioxide

CO2

GWP*
(100-year)
1

Methane

CH4

25

(CO2)

Nitrous oxide

N2O

298

(N2O)
(CH4) []
IPCC 2006

58

Source: ACIL Tasman report 2009

59

60

Supercritical technology
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
(IGCC)
(CCS)

61


(Carbon capture and storage, CCS)
/
/

CCS 3
1)
2)
3)

(Capture)
(Transportation)
(Storage)

62

Carbon capture and storage, CCS

63