2301113

107

k 1

dv

f (x ) =

1
x

L(x ) =

1
dt
t

L (x ) =

1
dx
x

1
x

Sn

f (x ) =

1
x

[a,b ]

0 <a <b

Sn = f (ti* )(x i x i 1 )

a = x 0 < x1 < x 2 < < xn 1 < xn

x i = ayi

ti* = asi*

=b,

x i 1 < ti* < x i

Sn = f (ti* )(x i x i 1 ) = f (asi* )(ayi ayi 1 )

=

1
1
a(yi yi 1 ) = * (yi yi 1 )
*
asi
si

= f (si* )(yi yi 1 )

1 = y 0 < y1 < y2 < < yn 1 < yn =

f (x ) =

1
x

b
a

yi 1 < si* < yi

[1, b ]
a

Sn

2301113

108

lim Sn =

1
dx
x

lim Sn =

b
a
1

1
b
dy = L( )
y
a

1
b
dx = L( )
x
a

(1) L(uv ) = L(u ) + L(v )
(2) L(u k ) = kL(u )

u, v

u k

L L
(natural logarithm) ln
6.1
x
ln(x ) =

1
dt
t

e
e =

ln(x )

ln(x )

ln(e) = 1

1
lim (1 + )n
n
n

e 2.718 ()

d ln(x )
dx

1
x

x > 0 x < 0
d ln(x )
dx

1
x

1
x

d ln | x |
dx

2301113

109

v dv = ln | v | +C
( )
[a,b ] v v = 0 ln | v |

6.1
1.

d
1
(ln(1 + x )) =
dx
1+x

d
1 d (1 + x 2 )
2x
2
=
(ln(1 + x )) =
2.
2
dx
dx
1+x
1 + x2
3.

4.

d
d 1
1 d
(ln 1 + x 2 ) =
( ln(1 + x 2 )) =
(ln(1 + x 2 ))
dx
dx 2
2 dx
1 2x
x
=
=
2 1 + x2
1 + x2
d
d 2
1
(ln(x 2 ln x )) = 2
(x ln x )
dx
x ln x dx
dx 2
d (ln x )

(ln x ) + x 2
dx
dx

1
2
1
2 1
= 2
2x ln x + x = +
x x x ln x
x ln x
=

1
2
x ln x

d
d
(ln(x 2 ln x )) =
(ln(x 2 ) + ln(ln x ))
dx
dx
2
1 dx
1 d
1
1 1
2
1
= 2
+
(ln x ) = 2 (2x ) +
( )= +
x x ln x
ln x dx
ln x x
x dx
x

f (x ) =

6.2
1

1.

2 + 3x dx = 3 2 + 3x d(2 + 3x ) = 3 ln 2 + 3x

2.

x 2 + 3 dx = x 2 + 3 d(x

2x

+C

+ 3) = ln(x 2 + 3) + C

2301113

110

6.3
1.

2.

1
dx =
4+x

4
1
d (4 + x ) = ln(4 + x )] = ln 8 ln 4 = ln 2
4+x
0

4
4
4x
1
dx = 2 2
d (x 2 + 9) = 2 ln(x 2 + 9)
0
0 x +9
x +9
2

= 2 ln 25 2 ln 9 = 2 ln(

25
)
9

ln
(0, +) (, +)
ln ln ln
(, +) (0, +)
6.2
ln (exponential function)
exp
exp(x ) = ln1(x ), < x < +

exp(ln(x )) = x ,

0 < x < +

ln(exp(x )) = x , < x < +

6.3
a x
a x = exp(x ln(a ))

6.3

1)

2) e x = exp(x ln(e)) = exp(x 1) = exp(x )

()

exp(x) e x

2301113

111

a1 = a
a x +y = a x a y
(a x )y = a xy

6.4
a, x a 1 a
(logarithm function) loga
loga x =

ln(x )
ln(a )

loge x =

ln(x ) ln(x )
=
= ln(x )
ln(e)
1

ln e e

()
loga (a ) = 1
loga (xy ) = loga (x ) + loga (y )
loga (x y ) = y loga (x )

log

exp(x ), a x

loga (x )

d exp(x )
dx

= exp(x )

da x
= a x ln(a )
dx
d loga (x )
dx

1
x ln(a )

de x
= ex
dx

2301113

112

x k k 6.3

x k k

d xk
dx

= kx k 1

6.4
1.

d 5x
d
(e ) = e 5x
(5x ) = 5e 5x
dx
dx

2.

2 d
2
d x2
(e ) = e x
(x 2 ) = e x (2x )
dx
dx

3.

d
(x
dx

4.

d x
d
(2 ) = 2x ln 2 (x ) = 2x ln 2
dx
dx

5.

2
2 d
2
2 d
d
d x 2
(xe x ) = e x
(x ) + x
(e ) = e x + xe x
(x 2 )
dx
dx
dx
dx

) = 2x

2 1

= e x + xe x (2x )
6.

d 2 x
d 2
d
(x 2 ) = 2x
(x ) + x 2 (2x ) = 2x (2x ) + x 2 2x ln 2
dx
dx
dx

d e x e x
1 d x
1
(
)=
(e ex ) = (e x + e x )
7.
dx
2
2 dx
2
1
1
d
d x
2 x
8.
(log2 (2x + x )) = x
(2 + x ) = x
(2 + x )ln 2 dx
(2 + x )ln 2
dx
2x ln 2 +

2301113

113

dc
=0
dx
dx
2)
=1
dx
dV k
dV
3)
= kV k 1
dx
dx

1)

deV
dV
4)
= eV
dx
dx
daV
dV
5)
= aV ln(a )
dx
dx
6)
7)

d ln(V )
dx

d loga (V )
dx

1 dV
V dx
=

1 dV
V ln(a ) dx

6.5

(2x + 1)2x
f (x ) =
(1 + x 2 )(1 + x )

(2x + 1)2x
ln f (x ) = ln
(1 + x 2 )(1 + x )
2

= ln 2x + 1 + ln(2x ) ln(1 + x 2 ) ln 1 + x

2
d
d
(ln f (x )) =
(ln 2x + 1 + ln(2x ) ln(1 + x 2 ) ln 1 + x )
dx
dx
d
d
d
d
=
(ln 2x + 1) + (x 2 ln 2) (ln(1 + x 2 )) (ln 1 + x )
dx
dx
dx
dx
1
2
2x
1
f (x ) =
+ 2x ln 2
2
f (x )
2x + 1
1+x
1+x

2301113

114

2
2x
1 (2x + 1)2x
f (x ) =
+ 2x ln 2

2x + 1
1 + x 2 1 + x (1 + x 2 )(1 + x )

6.6
()
1) f (x ) = ln(4 + x 2 )
x
2) f (x ) = x 2 2x + x
2
x
3) f (x ) = x
2

(5 + 3x )e x
4) f (x ) =
(1 + 2x )3 (1 + x 2 )
5) f (x ) = x 3 log(1 + x 2 )

dc = 0

1)

dV k = kV k 1dV

2)

4)

1
dV
V
deV = eV dV

5)

daV = aV ln(a )dV

3)

d ln(V ) =

6) d loga (V ) =

1
dV
V ln(a )

V k +1
+ C (k 1)
k +1
= ln | V | +C (k = 1)

1)

k
V dV =

2)

3)

V
a dV =

dV = eV + C
aV
+C
ln(a )

2301113

115

6.7
()

1)

(1 + 2x )

2)

(3 + 2x ) dx

3)

(2

dx

+ 1)2 dx

6.5
e x e x
2
x
e + e x
cosh(x ) =
2
sinh(x )
tanh(x ) =
cosh(x )
1
csch(x ) =
sinh(x )
1
sech(x ) =
cosh(x )
cosh(x )
ctnh(x ) =
sinh(x )

1) sinh(x ) =

(hyperbolic sine)

2)

(hyperbolic cosine)

3)
4)
5)
6)

(hyperbolic tangent)
(hyperbolic cosecant)
(hyperbolic secant)
(hyperbolic cotangent)

6.8 ()
1)

a ) sinh(x ) = sinh(x )
b) cosh2 (x ) sinh2 (x ) = 1
c)

2)

d sinh(V )
dx

= cosh(V )

a ) f (x ) = sinh(1 + x 2 )
b) f (x ) = e x sinh(x )

dV
dx

2301113

116

6.1

f (x )

1. f (x ) = ln(1 + 2x 2 )

2. f (x ) = e 2x

3. f (x ) = ln x 3

4. f (x ) = e 2x

5. f (x ) = ln x + x 2 + 2

6. f (x ) = 2x 2e x

7. f (x ) = ln( x (x + 1)3 )

8. f (x ) = 3e

9. f (x ) = ln(ln(x + 1))

10. f (x ) = x 2 + 2x + (2x )x

11. f (x ) = (ln x )2 x

12. f (x ) =

13. f (x ) = log2 (x 2 + 1)

14. f (x ) = xe x + log2(2x )

2e x + e 2x
3

15. f (x ) = ln(5x + xx )

e x + xe 2x
16. f (x ) = x
3 + x ln x

17. f (x ) = ln(x 2 ln(x 2 ))

18. f (x ) = (2x )(2x )

(x 1)(x 2)
19. f (x ) =
(x 3)(x 4)

20. f (x ) =

21. f (x ) = log 3 (

34 x
)
x3

23. f (x ) = x 2 ln x

(3x x 2 )e x
(1 + x )2 (ln x )

22. f (x ) = sinh(1 x )
24. f (x ) = cosh(x ) e 2x

117

2301113

6.2

2e

7x
dx
4

dx

2.

3. 3e 2x dx

4.

(x 1 + x + 2)dx

5.

(2

6.

xe

7.

8.

(2

9.

1.

11.

13.

15.

17.

19.

+ 3)2 dx

1
dx
4x 7
7x
dx
4

x2 + 2
dx
x 3 + 6x

ln2 x
dx
x

ln 2

2 x3

10.

12.

14.

e 2xdx

16.

xe x dx

18.

log5 x
dx
x

20.

dx

+ 3)2 dx

2x

(e 2x + 1)5 dx

log2 x 3
dx
x

1
2

e x dx

1
dx
x +2

ln(x + 2)
dx
x +2

e2

1
dx
x ln x