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57 - Some Applications of Distributed Flexible AC Transmission System (D-FACTS) Devices in Power Systems
57 - Some Applications of Distributed Flexible AC Transmission System (D-FACTS) Devices in Power Systems
AbstractDistributed Flexible AC Transmission System (DFACTS) devices offer many potential benefits to power system
operations. This paper examines the impact of installing DFACTS devices by studying the linear sensitivities of power
system quantities such as voltage magnitude, voltage angle, bus
power injections, line power flow, and real power losses with
respect to line impedance. Using these linear sensitivities,
nonlinear problems such as real power loss minimization and
voltage control may be solved; these applications are discussed in
this paper.
Index Termspower flow control, distributed flexible AC
transmission systems, linear sensitivity analysis
I. INTRODUCTION
resistance.
The idea of using a voltage source for reactive power
compensation comes from realizing what a series capacitor is
intended to accomplish. A series capacitor on a line is useful
because it produces the necessary voltage at the fundamental
frequency to cancel some of the inductive voltage drop across
the line causing the line to become electrically shorter. The
same effect is obtained by having an AC voltage source of the
fundamental frequency in quadrature with the line current;
consider the voltage drop across a capacitor:
Vc jI 1/ C jIX c
(1)
r
x
1
2 ij 2 j 2 ij 2
rij jxij
rij xij
rij xij
(2b)
(4a)
(4b)
(4c)
iH
Ploss = Pflow,ij
i j
(5a)
i 1 j 1
l
(3)
Ploss = I k Rk
(2d)
(5b)
k 1
dxij
Pflow,ij s( ,V ) xij
Gij xij
Bij xij
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Gij
xij
Bij
xij
2 rij xij
ij
2 xij 2
rij xij
2
xij 2
2 2
1
rij xij 2
2
(7a)
(7b)
dPloss
Ploss
dxij
Pflow,ij
Pflow,ij s( ,V ) Pflow,ij
xij
s( ,V ) xij
(8)
p
-1
V = J q
(9)
q = PII xij
p
x
ij
PII
q
xij
G
(12b)
B
B
Qi
Vi 2 ij Vi V j ij sin(i j ) ij cos(i j )
xij
ij
ij
ij
V = SI xij
s( ,V ) s( ,V ) f ( p ,q )
SI
J 1 PII
xij
f ( p ,q ) xij
(13)
(14)
P 1
PLPF loss
Pflow,ij
(15)
(10)
PFS flow,ij
s( ,V )
(11)
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(16)
Pflow,ij
j
Pflow, ji
j
Pflow,ij
V j
Pflow, ji
V j
2 V j G ji Vi G ji cos( j i ) B ji sin( j i )
involves choosing the best lines for placement given that only
(17a) a certain number of lines are available and then controlling the
devices on these lines to minimize losses. This section
addresses the specific problem of loss minimization, but the
(17b) general approach may be extended to other problems.
A. Relevance of Sensitivities to Optimization
The field of optimization is well established and is
(17c)
accompanied by rich theory [10], [11] which includes
comparison of different solution methods. The general form
(17d) of a problem in optimization is
minimize
The sensitivities of real power flows with respect to line
impedances xij are given by the Power Flow to Impedance
(PFI) matrix:
f ( x)
subject to x X n
(23)
chord drawn between two points on the function lies above the
Thus, an incremental change in real power flows with function and the set over which the function is defined is also
respect to changes in state and line impedance may now be convex. Then, the first order necessary condition alone is a
sufficient condition for a local minimum, and any local
expressed in terms of matrices PFS and PFI:
minimum is also a global minimum or a minimum over the
whole set.
(20)
P
=
PFS
PFI
theory introduced above and the linear sensitivities of the
previous section. For the situation where f(x) is the sum of the
Finally, the total power loss sensitivities (8) are calculated real power losses in a power system and the decision variables
from the other matrices and are given by the Power Loss to x are the inductive impedances xij of the transmission lines, the
Impedance (PLI) matrix:
gradient of f(x) with respect to x is given by PFI (20). If the
sensitivities in PFI are zero, the function is minimized and
(21) changing xij by a small amount will not change the system
PLI PLPF PFS SI PFI
losses, so the solution cannot be any better. Thus, linear
PFI flow,ij
xij
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minimize
f1 Pij
i j
i 1 j 1
subject to p 0
q 0
xij xij ,max
(24)
Solve Optimization:
Calculate sensitivities (PLI)
Get new impedance vector xij
Update Y matrix
Solve Power Flow:
Get new state s(,V)
Check stopping conditions
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Original
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
(5 best
lines)
Case 4
(5 worst
lines)
Payback
Period
N/A
4.62 years
8.53 years
14.14 years
(never)
SI
s( ,V )
xij
SI xij
SIV V
xij
(25)
minimize
f 2 Vi Vi , spec
i j
i 1
subject to p 0
q 0
xij xij ,max
(26)
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f 2 2 Vi Vi , spec SIV
i 1
(27)
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VIII. REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
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