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MTH 102A
Linear Algebra and Ordinary Dierential Equations

2015-16-II Semester
Arbind Kumar Lal
Indian Institute of Te hnology Kanpur
February 10, 2016

Arbind K Lal - I I T Kanpur
P. Linear Transformations
Let V, W be VS's over F.
Let V, W be VS's over F. A fun tion T : V W is a linear map/

transformation if

transformation if T (u + v ) = T (u ) + T (v ) for ea h u , v V,
F.

F. The lass of all linear transformations (LT) from V to W is
denoted by L(V, W).

denoted by L(V, W).
Dene T (v ) = 0 for all v V.

denoted by L(V, W).
Dene T (v ) = 0 for all v V. Then T is a LT from V to any W.

denoted by L(V, W).
Dene T (v ) = v for all v V.

denoted by L(V, W).
Dene T (v ) = v for all v V. Then T is a LT from V to V, alled
the identity map.

denoted by L(V, W).
Fix Amn .

denoted by L(V, W).
Fix Amn . For v Cn dene T (v ) = Av .

denoted by L(V, W).
Fix Amn . For v Cn dene T (v ) = Av . Then T L(Cn , Cm ).

denoted by L(V, W).
Let V = R[x] and T (p(x)) = p (x).

denoted by L(V, W).
Let V = R[x] and T (p(x)) = p (x). Then T L(V, V).

denoted by L(V, W).
For f V = C(R, R),

denoted by L(V, W).
For f V = C(R, R), dene F = T (f ) as F (a) =
Ra
0
f (t)dt .

denoted by L(V, W).
For f V = C(R, R), dene F = T (f ) as F (a) =

Ra
[T (sin t)](a) = 0 sin tdt = 1 os a.
Ra
0
f (t)dt . So

denoted by L(V, W).
For f V = C(R, R), dene F = T (f ) as F (a) = 0a f (t)dt . So

Ra
[T (sin t)](a) = 0 sin tdt = 1 os a. So T (sin t) = 1 os t .
R

denoted by L(V, W).

Ra
[T (sin t)](a) = 0 sin tdt = 1 os a. So T (sin t) = 1 os t . Also,
T (f + g )

denoted by L(V, W).

Ra
T (f + g ) =
Ra
0
(f + g )(t)dt

denoted by L(V, W).

Ra
T (f + g ) =
Ra
0
(f + g )(t)dt =
Ra
0
f (t)dt +
Ra
0
g (t)dt

denoted by L(V, W).

Ra
R
Ra
Ra
Ra
T (f + g ) = 0 (f + g )(t)dt = 0 f (t)dt + 0 g (t)dt =
T (f ) + T (g ).

denoted by L(V, W).

Ra
R
Ra
Ra
Ra
T (f ) + T (g ). So T L(V, V).

denoted by L(V, W).

Ra
R
Ra
Ra
Ra
T (f ) + T (g ). So T L(V, V).
Fix z Rn .

denoted by L(V, W).

Ra
R
Ra
Ra
Ra
T (f ) + T (g ). So T L(V, V).
Fix z Rn . For x Rn dene T (x ) = hx , z i.


denoted by L(V, W).

Ra
R
Ra
Ra
Ra
T (f ) + T (g ). So T L(V, V).
Fix z Rn . For x Rn dene T (x ) = hx , z i.Then T L(Rn , R).

Sometimes we write T v to mean T (v ).
For x R2 dene T (x ) =
x1 + x2
3x1
x1 + x2
3x1
. Then T L(R2 , R2 ).
h
h
x1 + x2
3x1
x1 x2
3x1
. Then T L(R2 , R2 ).
h
h
x1 + x2
3x1
x1 x2
3x1
. Then T L(R2 , R2 ).
. Then T is not a LT.
x1 + x2
3x1
x1 + 2
3x1
x1 x2
3x1
. Then T L(R2 , R2 ).

i
x1 + x2
3x1
x1 + 2
3x1
x1 x2
3x1
. Then T L(R2 , R2 ).

i
Let T L(V, W).
Let T L(V, W). Then T (0) = T (0 + 0) = T (0) + T (0).
Let T L(V, W). Then T (0) = T (0 + 0) = T (0) + T (0). So

T (0) =

Let T L(V, W). Then T (0) = T (0 + 0) = T (0) + T (0). So
T (0) = 0.
Let T L(R2 , R2 ) s.t. T (e 1 ) =
h i
1
1
, T (e 2 ) =
h i
1
3
Let T L(R2 , R2 ) s.t. T (e 1 ) =

h i
x
T y
h i
1
1
, T (e 2 ) =
h i
1
3
. So
Let T L(R2 , R2 ) s.t. T (e 1 ) =

h i
h i
h i
x
1
0
T y = xT 0 + yT 1
h i
1
1
, T (e 2 ) =
h i
1
3
. So
Let T L(R2 , R2 ) s.t. T (e 1 ) =
h i
1
1
, T (e 2 ) =
h i
h i
h i
h i
h i
x
1
0
1
1
T y = xT 0 + yT 1 = x 1 + y 3
h i
1
3
. So
Let T L(R2 , R2 ) s.t. T (e 1 ) =
h i
1
1
, T (e 2 ) =
h i
1
3
. So
h i
h i
h i
h i
h i h
i
x
1
0
1
1
x +y
T y = xT 0 + yT 1 = x 1 + y 3 = x + 3y .
Let T L(R2 , R2 ) s.t. T
h i
1
1
h i
1
3
, T (e 2 ) =
h i
3
1
h i
1
1
h i
1
3
, T (e 2 ) =
h i
3
1
. What is T
x
y
h i

We have T (e 1 ) = T
h i
h i
1
1
1
1
h i
1
3
h i
0
1
, T (e 2 ) =
h i
3
1
. What is T
x
y
h i

h i
h i
1
1
1
1
h i
1
3
h i
0
1
, T (e 2 ) =
=T
h i
h i
1
1
3
1
. What is T
h i
0
1
x
y
h i

h i
h i
1
1
1
1
h i
1
3
h i
0
1
, T (e 2 ) =
=T
h i
h i
1
1
3
1
. What is T
h i
0
1
x
y
h i
2
2

So T
h i
1
1
x
y = xT (e 1 ) + yT (e 2 )
h i
h i
1
3
, T (e 2 ) =
h i
3
1
. What is T
x
y
h i

So T
h i
1
1
h i
1
3
, T (e 2 ) =
x
2
y = xT (e 1 ) + yT (e 2 ) = x 2 + y
h i
h i
3
1
. What is T
h i
3
1
x
y
h i

So T
h i
1
1
h i
1
3
, T (e 2 ) =
x
2
y = xT (e 1 ) + yT (e 2 ) = x 2 + y
h i
h i
3
1
. What is T
h i
3
1
x
y
h i
2x + 3y
2x + y

So T
h i
1
1
h i
1
3
, T (e 2 ) =
x
2
y = xT (e 1 ) + yT (e 2 ) = x 2 + y
h i
Alternate: T
h
i h i
h i
3
1
. What is T
h i
3
1
x
y
h i
2x + 3y
2x + y

So T
h i
1
1
h i
1
3
, T (e 2 ) =
x
2
y = xT (e 1 ) + yT (e 2 ) = x 2 + y
h i
Alternate: T
h
i h i
h i
3
1
. What is T
h i
3
1
h i
h i
1
0
=T 1 + 1
x
y
h i
2x + 3y
2x + y

So T
h i
1
1
h i
1
3
, T (e 2 ) =
x
2
y = xT (e 1 ) + yT (e 2 ) = x 2 + y
h i
Alternate: T
h
i h i
h i
3
1
. What is T
h i
3
1
x
y
h i
2x + 3y
2x + y
h i
h i
h i
h i
1
0
1
0
= T 1 + 1 = T 1 + T 1

So T
1
1
h i
1
3
, T (e 2 ) =
x
2
y = xT (e 1 ) + yT (e 2 ) = x 2 + y
h i
Alternate: T
=
h i
h i
1
3
h
h i1
3
1
i h i
h i
3
1
. What is T
h i
3
1
x
y
h i
2x + 3y
2x + y
h i
h i
h i
h i
1
0
1
0
= T 1 + 1 = T 1 + T 1

So T
h i
1
1
h i
1
3
, T (e 2 ) =
x
2
y = xT (e 1 ) + yT (e 2 ) = x 2 + y
h i
=T
h i
h i1 1h i h i
1
3
1
3
= 3 + 1 = 3 1
Alternate: T
h
i h i
h i
1
1
h i
3
1
. What is T
h i
3
1
h i
0
1
2x + 3y
2x + y
= T
h i
1
1
x
y
h i
i
+ T
h i
0
1

So T
h i
1
1
h i
1
3
, T (e 2 ) =
x
2
y = xT (e 1 ) + yT (e 2 ) = x 2 + y
h i
h i
3
1
. What is T
h i
3
1
2x + 3y
2x + y
1
0
=T
+ 1 = T
h i
h i1 1h i h i h 1h i
h ii h i
1
3
1
3
1
0
= 3 + 1 = 3 1 = T 1 T 1
.
Alternate: T
h
i h i
h i
h i
h i
1
1
x
y
h i
i
+ T
h i
0
1

So T
h i
1
1
h i
1
3
, T (e 2 ) =
x
2
y = xT (e 1 ) + yT (e 2 ) = x 2 + y
h i
h i
3
1
. What is T
h i
3
1
2x + 3y
2x + y
1
0
=T
+ 1 = T
h i
h ii h i
1
3
1
3
1
0
= 3 + 1 = 3 1 = T 1 T 1
.
Alternate: T
So,
h
x
T y =T
h i
h
i h i
h i
i h
i1 h i
x
y
h i
h i
1
1
x
y
h i
i
+ T
h i
0
1

So T
h i
1
1
h i
1
3
, T (e 2 ) =
x
2
y = xT (e 1 ) + yT (e 2 ) = x 2 + y
h i
h i
3
1
h i
3
1
2x + 3y
2x + y
1
0
=T
+ 1 = T
h i
h ii h i
1
3
1
3
1
0
= 3 + 1 = 3 1 = T 1 T 1
.
Alternate: T
So,
h
x
T y =T
h i
h
i h i
h i
i h
i1 h i
x
y
h i
=
x
y
h i
. What is T
h i
i h
1
1
+ T
h i
0
1
i1 h i
x
y

So T
h i
1
1
h i
1
3
, T (e 2 ) =
x
2
y = xT (e 1 ) + yT (e 2 ) = x 2 + y
h i
h i
3
1
h i
3
1
2x + 3y
2x + y
1
0
=T
+ 1 = T
h i
h ii h i
1
3
1
3
1
0
= 3 + 1 = 3 1 = T 1 T 1
.
Alternate: T
So,
=
h
x
T y =T
h i
ih
i h i
h
h i
i h
x
2x + 3y
y =
2x + y
ih i
i1 h i
x
y
h i
=
x
y
h i
. What is T
h i
i h
1
1
+ T
h i
0
1
i1 h i
x
y
Let {v 1 , . . . , v n } be a basis of V and T L(V, W).
Let {v 1 , . . . , v n } be a basis of V and T L(V, W). Then T is

determined by {T v 1 , . . . , T v n }.

determined by {T v 1 , . . . , T v n }. If we know {T v 1 , . . . , T v n }, then
we know T v for all v V

P
P
we know T v for all v V as v = i v i T (v ) = i T (v i ).

P
P
Th. Let T L(V, W) and S V be lin.dep.

P
P
Th. Let T L(V, W) and S V be lin.dep. Then T (S) is lin.dep.

P
P

Pr. As S is lin.dep,

P
P

Pr. As S is lin.dep, there exist v 1 , , v k V, i 6= 0 s.t.

P
P

i v i = 0.

P
P

P
So i T v i
i v i = 0.

P
P

P
P
So i T v i = T ( i v i )
i v i = 0.

P
P

P
P
So i T v i = T ( i v i ) = T (0) = 0.
i v i = 0.

P
P
Pr. As S is lin.dep, there exist v 1 , , v k V, i 6= 0 s.t. i v i = 0.

P
P
So i T v i = T ( i v i ) = T (0) = 0. Hen e {T v 1 , , T v k } is
lin.dep.
P

P
P
Pr. As S is lin.dep, there exist v 1 , , v k V, i 6= 0 s.t. i v i = 0.

P
P
So i T v i = T ( i v i ) = T (0) = 0. Hen e {T v 1 , , T v k } is
lin.dep.
P
So T (S) is linearly independent S is linearly independent.
P. Linear Transformations- Kernel and Range
Let T L(V, W).
Let T L(V, W). Then

the kernel/null spa e of T is ker T = {v V|T v = 0}.
Let T L(V, W). Then

The range/image of T is rng T = {T v : v V}.
Let T L(V, W). Then

If dim V is nite, we dene
Let T L(V, W). Then

If dim V is nite, we dene rank T := dim rng T ;
Let T L(V, W). Then

nullity T := dim ker T .
Let T L(V, W). Then

Ex. Let T L(V, W).
Let T L(V, W). Then

Ex. Let T L(V, W). Is ker T a subspa e of V?
Let T L(V, W). Then

Ex. Let T L(V, W). Is ker T a subspa e of V? Is rng T a subspa e of

W?
Let T L(V, W). Then


W?
Let B be a basis for V and T L(V, W).
Let T L(V, W). Then


W?
Let B be a basis for V and T L(V, W). Then rng T = ls T (B). !!
Let T L(V, W). Then


W?

T is determined by {T v : v B}
Let T L(V, W). Then


W?

T is determined by {T v : v B}
An LT from V to V is also alled a linear operator on V.
P. Linear Transformations-Rank Nullity Theorem
Rank-Nullity : (not) again

Th. Let dim V = n and T L(V, W).

Th. Let dim V = n and T L(V, W). Then rank T + nullity T = n.

Pr. Note: dim null T n.

Pr. Note: dim null T n. Let B be a basis for null T .

Pr. Note: dim null T n. Let B be a basis for null T . Extend it to a
basis C of V.

basis C of V. So, ls{Tf |f C} = ls{Tf |f C \ B} = rng T .

Claim: {Tf |f C \ B} is lin.ind.

Let it be false.

Let it be false. Then, there exists f1 , , fk C \ B and 6= 0 s.t.

P
i Tfi = 0.

P
P
i Tfi = 0. So T
i fi = 0.

P
P
P
i Tfi = 0. So T
i fi = 0. So
i fi null T .

P
P
P
i Tfi = 0. So T
i fi = 0. So
i fi null T . So
P
P
i fi = j gj , where gj B .

P
P
P
i Tfi = 0. So T
i fi = 0. So
i fi null T . So
P
P
i fi = j gj , where gj B . Or equivalently,
P
P
i fi j gj = 0 for some i 6= 0.

P
P
P
i Tfi = 0. So T
i fi = 0. So
i fi null T . So
P
P
P
P
This means C is linearly dependent, a ontradi tion.

P
P
P
i Tfi = 0. So T
i fi = 0. So
i fi null T . So
P
P
P
P
So rank T + nullity T =

P
P
P
i Tfi = 0. So T
i fi = 0. So
i fi null T . So
P
P
P
P
So rank T + nullity T = C \ B + |B| =


P
P
P
i Tfi = 0. So T
i fi = 0. So
i fi null T . So
P
P
P
P
So rank T + nullity T = C \ B + |B| = |C| = n.

P. Algebra of linear transformations
Ex. Let U, V, W be VS's over F.
Ex. Let U, V, W be VS's over F. Let T L(U, V) and S L(V, W).

Dene omposition S T : U W as (S T )(x ) = S(T (x )).

Dene omposition S T : U W as (S T )(x ) = S(T (x )). Show
that S T is a linear transformation.

Let f : S T be any fun tion.

Let f : S T be any fun tion. A fun tion g : T S is a left inverse

of f if (g f )(x ) = x , for all x S ,


of f if (g f )(x ) = x , for all x S , that is, g f = I , the identity
fun tion on S .


fun tion on S . Right inverse is dened similarly.


fun tion on S . Right inverse is dened similarly. We all f invertible if
it has a right inverse and a left inverse.
P. Invertibility and Non-singularity
Ex. Let f : S T be invertible.
Ex. Let f : S T be invertible. Then any right inverse and any left
inverse are the same. !!
inverse are the same. !! The inverse fun tion is unique and is denoted
by f 1 .
by f 1 . Known: f is invertible i f is one-one and onto. !!
Let T L(V, W) be invertible.
Let T L(V, W) be invertible. Then T 1 L(W, V). !!
P. Invertibility and it's Impli ations
Th. Let T : V V be a linear transformation and dim V = n. TFAE. !!

a) T is one-one.

a) T is one-one.
b) T is onto.

a) T is one-one.
b) T is onto.
) null T = {0}.

a) T is one-one.
b) T is onto.
) null T = {0}.
d) T is invertible.

a) T is one-one.
b) T is onto.
) null T = {0}.
d) T is invertible.
Pr. Use Rank-Nullity Theorem.
P. Linear Transformations-Ordered basis
Is {v 1 = e 1 e 2 , v 2 = e 1 + e 2 } a basis of R2 ?
Is {v 1 = e 1 e 2 , v 2 = e 1 + e 2 } a basis of R2 ? Ans: Yes.
Write x =
h i
4
2
as lin. omb of v 1 , v 2 :
Write x =
h i
4
2
as lin. omb of v 1 , v 2 : Ans: x = v 1 + 3v 2 .
Write x =
ve tor:
h i
4
h i2
1
3
as lin. omb of v 1 , v 2 : Ans: x = v 1 + 3v 2 . Coe ient
Write x =
ve tor:
h i
4
h i2
1
3
Whi h x has oe ient ve tor
h i
1
2
Write x =
ve tor:
h i
4
h i2
1
3
h i
1
2
?x=
h i
3
1
Write x =
ve tor:
h i
4
h i2
1
3
h i
1
2
?x=
h i
3
1
as
h i
3
1
Write x =
ve tor:
h i
4
h i2
1
3

= (e 1 e 2 ) + 2(e 1 + e 2 ) =
h i
1
2
?x=
h i
3
1
as
h i
3
1
Write x =
ve tor:
h i
4
h i2
1
3
Whi h x has oe ient ve tor 12 ? x = 31

= (e 1 e 2 ) + 2(e 1 + e 2 ) = 1 v 1 + 2 v 2 .
h i
h i
as
h i
3
1
Write x =
ve tor:
h i
4
h i2
1
3

as 31
= (e 1 e 2 ) + 2(e 1 + e 2 ) = 1 v 1 + 2 v 2 . Here we use the i th
oe ient for the i th basis ve tor vi .
h i
h i
h i
Write x =
ve tor:
h i
4
h i2
1
3

as 31
oe ient for the i th basis ve tor vi . That is, {v 1 , v 2 } is ordered.
h i
h i
h i
Write x =
ve tor:
h i
4
h i2
1
3

as 31
h i
h i
h i
An ordered basis B in V is an `ordered set' of ve tors that form a basis

of V.
Write x =
ve tor:
h i
4
h i2
1
3

as 31
h i
h i
h i

of V. For nite dimension, it means
Write x =
ve tor:
h i
4
h i2
1
3

as 31
h i
h i
h i

of V. For nite dimension, it means alling them 1st basis ve tor, 2nd
basis ve tor, et .
Let dim V be nite, B be an ordered basis and x V.
Let dim V be nite, B be an ordered basis and x V. The oe ient

ve tor ( oordinate ve tor) of x w.r.t B is denoted by [x ]B .

In R2 , take B =
nh
i h io
nh i h io
1
1
1
,
,
C
=
, 1 .
1
1
1
1

In R2 , take B =
nh
i h io
nh i h io
1
1
1
,
,
C
=
, 1 . Let
1
1
1
1
x=
x1
2
x2 R .
h i

In R2 , take B =
Then [x ]B =
nh
i h io
nh i h io
1
1
1
,
,
C
=
, 1 . Let
1
1
1
1
x=
x1
2
x2 R .
h i

In R2 , take B =
Then [x ]B =
1
2
nh
i h io
nh i h io
1
1
1
,
,
C
=
, 1 . Let
1
1
1
1
x1 x2
x1 + x2
as
x=
x1
2
x2 R .
h i

In R2 , take B =
Then [x ]B =
1
2
nh
i h io
nh i h io
1
1
1
,
,
C
=
, 1 . Let
1
1
1
1
x1 x2
x1 + x2
as 21 (x 1 x 2 )
x=
+ 12 (x 1 + x 2 )
x1
2
x2 R .
h i
h i
1
1

In R2 , take B =
Then [x ]B =
1
2
nh
i h io
nh i h io
1
1
1
,
,
C
=
, 1 . Let
1
1
1
1
x1 x2
x1 + x2
as 21 (x 1 x 2 )
x=
+ 12 (x 1 + x 2 )
x1
2
x2 R .
h i
h i
1
1
h i
x
= x 12

In R2 , take B =
Then [x ]B =
and [x ]C =
1
2
nh
i h io
nh i h io
1
1
1
,
,
C
=
, 1 . Let
1
1
1
1
x1 x2
x1 + x2
as 21 (x 1 x 2 )
x=
+ 12 (x 1 + x 2 )
x1
2
x2 R .
h i
h i
1
1
h i
x
= x 12

In R2 , take B =
i h io
nh i h io
1
1
1
,
,
C
=
, 1 . Let
1
1
1
1
x1 x2
h x 1 + xi2
x +x
[x ]C = 12 x 11 x 22 .
Then [x ]B =
and
nh
1
2
as 21 (x 1 x 2 )
x=
+ 12 (x 1 + x 2 )
x1
2
x2 R .
h i
h i
1
1
h i
x
= x 12

In R2 , take B =
i h io
nh i h io
1
1
1
,
,
C
=
, 1 . Let
1
1
1
1
x1 x2
h x 1 + xi2
x +x
[x ]C = 12 x 11 x 22 .

Then [x ]B =
and
nh
1
1
1
2
[x ]B
as 21 (x 1 x 2 )
Note that
x=
+ 12 (x 1 + x 2 )
x1
2
x2 R .
h i
h i
1
1
h i
x
= x 12

In R2 , take B =
nh
i h io
nh i h io
1
1
1
,
,
C
=
, 1 . Let
1
1
1
1
x=
x1 x2
as 21 (x 1 x 2 ) 11 + 12 (x 1 + x 2 )
h x 1 + xi2
x2
and [x ]C = 12 xx 11 +
. Note that
x 2 h

i
1
1
1
1 1 x1 x2
[x ]B =
=x
1 1
1 1 2 x 1 + x 2
Then [x ]B =
1
2
x1
2
x2 R .
h i
h i
1
1
h i
x
= x 12

In R2 , take B =
nh
i h io
nh i h io
1
1
1
,
,
C
=
, 1 . Let
1
1
1
1
x=
x1 x2
as 21 (x 1 x 2 ) 11 + 12 (x 1 + x 2 )
h x 1 + xi2
x2
and [x ]C = 12 xx 11 +
. Note that
x 2 h

i
1
1
1
1 1 x1 x2
1
1
[x ]B =
= x and
[x ]C
1 1
1 1 2 x 1 + x 2
1
1
Then [x ]B =
1
2
x1
2
x2 R .
h i
h i
1
1
h i
x
= x 12

In R2 , take B =
nh
i h io
nh i h io
1
1
1
,
,
C
=
, 1 . Let
1
1
1
1
x=
x1
2
x2 R .
h i
x1 x2
as 21 (x 1 x 2 ) 11 + 12 (x 1 + x 2 ) 11 = xx 12
h x 1 + xi2
x2
and [x ]C = 12 xx 11 +
. Note that
x 2 h

i
1
1
1
1 1 x1 x2
1
1
[x ]B =
= x and
[x ]C = x .
1 1
1 1 2 x 1 + x 2
1
1
Then [x ]B =
1
2
h i
h i

In R2 , take B =
nh
i h io
nh i h io
1
1
1
,
,
C
=
, 1 . Let
1
1
1
1
x=
x1
2
x2 R .
h i
x1 x2
as 21 (x 1 x 2 ) 11 + 12 (x 1 + x 2 ) 11 = xx 12
h x 1 + xi2
x2
and [x ]C = 12 xx 11 +
. Note that
x 2 h

i
1
1
1
1 1 x1 x2
1
1
[x ]B =
= x and
[x ]C = x .
1 1
1 1 2 x 1 + x 2
1
1
Then [x ]B =
1
2
h i
h i
In general, let v Rn and B = {v 1 , . . . , v n } be an ordered basis of Rn

and

In R2 , take B =
nh
i h io
nh i h io
1
1
1
,
,
C
=
, 1 . Let
1
1
1
1
x=
x1
2
x2 R .
h i
x1 x2
as 21 (x 1 x 2 ) 11 + 12 (x 1 + x 2 ) 11 = xx 12
h x 1 + xi2
x2
and [x ]C = 12 xx 11 +
. Note that
x 2 h

i
1
1
1
1 1 x1 x2
1
1
[x ]B =
= x and
[x ]C = x .
1 1
1 1 2 x 1 + x 2
1
1
Then [x ]B =
1
2
h i
h i

and let B = [v 1 v n ].

In R2 , take B =
nh
i h io
nh i h io
1
1
1
,
,
C
=
, 1 . Let
1
1
1
1
x=
x1
2
x2 R .
h i
x1 x2
as 21 (x 1 x 2 ) 11 + 12 (x 1 + x 2 ) 11 = xx 12
h x 1 + xi2
x2
and [x ]C = 12 xx 11 +
. Note that
x 2 h

i
1
1
1
1 1 x1 x2
1
1
[x ]B =
= x and
[x ]C = x .
1 1
1 1 2 x 1 + x 2
1
1
Then [x ]B =
1
2
h i
h i

and let B = [v 1 v n ]. Then, by denition B[v ]B = v as

In R2 , take B =
nh
i h io
nh i h io
1
1
1
,
,
C
=
, 1 . Let
1
1
1
1
x=
x1
2
x2 R .
h i
x1 x2
as 21 (x 1 x 2 ) 11 + 12 (x 1 + x 2 ) 11 = xx 12
h x 1 + xi2
x2
and [x ]C = 12 xx 11 +
. Note that
x 2 h

i
1
1
1
1 1 x1 x2
1
1
[x ]B =
= x and
[x ]C = x .
1 1
1 1 2 x 1 + x 2
1
1
Then [x ]B =
1
2
h i
h i

v=
n
P
i =1
i v i

In R2 , take B =
nh
i h io
nh i h io
1
1
1
,
,
C
=
, 1 . Let
1
1
1
1
x=
x1
2
x2 R .
h i
x1 x2
as 21 (x 1 x 2 ) 11 + 12 (x 1 + x 2 ) 11 = xx 12
h x 1 + xi2
x2
and [x ]C = 12 xx 11 +
. Note that
x 2 h

i
1
1
1
1 1 x1 x2
1
1
[x ]B =
= x and
[x ]C = x .
1 1
1 1 2 x 1 + x 2
1
1
Then [x ]B =
1
2
h i
h i

v=
n
P
i =1
i v i
B ...

In R2 , take B =
nh
i h io
nh i h io
1
1
1
,
,
C
=
, 1 . Let
1
1
1
1
x=
x1
2
x2 R .
h i
x1 x2
as 21 (x 1 x 2 ) 11 + 12 (x 1 + x 2 ) 11 = xx 12
h x 1 + xi2
x2
and [x ]C = 12 xx 11 +
. Note that
x 2 h

i
1
1
1
1 1 x1 x2
1
1
[x ]B =
= x and
[x ]C = x .
1 1
1 1 2 x 1 + x 2
1
1
Then [x ]B =
1
2
h i
h i

v=
n
P
i =1
i v i
B ... =
n
P
i =1
i v i

In R2 , take B =
nh
i h io
nh i h io
1
1
1
,
,
C
=
, 1 . Let
1
1
1
1
x=
x1
2
x2 R .
h i
x1 x2
as 21 (x 1 x 2 ) 11 + 12 (x 1 + x 2 ) 11 = xx 12
h x 1 + xi2
x2
and [x ]C = 12 xx 11 +
. Note that
x 2 h

i
1
1
1
1 1 x1 x2
1
1
[x ]B =
= x and
[x ]C = x .
1 1
1 1 2 x 1 + x 2
1
1
Then [x ]B =
1
2
h i
h i

v=
n
P
i =1
i v i
B ... =
n
P
i =1
i v i = v .

In R2 , take B =
nh
i h io
nh i h io
1
1
1
,
,
C
=
, 1 . Let
1
1
1
1
x=
x1
2
x2 R .
h i
x1 x2
as 21 (x 1 x 2 ) 11 + 12 (x 1 + x 2 ) 11 = xx 12
h x 1 + xi2
x2
and [x ]C = 12 xx 11 +
. Note that
x 2 h

i
1
1
1
1 1 x1 x2
1
1
[x ]B =
= x and
[x ]C = x .
1 1
1 1 2 x 1 + x 2
1
1
Then [x ]B =
1
2
h i
h i

v=
n
P
i =1
i v i
matrix [B
B ... =
n
v]
n
P
i =1
i v i = v . Note, we use the augmented
to get the entries of [v ]B .
P. Linear Transformations-Matrix-[v ]B
= B 1 v
We saw that if v Rn , B = {v 1 , . . . , v n } is an ordered basis of Rn

then B[v ]B = v , where B = [v 1 v n ] (this is alled the basis
matrix).
= B 1 v

matrix).
Further, B is invertible and
= B 1 v

matrix).
Further, B is invertible and hen e [v ]B = B 1v .
P. Matrix of the Linear Transformation
Let B = {v 1 , . . . , v n } be an ordered basis of V.
Let B = {v 1 , . . . , v n } be an ordered basis of V. Let

C = {w 1 , . . . , w m } be an ordered basis of W and T L(V, W).

Then, T (v ) = T (
n
P
i =1
i v i )

Then, T (v ) = T (
n
P
i =1
i v i ) =
n
P
i =1
i T (v i )


Then, T (v ) = T (
n
P
i =1
i v i ) =
n
P
i =1
i T (v i ) = [T (v 1 ) T (v n )]
.
.
.


Then, T (v ) = T (
n
P
i =1
i v i ) =
n
P
i =1
i T (v i ) = [T (v 1 ) T (v n )]
So, if A is a matrix s.t. A[v ]B = [T v ]C for ea h v V.
.
.
.


Then, T (v ) = T (
n
P
i =1
i v i ) =
n
P
i =1
i T (v i ) = [T (v 1 ) T (v n )]
.
.
.
So, if A is a matrix s.t. A[v ]B = [T v ]C for ea h v V. Then `in

some sense' A takes v to T v .


Then, T (v ) = T (
n
P
i =1
i v i ) =
n
P
i =1
i T (v i ) = [T (v 1 ) T (v n )]
.
.
.

some sense' A takes v to T v . So we all A a oordinate matrix of T .


Then, T (v ) = T (
n
P
i =1
i v i ) =
n
P
i =1
i T (v i ) = [T (v 1 ) T (v n )]
.
.
.

Note: A(:, i ) = Ae i =


Then, T (v ) = T (
n
P
i =1
i v i ) =
n
P
i =1
i T (v i ) = [T (v 1 ) T (v n )]
.
.
.

Note: A(:, i ) = Ae i = A[v i ]B


Then, T (v ) = T (
n
P
i =1
i v i ) =
n
P
i =1
i T (v i ) = [T (v 1 ) T (v n )]
.
.
.

Note: A(:, i ) = Ae i = A[v i ]B = [T v i ]C , by denition.


Then, T (v ) = T (
n
P
i =1
i v i ) =
n
P
i =1
i T (v i ) = [T (v 1 ) T (v n )]
.
.
.

Note: A(:, i ) = Ae i = A[v i ]B = [T v i ]C , by denition. So A is unique.


Then, T (v ) = T (
n
P
i =1
i v i ) =
n
P
i =1
i T (v i ) = [T (v 1 ) T (v n )]
.
.
.

We denote the oordinate matrix of T by T [B, C]


Then, T (v ) = T (
n
P
i =1
i v i ) =
n
P
i =1
i T (v i ) = [T (v 1 ) T (v n )]
.
.
.

We denote the oordinate matrix of T by T [B, C] or simply by [T ].


Then, T (v ) = T (
n
P
i =1
i v i ) =
n
P
i =1
i T (v i ) = [T (v 1 ) T (v n )]
.
.
.

When there is no mention of basis, we take the standard basis.


Then, T (v ) = T (
n
P
i =1
i v i ) =
n
P
i =1
i T (v i ) = [T (v 1 ) T (v n )]
.
.
.


T [B, C] =


Then, T (v ) = T (
n
P
i =1
i v i ) =
n
P
i =1
i T (v i ) = [T (v 1 ) T (v n )]
.
.
.


T [B, C] = [[T (v 1 )]C [T (v i )]C [T (v n )]C ] .
P. Matrix of Linear Transformation
Example. Take T
x1
x1 + x2
x2 = x1 x2
h i
on R2 .
Example. Take T
x1
x1 + x2
x2 = x1 x2
h i
a) Then [T ] = [[Te1 ]
[Te2 ]] =
on R2 .
i
Example. Take T
x1
x1 + x2
x2 = x1 x2
h i
a) Then [T ] = [[Te1 ]
[Te2 ]] =
on R2 .
i
b) On the image spa e take the ordered basis C =
nh i h io
1
1
, 1 .
0
Example. Take T
x1
x1 + x2
x2 = x1 x2
h i
a) Then [T ] = [[Te1 ]
[Te2 ]] =
on R2 .
i

Then [T ] = [[Te1 ]C
[Te2 ]C ]
nh i h io
1
1
, 1 .
0
Example. Take T
x1
x1 + x2
x2 = x1 x2
h i
a) Then [T ] = [[Te1 ]
[Te2 ]] =
on R2 .
i

Then
[T ] = [[Te1 ]C
[Te2 ]C ] =
hh i
1
1
i i
nh i h io
1
1
, 1 .
0
Example. Take T
x1
x1 + x2
x2 = x1 x2
h i
a) Then [T ] = [[Te1 ]
[Te2 ]] =
on R2 .
i
.
nh i h io
1
1
, 1 .
0
h
i

Then
[T ] = [[Te1 ]C
[Te2 ]C ] =
hh i
1
1
i i
Example. Take T
x1
x1 + x2
x2 = x1 x2
h i
a) Then [T ] = [[Te1 ]
[Te2 ]] =
on R2 .
i
.
nh i h io
1
1
, 1 .
0
h
i

Then
[T ] = [[Te1 ]C
) In b) take B =
nh
[Te2 ]C ] =
hh i
1
1
i i
i h io
1
3
, 1 as the ordered basis of domain.
1
Example. Take T
x1
x1 + x2
x2 = x1 x2
h i
a) Then [T ] = [[Te1 ]
[Te2 ]] =
on R2 .
i
.
nh i h io
1
1
, 1 .
0
h
i

Then
[T ] = [[Te1 ]C
) In b) take B =
Then [T ] =
hh i
1
1
i i
i h io
1
3
, 1 as the ordered basis of domain.
1
ii
h h ii i
nh
hh h
T
[Te2 ]C ] =
3
1
Example. Take T
x1
x1 + x2
x2 = x1 x2
h i
a) Then [T ] = [[Te1 ]
[Te2 ]] =
on R2 .
i
.
nh i h io
1
1
, 1 .
0
h
i

Then
[T ] = [[Te1 ]C
[Te2 ]C ] =
hh i
1
1
i i
i h io
) In b) take B = 11 , 31 as the ordered basis of domain.
hh h ii h h ii i hh i h i i
3
0
4
T 1
Then [T ] = T 11
= 2
2
nh
Example. Take T
x1
x1 + x2
x2 = x1 x2
h i
a) Then [T ] = [[Te1 ]
[Te2 ]] =
on R2 .
i
.
nh i h io
1
1
, 1 .
0
h
i

Then
[T ] = [[Te1 ]C
[Te2 ]C ] =
hh i
1
1
i i
i h io
hh h ii h h ii i hh i h i i h
i
3
0
4
2
2
T 1
Then [T ] = T 11
= 2
=
2
2 2 .
C
C
C
C
nh
Example. Take T
x1
x1 + x2
x2 = x1 x2
h i
a) Then [T ] = [[Te1 ]
[Te2 ]] =
on R2 .
i
.
nh i h io
1
1
, 1 .
0
h
i

Then
[T ] = [[Te1 ]C
hh i
1
1
i i
i h io
i
3
0
4
2
2
T 1
Then [T ] = T 11
= 2
=
2
2 2 .
C
C
C
C
nh
[Te2 ]C ] =
Fix A Mn (C). Take T L(Cn , Cn ) dened as T x = Ax .
Example. Take T
x1
x1 + x2
x2 = x1 x2
h i
a) Then [T ] = [[Te1 ]
[Te2 ]] =
on R2 .
i
.
nh i h io
1
1
, 1 .
0
h
i

Then
[T ] = [[Te1 ]C
hh i
1
1
i i
i h io
i
3
0
4
2
2
T 1
Then [T ] = T 11
= 2
=
2
2 2 .
C
C
C
C
nh
[Te2 ]C ] =
Fix A Mn (C). Take T L(Cn , Cn ) dened as T x = Ax . Let B be

the standard basis in Cn .
Example. Take T
x1
x1 + x2
x2 = x1 x2
h i
a) Then [T ] = [[Te1 ]
[Te2 ]] =
on R2 .
i
.
nh i h io
1
1
, 1 .
0
h
i

Then
[T ] = [[Te1 ]C
[Te2 ]C ] =
1
1
i i
i h io
i
3
0
4
2
2
T 1
Then [T ] = T 11
= 2
=
2
2 2 .
C
C
C
C
nh
hh i

the standard basis in Cn . Then
[T e i ]B
Example. Take T
x1
x1 + x2
x2 = x1 x2
h i
a) Then [T ] = [[Te1 ]
[Te2 ]] =
on R2 .
i
.
nh i h io
1
1
, 1 .
0
h
i

Then
[T ] = [[Te1 ]C
hh i
1
1
i i
i h io
i
3
0
4
2
2
T 1
Then [T ] = T 11
= 2
=
2
2 2 .
C
C
C
C
nh
[Te2 ]C ] =

[T e i ]B = [Ae i ]B
Example. Take T
x1
x1 + x2
x2 = x1 x2
h i
a) Then [T ] = [[Te1 ]
[Te2 ]] =
on R2 .
i
.
nh i h io
1
1
, 1 .
0
h
i

Then
[T ] = [[Te1 ]C
hh i
1
1
i i
i h io
i
3
0
4
2
2
T 1
Then [T ] = T 11
= 2
=
2
2 2 .
C
C
C
C
nh
[Te2 ]C ] =

[T e i ]B = [Ae i ]B = [A(:, i )]B =
Example. Take T
x1
x1 + x2
x2 = x1 x2
h i
a) Then [T ] = [[Te1 ]
[Te2 ]] =
on R2 .
i
.
nh i h io
1
1
, 1 .
0
h
i

Then
[T ] = [[Te1 ]C
hh i
1
1
i i
i h io
i
3
0
4
2
2
T 1
Then [T ] = T 11
= 2
=
2
2 2 .
C
C
C
C
nh
[Te2 ]C ] =

[T e i ]B = [Ae i ]B = [A(:, i )]B = A(:, i ).
Example. Take T
x1
x1 + x2
x2 = x1 x2
h i
a) Then [T ] = [[Te1 ]
[Te2 ]] =
on R2 .
i
.
nh i h io
1
1
, 1 .
0
h
i

Then
[T ] = [[Te1 ]C
hh i
1
1
i i
i h io
i
3
0
4
2
2
T 1
Then [T ] = T 11
= 2
=
2
2 2 .
C
C
C
C
nh
[Te2 ]C ] =

[T e i ]B = [Ae i ]B = [A(:, i )]B = A(:, i ).
Is this a bije tion?

Fix A Mn (C). Dene T L(Cn , Cn ) as T x = Ax .
Fix A Mn (C). Dene T L(Cn , Cn ) as T x = Ax . Take ordered

bases B = {v 1 , . . . , v n } on the domain and C = {w 1 , . . . , w n } on the
range.

range. Let B = [v 1 v n ] and C = [w 1 w n ] be the respe tive
basis matri es.

basis matri es. Then
[T ] = [[T v 1 ]C
[T v n ]C ]

[T ] = [[T v 1 ]C
[T v n ]C ] = [C 1 T v 1
C 1 T v n ]

[T ] = [[T v 1 ]C [T v n ]C ] = [C 1 T v 1
= [C 1 Av 1 C 1 Av n ]
C 1 T v n ]

[T ] = [[T v 1 ]C [T v n ]C ] = [C 1 T v 1 C 1 T v n ]
= [C 1 Av 1 C 1 Av n ] = C 1 A[v 1 v n ]

= [C 1 Av 1 C 1 Av n ] = C 1 A[v 1 v n ] = C 1 AB .

In parti ular, if B = C , then we have [T ] = B 1 AB .

Let V = R[t; 3] and W = R[t; 2].


Let V = R[t; 3] and W = R[t; 2]. Take B = {1, t, t 2 , t 3 } on V and
C = {1, t, t 2 } on W.


C = {1, t, t 2 } on W. Take T : V W dened as T (f ) = f ,
dierentiation transformation.


dierentiation transformation. Then
[T ] = [[T 1]C [Tt]C [Tt 2 ]C [Tt 3 ]C ]


[T ] = [[T 1]C [Tt]C [Tt 2 ]C [Tt 3 ]C ]
= [[0]C [1]C [2t]C [3t 2 ]C ]


[T ] = [[T 1]C [Tt]C [Tt 2 ]C [Tt 3 ]C ]
0 1
2
= [[0]C [1]C [2t]C [3t ]C ] = 0 0
0
Let T : R[x; 2] R[x; 2] be a map
Let T : R[x; 2] R[x; 2] be a map given by
T (a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 ) = (a1 a2 ) + (a2 a0 )x + (a0 a1 )x 2 .
T (a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 ) = (a1 a2 ) + (a2 a0 )x + (a0 a1 )x 2 .

Then, with respe t to the standard basis, say B ,

[T ] = [T (1)]B , [T (x)]B , [T (x 2 )]B
T (a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 ) = (a1 a2 ) + (a2 a0 )x + (a0 a1 )x 2 .


[T ] = [T (1)]B , [T (x)]B , [T (x 2 )]B

= [x + x 2 ]B , [1 x 2 ]B , [1 + x]B
T (a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 ) = (a1 a2 ) + (a2 a0 )x + (a0 a1 )x 2 .


[T ] = [T (1)]B , [T (x)]B , [T (x 2 )]B

= [x + x 2 ]B , [1 x 2 ]B , [1 + x]B
"
#
0
= 1
1
T (a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 ) = (a1 a2 ) + (a2 a0 )x + (a0 a1 )x 2 .


[T ] = [T (1)]B , [T (x)]B , [T (x 2 )]B

= [x + x 2 ]B , [1 x 2 ]B , [1 + x]B
"
#
0
= 1
T (a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 ) = (a1 a2 ) + (a2 a0 )x + (a0 a1 )x 2 .


[T ] = [T (1)]B , [T (x)]B , [T (x 2 )]B

= [x + x 2 ]B , [1 x 2 ]B , [1 + x]B
"
#
0
= 1
T (a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 ) = (a1 a2 ) + (a2 a0 )x + (a0 a1 )x 2 .


[T ] = [T (1)]B , [T (x)]B , [T (x 2 )]B

= [x + x 2 ]B , [1 x 2 ]B , [1 + x]B
"
#
0
= 1
If B = {1 + x, 1 x, 1 + x 2x 2 } then,
T (a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 ) = (a1 a2 ) + (a2 a0 )x + (a0 a1 )x 2 .


[T ] = [T (1)]B , [T (x)]B , [T (x 2 )]B

= [x + x 2 ]B , [1 x 2 ]B , [1 + x]B
"
#
0
= 1
If B = {1 + x, 1 x, 1 + x 2x 2 } then,

[T ] = [T (1 + x)]B , [T (1 x)]B , [T (1 + x 2x 2 )]B
T (a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 ) = (a1 a2 ) + (a2 a0 )x + (a0 a1 )x 2 .


[T ] = [T (1)]B , [T (x)]B , [T (x 2 )]B

= [x + x 2 ]B , [1 x 2 ]B , [1 + x]B
"
#
0
= 1
If B = {1 + x, 1 x, 1 + x 2x 2 } then,

[T ] = [T (1 + x)]B , [T (1 x)]B , [T (1 + x 2x 2 )]B

= [1 x]B , [1 x + 2x 2 ]B , [3(1 x)]B
T (a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 ) = (a1 a2 ) + (a2 a0 )x + (a0 a1 )x 2 .


[T ] = [T (1)]B , [T (x)]B , [T (x 2 )]B

= [x + x 2 ]B , [1 x 2 ]B , [1 + x]B
"
#
0
= 1
If B = {1 + x, 1 x, 1 + x 2x 2 } then,

[T ] = [T (1 + x)]B , [T (1 x)]B , [T (1 + x 2x 2 )]B

= [1 x]B , [1 x + 2x 2 ]B , [3(1 x)]B
"
1
0
T (a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 ) = (a1 a2 ) + (a2 a0 )x + (a0 a1 )x 2 .


[T ] = [T (1)]B , [T (x)]B , [T (x 2 )]B

= [x + x 2 ]B , [1 x 2 ]B , [1 + x]B
"
#
0
= 1
If B = {1 + x, 1 x, 1 + x 2x 2 } then,

[T ] = [T (1 + x)]B , [T (1 x)]B , [T (1 + x 2x 2 )]B

= [1 x]B , [1 x + 2x 2 ]B , [3(1 x)]B
"
T (a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 ) = (a1 a2 ) + (a2 a0 )x + (a0 a1 )x 2 .


[T ] = [T (1)]B , [T (x)]B , [T (x 2 )]B

= [x + x 2 ]B , [1 x 2 ]B , [1 + x]B
"
#
0
= 1
If B = {1 + x, 1 x, 1 + x 2x 2 } then,

[T ] = [T (1 + x)]B , [T (1 x)]B , [T (1 + x 2x 2 )]B

= [1 x]B , [1 x + 2x 2 ]B , [3(1 x)]B
"
T (a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 ) = (a1 a2 ) + (a2 a0 )x + (a0 a1 )x 2 .

1
[T ] = 1
"
and
T (a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 ) = (a1 a2 ) + (a2 a0 )x + (a0 a1 )x 2 .

0
[T ] = 1
"
and for B = {1 + x, 1 x, 1 + x 2x 2 },
T (a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 ) = (a1 a2 ) + (a2 a0 )x + (a0 a1 )x 2 .

0
[T ] = 1
"
"
T [B, B] =
and for B = {1 + x, 1 x, 1 + x 2x 2 },
T (a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 ) = (a1 a2 ) + (a2 a0 )x + (a0 a1 )x 2 .

0
[T ] = 1
"
"
T [B, B] =
and for B = {1 + x, 1 x, 1 + x 2x 2 },
. Note that, for B =
"
T (a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 ) = (a1 a2 ) + (a2 a0 )x + (a0 a1 )x 2 .

0
[T ] = 1
"
"
T [B, B] =
and for B = {1 + x, 1 x, 1 + x 2x 2 },
B 1 [T ]B
"
T (a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 ) = (a1 a2 ) + (a2 a0 )x + (a0 a1 )x 2 .

0
[T ] = 1
"
"
T [B, B] =
B 1 [T ]B =
and for B = {1 + x, 1 x, 1 + x 2x 2 },
1
2
"

#
"
T (a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 ) = (a1 a2 ) + (a2 a0 )x + (a0 a1 )x 2 .

0
[T ] = 1
"
"
T [B, B] =
B 1 [T ]B =
1
0
1
2
and for B = {1 + x, 1 x, 1 + x 2x 2 },
"

1
#"
"
T (a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 ) = (a1 a2 ) + (a2 a0 )x + (a0 a1 )x 2 .

0
[T ] = 1
"
"
T [B, B] =
B 1 [T ]B =
1
0
1
2
and for B = {1 + x, 1 x, 1 + x 2x 2 },
"

1
#"
"
#"
T (a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 ) = (a1 a2 ) + (a2 a0 )x + (a0 a1 )x 2 .

0
[T ] = 1
"
"
T [B, B] =
B 1 [T ]B =
1
0
1
2
and for B = {1 + x, 1 x, 1 + x 2x 2 },
"

1
#"
"
#"
= T [B, B].
P. Composition of Linear Transformations-Matrix Produ t
Ex. Let U, V, W be VS's over F.

Re all that S T : U W equals (S T )(x ) = S(T (x )).

Re all that S T : U W equals (S T )(x ) = S(T (x )). Then,
S T is a linear transformation.

Now, let Bu , Bv and Bw be bases of U, V and W, respe tively.

Now, let Bu , Bv and Bw be bases of U, V and W, respe tively. Then,
[S T (x )]Bw = (S T )[Bu , Bw ][x ]Bu .

[S T (x )]Bw = (S T )[Bu , Bw ][x ]Bu . Also,
[ST (x )]Bw

[ST (x )]Bw = [S (T (x ))]Bw

[ST (x )]Bw = [S (T (x ))]Bw = S[Bv , Bw ][T (x )]Bv

[ST (x )]Bw = [S (T (x ))]Bw = S[Bv , Bw ][T (x )]Bv = S[Bv , Bw ]T [Bu , Bv ][x ]B




Hen e, for all x U, we have

(S T )[Bu , Bw ][x ]Bu = S[Bv , Bw ]T [Bu , Bv ][x ]Bu .




Thus,
(S T )[Bu , Bw ] = S[Bv , Bw ]T [Bu , Bv ].
P. Composition Diagram
(U, B1 , n)
T [B1 , B2 ]mn
(V, B2 , m)
S[B2 , B3 ]pm
(S T )[B1 , B3 ]pn = S[B2 , B3 ] T [B1 , B2 ]
Composition of Linear Transformations
(W, B3 , p)
P. Similarity Diagram
I , T : V V, where I (v ) = v is the identity map.

(V, B1 )
T [B1 , B1 ]
(V, B1 )

(V, B1 )
(V, B2 )
T [B1 , B1 ]
T [B2 , B2 ]
(V, B1 )
(V, B2 )

(V, B1 )
T [B1 , B1 ]
(V, B1 )
I [B1 , B2 ]
(V, B2 )
T [B2 , B2 ]
(V, B2 )

(V, B1 )
I [B1 , B2 ]
T [B1 , B1 ]
(V, B1 )
T I
(V, B2 )
T [B2 , B2 ]
(V, B2 )

(V, B1 )
I [B1 , B2 ]
T [B1 , B1 ]
I [B1 , B2 ]
T I
(V, B2 )
(V, B1 )
T [B2 , B2 ]
(V, B2 )

(V, B1 )
T [B1 , B1 ]
(V, B1 )
I T
I [B1 , B2 ]
I [B1 , B2 ]
T I
(V, B2 )
T [B2 , B2 ]
(V, B2 )
Commutative Diagram for Similarity of


(V, B1 )
T [B1 , B1 ]
(V, B1 )
I T
I [B1 , B2 ]
I [B1 , B2 ]
T I
(V, B2 )
T [B2 , B2 ]
(V, B2 )

Then, I T , T I : (V, B1 ) (V, B2 ).


(V, B1 )
T [B1 , B1 ]
(V, B1 )
I T
I [B1 , B2 ]
I [B1 , B2 ]
T I
(V, B2 )
T [B2 , B2 ]
(V, B2 )

Then, I T , T I : (V, B1 ) (V, B2 ). So,
I [B1 , B2 ] T [B1 , B1 ]


(V, B1 )
T [B1 , B1 ]
(V, B1 )
I T
I [B1 , B2 ]
I [B1 , B2 ]
T I
(V, B2 )
T [B2 , B2 ]
(V, B2 )

Then, I T , T I : (V, B1 ) (V, B2 ). So,
I [B1 , B2 ] T [B1 , B1 ] = (I T )[B1 , B2 ]


(V, B1 )
T [B1 , B1 ]
(V, B1 )
I T
I [B1 , B2 ]
I [B1 , B2 ]
T I
(V, B2 )
T [B2 , B2 ]
(V, B2 )

Then, I T , T I : (V, B1 ) (V, B2 ). So,

I [B1 , B2 ] T [B1 , B1 ] = (I T )[B1 , B2 ] = (T I )[B1 , B2 ]

(V, B1 )
T [B1 , B1 ]
(V, B1 )
I T
I [B1 , B2 ]
I [B1 , B2 ]
T I
(V, B2 )
T [B2 , B2 ]
(V, B2 )

Then, I T , T I : (V, B1 ) (V, B2 ). So,

I [B1 , B2 ] T [B1 , B1 ] = (I T )[B1 , B2 ] = (T I )[B1 , B2 ]
= T [B2 , B2 ] I [B1 , B2 ].

(V, B1 )
T [B1 , B1 ]
(V, B1 )
I T
I [B1 , B2 ]
I [B1 , B2 ]
T I
(V, B2 )
T [B2 , B2 ]
(V, B2 )

Then, I T , T I : (V, B1 ) (V, B2 ). So,

I [B1 , B2 ] T [B1 , B1 ] = (I T )[B1 , B2 ] = (T I )[B1 , B2 ]
= T [B2 , B2 ] I [B1 , B2 ].
So, T [B1 , B1 ]

(V, B1 )
T [B1 , B1 ]
(V, B1 )
I T
I [B1 , B2 ]
I [B1 , B2 ]
T I
(V, B2 )
T [B2 , B2 ]
(V, B2 )

Then, I T , T I : (V, B1 ) (V, B2 ). So,

I [B1 , B2 ] T [B1 , B1 ] = (I T )[B1 , B2 ] = (T I )[B1 , B2 ]
= T [B2 , B2 ] I [B1 , B2 ].
So, T [B1 , B1 ] = (I [B1 , B2 ])1 T [B2 , B2 ] I [B1 , B2 ].


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MTH 102A

Linear Algebra and Ordinary Dierential Equations

Indian Institute of Te hnology Kanpur

February 10, 2016

Let V, W be VS's over F.

Arbind K Lal - I I T Kanpur

Let V, W be VS's over F. A fun tion T : V W is a linear map/

Arbind K Lal - I I T Kanpur

Let V, W be VS's over F. A fun tion T : V W is a linear map/

Arbind K Lal - I I T Kanpur

Let V, W be VS's over F. A fun tion T : V W is a linear map/

Arbind K Lal - I I T Kanpur

Let V, W be VS's over F. A fun tion T : V W is a linear map/

Arbind K Lal - I I T Kanpur

Let V, W be VS's over F. A fun tion T : V W is a linear map/

Arbind K Lal - I I T Kanpur

Let V, W be VS's over F. A fun tion T : V W is a linear map/

Dene T (v ) = 0 for all v V. Then T is a LT from V to any W.

Dene T (v ) = v for all v V.

Arbind K Lal - I I T Kanpur

Let V, W be VS's over F. A fun tion T : V W is a linear map/

Arbind K Lal - I I T Kanpur

Let V, W be VS's over F. A fun tion T : V W is a linear map/

Arbind K Lal - I I T Kanpur

Let V, W be VS's over F. A fun tion T : V W is a linear map/

Arbind K Lal - I I T Kanpur

Let V, W be VS's over F. A fun tion T : V W is a linear map/

Arbind K Lal - I I T Kanpur

Let V, W be VS's over F. A fun tion T : V W is a linear map/

Fix Amn . For v Cn dene T (v ) = Av . Then T L(Cn , Cm ).

Let V = R[x] and T (p(x)) = p (x).

Arbind K Lal - I I T Kanpur

Let V, W be VS's over F. A fun tion T : V W is a linear map/

Fix Amn . For v Cn dene T (v ) = Av . Then T L(Cn , Cm ).

Let V = R[x] and T (p(x)) = p (x). Then T L(V, V).

Arbind K Lal - I I T Kanpur

Let V, W be VS's over F. A fun tion T : V W is a linear map/

Fix Amn . For v Cn dene T (v ) = Av . Then T L(Cn , Cm ).

Let V = R[x] and T (p(x)) = p (x). Then T L(V, V).

For f V = C(R, R),

Arbind K Lal - I I T Kanpur

Let V, W be VS's over F. A fun tion T : V W is a linear map/

Fix Amn . For v Cn dene T (v ) = Av . Then T L(Cn , Cm ).

Let V = R[x] and T (p(x)) = p (x). Then T L(V, V).

For f V = C(R, R), dene F = T (f ) as F (a) =

Arbind K Lal - I I T Kanpur

Let V, W be VS's over F. A fun tion T : V W is a linear map/

Fix Amn . For v Cn dene T (v ) = Av . Then T L(Cn , Cm ).

Let V = R[x] and T (p(x)) = p (x). Then T L(V, V).

For f V = C(R, R), dene F = T (f ) as F (a) =

Arbind K Lal - I I T Kanpur

Let V, W be VS's over F. A fun tion T : V W is a linear map/

Fix Amn . For v Cn dene T (v ) = Av . Then T L(Cn , Cm ).

Let V = R[x] and T (p(x)) = p (x). Then T L(V, V).

For f V = C(R, R), dene F = T (f ) as F (a) = 0a f (t)dt . So

Arbind K Lal - I I T Kanpur

Let V, W be VS's over F. A fun tion T : V W is a linear map/

Fix Amn . For v Cn dene T (v ) = Av . Then T L(Cn , Cm ).

Let V = R[x] and T (p(x)) = p (x). Then T L(V, V).

For f V = C(R, R), dene F = T (f ) as F (a) = 0a f (t)dt . So

Arbind K Lal - I I T Kanpur

Let V, W be VS's over F. A fun tion T : V W is a linear map/

Fix Amn . For v Cn dene T (v ) = Av . Then T L(Cn , Cm ).

Linear Algebra and Ordinary Dierential Equations

Dene T (v ) = 0 for all v V. Then T is a LT from V to any W.

Dene T (v ) = v for all v V.

Fix Amn . For v Cn dene T (v ) = Av . Then T L(Cn , Cm ).

Fix Amn . For v Cn dene T (v ) = Av . Then T L(Cn , Cm ).

Fix Amn . For v Cn dene T (v ) = Av . Then T L(Cn , Cm ).

Fix Amn . For v Cn dene T (v ) = Av . Then T L(Cn , Cm ).

For f V = C(R, R), dene F = T (f ) as F (a) =

Fix Amn . For v Cn dene T (v ) = Av . Then T L(Cn , Cm ).

For f V = C(R, R), dene F = T (f ) as F (a) =

Fix Amn . For v Cn dene T (v ) = Av . Then T L(Cn , Cm ).

For f V = C(R, R), dene F = T (f ) as F (a) = 0a f (t)dt . So

Fix Amn . For v Cn dene T (v ) = Av . Then T L(Cn , Cm ).

For f V = C(R, R), dene F = T (f ) as F (a) = 0a f (t)dt . So

Fix Amn . For v Cn dene T (v ) = Av . Then T L(Cn , Cm ).

For f V = C(R, R), dene F = T (f ) as F (a) = 0a f (t)dt . So

Fix Amn . For v Cn dene T (v ) = Av . Then T L(Cn , Cm ).

For f V = C(R, R), dene F = T (f ) as F (a) = 0a f (t)dt . So

Fix Amn . For v Cn dene T (v ) = Av . Then T L(Cn , Cm ).

For f V = C(R, R), dene F = T (f ) as F (a) = 0a f (t)dt . So

Fix Amn . For v Cn dene T (v ) = Av . Then T L(Cn , Cm ).

For f V = C(R, R), dene F = T (f ) as F (a) = 0a f (t)dt . So

Fix Amn . For v Cn dene T (v ) = Av . Then T L(Cn , Cm ).

For f V = C(R, R), dene F = T (f ) as F (a) = 0a f (t)dt . So

Fix Amn . For v Cn dene T (v ) = Av . Then T L(Cn , Cm ).

For f V = C(R, R), dene F = T (f ) as F (a) = 0a f (t)dt . So

Fix z Rn . For x Rn dene T (x ) = hx , z i.

Fix Amn . For v Cn dene T (v ) = Av . Then T L(Cn , Cm ).

For f V = C(R, R), dene F = T (f ) as F (a) = 0a f (t)dt . So

Fix z Rn . For x Rn dene T (x ) = hx , z i.Then T L(Rn , R).