TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I
CANDIDATES DECLARATION CERTIFICAT E
II
TABLE OF CONTENTS
III
LIST OF FIGURES
V
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
VII
OBJECTIVE
1
INTRODUCTION
1
1: INTRODUCTION TO POWER GRID

1.1 INTRODUCTION
2
1.2 TYPES OF POWER GRID IN INDIA
2
1.3 POWER GRID SYCHRONISATION
3
1.3.1 CONDITIONS
3
1.3.2 PROCESS
3
1.4 ISLANDING
4
1.4.1 ISLANDING DETECTION METHODS
4
2: HARDWARE COMPONENTS OF THE PROJECT
6
2.1 TRANSFORMERS

2.2 VOLTAGE REGULATOR (LM7805)

2.3 RECTIFIER

6
7

2.4 FILTER

2.5 MICROCONTROLLER (AT89S52/C51)

2.6 555 TIMER

10

2.7 LM358 (DUAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER)

11

2.8 LM339

11
III

2.9 RELAYS
12
2.10 BC547
13
2.11 LED
14
2.12 IN4007
14
2.13 RESISTORS
14
2.14 CAPACITORS

15

3: SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS
16
3.1 IDE
3.4 KEIL C CROSS COMPILER
3.5 BUILDING AN APPLICATION IN VISION2
3.16 COMPILER
16
3.17 CODING IN EMBEDDED C
24
4: DIAGRAM AND DESCRIPTION
32
4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM
32
4.2 CIRCUIT DIGRAM
33
4.3 DESCRIPTION
34

16
16
16

4.4 ADVANTAGES
38
4.5 DISADVANTAGES
38
4.6 APPLICATIONS
38
5. BIBLIOGRAPHY
39

IV

LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 1.1: A Typical Transformer
6
Fig.1.2: Equivalent Circuit of Voltage Regulator
7
Fig.1.3: Bridge Type Full Wave Rectifier
7
Fig.1.4: Output Waveform

Fig 1.5: Pin Diagram of AT89S52

Fig.1.6: 555 Timer IC

10
Fig. 1.6(a): 555 Timer Pin Diagram
10
Fig.1.7: LM358 (Dual Operational Amplifier)
11
Fig.1.8: LM 339
12
Fig.1.8 (a): LM339
13

Fig.1.9: Relays
13
Fig.2.0: BC 547 Transistor Pinouts
13
Fig.2.0 (a): An Npn Transistor Configuration
14
Fig.2.1: 1N4007 Diodes
14
Fig.2.1(a):PN Junction Diode
15
Fig.2.2: Resistors
15
Fig.2.3: Capacitors
17
Fig. 2.4: Keil Vision Compiler
17
Fig. 2.4(a): Keil Vision Compiler windows1
18
Fig. 2.4(b): Keil Vision Compiler windows2
18
Fig. 2.4(c): Keil Vision Compiler windows3

19

Fig. 2.4(d): Keil Vision Compiler windows4

19
Fig. 2.4(e): Keil Vision Compiler windows5

20

Fig. 2.4(f): Keil Vision Compiler windows6

20
V

Fig. 2.4(g): Keil Vision Compiler windows7

21
Fig. 2.4(h): Keil Vision Compiler windows8
21
Fig. 2.4(i): Keil Vision Compiler windows9
22
Fig. 2.4(j): Keil Vision Compiler windows10
22

Fig. 2.4(k): Keil Vision Compiler windows11

23
Fig. 2.4(l): Keil Vision Compiler windows12
23
Fig. 2.4(m): Keil Vision Compiler windows13
24
Fig. 2.4(n): Keil Vision Compiler windows14
24
Fig. 2.5: Block Diagram of Project

32

Fig 2.6: Circuit Diagram of Project

33
Fig. 2.7: Zero voltage cross detection using comparator
35
Fig. 2.7(a): Output Waveform
35
Fig. 2.8:555 as an astable multivibrator
36
Fig. 2.9: Circuit diagram of 555 as an astable multivibrator
36

VI

LIST OF ABBREVATIONS USED

MCR.......Main Control Room

TG...TurboGenerator
DC....Direct
current
ACAlternating
current
NDZNon-detection
zone
ALEAddress Latch
Enable
PSEN...Program Store
Enable
VPP.Programming enables
voltage
LCD ....Liquid crystal
display
LED..Light-emitting
diode
IDE ..Integrated Development environment

EAExternal
Access
ZVR.... Zero Voltage Reference

VII