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K
K

K
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( )

K
W
KAlternating High Voltage

KDirect High Voltage

KImpulse High Voltage

( )

W

K K

(--)
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({) K
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VARIAC Transformer
--

Kn:n

K
K

K
EF W KVA

EF KKVA
KKVA

Test Chamber

Over-load Relay

H.V.

Specimen
Electrodes

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({)

EHV

K
K
--

Cascaded Transformer .

({) K

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Vo
H.V.

f
c
d

V
g

E
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k
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L


N

K ({) E

K({)

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K ({) E
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(Harmonics)

KSeries Resonance

E F
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XLKReactance (XC)
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Kf

--

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K({)

W
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WXL= XC KReactance (XC)

L = /(C)

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W
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K
KPartial Discharges Schering Bridge

KFundamental Voltage Amplitude

--

KVA
KKVAK

K
K

KIEC

({)K
K

K({)
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( )

HVDC

Bushings

KRectificationEFW
KElectrostatic GeneratorsEF
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K Si Diode K

Peak Reverse Voltage

K Diodes
EF W K
K EF K EF K

K
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K

({)K
K Rectifier

KVmax

KVmax

RKVmax
--

K({)K
K

--

R
L

H.V.
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K({)

K({)

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K
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({)
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K
({) KVmax

- -

+
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H.V.

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K({)

K({)
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Vilard K
K ({) K
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K Vmax
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EC

- -

H.V.

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K({)
Cockroft- Walton J K
GreinacherJ
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K C

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B A

F Vmax

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H.V.
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J ({)
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K ({)
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KE

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KJ ({)

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.
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V = 45833V 45.83kV

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{
K

J nopt W{
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E
D

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H.V. Vm

Vm
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KJ ({)

- -

KJ VVo ({)

KJ VVo ({)

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KJ ({)

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Electrostatic Generators ( --)

Van de W

SamesFeliciGraff
K

F Van de Graff

KE Kelvin
K

KMeV
J Corona K({)

J
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EFKEL
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WK
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WV
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Impulse VoltagesEF (

( )

Transient

KVoltage
Travelling Waves Overvoltages
K Impulse Voltage

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KTail Time (tt)Wave Tail

Lightning Impulse Voltage

K Switching Impulse Voltage

K
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
K ({)

{sZtfF {\

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({)
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( )

K({)
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F
V C E

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KLEF

C
KEF

J Surge Generator

WEF

- -

t
t

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K({)
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Time ConstantC
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KRCCR

K({)

- -

KEFK({)
KEFKEF

K({)
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+
H.V.D.C

Vo

Spark Gap

K({)

K({)

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K
Marx K

.E
- -

Spherical Spark Gaps

K

({)
KEF

K(EF{) (EF{)

C C
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EEF{F V

EEF{)
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F Trigatron UV

KE

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KE

- -

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G
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D
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E
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C
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KMarx J ({)

- -

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C
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G
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Vm
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C
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KMarxJ ({)

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KMarx({)

KMarx({)
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K
K

K
K

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KVo maxEFKVoEFKVEF

J nopt K
K

K
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r L
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KL

K
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K
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( )

K E

K( )

( )

J
J

EF

EF

EFJ

EFJ
J

(oscilloscope)J EF
peak voltmeterJ
J

( )

- -

K
{

KKKKKK

K K
K

(peak voltages)

KKK

K
K

( )
E F

RIK({)
WK

V=IR

({)

KR

(zener diode)
K

K

L

K
L

KE F(corona)
K /oC
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HV

UA

({)

W
KJ

KJ
KJ

KJ
K{

( )

({)

WK
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R1 + R 2
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({)
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- -

R1

V2

R2

ESV

({)

E
F

K
K

{ {
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EF( )

(peak voltmeter)

K
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( )

K
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K
K({)

({)

W
Z=

R + j L

({)

(1 2 LC) + jCR

WRCL

Z R 1 + j(
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({)

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({)

- -

K
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({b)

KK(tuning resistance)(guard resistance)

RsR
K

HV

Cg
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Cs

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R
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UA

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- -

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Ra

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UA

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WIc

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({)

V
K

WV

V = V12 + V22 + V32 + ........ + Vn2

({)

KVn.VV
W

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W
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HV

Ra

Rs

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UA

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({)

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K{

(cascaded transformers)
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( )

K(oscilloscope)

CK

C
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CCK
KC

HV
V1

C1
cable

C2
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WV

C + C2 + Cm
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({)

Cm
V

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K

( )

WK

N
V1
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({)
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NN

K(tapping)

K
KKKK

W
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({)

KVo
KCN
K(CCN)C

Kvx

( )
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W
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Ws
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({)

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KC
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KS

KWs

Ko

K
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K
K K
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KJ
EFCRJ

K
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K
K
(V/S) K

KL

E
F

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K
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D
light
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B
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HV

G M
m

o
o

o H

o
o

F
o

({)

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HK

KMF

( )

KKKKKKKK
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({)

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I
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({)
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HV

D1

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DD

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t-t
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V(t)
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false
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kVpeakK

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KEF

W
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K E
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p
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( )( )
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( )
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KD

( )

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S
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W
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J
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J
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({)K(delay cable)
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K
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K(residual inductance)

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cable

V2(t)

CRO

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W
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R1

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R2

C1

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R2

Cm

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W(frequency domain)
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i.e.

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(probe)K


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HV
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R2

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RR
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Cg

C2

R2

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V1(t)
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R1'

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R2

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({)
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K
K

(lumped element)
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KCC

K
K MHz kVW

KMHzEkVF

- -

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HV

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C1
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C2
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C2

V2(t)

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({)V

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a=

Cg
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1
+
1 +

V2 ( t ) C 2 6C1

({)

MHzK
KC=Cg

- -

Cg

HV
C1"

2C1

C1
V1(t)
2C1
2/3 Cg
C1"

C2

v2(t)

Cg

C2

V2(t)

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K(compensated devices)

K(response time)

K({)K
W

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({)

aV2 ( t )

V1

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V(t)

(chopped

WKimpulse voltage)
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({)
KTc

T2

T4

1.0
T5
T1

T3
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t
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RK({)K

K R

K(damping resistance)Rd

RK
K

R-C

K EF
R/

K
K({)
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HV

Rd

R1

Cp/2

R2

Cp/2

V2(t)

({)
HV
C1'
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C1'
R1'

V1(t)

C1'
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( )

WK

KEF
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KEF
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(puncture) EF
K(flashover)

FK
J J E

( )
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K

EF

K
- -

K
K

FK

{ L
E

KLL

KW E
F
W(annealing)
KL EF
K EF

K EF

EF
K

K EF

EF
K

K EF

K EF

W E
F

- -

Pin type insulator ( )

K

K

K
({)

K EFK

({a)

- -

KJ ({a)

({b)

- -

({c)
K

K EF

E
F
K

K E
F

({)K

({)

- -

Suspension type insulator ( )

K

WW

EF
K

K EF

EF
K

EF
K

K EF

EF

K

u

WKKK
J

KJ

KJ
KJ

- -

E
F

flashover distance

E
F K

({)K
K

({)

E
F

K
K

K
K

KHigh puncture strength

- -

( )

( )

({)
( )

K
K

- -

({a)

({b)

( )
W
W J

K
- -

W J
K

W J

WJ

W J
K

W
J
KEF

WJ
KEF

( )

K C

K
K
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ECLFZm

EFmCZ

EF(/C)Z

EF(/mC)Z

- -

C
I
C
I

i mC

i mC

V
C
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i mC

I mC

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WiIV

EFI = [V/(/C)] = VC

EFi = [V/(/mC)] = VmC

EFI = I + i

EFEFEFiI

EFI = VC + mVC = VC(Hm)

EFV = I /C
WEFEF

EFV = VC(Hm) / C= V(Hm)

EF i = (V+V)/(/mC)

EFEF

EF i = m[V+(Hm)V]C= mVC(Hm)
- -

EFI = I + i
EFEFEF

EFI = VC(Hm)+mVC(Hm) = VC(Hm+m)

EFV = I / C

EFEF

EFV = V ( + m + m)
EFI = (V+V+V)/(/mC)

WEFEFEF
i = m (V+V+V)C

=m[V+(Hm)V+(Hm+m)V]C
EF = mVC(Hm+m)
EFI = I + i

EFEFEF
I = VC(Hm+m)+mVC(Hm+m)

EF= V C(HmHm+m)
EFV = I / C
EFEF

EFV=V(HmHm+m)
EFi=(V+V+V+V)/(/mC)

WEFEFEFEF
i=m[V+(Hm)V+(Hm+m)V+(HmHm+m)V]C

EF

=mVC(HmHm+m)

EFI = I + i

EFEFEF

I=VC(HmHm+m)+mVC(HmHm+m)

EF

=VC(HmHmHm+m)

EFV=I/C

EFEF

- -

EFV=V(HmHmHm+m)
EFV=V+V+V+V+V

EFEFEFEFEF

V=V+(Hm)V+(Hm+m)V+(HmHm+m)V+(HmHmHm+m)V

EFV = V(HmHmHm+m)

m={W

V=V(HH{H{H{)={VEF

V=V(Hm)EF
={x{V

= {V
V=V(Hm+m)EF
=V(H{H{)
={x{V = {V
V=V(HmHm+m)EF
= V(H{H{H{)

= {x{V = {V
V=V(HmHmHm+m)EF

=V(HH{H{H{)
V={V

={x{V = {V

(-)

K
(n)

x nFLEFZ

- -

(-)
mEFEFEFEFWm EF
K
K

W EF

KCCCC

ELFZm

EFZmC

EFI = V C
EFi = m V C

EFI = I + i
WEFEFEF
I = VC + mVC
EF= VC(Hm)
WV

EF V = I/C

WEFEF

EFV = VC(Hm)/C

EFC = C(Hm)
i = V/(/mC)
EF= mVC
EFI = I + i

WEFEFEF
I = VC(Hm) + mVC

- -

= VC(HmHm)

EF= VC(Hm)

EFV = I / C

EFEFI
V = VC(Hm)/C

EFC = C(Hm)
i = V/(/mC)
EF= mVC
EFI = I + i

WEFEF
I = VC(Hm)+mVC
EF= V C(Hm)

EFV = I / C

WEFEFI
V = VC(Hm)/C
EFC = C(Hm)

: (Hm) : (Hm) : (Hm)..

W(guard ring) EF

- -

K C
V
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KI

C
I

I C

C
I

I C

C
I

i mC

i mC

i mC

({)

WIEF
EFI = I + i I

EFi = I

EFi = IW

EFi = I
i = V/(/mC)
EF=mVC
- -

VI
I=V/(/C)

EF= VC
EFEFEF

VC = mVC
EFC=mC/
EFI = V/(/C) = VC

EFI = V/(/mC) = mVC

WEFEFEF
VC = mVC
EFC= mC

EFI = v/(/C) = VC

EFI = V/(/mC) = mVC

WEFEFEF
VC = mVC
EFC= mC

WW
K
K

C
C I
ix
i

V
i C
V

C
I

i C
C
I

EF

E
F

W
I = V C
i = { VC
ix = {(V+V)C
I = V C
i = {(V+V)C
iy = { VC
I = VC
- -

A
I + ix = I + i
I = {C(V+V)=VCH{VC
VCH{C(V+V)=VCH{VC
VH{VH{V={V
EF{V {V {V=
B
I + iy =I + i
VCH{VC=VCH{(V+V) C
{V={VH{V
EF{VH{V {V=
EF

EF{V {V {V=

WEFEF
{V {V=
V={V/{ = {V
EF

EF{VH{V {V=

WEFEF

{VH{V=
V={V/{ = {V
V=V+V+V
={V+VH{V
= {V
V = {V
V= {x{V ={V
V={x{V={V
V={
V={
- -

V={
WZ

ExFLZ
=(V/(x{V))x = L{ = {

W
KK
EFEF

m = = {W

I=V/(/C) = VCEF
i =V/(/mC) = mVC
I = I + i
=VC+mVC
= VC(Hm)
V=I/C = VC(Hm)/ C
= V(Hm)
V
V = V + V
=V +V(Hm)
= V(Hm)
V=V/(Hm) = V/(H{) = {V
V
{V =
V = L{ = { kV

- -

C
I

i mC

V=V(Hm)EF
i=(V+V)/(/mC)
= m[V+V(Hm)] C
= mVC(Hm)
I = I + i
= VC(Hm)+mVC(Hm)
= VC(Hm+m)
V = I/C
= V(Hm+m)
V=V+V+V
= V+V(Hm)+V(Hm+m)
= V(Hm+m)
= V(Hx{H{)
= {V
V=V/{ = {V

V
C
I
C
I

V
i

mC
V

V=V(Hm+m)
= { V(Hx{H{)
= {V
V = L{ = { kVV= kV

K

W
WK

EF

E
F

E
F

W
- -

mCCEF

C
I

mC

C
I

mC

C
I

K
V=(Hm)V
= (Hm)

(Hm) = L = {
m = {
V = (Hm+m)VEF
= (H{H{)x
= { kV
V
V=V+V+V
= + + {
= { kV
kV{= {xZxZ
E
F
= [V/(xV)]x
= [{/(x{)]x
= {

- -

K EF

WK
[{kV, {kV, {kV, {kV, {kV, {]

EF
K

[{V, {V, {V, {V {]

K
EF

{K

K

K

[{kV]

L
K
EF
K
K
K

[{kV, {]

C K
EF
W
{C
K

[{%, {, {, {, {, {, ]

- -


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

W
( )

K
Electric Field Intensity

(E=V/D kV/Cm)

K
( )

E
WKBreakdown
WIonization by Electron CollisionE

K
p d

E e KCathode
WAnodeeE

U = e E x = { m v

m Anode x
Kv

- -

Anode

Cathode

({)

Anode Anode (Avalanche)

Breakdown

A A

e
A+

A
eA+

WPhoto IonizationE

eV

WK
A+e+k energy A* + e ; A* A+hv

KhvAA*
(hv)

K
Photoionization
A+hvA*+e
K hveviW

KCoronaStreamer
- -

KMetastablesE

K
K

KThermal IonizationE
K

Townsend Breakdown MechanismEF( )

no
K

F
x KE

dx nx
(xdx)
nx = no x=
nx = no exp (x) dnx=nx
nd = no exp (d) (x = d)

W
I = Io exp (d)
K(Cathode)Io

( )


WK

- -

K
EF K

(Photo-emission)
K

(Metastable particles) K

Thermal Ionization K
K

?
KK

= + + +...

I o exp( d )
1 [exp( d ) 1]

I =

[exp (d) ] =

[exp (d) ] =

Wexp(d)

exp (d) =
- -

J ( )

K
KE F
(guard electrode)

K
K
K

({)

(no)
KJ

T K To
- -

TK T

Io

To

Vs

({)

Log I/Io

ds

d
ds

Log(I/Io)({)

E dLog(I/Io)K
K({)

K(E/P)

- -

{x

(steady state)

{ K {
K{x

- -

I = Io exp(d)

I = Io exp(d)

I = Io exp(d)

I1 I o exp(d1 )
=
= exp (d1 d 2 )
I 2 I o exp(d 2 )

5.5 x10 8
= exp (0.4 0.1)
5.5 x10 9

= exp ({)

{ = ln()

= { /cm
Paschen,s Law( )
d

Breakdown Voltage P*d P

{ Vb=f(p*d)

Vb min ( )K

KCathode

- -

Vb
N

Vb (NW)

Vb min

pd
(pd)mi
n

EX F({)
Vb min
EF

( )
(pd)min
Torr.cm

Electronegative gases ( )
(Electron attachment)
K
K

- -

AB + e AB K

AB +e A + B

AK

KB

() K

WK

exp( )d ] [
]

I = Io

1 {
[{exp( )d} 1]}

[exp( )d 1] = 1

K
[ / ( - )] = ;

or

= / ( -)

K=E F
(E/P)

- -

( )

K

K

K

K

W
J

EKKKKKKKF J

K J

Kr

0.301
E w = 30md 1 +
dr

Wr

0.308
E c = 31md 1 +
dr

d m
d=

3.92P
(273 + T)

KTtorrP

- -

W
K J

K J
K J

J
K(bundle conductors)

K J

K J

Sulfur hexafluride (SF)( )

KK
K
( )

( )
-

K K K J

L K

- -

K
J

( )

K K

K(Electronegative gas) K

K K

K (AlO)

K K
- -

( )
{ K
K

L K

K

K
?(Paschens Law)

Vb

Kpd

W K
K

W K

(Corona)
K

W K

W K

- -

W K
K
K

EFEFEF

( )

K
K

K K

K K

K K

K K

K K

K K

K K

- -

( )

Air
Nitrogen
Hydrogen
Carbon tetraflouride
Hexafluoro-ethane
Perfluoro-propane
Perfluoro-butane
Perfluoro-n-butane
Sulfur hexafluoride
SF + Air
Freon

torr

Torr

(Ns=)

J J J

J J J

CF

C F

C F

CF

C F

SF
CCIF

J J J

J J J

-{

{
--------J J J

{
--------- J J J
J J
J J J

J J J

J J J

J J J

{
{

J J J

J J

J J J

J J

{
{

---------

- -

KK

- -

W
( )

K K

KK

( )

W
KJ J

( )

K

EF
- -

-
.-
-
-
x


Nil

<
x-/oC
<
negligible

( )

x-
x-
x

Nil

<
x-/oC
<
negligible

x-
-

x
-

Nil

Nil

- o
/C
x

- o

x / C

Nil

x-/oC

{mmoC J

(kV/mm)

( Hz)J
HzTan J

kHz

EKFJ
oCJ
oCJ

(mg/gm of KOH)J
J

(mg of KOH/gm of oil)J

( oC)J

(ppm)J

( )
K

K {{

- -

({)

( )

kV/cm

KE

KkV/cm

(Cathode)

( )K

- -

L({)

( )

( )
(MV/cm)

- -

EF
K

W (Particles)

Particles Permitivity) F KE

rK

F = 12 r 3

2 +
2

1
2

E 2

KBreakdown

W K
K

: K

E=V/d (Kv/cm)

- -

K
K
K
K K

- -

W
( )

KE voidsE
K

( )

Polymers
K

Tracking
KKTreeing

Tracking( )

K
Leakage Current

Dry Bands

d E=v\d
K
- -

C-H EF

HO
K Erosion

KFlashover

H.V

({)

TreeingEF( )

Plain Electrode Point Electrode
E

Partial Discharge

Trees

KTreeing
- -

KWater Treeing

( )

Vddo
or

do
V2
=
]
Y
ln[
d
2d 2

V 2 = d 2[

WY

d
2Y
] ln[ o ]
or
d

d/do={ or do/d={

E max =

V
Y
= 0 .6
or
do

( )
?
K

K
K

K
W

E 2 f r tan
W=
1.8x1012

w/cm
- -

KEf
WT = C v

dT
+ div(K.gradT)
dt

tKTCv
K K

K

( )

WK

W K

W K

K

K

W -

( )

K
K

- -

K({)
t

V
C

({)

KCC C

CCC
K

WVV

V1 =

Vd1

d1 + ( o )d 2
1

Krodd
V1 = V r (

d1
)
d2

Wdd

Kr

( )

plastics W K

KElastomers rubbers

KThermosettingThermoplastic
- -

( )

(Paper) ( )

({ K

gms/cm)

PPL, PPLP, BICCLAM

K
K
K
KpermittivityJ
KJ

W
TanJ

KJ

oCK

KL
K { {

K{ kV
oil- K

resin
- -

K K

KMINDmass-impregnated non-drainage
(Mica)( )

K
K

K K
EF
K

(Glass)( )

g/cm { {

KK

K { {

L
K

- -

(Ceramics)( )

(r>) (r<)
( )

-
-

-
-

EF

(oC)

(kV/mm)

(tanx)
( )

Tanx

(Fibers) ( )

K
K
K
K

- -

( )

(Tan )

-
-
-

(*)

-
-

-
-

EF

J
J

Polymeric insulation materials( )

K

polymers

K
K

Kfillersplasticizers
- -

Thermoplastic K

Thermosetting

Crosslinked

K Epoxy resin

K

Cross Linked PolyEithelen (XLPE)

Vulcanized K
KRubber Compounds

WThermoplasticJ

(Polyethylene) K

K

KCH-CH- K

K
oC oC
- -

KoC

Cross linked polyethelyn (XLPE)

KoC

( )

>
-

melts

>
-

melts

>

{

{
melts

>
-

melts

EKF
ELF
( Hz Hz)

Tan

ENylonF K

KK

Poly Vinyle Chloride (PVC) K

K
- -

KEF

Aluminum trihydrate
K
K

(Polystyrene)

KL K

K{ MHz { {
K
(PMMA)Acrylic

K UV

K
Polycarbonate

KK

Polypropylene K

K
K

(PTFE)Polytetrafloraethylene K

K
K
Polyyurethanes K

K
- -

WThermosetting

W
(Polyester) K

K
K

L{ K
K K

EpoxidesK

KK
K

K
K

WVulcanized Rubber Compounds ( )

K K
K (Compounding) (Vulcanizing)

K
K
Styrene-butadiene RubberW
(EPM) Ethylene-propylene rubber Nitrile Rubber
Butyl rubber (EPDM) Ethylene-propylene diene rubber
KThermoplastic RubberButadiene rubber
- -


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

( )

(lightning voltage)

K
( )

J K
KJ
K

(-)

(thunderstorms)

{K

K
L
L

K

K
J

K
- -

K L
L

K
({)

+ + +++
+++ ++ + + +++ + +
- - - - - - - ---++
- - - - - - +++- -

({)

L AK({)

AK

A K

K
AB

K
E F
K

K
K

- -

++
++++
+-20
++

++
+++
+ + -10

+ + + +
--- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --- -- -- -- -- ----------------------

-----------------

-----------------

+ ++
+ ++
C
B
-+

------------------

---A

-- --- -----

+
+
++
++
++
+

({)
J J
K

(> oC)

K
K
K

(OH-)(H+)
- -

T
K
(T<T)
T

K
J J

F K
E
K

vE
WE

dE
+ E = v
dt

E=

({)
W

v
[1 exp(t )]

({)

Kt=E=
WQgQs

= Qg/Ah

({)
W

E = Qs/Ao

({)

hAo
W()
- -

Qg =

Qs h
M
=
v[1 exp(t )] v[1 exp(t )]

({)

M=Qsh
W

ZELFZ

KZMZ
ZtZ

LZvZ
Qg =

20,000 20,000
=
= 1000
v
20

W
Coloumb for v= m/s
EF( )

E L
F

L (electric streamer)

K
KK
K

K(stepped leader)

- -

ms

({)
K

K
{{ K
K K{{
K

K
K

({)

K
K E F
{K
K K
{

KL

- -

( )

K
Lightning current (kA)

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0

10

15

20

25

30

Time (Us)

EF({)

K({)
E F

K
(front wave)

(tail wave)

KE
FK
K

KL
L
K

{
- -

K

KL

K
K

K

K

(overvoltage)
K

? ?(flashover)
K(back flashover)
( )

K
K

K
ZoIo

WZ

- -

V=IZ
= Io

= Io

ZZo
Z + Zo
Z

()

Z
1+
Zo

F(characteristic impedance)
E
K{ Z/Zo

V=Io Z

KZIo

{
K
{
KEflashover)

Zo/

K
{{x(L)

- -

( )

L, C, R, G
({)

Wx

({)

2e
e
2e
= RG + (RC + GL) + LG 2
t
x 2
t

({)

2i
i
2i
= RG + (RC + GL) + LC 2
t
x 2
t

({)

W({)({)

e = [exp(x)]f(t)+[exp(-x)]f(t)

({)
W

i=

Y
[{exp( x )}f 1 ( t ) {exp( x )}f 2 ( t )]
Z

= LC[(p +

({)
W

R
G
)(p + )]1 / 2
L
C

({)

Y = G + Cp
Z = R + Lp
P= /t

- -

G=R=
W
2e
2e
=
LC
x 2
t 2

({)

2i
2i
= LC 2
x 2
t

({)
W

x
x
e = f1 (t + ) + f 2 (t )
v
v

i=

({)

x
C
x
C
f1 (t + ) +
f 2 (t )
L
v
L
v

({)
Wv
({)

v = 1 / LC

W
Z=

L
C

({)

vK
K

(lossless line)e(t)

E LFLe

K(traveling wave)

K
W

EF

KKKKEF
- -

EF

EF

K

K

(e,i)

WZZ(e/, i/)

e/ =

( Z 2 Z1 )
e = e
( Z 2 + Z1 )

i/ =

( Z 2 Z1 )
i = i
( Z 2 + Z1 )

({)

({)
K

e//

e/

({)

WZ

2Z 2
e = (1 + )e
( Z 2 + Z1 )
2 Z1
i = (1 )i
i // =
( Z 2 + Z1 )
e // =

({)
({)
W

e
= Z1 ,
i

e/
i/

= Z1 ,

e //
i //

- -

= Z2

(unit step)(-)

(open circuit)( )
W

e = E U(t)
Z=

Z=Z,
=

W
W

( Z 2 Z1 ) (1 Z1 / Z 2 )
=
( Z 2 + Z1 ) (1 + Z1 / Z 2 )

1 Z/
=1
1+ Z/

e/ = e = e =E U(t)

e = (H) e = e = EU(t)

//

(short circuit)( )
W

e = E U(t)

W
Z=Z,
=

Z=

( Z 2 Z1 ) (0 Z)
=
= 1
( Z 2 + Z1 ) (0 + Z)

e/ = e = -e = - E U(t)

e// = (H) e =

e / EU( t )
=

Z
Z

i/ =

- -

K
io = (i+i/) = i

- -

R={/kmW

WG=C={F/kmL={mH/km

EF

EF

EF

C={x
v=

1
LC

F/km

L={x

H/km,

R={/km,

vEF

= 3x10 5 km / s

1.26x10 3 x 0.009x10 6

ZEF
Z=

L
1.26x10 3
=
= 374.2
C
0.009 x10 6

tEF

t=

line..length
400
=
= 1.33x10 3 s
5
v
3x10

kVK


K
Z=
=

Z=,

e= U(t) kV,

( Z 2 Z1 ) (500 60)
=
= 0.786
( Z 2 + Z1 ) (500 + 60)

e// = (H) e = (H{) x = kV

- -

e//

( )

K EF
E
F

(expulsion gaps) E
F
K

(- )

K
K
K({)

K(capacitances)

K

KEoF

- -

GZhZ

oZZsZP

( ,)
K
o
K

( )

K
K

WK

ZT =

Io ZT
Z
(1 + T )
Zs

K
Zs(surge impedance)ZT

{
K

- -

K
K

(counter poise
{{wires)
K
K

K
K

K
( )

( )

spark gaps

({)K
K

K
K

- -

({a)({b)

( )

(nonlinear element)

K
K

(flashover voltage)
K

( )

(L s)(/ s)

K
- -

(silicon carbide)
K
K

I = k Va

ak
VI

idE F
KVpvd

Vd

V(kV)

V
d

Vi

Vs
Vp
id
Id

Id

Vd

T (s)

L({a)({b)

K {

K
K

K
- -

F
K
E

F( )

KE

( )J

EF

({L s)J

(Ls)(Vd)J

( )

(current chopping)

(basic insulation level, BIL) K

( ) ( )K
K
- -

K (line shielding)

K
KKKKKK
K

K
kVWJ
kVWJ

x(/)= kVpeakWJ

x= kVpeakW

EF

kVWJ

kVpeakWJ
J

kVpeakWL

EF

kVpeakWJ
kVrmsWJ

[( )/]x=WJ

switchgearEF
kVpeakWJ

kVpeakW

- -

EFkV
K
(BIL)( )

(kVrms)

(kVrms)

-----
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(kVpeak)

(kVpeak)

-----

(kVrms)

------

------

------

------

------

( )

- -

(kVpeak)
kVpeak

kVpeak

{
{

Vm

Vmx(/)
kV

kVpeak

{
{

- -

K()

K()
K()

K()
W()

KEF

KEF

K()
W()

KEF
KKEF

- -


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

( )

( )

E F K

E
F

E
F E
F
KEF

K K({)

K({)

K

K

- -

( )KTriboelectric
K

EF

EF

KEF({)
KEF

({)
K
- -

Orlon

Saran

- -

EJ F

F K K

rqq

oKLok F = k q1q2 2
r

KL{x

K
EJ F
K

K
K

EElectrostatic Discharges ESD F
K

K
K

K
K

KEF
- -

K
KE
F
EJ F

K
K

KCharge NeutralizationGrounding

(Grounding)( )

Conductors

DielectricsInsulators KEF
KSemiconductors

K K
K

K
K
K

EF

KE FPolararization

K
K

- -

Semiconductors
K

KK

KK
(Charge Neutralization)(

Passive NeutralizersEF

Corona

K
K

K
KEF

- -

Active NeutralizersEF

KE
F

K
K

K
Air IonizersEF

KEF
K
K

Radioactive NeutralizersEF
Po F

K E
K

K
K

- -

K
K

K K

- -

[] M. Khalifa, et al., High Voltage Engineering; Theory and Practice, Marcel

Dekker, New York, .
[] M. S. Naidu and V. Kamaraju, High Voltage Engineering, TATA McGrawHill, New Delhi, .
[] P. as Begamudre, Extra High Voltage AC Transmission Engineering, John
Wiley& Sons, New York, .
[] T.J. Gallagher and A.J. Pearmain, High Voltage Measurement, Testing and
Design, John Wiley& Sons, .
[] M. Abdel-Salam, H. Anis, A. El-Morshedy and R. Radwan, High Voltage
Engineering; Theory and Practice, nd ed., Marcel Dekker, New York,
.

[] D. Kind, High-Voltage Experimental Technique, st ed., Frieder. Vieweg &

Sohn, Braunschweig, .

[] E. Kuffel and M. Abdullah, High-Voltage Engineering, Pergamon Press,

.
[] E. Kuffel and W.S. Zeangle, High-Voltage Engineering Fundamentals,
Pergamon Press, .
[] L. H. Van Vlack, Elements of Materials Science and Engineering, AddisonWesley Publishing Company, .
[]
, , ,
.

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EF

GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS