|APUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Physics E301:LINEAR EXPANSION CAPAPAS, Trexia D. 2009106361 BSCpE-3 Group 1 PHY12L-A5 July 29, 2011MAPA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS Seema ton Capapas, Trexid 0 Cut CoE SSR Poi DATA and OBSERVATIONS Aca) Crees Roam Temperature, 0:88 1, 100 a Final Temperature, R Final Temperature ofthe Tube, (Change in temperature of the Tube, (yy —ty 2 ANd E s 00000168 ic «| 359 Experimental oct Actual Coffcent of Lin Percentage of eror July 2d. 201) . Pry Laboratory Partsrr ‘Abstract. The study was all about linear expansion which is the expansion in length of solid bodies which wwas caused by high temperature. The purpose of the study was to determine and compare the coefficient Of linear expansion of the aluminum and copper tube and to determine the factors affecting the change in Tength in the thermal expansion. The study was carried out using a steam generator which was connected to the end of the tube and heated up. The change in length, change in temperature, and resistance of the Experiment No. 1: Linear Expansion Trexia D. Capapas tdcapapas@mymail.mapus.edu.ph thermistor was determined in the study t0 calculate the value of the two metal rods. Based on the data gathered, the temperature of| ‘computed value to the actual value of the coefficient of liner. the environment, we did not able to reaches the boil ;pansion. Due Co the cao! temperature of point which resulted to the high value of percentage error of the coeficient of linear expansion. In adeltion, it was observed that the coefficient of linear expansion of the aluminum tube was greater than of the copper tube. Keywords:linear expansion, thermal expansion, coefficient of linear expansion Introduction Most materials expand when their temperature Increases which refers to. thermal expansion. Each atom vibrates about its equilibrium position. When the temperature increases, the energy and ‘amplitude of the vibration also increase. AS 2 result, when the amplitude of the vibration increases, the average distance between atoms also increases, The change in dimension could be ‘one dimensional called the linear expansion, It may be two which is area expansion, or three dimensional which known as volume expansion. ‘The study aimed to observe and determine the relevant “concepts of linear expansion since dealing with the one dimensional is easier than ‘wo oF three dimensional. Through this study, we able to differentiate and learned that every meta has its own value of coefficient of. linear ‘expansion. Determination of coefficient of linear ‘expansion of aluminum and copper tube were ‘also determined in this study. ‘The linear coefficient of thermal expansion of the material is the equation used in the analysts of the results in the experiment.A coefficient is number thet serves as a measure for some Characteristic or property. It may also be a factor ‘against which other values are multiplied to Provide a desired result. For any type of material, [Ris possible to calculate the degree to which that ‘material wil expand or contract when exposed to changes In temperature. This Is known, in General terms, as Its coefficient of expansion, hough, infact, there are two varieties of expansion coefficient. ‘The coefficient of linear expansion is a constant that governs the degree to which the length of @ solid will change as a result of an alteration in temperature for any given substance, the coefficient of linear expansion is typically a hhumber expressed in terms of 10°9/°C. in other words, the value of a particular solids linear ‘expansion coefficient is multiplied by 0.00001 per SC. (The °C in the denominator, shown in the ‘equation below, simply “drops out” when the coefficient of linear expansion is multiplied by the change in temperature.) rentally, if the change in temperature is ‘than 100%, the change in length aL. was fund to be proportional to the change in temperature At and the initia length L, of the rod Is constant (different for different’ materials) known as the coefficient of linear expansion. It is denoted by the Greek letter a and the algebraic Gefinivon is as follows, seat (e9, 1) where « can be expressed as, ‘and combining all the equations will give the ‘equation of the final length of the body which is Ly = Ly +L, 2 Bt. (09. 3) ‘The temperature of the environment during the experimentation would affect the value of the computed coefficient of linear expansion. A cool environment would fead to the tube not to reach te boiling point which is 100°C that cause not to reach the actual value of coefficient of linearexpansion. To have an accurate value of ‘coefficient of linear expansion, an average temperarure must be the temperature of the ‘environment. Materials and Methods In determining the coefficient of the linear ‘expansion of the aluminum and copper tube, the following materials were used (see figure 1): ‘aluminum’ and copper tube which were the material that experimented and both measured 705 mm, digital multi tester to measure the fesistance of thermistor, expansion base with built-in gauge and. thermistor, and steam generator to boll water to create steam inside of the tube Figi.The materials used during he experiment, We performed the experiment on an air cooled classroom. In the fist part of the experiment, we ‘measured the initial length of the tube based on the inner edge of the tube to the inner edge of the angle bracket. Next, we mounted the tube in the expansion base then we make sure that the pin on the tube into the slot of the slotted mounting block ard the bracket presses against the spring arm of the dat gauge. Fig2. The banana plug connector was connected to the leads of ohmmeter After that, we attached the thermistor lug in the ‘middle of tube and locked it by the thumb screw. We assured that the lug was aligned with the axis of the tube so that there is maximum contact between the lug and the tube. We Inserted the leads of the ohmmeter into the banana plug connector of the tube where we determine the resistance of the thermistor at room temperature and the Initial temperature of the tube and recorded it. We turned the outer casing of the dial gauge to align the zero point on the scale with the Indicator needle. We set-up the steam generator Dy putting the rubber tube on the other end of the tube farthest from the dial gauge and t the steam generator then set the steam generator to Fig3. The steam generator was connected on the tube user rubber tube.vr ‘A rag was used to catch the draining water from the tube. As the steam begins to flow, we ‘observed the movement of the dial gauge and Roticed that the movement of the hand of it ‘moved counter clockwise. When the thermistor resistance stabilizes, we record the resistance. ‘Also,we record the expansion of the tube lenath (aL) as indicated by’ the displacement of the Indicator on the dial gauge. After getting the necessary data from the experiment, we calculated the experimental Coefficient of linear expansion using equation 1 in the introduction and the actual value from the table provided In the manual of the laboratory. Lastly, we calculated the percentage 6f error of the tube which was used to compare the actual value to the computed value ofthe coefficient of linear expansion of the tu repeated the same procedure on the ot Results Some problems were encountered throughout the experimentation like the setting ofthe experiment and the process of recording and gathering the data. The setting of the experiment fad @ major effect on the values gathered in the experiment. Due to the cool temperature of the environment, the apparatus didnot reach its bolting point that led to the high percentage error between the computed and actual value of the coefficient of linear expansion. Measuring the resistances of the tubes was also encountered since the digital multi tester was inconsistent in the measure it prints on the screen. To work out with it, we waited for the digital mulit meter to stop at a certain measurement and record it. In the latter part of the experimentation, we had a hard time in recording the data In ms excel since the laptop we used did not able to show the answer from the function that we assigned. From It, we decided to borrowed a laptop from another ‘group to complete the report. Wrong ‘computations and calculations of the coefficient of linear expansion had also undergone by our ‘roup. The design of the experiment was good In ' way that it helped us to apply the concepts we learned. ‘The table 1 below shows the differences of the properties regarding on the linear expansion of {the aluminum and copper tubes. It also shows the percentage of error of the computed value to the actual value of the coeffident of linear ‘expansion, Table 1, DATA GATHERED. _ Trial Type of Tube ‘Aluminum [Copper Thitial Resistance — of | 102,300 | 99,1009 Thermistor at Room ‘Temperature ‘Change in Length Ts mm 088mm Change In Temperature |48.C | 58. fof the Tube. Resistance of Thermistor | 14,5000 at Final Temperature 11,1002 Experimental Coefficient | 3.649536- | 2 311536 of Linear Expansion ose | -05/c. ‘cual Coeficient of [o:000023 | 0.000016 Linear Expensio afc [Percentage Error —~ 43 9% Discussion “The purpose of the study was to determine and Compare the coefficient of linear expansion ofthe Sluminum and copper tubeand to determine the factore affecting the change. in length nthe thermal expansion. When the temperature of the metals ncrenses," an increase in ength, wil ccurred. based’ on” the “princple of linear Expansion. The Increase” In length was “very minimal that sometimes it cant be observed Dy the eyes. This increase is due to the fact that wien the temperature Is Increased, the average distance between atoms increases. In the experiment, the table 1 shows the data ‘gathered from the experiment which shows that the coefficient of the linear tube of the aluminum 's greater than of that copper tube and aluminum has 2 greater value of change In length. Considering this relationship, the equation regarding on the linear expansion satisfies and proved that the coefficient of linear expansion has a direct relationship to the chang In length of the tube. of Coficient of linear expansion is highly ferent’ from the actual Value. It is due because of the environment we took place while performing the experiment. The room is an air cooled room, thus, the tube does Not reach the final temperature of 100°C which affect the resulting experimental coefficient of linear expansion. ‘Acknowledgments First and foremost, 1 want to express my full ‘gratitude to Engr.” De Leon, my. professor in Physics12 laboratory, for the lessons that he teached us and for the guidance throughout the‘experiment. The Mapua Institute of Technology who provide equipments in the experiment. The laboratory assistants who never failed to briefly discuss the uses of the materials that we used ‘and precautions to every equipment. My ‘groupmates for the cooperation and unity ‘yroughout the experiment. Lastly, my family and the one above all of us, the omnipresent God, for giving me the strength to ‘accomplished this laboratory report. References [1] Young, H, University Physics with Modern Physics, 12" Editon, 2008