Cng bn c.

Vi sinh vt (microorganisms) l nhng sinh vt nh b n mc ch c th thy c chng

di knh hin vi quang hc hay knh hin vi in t. Vi sinh vt gy ra rt nhiu bnh him ngho
cho ngi, cho gia sc, gia cm. Tuy nhin s vi sinh vt gy bnh ch chim mt phn rt nh
trong th gii vi sinh vt. T xa xa ngi ta bit ng dng cc vi sinh vt c ch (tuy cha h
bit ti s tn ti ca chng) ch bin thc phm ( nh nu ru, lm tng, mm, nc mm,
gim, sa chua, chao, mui da, mui c, ...), phn, ngm v cy ly si, xp i t, trng lun
canh vi cy h u...; hoc s dng cc bin php ngn chn tc hi ca vi sinh vt (nh p
mui tht, c, lm mt, phi kh c ci, tm, c...).
Sau vic Leeuwenhoek pht hin ra vi sinh vt v vic Louis Pasteur pht hin ra bn cht
ca cc vi sinh vt- t khai sinh ra ngnh Vi sinh vt hc (Microbiology)- th nhn loi bt u
quan tm rt nhiu n lnh vc khoa hc mi m ny.
Vi sinh vt hc tr thnh nn tng cho s pht trin ca Cng ngh sinh hc(CNSH). Ngi
ta chia s pht trin ca CNSH ra thnh 3 giai on:
* CNSH truyn thng l cc qu trnh dn d nhm ch bin , bo qun cc loi thc
phm, x l t ai, phn bn phc v nng nghip...
* CNSH cn i l qu trnh s dng cc ni ln men cng nghip sn xut quy m
ln cc sn phm sinh hc nh m chnh (bt ngt), lizin v cc axt amin khc, cc acid hu c,
cc dung mi hu c, cht khng sinh, mt s vitamin (nh vitamin B2, B12, C...), nhiu loi
enzym...
* CNSH hin i chia ra cc lnh vc nh CN di truyn (genetic engineering), cng ngh t
bo (cell engineering), cng ngh enzym v protein (enzyme/protein engineering), CN vi sinh vt/
CN ln men (microbial engineering / fermentation), CN mi trng (environmental engineering).
CNSH hin i thng gn lin vi cc c th mang gen ti t hp ( recombination gene).
Vi sinh vt hc l khoa hc nghin cu v cc c th hoc cc nhn t qu nh n mc
khng thy c bng mt thng, tc l cc vi sinh vt. Vi sinh vt hc ang c ging dy
trong rt nhiu trng i hc, Cao ng, Trung hc chuyn nghip v cng c cp n t
nhiu bc ph thng. Vi sinh vt hc l nhng kin thc lin quan n cuc sng ca mi ngi.
Bn cnh gio trnh Vi sinh vt hc c bin son t lu v c ti bn nhiu ln chng
ti mun cung cp thm cho ng o bn c, nht l cc thy c gio ang ging dy v vi sinh
vt hc tp ti liu trnh by vi nhiu tranh nh v s , biu ny. C th coi y l phn
tham kho thit k cc bi ging nhm mc tiu cp nht vi cc tin b ca ngnh khoa hc
lun lun i mi ny.
gip cc bn tr tip cn c vi sch bo nc ngoi, nht l cp nht kin thc qua
Internet chng ti c gng vit thm ting Anh sau cc thut ng khoa hc v nguyn cc ch
thch ting Anh trong hnh v. Thng qua vic gio vin hng dn sinh vin in ting Vit vo cc
hnh v s gip ch rt nhiu cho qu trnh t hc ca sinh vin.
Rt mong nhn c kin ng gp ca cc bn ng nghip v ng o bn c.
V mc ch phc v phi li nhun chng ti mong c lng th vic s dng nhng
hnh nh thu nhn qua Internet.

GS.TS. Nguyn Ln Dng

Trung tm Cng ngh sinh hc
i hc Quc gia H Ni

Bi 1 Lc s nghin cu Vi sinh vt hc

1546- Girolamo Fracastoro (1478, 1553). cho rng cc c th nh b l tc nhn gy ra

bnh tt. ng vit bi th Syphilis sive de morbo gallico (1530) v t ta ca bi th , ngi ta
dng t tn bnh
1590-1608- Zacharias Janssen ln u tin lp ghp knh hin vi.
1676- Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) hon thin knh hin vi v khm ph ra
th gii vi sinh vt (m ng gi l anmalcules).
1688- Nh vn vt hc ngi Francisco Redi cng b nghin cu v s pht sinh t
nhin ca gii.
1765-1776- Spallanzani (1729-1799) cng kch thuyt Pht sinh t nhin
1786- Mller a ra s phn loi u tin v vi khun
1798- Edward Jenner ngh ra phng php chng m u b phong nga bnh u ma
1838-1839- Schwann v Schleiden cng b Hc thuyt t bo.
1835-1844- Basi cng b bnh ca tm do nm gy nn v nhiu bnh tt khc do vi sinh
vt gy nn.
1847-1850- Semmelweis cho rng bnh st hu sn ly truyn qua thy thuc v kin ngh
dng phng php v khun phng bnh.
1849- Snow nghin cu dch t ca bnh t vng London.
1857- Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) chng minh qu trnh ln men lactic l gy nn bi
vi sinh vt.
1858- Virchov tuyn b t bo c sinh ra t t bo.
1861- Pasteur chng minh vi sinh vt khng t pht sinh nh theo thuyt t sinh.
1867- Lister cng b cng trnh nghin cu v phu thut v khun.
1869- Miescher khm ph ra acid nucleic.
1876-1877- Robert Koch (1843-1910) chng minh bnh than do vi khun Bacillus
anthracis gy nn.
1880- Alphonse Laveran pht hin k sinh trng Plasmodium gy ra bnh st rt.

1881- Robert Koch nui cy thun khit c vi khun trn mi trng c cha gelatin.
Pasteur tm ra vaccin chng bnh than.
1882- Koch pht hin ra vi khun lao - Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
1884- Ln u tin cng b Nguyn l Koch.
Elie Metchnikoff (1845-1916) miu t hin tng thc bo (phagocytosis)
Trin khai ni kh trng cao p (autoclave)
Trin khai phng php nhum Gram.
1885- Pasteur tm ra vaccin chng bnh di.
Escherich tm ra vi khun Escherichia coli gy ra bnh tiu chy.
1886- Fraenkel pht hin thy Streptococcus pneumoniae gy ra bnh vim phi.
1887- Richard Petri phi hin ta cch dng hp lng (a Petri) nui cy vi sinh vt .
1887-1890- Winogradsky nghin cu v vi khun lu hunh v vi khun nitrat ho.
1889- Beijerink phn lp c vi khun nt sn t r u.
1890- Von Behring lm ra khng c t chng bnh un vn v bnh bch hu.
1892- Ivanowsky pht hin ra mm bnh nh hn vi khun (virus) gy ra bnh khm cy
thuc l.
1894- Kitasato v Yersin khm ph ra vi khun gy bnh dch hch (Yersina pestis).
1895- Bordet khm ph ra B th (complement)
1896- Van Ermengem tm ra mm bnh ng c tht (vi khun Clostridium botulinum).
1897- Buchner tch ra c cc men (ferments) t nm men (yeast).
Ross chng minh k sinh trng st rt ly truyn bnh qua mui.
1899- Beijerink chng minh nhng ht virus gy nn bnh khm l thuc l.
1900- Reed chng minh bnh st vng ly truyn do mui.
1902- Landsteiner khm ph ra cc nhm mu
1903- Wright v cng s khm ph ra Khng th (antibody) trong mu ca cc ng vt
min dch.

1905- Schaudinn v Hoffmann tm ra mm bnh giang mai (Treponema pallidum).

1906- Wassermann pht hin ra xt nghim c nh b th chn on giang mai.
1909- Ricketts chng minh bnh St ban ni lan truyn qua ve l do mm bnh vi khun
(Rickettsia rickettsii).
1910- Rous pht hin ra ung th gia cm.
1915-1917- DHerelle v Twort pht hin ra virus ca vi khun ( thc khun th)
1921- Fleming khm ph ra lizzim (lysozyme).
1923-Xut bn ln u cun phn loi Vi khun (Bergeys Manual)
1928- Griffith khm ph ra vic bin np (transformation) vi khun.
1929- Fleming pht hin ra penicillin.
1931- Van Niel chng minh vi khun quang hp s dng cht kh nh ngun cung cp
electron v khng sn sinh xy.
1933- Ruska lm ra chic knh hin vi in t u tin.
1935- Stanley kt tinh c virus khm thuc l (TMV).
Domag tm ra thuc sulfamide.
1937- Chatton phn chia sinh vt thnh hai nhm: Nhn s (Procaryotes) v Nhn tht
(Eucaryotes).
1941- Beadle v Tatum a ra gi thuyt mt gen- mt enzym.
1944- Avery chng minh ADN chuyn thng tin di truyn trong qu trnh bin np.
Waksman tm ra streptomycin.
1046- Lederberg v Tatum khm ph ra qu trnh tip hp (conjugation) vi khun.
1949- Enders, Weller v Robbins nui c virus Polio (Poliovirus) trn m ngi nui
cy.
1950- Lwoff xc nh c cc thc khun th tim tan (lysogenic bacteriophages).
1952- Hershey v Chase chng minh thc khun th tim ADN ca mnh vo t bo vt ch
(host).
Zinder v Lederberg khm ph ra qu trnh ti np (transduction) vi khun.
1953- Frits Zernike Lm ra knh hin vi tng phn pha (phase-contrast microscope).

Medawar khm ph ra hin tng nhn min dch (immune tolerance).

Watson v Crick khm ph ra chui xon kp ca ADN
1955- Jacob v Monod khm ph ra yu t F l mt plasmid.
Jerne v Burnet chng minh l thuyt chn lc clone (clonal selection).
1959- Yalow trin khai k thut Min dch phng x.
1961- Jacob v Monod gii thiu m hnh iu ho hot ng gen nh operon.
1961-1966- Nirenberg, Khorana v cng s gii thch m di truyn.
1962- Porter chng minh cu trc c bn ca Globulin min dch G.
Tng hp c quinolone u tin c tc dng dit khun ( acid nalidixic).
1970- Arber v Smith khm ph ra enzym gii hn (restriction endonuclease)
Temin v Baltimore khm ph ra enzym phin m ngc (reverse transcriptase)
1973- Ames trin khai phng php vi sinh vt hc khm ph ra cc yu t gy t bin
(mutagens).
Cohen, Boyer, Chang v Helling s dng vect plasmid tch dng gen vi khun.
1975- Kohler v Milstein pht trin k thut sn xut cc khng th n dng ( monoclonal
antibodies).
Pht hin ra bnh Lyme.
1977- Woese v Fox tha nhn Vi khun c (Archaea) l mt nhm vi sinh vt ring bit.
Gilbert v Sanger trin khai k thut gii trnh t ADN (DNA sequencing)
1979-Tng hp Insulin bng k thut ti t hp ADN.
Chnh thc ngn chn c bnh u ma.
1980- Pht trin knh hin vi in t qut
1982- Pht trin vaccin ti t hp chng vim gan B.
1982-1983- Cech v Altman pht minh ra ARN xc tc.
1983-1984- Gallo v Montagnier phn lp v nh loi virus gy suy gim min dch
ngi.
Mulli trin khai k thut PCR (polymerase chain reaction).

1986- Ln u tin ng dng trn ngi vaccin c sn xut bng k thut di truyn
(vaccin vim gan B).
1990- Bt u th nghim ln u tin liu php gen (gene-therapy) trn ngi.
1992- Th nghim u tin trn ngi liu php i ngha (antisense therapy).
1995- Hoa K chp thun s dng vaccin u g.
Gii trnh t h gen ca vi khun Haemophilus influenzae.
1996- Gii trnh t h gen ca vi khun Methanococcus jannaschii.
Gii trnh t h gen nm men.
1997- Pht hin ra loi vi khun ln nht Thiomargarita namibiensis
Gii trnh t h gen vi khun Escherichia coli.
2000- Pht hin ra vi khun t Vibrio cholerae c 2 nhim sc th ring bit.

Janssen

Leeuwenhoek (16321723)

Pasteur (1822-1895)

Knh hin vi ca Leeuwenhoek

Bt tch miu t vi sinh vt ca

Leeuwenhoek

Robert Koch (18431910)

Th nghim bnh c cong

phn i thuyt t sinh
(Pasteur)

Vi khun lao chp qua

knh hin vi

Elie Metchnikoff
(1845-1916)

Alexander Fleming (1881-1955)

Nm Penicillium sn
sinh penicillin

Bi 2 Nhng c im chung ca Vi Sinh Vt

1-Vi sinh vt thuc gii sinh vt no?

Vi sinh vt khng phi l mt nhm phn loi trong sinh gii m l bao gm tt c cc sinh
vt c kch thc hin vi, khng thy r c bng mt thng, do phi s dng knh hin vi
thng hoc knh hin vi in t. Ngoi ra mun nghin cu vi sinh vt ngi ta phi s dng ti
phng php nui cy v khun.
T trc n nay c rt nhiu h thng phn loi sinh vt. Cc n v phn loi sinh vt ni
chung v vi sinh vt ni ring i t thp ln cao l Loi (Species), Chi (Genus), H (Family), B
(Order), Lp (Class), Ngnh (Phylum), v Gii (Kingdom). Hin nay trn gii cn c mt mc
phn loi na gi l lnh gii (Domain). y l cha k n cc mc phn loi trung gian nh Loi
ph (Subspecies), Chi ph (Subgenus), H ph (Subfamily), B ph (Suborder),Lp ph
(Subclass), Ngnh ph (Subphylum).

John Ray

Carl Von Linnaeus

Xa kia John Ray (1627-1705) v Carl Von Linnaeus (1707-1778) ch chia ra 2 gii l Thc
vt v ng vt. Nm 1866 E. H. Haeckel (1834-1919) b sung thm gii Nguyn sinh (Protista).
Nm 1969 R. H. Whitaker (1921-1981) xut h thng phn loi 5 gii : Khi sinh
(Monera), Nguyn sinh (Protista), Nm (Fungi), Thc vt (Plantae) v ng vt (Animalia).
Khi sinh bao gm Vi khun (Bacteria) v Vi khun lam (Cyanobacteria).

Nguyn sinh bao gm ng vt nguyn sinh (Protzoa),

To (Algae) v cc Nm si sng trong nc (Water molds).

Gn y hn c h thng phn loi 6 gii- nh 5 gii trn nhng thm gii C vi khun
(Archaebacteria),
gii Khi sinh i thnh gii Vi khun tht (Eubacteria) (P. H. Raven, G. B. Johnson, 2002).
C vi khun v Vi khun tht thuc Cn

T. Cavalier-Smith (1993) th li xut h thng phn loi 8 gii:

Vi khun tht (Eubacteria),
C vi khun (Archaebacteria),
C trng (Archezoa),
Sc khun (Chromista),
Nm (Fungi),
Thc vt (Plantae) v
ng vt (Animalia).

Theo R. Cavalier-Smith th
C trng (nh Giardia) bao gm cc c th n bo nguyn thu c nhn tht, c ribosom
70S, cha c b my Golgi, cha c ty th (mitochondria) cha c th dip lc (Chloroplast), cha
c peroxisome.
Sc khun bao gm phn ln cc c th quang hp cha th dip lc trong cc phin
(lumen) ca mng li ni cht nhn (rough endpplasmic reticulum) ch khng phi trong t bo
cht (cytoplasm), chng hn nh To silic , To nu, Cryptomonas, Nm non.

Nm 1980, Carl R. Woese da trn nhng nghin cu sinh hc phn t pht hin thy C
khun c s sai khc ln trong trt t nucleotid ARN ca ribosom 16S v 18S. ng a ra h
thng phn loi ba lnh gii (Domain) bao gm
C khun (Archae),

Vi khun (Bacteria) v
Sinh vt nhn thc (Eucarya).
C khun l nhm vi sinh vt c ngun gc c xa. Chng bao gm cc nhm vi khun c
th pht trin c trong cc mi trng cc oan (extra), chng hn nh nhm a mn
(Halobacteriales), nhm a nhit (Thermococcales, Thermoproteus, Thermoplasmatales), nhm k
kh sinh mtan (Methanococcales, Methanobacteriales, Methanomicrobiales), nhm vi khun lu
hunh a nhit (Sulfobales, Desulfurococcales).
Monera trong h thng 5 gii tng ng vi Vi khun v C khun trong h thng 8 gii
v trong h thng 3 lnh gii. Nguyn sinh trong h thng 5 gii tng ng vi 3 gii C trng
(Archaezoa), Nguyn sinh (Protista-Protozoa) v Sc khun (Chromista) trong h thng 8 gii v
tng ng vi 5 nhm sau y trong h thng 3 lnh gii (domain): Archaezoa, Euglenozoa,
Alveolata, Stramenopila v Rhodophyta.
Theo h thng 3 lnh gii th Archaezoa bao gm Diplomonad, Trichomonad v
Microsporidian. Euglenozoa ao gm Euglenoid v Kinetoplastid. Alveolata bao gm
Dinoflagellate, Apicomplexan, v Ciliate. Strmenopila bao gm To silic (Diatoms) , To vng
(Golden algae), To nu (Brown algae) v Nm si sng trong nc (Water mold) . Rhodophyta
gm cc To (Red algae). Ring To lc (Green algae) th mt phn thuc Nguyn sinh
(Protista) mt phn thuc Thc vt (Plantae)

H thng phn loi 5 gii sinh vt

H thng phn loi 6 gii sinh vt

H thng phn loi 8 gii sinh vt

H thng 3 lnh gii (domain)

Monera hay 2 lnh gii Vi khun v C khun thuc nhm Sinh vt nhn s (Prokaryote),
cn cc sinh vt khc u thuc nhm Sinh vt nhn tht (Eukaryote). Sai khc gia 3 lnh gii
Bacteria, Archaea v Eukarya c trnh by trn bng di y:

***- So snh ba lnh gii Bacteria, Archaea v Eukarya

c im

Bacteria

Archaea

Eukarya

Nhn c mng nhn v hch

Khng
nhn

Khng

Phc hp bo quan c mng Khng

Khng

Thnh t bo

Hu ht c peptidoglycan
cha acid muramic

Nhiu loi khc nhau, khng

cha acid muramic

Khng cha acid muramic

Mng lipid

Cha lin kt este, cc acid

bo mch thng

Cha lin kt ete, cc chui

aliphatic phn nhnh

Cha lin kt este, cc acid

bo mch thng

Ti kh

Khng

Thymine c trong phn ln

tARN

Khng c thymine trong

nhnh T hoc TyC ca tARN

C thymine

tARN m u cha Nformylmethionine

tARN m u cha
methionine

mARN a cistron

Khng

Intron trong mARN

Khng

Khng

Ghp ni, gn m v gn
ui polyA vo mARN

Khng

Khng

ARN vn chuyn
tARN m u cha
methionine

Ribosom
Kch thc

70S

70S

80S (ribosom t bo cht)

Yu t ko di EF2

Khng phn ng vi c t
bch hu

C phn ng

C phn ng

Mn cm vi cloramphenicol
Mn cm
v kanamycin

Khng

Khng

Mn cm vi anisomycin

Mn cm

Mn cm

Khng

ARN polymerase ph thuc ADN

S lng enzym

Mt

Mt s

Ba

Cu trc

4 tiu n v

8-12 tiu n v

12-14 tiu n v

Mn cm vi rifampicin

Mn cm

Khng

Khng

Promoter typ Polymerase II

Khng

Trao i cht
Tng t ATPase

Khng

Sinh methane

Khng

Khng

C nh N2

Khng

Quang hp vi dip lc

Khng

Ho dng v c

Khng

hiu c chi tit ni dung ghi trong bng ni trn gio vin cn gii thch cho sinh vin
nhng kin thc c bn thuc gio trnh T bo hc v Di truyn hc
Phn ln vi sinh vt thuc v ba nhm C khun, Vi khun v Nguyn sinh. Trong gii
Nm, th nm men (yeast), nm si (filamentous Fungi) v dng si (mycelia) ca mi nm ln u
c coi l vi sinh vt. Nh vy l vi sinh vt khng c mt trong hai gii ng vt v Thc vt.
Ngi ta c tnh trong s 1,5 triu loi sinh vt c khong 200 000 loi vi sinh vt (100 000 loi
ng vt nguyn sinh v to, 90 000 loi nm, 2500 loi vi khun lam v 1500 loi vi khun). Tuy
nhin hng nm, c thm hng nghn loi sinh vt mi c pht hin, trong c khng t loi vi
sinh vt.
Virus l mt dng c bit cha c cu trc c th cho nn cha c k n trong s 200
000 loi vi sinh vt ni trn. S virus c t tn l khong 4000 loi.

Poliovirus

Virus cm g H5N1

Virus HIV/AIDS

Trong thc t, s loi vi sinh vt phi ti hng triu loi. Bo tng ging chun vi sinh vt
(VTCC) thuc TT Cng ngh Sinh hc, HQG H Ni hp tc vi cc nh khoa hc Nht bn v
da trn cc k thut sinh hc phn t bc u pht hin c kh nhiu loi vi sinh vt mi
c th gii cng nhn.

2-Cc c im chung ca vi sinh vt :

Vi sinh vt c cc c im chung sau y :

1)-Kch thc nh b :
Vi sinh vt thng c o kch thc bng n v micromet (1mm= 1/1000mm hay
1/1000 000m). virus c o kch thc n v bng nanomet (1nn=1/1000

000mm hay 1/1000 000 000m).

Kch thc cng b th din tch b mt ca vi sinh vt trong 1 n v th
tch cng ln. Chng hn ng knh ca 1 cu khun (Coccus) ch c 1mm,
nhng nu xp y chng thnh 1 khi lp nhng c th lch l 1cm3 th chng
c din tch b mt rng ti ...6 m2 !

Light microscope : KHV quang hc

Electron microscope : KHV in t
Most bacteria: Phn ln vi khun

Kch thc vi khun so vi u kim khu

Ba dng ch yu vi khun :

trc khun, cu khun v xon khun.

2)-Hp thu nhiu, chuyn ho nhanh :

Tuy vi sinh vt c kch thc rt nh b nhng chng li c nng lc hp
thu v chuyn ho vt xa cc sinh vt khc. Chng hn 1 vi khun lctic
(Lactobacillus) trong 1 gi c th phn gii c mt lng ng lactose ln
hn 100-10 000 ln so vi khi lng ca chng. tc tng hp protein ca
nm men cao gp 1000 ln so vi u tng v gp 100 000 ln so vi tru
b.

Lactobacillus qua KHV in t

3) Sinh trng nhanh, pht trin mnh :

Chng hn, 1 trc khun i trng (Escherichia coli ) trong cc iu kin
thch hp ch sau 12-20 pht li phn ct mt ln. Nu ly thi gian th h l
20 pht th mi gi phn ct 3 ln, sau 24 gi phn ct 72 ln v to ra 4 722
366 500 000 000 000 000 000 t bo (4 722 366. 10 17), tng ng vi 1
khi lng ... 4722 tn. Tt nhin trong t nhin khng c c cc iu kin
ti u nh vy ( v thiu thc n, thiu oxy, d tha cc sn phm trao i
cht c hi...). Trong ni ln men vi cc iu kin nui cy thch hp t 1 t
bo c th to ra sau 24 gi khong 100 000 000- 1 000 000 000 t bo. Thi
gian th h ca nm men di hn, v d vi men ru (Saccharomyces
cerevisiae) l 120 pht. Vi nhiu vi sinh vt khc cn di hn na, v d vi
to Tiu cu ( Chlorella ) l 7 gi, vi vi khun lam Nostoc l 23 gi...C th
ni khng c sinh vt no c tc sinh si ny n nhanh nh vi sinh vt.

Vi kun Escherichia
coli

Nm men
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae

Nm si
Alternaria

Vi to Chlorella

4) C nng lc thch ng mnh v d dng pht sinh

bin d :
Trong qu trnh tin ho lu di vi sinh vt to cho mnh nhng c ch
iu ho trao i cht thch ng c vi nhng iu kin sng rt khc
nhau, k c nhng iu kin ht sc bt li m cc sinh vt khc tgng khng
th tn ti c. C vi sinh vt sng c mi trng nng n 130 0C, lnh
n 0-50C, mn n nng 32% mui n, ngt n nng mt ong, pH
thp n 0,5 hoc cao n 10,7, p sut cao n trn 1103 at. hay c
phng x cao n 750 000 rad. Nhiu vi sinh vt c th pht trin tt trong
iu kin tuyt i k kh, c noi nm si c th pht trin dy c trong b
ngm t thi vi nng Formol rt cao...

Vi sinh vt a s l n bo, n bi, sinh sn nhanh, s lng nhiu,

tip xc trc tip vi mi trng sng ... do rt d dng pht sinh bin d.
Tn s bin d thng mc 10-5-10-10. Ch sau mt thi gian ngn c th
to ra mt s lng rt ln cc c th bin d cc h h sau. Nhng bin d c
ch s a li hiu qu rt ln trong sn xut. Nu nh khi mi pht hin ra
penicillin hot tnh ch t 20 n v/ml dch ln men (1943) th nay c th
t trn 100 000 n v/ml. Khi mi pht hin ra acid glutamic ch t 1-2g/l
th nay t n 150g/ml dch ln men (VEDAN-Vit Nam).

Nh my Vedan-Vit Nam

5) Phn b rng, chng loi nhiu :

Vi sinh vt c mt khp mi ni trn Tri t, trong khng kh, trong
t, trn ni cao, di bin su, trn c th, ngi, ng vt, thc vt, trong
thc phm, trn mi vt...
Vi sinh vt tham gia tch cc vo vic thc hin cc vng tun hon sinha-ho hc (biogeochemical cycles) nh vng tun hon C, vng tun hon n,
vng tun hon P, vng tun hon S, vng tun hon Fe...
Trong nc vi sinh vt c nhiu vng duyn hi (littoral zone), vng
nc nng (limnetic zone) v ngay c vng nc su (profundal zone), vng
y ao h (benthic zone).
Trong khng kh th cng ln cao s lng vi sinh vt cng t. S lng vi
sinh vt trong khng kh cc khu dn c ng c cao hn rt nhiu so vi
khng kh trn mt bin v nht l trong khng kh Bc cc, Nam cc...
Hu nh khng c hp cht carbon no (tr kim cng, grapht...) m
khng l thc n ca nhng nhm vi sinh vt no (k c du m, kh thin
nhin, formol. dioxin...). Vi sinh vt c rt phong ph cc kiu dinh dng khc

nhau :
quang
t
dng
(photoautotrophy),
quang
d
dng
(photoheterotrophy), ho t dng (chemoautotrophy), ho d dng
(chemoheterotrophy).t dng cht sinh trng (auxoautotroph), d dng
cht sinh trng (auxoheterotroph)...

6)- L sinh vt xut hin u tin trn tri t :

Tri t hnh thnh cch y 4,6 t nm nhng cho n nay mi ch tm
thy du vt ca s sng t cch y 3,5 t nm. l cc vi sinh vt ho
thch cn li vt tch trong cc tng c. Vi sinh vt ho thch ca nht
c pht hin l nhngdng rt ging vi Vi khun lam ngy nay. Chng
c J.William Schopf tm thy ti cc tng c min Ty Australia. Chng
c dng a bo n gin, ni thnh si di n vi chc mm vi ng knh
khong 1-2 mm v c thnh t bo kh dy. Trc cc nh khoa hc cng
tm thy vt tch ca chi Gloeodiniopsis c nin i cch y 1,5 t nm v
vt tch ca chi Palaeolyngbya c nin i cch y 950 triu nm.

Vt tch vi khun lam Vt tch Gloeodiniopsis cch Vt tch Palaeolyngbya cch

cch y 3,5 t nm y 1,5 t nm
y 950 triu nm

Bi 3 Cu trc t bo vi khun
1.

Thnh t bo :

Thnh t bo (cell wall) gip duy tr hnh thi ca t bo, h tr s chuyn ng ca tin
mao (flagellum) , gip t bo khng vi p sut thm thu, h tr qu trnh phn ct t bo , cn
tr s xm nhp ca mt s cht c phn t ln, lin quan n tnh khng nguyn , tnh gy bnh,
tnh mn cm vi Thc khun th (bacteriophage).
Nm 1884 H.Christian Gram ngh ra phng php nhum phn bit phn chia vi khun
thnh 2 nhm khc nhau : vi khun Gram dng (G+) v vi khun Gram m (G-). Phng php
nhum Gram v sau c s dng rng ri khi nh loi vi sinh vt. Thnh phn ho hc ca 2
nhm ny khc nhau ch yu nh sau :

Gram dng
Thnh phn

T l % i vi khi lng

Gram m
kh ca thnh t bo

Peptidoglycan

30-95

5-20

Acid teicoic (Teichoic acid)

Cao

Lipid

Hu nh khng c

20

Protein

Khng c hoc c t

Cao

Mng sinh cht (plasma membrane); Mng ngoi (outer membrane); Chu cht
(Periplasmic space)

Peptidoglycan l loi polyme xp, kh bn vng, cu to bi 3 thnh phn:

-N-Acetylglucosamin ( N-Acetylglucosamine, NAG)
-Acid N-Acetylmuramic (N-Acetylmuramic acid, NAM)

-Tetrapeptid cha c D- v L- acid amin

Thnh t bo vi khun Gram dng

Thnh t bo vi khun Gram m

2- Mng sinh cht:

Mng sinh cht hay Mng t bo cht (Cytoplasmic membrane, CM) vi
khun cng tng t nh cc sinh vt khc. Chng cu to bi 2 lp
phospholipid (PL), chim 30-40% khi lng ca mng, v cc protein (nm
trong, ngoi hay xen gia mng), chim 60-70% khi lng ca mng. u
phosphat ca PL tch in, phn cc, a nc ; ui hydrocarbon khng tch
in, khng phn cc, k nc.
CM c cc chc nng ch yu sau y:
-

Khng ch s qua li ca cc cht dinh dng, cc sn

phm trao i cht

Duy tr p sut thm thu bnh thng trong t bo.

L ni sinh tng hp cc thnh phn ca thnh t bo v

cc polyme ca bao nhy (capsule).

L ni tin hnh qu trnh phosphoryl oxy ho v qu trnh

phosphoryl quang hp ( vi khun quang t dng)

L ni tng hp nhiu enzym, cc protein ca chui h

hp.

Cung cp nng lng cho s hot ng ca tin mao

Sinh vin in ch thch theo hng dn ca gio vin

Cu trc ca u v ui ca phospholipid

2. T bo cht :
T bo cht (TBC-Cytoplasm) l phn vt cht dng keo nm bn trong mng sinh cht,
cha ti 80% l nc. Trong t bo cht c protein, acid nucleic, hydrat carbon, lipid, cc

ion v c v nhiu nhiu cht khc c khi lng phn t thp. Bo quan ng lu trong
TBC l ribosom (ribosome). Ribosom nm t do trong t bo cht v chim ti 70% trng
lng kh ca TBC. Ribosom gm 2 tiu phn (50S v 30S), hai tiu phn ny kt hp vi
nhau to thnh ribosom 70S. S l n v Svedberg- i lng o tc lng khi ly tm cao
tc. Cu trc ca ribosom vi khun so vi ribosom 80S cc sinh vt nhn tht (nm, thc
vt, ng vt) c trnh by trong bng sau y (Gio vin ging sinh vin ch thch vo
hnh bng ting Vit)

Ribosom vi khun

So snh Ribosom Vi khun v cc Sinh vt nhn tht (Eukaryotic ribosome)

Trong t bo cht ca vi khun cn c th gp cc cht d tr nh cc

ht glycogen, ht PHB (Poly--hydroxybutyrat), Cyanophycin, Phycocyanin, cc
ht d nhim sc (metachromatic body), cc git lu hunh...
loi vi khun dit cn trng Bacillus thuringiensis v Bacillus
sphaericus cn gp tinh th c (parasoral body) hnh qu trm, c bn cht
protein v cha nhng c t c th git hi trn 100 loi su hi (tinh th c
ch gii phng c t trong mi trng kim do cc vi khun ny hon ton
v hi vi ngi, gia sc, gia cm, thu hi sn- c hi i vi tm). Bacillus
sphaericus c th dit cung qung ca cc loi mui.

Bo t (spore) v Tinh th c (Crystal) Bacillus thuringiensis (tri) v

Bacillus sphaericus (phi).

3. Th nhn:
Th nhn ( Nuclear body) vi khun l dng nhn nguyn thu, cha c mng nhn nn
khng c hnh dng c nh, v v vy cn c gi l vng nhn. Khi nhum mu t bo bng
thuc nhum Feulgen c th thy th nhn hin mu tm. l 1 nhim sc th (NST, chromosome)
duy nht dng vng cha 1 si ADN xon kp ( X khun Streptomyces c th gp nhim sc th
dng thng). NST vi khun Escherichia coli di ti 1mm (!), c khi lng phn t l 3.109,
cha 4,6.106 cp base nit. Th nhn l b phn cha ng thng tin di truyn ca vi khun.

Th nhn trong t bo vi khun Escherichia coli.

Ngoi NST, trong t bo nhiu vi khun cn gp nhng ADN ngoi NST.

l nhng ADN xon kp c dng vng khp kn, c kh nng sao chp c
lp, chng c tn l Plasmid.

4. Bao nhy:
Bao nhy hay Gip mc (Capsule) gp mt s loi vi khun vi cc
mc khc nhau:
-Bao nhy mng ( Vi gip mc, Microcapssule)
-Bao nhy (Gip mc, Capsule)
-Khi nhy ( Zooglea)
Mun quan st bao nhy thng ln tiu bn vi mc tu, bao nhy c
mu trng hin ln trn nn ti.
Thnh phn ch yu ca bao nhy l polysaccarid, ngoi ra cng c
polypeptid v protein. Trong thnh phn polysaccarid ngoi glucose cn c
glucozamin, ramnose, acid 2-keto-3-deoxygalacturonic, acid uronic, acid
pyruvic, acid axetic...
ngha sinh hc ca bao nhy l:
-Bo v vi khun trong iu kin kh hn, bo v vi khun trnh b thc
bo (trng hp Ph cu khun-Diplococcus pneumoniae)
-Cung cp cht dinh dng cho vi khun khi thiu thc n
-L ni tch lu mt s sn phm trao i cht (dextran, xantan...)
-Gip vi khun bm vo gi th ( trng hp cc vi khun gy su rng
nh Streptococcus salivarrius, Streptococcus mutans...)

Vi khun Acetobacter xylinum c bao nhy cu to bi cellulose. Ngi ta dng

vi khun ny nui cy trn nc da ch to ra Thch da (Nata de coco).

da (Nata de coco)

Vi khun Leuconostoc mesenteroides c bao nhy dy cha hp cht polyme l

Dextran c tc dng thay huyt tng khi cp cu m thiu huyt tng. Sn
phm ny rt quan trng khi c chin tranh. Vi khun ny thng gp cc
nh my ng v gy tn tht ng trong cc b cha nc p ma. Nh
enzym dextransuccrase m ng saccarose b chuyn thnh dextran v
fructose.

Vi khun Leuconostoc mesenteroides

Mt s bao nhy ca vi khun cn c dng sn xut Xantan

(Xanthane) dng lm cht ph gia trong cng nghip du m.

5. Tin mao v khun mao :

Tin mao (Lng roi, flagella) khng phi c mt mi vi khun, chng quyt nh kh nng
v phng thc di ng ca vi khun. Tin mao l nhng si lng di, di knh hin vi quang hc
ch c th thy r khi nhum theo phng php ring. Di knh hin vi in t c th thy rt r
cu trc ca tng si tin mao. xc nh xem vi khun c tin mao hay khng cn c cch th
gin tip nhm bit kh nng di ng ca chng. Cy bng que cy nhn u vo mi trng thch
ng cha 0.4% thch (agar-agar), cn gi l mi trng thch mm. Nu thy vt cy lan nhanh
ra xung quanh th chng t l vi khun c tin mao, c kh nng di ng.
Tin mao c th gc (basal body), gm 1 tr nh c gn vi 4 a trn (vi khun G - ) c
dng vng nhn (ring), k hiu l cc vng L,P,S v M. Vng L nm ngoi cng, tng ng vi lp
liposaccarid ca mng ngoi ; vng P tng ng vi lp peptidoglycan, vng S tng ng vi lp
khng gian chu cht ; vng M nm trong cng. Vi khun G+ ch c 2 vng : 1 vng nm ngoi
tng ng vi thnh t bo v 1 vng trong tng ng vi mng sinh cht. Xuyn gia cc vng l
1 tr nh (rod) c ng knh 7nm. Bao bc tin mao phn pha ngoi l mt bao ngn c hnh
mc (hook). Si tin mao (filament) di khong 10-20m v c ng knh khong 13-20nm.
ng knh ca bao hnh mc l 17nm. Khong cch gia vng S v vng M l 3mm, gia vng P
v vng L l 9nm, gia vng P v vng S l 12nm. ng knh ca cc vng l 22nm, ng knh
cc l cc vng l 10nm. Khong cch t mt ngoi ca vng L n mt trong ca vng M l
27nm. Si tin mao cu to bi loi protein c tn l flagellin, c trng lng phn t l 30 000-60
000. Mt s vi khun c bao lng (sheath) bao bc sut chiu di si, nh trng hp chi
Bdellovibrio hay vi khun t Vibrio cholera.

Tin mao v khun mao vi khun

Tin mao VK Gram dng

Tin mao VK Gram m

Tin mao vi khun G

Tin mao vi khun G Cc tiu phn (subunit) ca flagellin c tng hp t cc ht ribosom nm gn mng sinh
chy tng hp nn v i qua li m to dn thnh si tin mao

Tin mao ca vi khun c cc loi khc nhau tu tng loi :

-Khng c tin mao (v mao, atrichia)
-C 1 tin mao mc cc ( n mao, monotricha)
-C 1 chm tin mao mc cc ( chm mao, lophotricha)
-C 2 chm tin mao mc 2 cc ( song chm mao, amphitricha)
-C nhiu tin mao mc khp quanh t bo (chu mao, peritricha)
C loi tin mao mc gia t bo nh trng hp vi khun
Selenomonas ruminantium.

Cc loi tin mao vi khun

Kiu sp xp tin mao lin quan n hnh thc di ng ca vi khun. Tin mao mc cc
gip vi khun di ng theo kiu tin- li. Chng o ngc hng bng cch o ngc hng
quay ca tin mao. Vi khun chu mao di ng theo hng no th cc tin mao chuyn ng theo
hng ngc li. Khi tin mao khng t li v mt hng th vi khun chuyn ng theo kiu nho
ln. Tc di chuyn ca vi khun c tin mao thng vo khong 20-80m/giy, ngha l trong 1
giy chuyn ng c mt khong cch ln hn gp 20-80 ln so vi chiu di ca c th chng.
Cc chi vi khun thng c tin mao l Vibrio, Spirillum, Pseudomonas, Escherichia,
Shigella, Salmonella, Proteus... cc chi Clostridium, Bacterium,Bacillus, ...c loi c tin mao c
loi khng. cu khun ch c 1 chi (Planococcus) l c tin mao
Xon th c mt dng tin mao c bit gi l tin mao chu cht (periplasmic flagella), hay
cn gi l si trc ( axial fibrils), xut pht t cc t bo v qun quang c th. Chng gip xon
th chuyn ng c nh s un vn t bo theo kiu vn nt chai.

Xon th (Spirochete) quan st di knh hin vi nn en.

AF: Si trc
PC: ng nguyn sinh cht
OS: V ngoi
IP: L ni

C ch chuyn ng un vn t bo Xon th ( OS, AF, PC- xem ch thch

hnh trn).

6. Khun mao v Khun mao gii:

Khun mao (hay Tim mao, Nhung mao , Fimbriae) l nhng si lng rt
mnh, rt ngn mc quanh b mt t bo nhiu vi khun Gram m. Chng c
ng knh khong 7-9nm, rng rut (ng knh trong l 2-2,5nm), s lng
khong 250-300 si/ vi khun. Kt cu ca khun mao gin n hn nhiu so
vi tin mao. Chng c tc dng gip vi khun bm vo gi th ( nhiu vi
khun gy bnh dng khun mao bm cht vo mng nhy ca ng h
hp, ng tiu ho, ng tit niu ca ngi v ng vt).

Khun mao vi khun E.coli

C mt loi khun mao t bit gi l Khun mao gii (Sex pili, Sex pilus-s
nhiu) c th gp mt s vi khun vi s lng ch c 1-10/ vi khun. N c
cu to ging khun mao , ng knh khong 9-10nm nhng c th rt di.
Chng c th ni lin gia hai vi khun v lm cu ni chuyn vt cht di
truyn (ADN) t th cho (donor) sang th nhn (recipient). Qu trnh ny c
gi l qu trnh giao phi (mating) hay tip hp (conjugation). Mt s thc
khun th (bacteriophage) bm vo cc th th (receptors) khun mao gii
v bt u chu trnh pht trin ca chng.