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- 21 ____________________________________________________________________

SECTION 3: ENGLISH

This section contains 29 questions.

The time allotted is 25 minutes.

The following section contains three types of questions: Sentence Completion,

Restatement and Reading Comprehension. Each question is followed by four possible
responses. Choose the response which best answers the question and mark its
number in the appropriate place on the answer sheet.

Sentence Completions (Questions 1-12)

This part consists of sentences with a word or words missing in each. For each
question, choose the answer which best completes the sentence.
1.

Drugs taken by a pregnant woman can affect the growth and _____ of her baby.
(1) ingestion

2.

(2) coherent

(2) theories

(2) used

(4) vacation

(3) disciplines

(4) tools

(3) received

(4) congratulated

The common _______ of Hume, simply treats him as a writer who took
philosophical skepticism to its limit.
(1) interpretation (2) understands

6.

(3) gravity

Over the past 200 years, Americans have twice accepted, and then decisively
_______ drugs.
(1) rejected

5.

(4) usage

Surveys and polls are very important _______ for gathering data for social
research.
(1) evidence

4.

(3) development

This company lacks a _______ economical plan.

(1) normality

3.

(2) symptoms

(3) breeding

(4) critical

People who live among different sets of individuals acquire different ______ of
life-style.
(1) submissions

(2) feelings

(3) protests

(4) forms

- 22 ____________________________________________________________________
7.

A man who builds and repairs ships is called a _____ .

(1) shipwright

8.

(3) brief

(4) custody

(2) suffering

(3) deficiency

(4) weakness

(2) different

(3) reluctant

(4) arguing

(2) various

(3) extinct

(4) potent

A disk drive is a computer information device _______ to a record player

operating at a much higher speed and with a much higher capacity.
(1) able

(2) pressing

The world's human population is increasing so fast that animals are inevitably
being crowded out, and soon the more _______ species will exist solely in
reservoirs and parks.
(1) vulnerable

12.

(4) receiver

History does not seem to support the generalization that people are less
________ to fight one another as they become more alike.
(1) inclined

11.

(3) location

Scurvy is a disease caused by a severe ______ of Vitamin C.

(1) harvester

10.

(2) testament

After an unpleasant discussion, the jury decided that the girl would remain in
the _______ of her father.
(1) grace

9.

(2) analogous

(3) similarly

(4) reminds

- 23 ____________________________________________________________________

Restatements (Questions 13-19)

This part consists of several sentences, each followed by four possible ways of
restating the main idea of that sentence in different words. For each question, choose
the one restatement which best expresses the meaning of the original sentence.
13.

Over the last twenty years, Africa's elephant population has declined drastically
due to ivory poaching.
(1) There are more elephants in Africa now due to ivory poaching.
(2) Poachers have killed all the elephants in Africa for their ivory.
(3) Poachers have stolen ivory from the declining elephant population in Africa
over the last 20 years.
(4) The number of elephants in Africa has been reduced in the last two decades
as they have been killed for their ivory.

14.

After Roentgen's discovery of X-rays, Henry Poincare deduced that similar

radiation was emitted spontaneously by luminous bodies.
(1) The discovery of Roentgen led to the idea that glowing bodies emit such
radiation after an interaction with luminous bodies.
(2) Henry Poincare argued that although Roentgen discovered X-rays, they could
have been discovered by luminous bodies.
(3) Preceding the discovery of X-rays by Roentgen, Poincare assumed the
existence of similar-radiation, which is emitted from glowing bodies without
any interaction.
(4) From the discovery of X-rays by Roentgen, Poincare deduced the existence
of similar radiation which is emitted from glowing bodies without interaction.

15.

The effectiveness and appropriateness of brief psychotherapy for borderline

individuals are generally rejected.
(1) Most therapists believe borderline individuals need long term treatment.
(2) Although most people are against long term treatment for borderline
individuals, short term treatment is more successful.
(3) Borderline individuals suffer from brief psychotherapy and are therefore
rejected.
(4) Psychotherapists believe that borderline individuals are best treated by short
term therapy.

- 24 ____________________________________________________________________
16.

The absence of knowledge concerning our earlier and formative encounters with
drugs, impedes the already difficult task of establishing a workable and
sustainable drug policy.
(1) In order to plan a drug fighting policy it is unnecessary to know anything
about the history of drug use.
(2) If we want to plan a feasible policy regarding drug use, it will be helpful to
know our past drug history.
(3) Establishing a workable drug policy is considerably difficult.
(4) Lack of knowledge is harmful to our policy.

17.

While traveling, American tourists will experience little difficulty

communicating as English has practically become a universal language, spoken
just about anywhere.
(1) Despite the fact that English is practically a universal language, American
tourists can expect little difficulty communicating while traveling.
(2) Since English is a very widespread language, there are very few places in the
world where American tourists would have trouble communicating with
people.
(3) Because American tourists have few problems with language, English has
turned into a universal language.
(4) Since English is not a difficult language, American tourists will be accepted
universally.

18.

The 58 year old million-member Alcoholics Anonymous association has come

under increasing criticism for what some see as the distinctly religious tilt of its
12 steps, four of which specifically - invoke "God".
(1) Alcoholics Anonymous is a religious association that criticizes the use of
alcohol.
(2) More and more people are denouncing Alcoholics Anonymous for being too
religious.
(3) Alcoholics Anonymous is an organization which is 58 years old, has about a
million members and has 12 steps, which a member must take in order to
become fully rehabilitated.
(4) There are 12 steps a man must take in order to stop being addicted to alcohol,
four of which take him closer to "God".

- 25 ____________________________________________________________________
19.

The law of effect is a theory which asserts that the tendency of a stimulus to
evoke a response is strengthened when the response is followed by a reward,
and weakened when there is none.
(1) The strength of a response to a stimulus is in direct proportion to the amount
of reward given.
(2) The theory of effect has a tendency to evoke response.
(3) Stimulus, according to the law of effect, strengthens the response to a bigger
reward.
(4) The theory of effect asserts that a response is strengthened if a stimulus is not
followed by a reward.

- 26 ____________________________________________________________________

Reading Comprehension (Questions 20-29)

This part consists of two reading passages, each followed by several related questions.
For each question, choose the most appropriate answer based on the text.

Text I (Questions 20-24)

(1)

(5)

(10)

(15)

(20)

The social aspect of dreaming lies at the heart of a famous theory of dreams
proposed by Sigmund Freud. According to Freud, dreams are the product of an
elaborate clash between two contending forces - the unconscious primitive urges of
our biological heritage and the civilizing constraints imposed by society. In dreams
we sometimes see both sides of the battle. Various forbidden impulses - mostly sex
and aggression - emerge, but they are soon opposed by the "thou shall nots" of our
early upbringing.
The result is a compromise. The forbidden material breaks through but only in a
stealthy, censored masquerade. This disguise explains why dreams are so often odd
and senseless. Their senselessness is only on the surface, a cunning mask that lets us
indulge in the unacceptable wish without realizing it is unacceptable.
According to Freud, some distortions involve various transformations of the
unacceptable themes. One is symbolism. For example, he believed that sexual urges
often emerge in symbolic guises. Thus in his view, dreams of riding horses or walking
up a staircase often mask erotic desires.
Freud argued that these and many other symbolic transformations are the dreamer's
way of smuggling the forbidden wish past the inner censor's eye. He believed that
such defenses refer back to early childhood when the parents set up various
prohibitions that continue to haunt the adult. Seen in this light, dreams reflect
important social processes that pertain to the past, and the way in which major social
commandments are instilled in each of us by society's first agents, our parents.

Questions
20.

What process produces dreams according to Freud?

(1) Understanding primitive urges which we are unaware of.
(2) A battle between the prohibitions imposed by society and our natural
urges.
(3) Our reaction to everyday stimulus, which produces tensions and anxieties.
(4) Our primitive urges and constraints imposed by civilization.

- 27 ____________________________________________________________________
21.

The "thou shalt nots" in line 6 can be replaced by (1)

(2)
(3)
(4)

22.

a contradiction to abstract dreams.

a mask, behind which we can hide.
a tool for the emergence of our urges .
an inner language, which we don't understand.

According to the last paragraph, our parents are responsible for (1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

24.

forbidden impulses.
the emergence of sex and aggression.
restricting rules.
the compromise we end up making.

Symbolism appears as (1)

(2)
(3)
(4)

23.

exposing us to their narcissistic needs.

our inhibitions.
the symbolic emergence of sexual urges.
the haunted dreams adults still dream to this day.

The best title for this paragraph is (1)

(2)
(3)
(4)

The internal conflict that brings about dreams.

The role of symbolism in dreams.
Interpretation of dreams.
Freud's analytical psychology.

- 28 ____________________________________________________________________

Text II (Questions 25-29)

(1)

(5)

According to Maslow, most people, if not all of mankind, need and seek inner
fulfillment. Yet, only a few ever achieve it. In part, he believed that this extremely
unfortunate state of affairs exists because many people are simply blind to their
potential; they neither know that it exists nor understand the rewards of selfenhancement. Rather, they tend to doubt and even fear their own abilities, thereby
diminishing their chances of self-actualization.

Often, the social environment also stifles self-fulfillment. One example is the
cultural stereotype of what is masculine and what is not. Human qualities as
sympathy, kindness, and tenderness are frequently discouraged because of the
(10) cultural tendency to consider such characteristics "unmasculine". People,
therefore, will generally need a "facilitative" society in which to maximize their
human potentials to the fullest.
A final obstacle to self-actualization mentioned by Maslow is the strong
negative influence exerted by the safety needs. The growth process demands a
(15) constant willingness to take risks, to make mistakes, and to break old habits.
This requires courage. It follows that anything that increases the individual's fear
and anxiety also increases his or her tendency to regress towards safety and
security. Consequently the realization of one's full potential requires an openness
to novel ideas and experiences.
(20)

Maslow maintained that children reared in a secure, warm, friendly

atmosphere are more apt to acquire a healthy taste for the growth process. In
short, under healthy conditions, growth is rewarding and the individual will strive
to become the best he or she is able to. In other words, people who fail to develop
their true potential are reacting to a deprivation of their basic needs.

(25)

If more people are to achieve self-actualization, then the world needs to be

changed to permit more widespread opportunities for people to satisfy their lowlevel needs. Obviously, this task would require a major reorganization of many of
our social institutions and political structures.

Questions
25.

According to Maslow, the reason why people don't achieve self actualization is
that (1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

they are unaware of their potential.

society tends to stifle self-enhancement.
fear of failure.
all of the above.

- 29 ____________________________________________________________________
26.

The sentence beginning with the words "Human qualities..." (line 8) is (1) a contradiction to the previous sentence.
(2) an example of the idea stated in the following sentence.
(3) an example of the idea stated in the second sentence of the second
paragraph.
(4) the reason behind the previous sentence.

27.

According to the third paragraph (1) there is a need for a "facilitative" society.
(2) the lack of basic needs leads to unrealization of one's full potential.
(3) in order to develop one's true potential, one needs to overcome the obstacle
of the safety needs.
(4) all of the above.

28.

"deprivation of their basic needs" (line 24) leads to (1)

(2)
(3)
(4)

29.

the growth process.

failure to achieve self actualization.
reorganization of political structures.
neurosis.

The best title for this paragraph is:

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

Maslow's personality theory.

Psychotherapy according to Maslow.
The role of society in achieving self actualization.
Why can't all people achieve self actualization?

 - 30____________________________________________________________________

- 31____________________________________________________________________

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- 34____________________________________________________________________

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- 41____________________________________________________________________

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 - 46____________________________________________________________________

- 47 ____________________________________________________________________

SECTION 6: ENGLISH

This section contains 29 questions.

The time allotted is 25 minutes.

The following section contains three types of questions: Sentence Completion,

Restatement and Reading Comprehension. Each question is followed by four possible
responses. Choose the response which best answers the question and mark its
number in the appropriate place on the answer sheet.

Sentence Completion (Questions 1-12)

This part consists of sentences with a word missing in each. For each sentence, choose
the one answer which best completes the sentence.
1.

The judge scheduled the next _______ for Thursday.

(1) committee

2.

(4) court

(2) vicious

(3) gentle

(4) lost

"The Name of the Rose", Umberto Eco's first novel, was praised by readers and
.
critics alike and is considered to be
(1) an imitation

4.

(3) gathering

Although it looks _______, the dog is really very friendly.

(1) tamed

3.

(2) hearing

(2) a creation

(3) a masterpiece

(4) an implication

In the daily task of teaching, we frequently use definitions. These ________ one
object or idea from other objects and ideas.
(1) define

(2) separation

(3) initialize

(4) distinguish

4
5.

The spread of nuclear weapons may lead to unpredictable

balance of world power.
(1) diversions

6.

(2) corrections

(3) move

in the
(4) shifts

Certain ________ hamper analogue computers from competing with digital

ones.
(1) misperceptions (2) limitations

(3) advantages

(4) ideas

- 48 ____________________________________________________________________
7.

Modern technology produced changes in agriculture through the ______ of farm

machinery as well as through the invention of new pesticides and herbicides.
(1) achievements

8.

(3) tedious

(2) placed

(3) found

(4) trivial

by the acceptance of
(4) depended

(2) renovate

(3) decorate

(4) replace

(2) discard

(3) reassure

(4) promote

The man had trouble forming relations with women because he was very _____
and insecure.
(1) timid

(2) wasted

In 1984, scientists working at the national Bureau of Standards were astonished

to find a material that seemed to _______ one of the fundamental theorems of
crystallography.
(1) ensure

12.

(4) engineer

As in most literary rebellions, the new literature rose out of a desire to _____ the
literature of the previous age.
(1) proclaim

11.

(3) marketing

The outcome of a scientific revolution is to be

one of two competing hypotheses.
(1) determined

10.

(2) development

Research is not always glamorous. Indeed, entering data into the computer is an
extremely _______ task.
(1) interesting

9.

(2) astounded

(3) rebellious

(4) descendant

- 49 ____________________________________________________________________

Restatements (Questions 13-19)

This part consists of several sentences, each followed by four possible ways of
restating the main idea of that sentence in different words. For each question, choose
the one restatement which best expresses the meaning of the original sentence.
13.

The growth of industrial society has created new educational needs, especially
on the part of adults.
(1) Adults need more education.
(2) The growing need for education, primarily on the part of adults, led to the
growth of industrial society.
(3) The industry has grown in the past century.
(4) The expansion of industry has led to the emergence of new educational
necessities, especially for adults.

14.

Anton Chekhov's abhorrence of physical and verbal violence in his writings is a

result of him being subject to both in his early childhood.
(1) The fact that his writing are filled with physical and verbal violence, is a
result of Anton Chekhov's being subject to both in his early childhood.
(2) Having been the subject of physical and verbal violence, Anton Chekhov's
abhorrence of them both was evident in his writings.
(3) Anton Chekhov's early childhood was filled with violence, both physical and
verbal, and as a result, he used violence extensively in his writings.
(4) Violence, both physical and verbal, caused Anton Chekhov to use it in his
writings as a young child, since he was very curious about it.

15.

The only rational way of educating is by setting an example, or, if it cannot be

avoided, an example that provides a warning.
(1) The teacher has to be a good example, because it cannot be avoided.
(2) Setting an example, even one that serves as a warning, is the most logical way
to educate.
(3) Being rational is the only way to educate people who want to avoid being
educated.
(4) By setting a good example, one can be rational.

- 50 ____________________________________________________________________
16.

Francis Bacon was the intellectual forerunner of the promoters of the inductive
method in science, so although he wasn't a teacher, he had a profound influence
upon centuries to follow.
(1) Even though he was not a teacher, Francis Bacon had a significant effect on
the following generations since he led the campaign for introducing the
inductive method in science.
(2) Francis Bacon was an intellectual who was concerned with education and thus
introduced and promoted the inductive method, which influenced all teachers
and educators.
(3) Francis Bacon contributed to generations to come by inventing the inductive
method in science.
(4) Francis Bacon is renowned as the teacher who introduced the inductive
method in science, which greatly influenced the following generations.

17.

The facts of twentieth century life - a rapidly changing society, a mounting store
of knowledge, and a new understanding of people and learning - create basic
problems for the instructional programs of schools.
(1) The 20th century creates some fundamental problems, such as a rapidly
changing society.
(2) Some problems in school give rise to the special facts of this century's life.
(3) Modern psychology, the advance of science, and a constantly changing
society, create fundamental problems for the instructional programs of
schools.
(4) Modern psychology, the advance of science, and a constantly changing
society, create insurmountable problems for the instructional programs of
schools.

18.

For many years it has been maintained, with some exaggeration, that education
should tend to forsake the purely speculative fields of study, in order to establish
itself upon foundations that are the result of experimentation.
(1) The basis of education should be experiments.
(2) Exaggeration and speculation lay the foundation for education.
(3) Abandoning the non-experimental fields of study and basing itself on
experiments has been believed for many years to be the right thing for
education to do.
(4) Leaving behind experiments was maintained for many years to be the correct
thing for education to do.

- 51 ____________________________________________________________________
19.

One of the clearest lessons of modern psychology is that education must be a

process not only of individuation, but also of integration, which is the
reconciliation of individual uniqueness with social unity.
(1) Education should be a process of individuation, and not of integration.
(2) Modern psychology is a process of coexistence between the individual person
and social order.
(3) Education should integrate between social minority and majority groups.
(4) Education should be a process both of individuation and of conformism.

- 52 ____________________________________________________________________

Reading Comprehension (Questions 20-29)

This part consists of two reading passages, each followed by several related questions.
For each question, choose the most appropriate answer based on the text.

Text I (Questions 20-24)

(1)

(5)

(10)

(15)

It is not enough to teach a man a specialty. Through it he may become a kind

of useful machine, but not a harmoniously developed personality. It is essential
that the student acquire an understanding of, and a lively feeling for, values. He
must acquire a vivid sense of the beautiful and of the morally good. Otherwise
he, with his specialized knowledge, more closely resembles a well-trained dog
than a harmoniously developed person. He must learn to understand the motives
of human beings, their illusions, and their sufferings in order to acquire a proper
relationship to his fellow-men and to the community.
These precious things are conveyed to the younger generation through
personal contact with their teachers, and not through textbooks. It is this that
primarily constitutes and preserves culture.
Over-emphasis on the competitive system and premature specialization on
the grounds of immediate usefulness kill the spirit on which all cultural life
depends.
It is also vital to a valuable education that independent critical thinking be
developed in the young human being, a development that is greatly jeopardized
by over-burdening him with too much and with too varied subjects. Overburdening necessarily leads to superficiality. Teaching should be such that what
is offered is perceived as a valuable gift and not as a hard duty.

Questions
20.

"These precious things" (line 9) refer to (1)

(2)
(3)
(4)

values.
specialization.
teachers.
personal contact.

- 53 ____________________________________________________________________
21.

The word "conveyed" (line 9) can be replaced by (1)

(2)
(3)
(4)

22.

a student obtain values.

there not be an over-emphasis on specialization.
critical thinking be developed.
all of the above.

The last paragraph is (1)

(2)
(3)
(4)

24.

played.
communicated.
taken away.
compromised

According to the passage, it is essential that (1)

(2)
(3)
(4)

23.

a contradiction of the second paragraph.

a summary of the whole passage.
an additional idea.
none of the above

The best title for the passage would be (1) The advantages of education.
(2) The pros and cons of education.
(3) Education for independent thought.
(4) Why not learn specialization?

- 54 ____________________________________________________________________

Text II (Questions 25-29)

(1)

(5)

Two 11 year-old children are taking an "intelligence" test. They sit at their
desks laboring over the meanings of different words, the interpretation of graphs,
and the solutions to arithmetic problems. Later, their scores are converted into a
standardized score that compares the individual child with a population of children
of similar age.
The teachers notice that one of the children has performed at a superior level.
The other child's performance is "average". Teachers begin to expect the first child
to do quite well during his formal schooling, whereas the second is expected to have
only moderate success. Indeed these predictions come true.

(10)

(15)

(20)

(25)

(30)

How does this happen? One explanation involves our free use of the word
"intelligence": the-child with greater "intelligence" has the ability to solve problems,
to find answers to specific questions, and to learn new material quickly and
efficiently. "Intelligence", from this point of view, is a general ability that is found
in varying degrees in all individuals. This ability can be measured reliably by
written examinations that, in turn, predict future success in school.
What happens after school is completed? Consider the 2 individuals in the
example. Looking further down the road, we find that the "average" student has
become a highly successful mechanical engineer, and is considered by all to be a
talented individual. The "superior" student, on the other hand has had little success
in his chosen career as a writer. After repeated rejection by publishers, he has taken
a minor management position at a bank. He is considered to be quite "ordinary" in
his adult accomplishments. So what happened?
This fabricated example is based on the facts of intelligence testing. IQ tests
predict school performance with considerable accuracy, but they are only indifferent
predictors of professional performance later in life. Furthermore, IQ tests measure
only logical or logical-linguistic capabilities. In this society we are nearly
"brainwashed" to restrict the notion of intelligence to the capacities used in solving
logical and linguistic problems.
We believe that human cognitive competence is better described in terms of a set
of abilities, talents, or mental skills, which we call "intelligence". All normal
individuals possess each of these skills to some extent - individuals differ in the
degree of skill and in their combination of skills. We believe that this theory may be
more humane and that it reflects more adequately the data of human "intelligent"
behavior.

Questions
25.

The third paragraph tries to explain the fact that (1)

(2)
(3)
(4)

the teachers' predictions turned out to be false.

the IQ tests correctly predicted success in school.
the child with better problem-solving abilities succeeded in "real" life.
one child succeeded in the test better than his friend.

- 55 ____________________________________________________________________
26.

The fabricated story is an example of:

(1) the different types of intelligence.
(2) the fact that the traditional way of measuring intelligence doesn't give results
that predict after-schooling success.
(3) what could happen to any student, no matter how intelligent he is.
(4) what IQ tests are for.

27.

According to the passage, IQ tests (1)

(2)
(3)
(4)

28.

The last paragraph (1)

(2)
(3)
(4)

29.

shouldn't be taken.
don't predict a thing.
predict only after-school achievements.
measure only logical-linguistic capabilities.

displays an attitude contradictory to the one in the third paragraph.

is a summary of the whole passage.
is a contradiction of the previous paragraph.
is an example of the previous paragraph.

The differences between the two descriptions of intelligence are:

(1) The first views it as an ability to solve problems, whereas the second looks at
intelligence as a combination of mental skills.
(2) Intelligence, according to the first definition, isn't valid after school.
(3) The first predicts achievements in school only, whereas the second predicts
success after school too.
(4) That the first deals only with logical intelligence.

 - 56____________________________________________________________________

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- 57____________________________________________________________________

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- 58____________________________________________________________________
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 - 64____________________________________________________________________

- 65 ____________________________________________________________________

SECTION 8: ENGLISH

This section contains 29 questions.

The time allotted is 25 minutes.

The following section contains three types of questions: Sentence Completion, Restatement and
Reading Comprehension. Each question is followed by four possible responses. Choose the response
which best answers the question and mark its number in the appropriate place on the answer sheet.

Sentence Completions (Questions 1-12)

This part consists-of sentences with a word missing in each. For each sentence, choose the one answer
which best completes the sentence.

1.

Making a ______ between two artists is impossible.

(1) comparison

2.

(3) laboratory

(4) material

(3) overrated

(4) graduated

(3) plot

(4) script

What makes him the most dangerous terrorist is that he is _____.

(2) scared

(3) fearless

(4) assembled

Analytic geometry begins with the _______ of numerical coordinates to all points
in a plane.
(1) arrangement

7.

(2) asserted

(2) character

(1) interest

6.

(2) explosion

The story's _______ is extremely complicated, and its writing style is vague.
(1) content

5.

(4) profit

Many critics think that Andy Warhall's work is ______.

(1) accepted

4.

(3) point

The professor's chemistry experiment caused a huge _____.

(1) exploited

3.

(2) difference

(2) redrawing

(3) assignment

(4) acceptance

The Reagan Administration tried to prevent a guerrilla victory in El Salvador,

Russian control there.
which the U.S.A feared would
(1) strengthen

(2) excel

(3) deteriorate

(4) resign

8
8.

- 66 ____________________________________________________________________
The intellectual development of Pennsylvania
to a large measure, the
personality of Benjamin Franklin.
(1) reflected

9.

(2) associates

(3) takes

(4) alerts

(2) given to

(3) representative of (4) applied to

The large country of China _____ a great portion of the Asian continent.
(1) navigates

12.

(4) connected

If a sample is
a population, important conclusions about the whole
population can often be inferred from an analysis of the sample.
(1) arranged for

11.

(3) approved

A variable Y is said to be a function of another variable X, if there is a given rule or

device which ________ each value of X in its range with one value of Y.
(1) gives

10.

(2) symbolic

(2) occupies

(3) determines

Most European _______ came to America in

opportunity.

(4) remodels

of a better economic

(1) emigrants; pursuit

(2) tourists; need

(3) citizens; hope

(4) ambassadors; search

- 67 ____________________________________________________________________
Restatements (Questions 13-19)

This part consists of several sentences, each followed by four possible ways of restating the main idea
of that sentence in different words. For each question, choose the one restatement which best
expresses the meaning of the original sentence.

13.

Many products bearing American brand names are actually exported to the U.S.A.
or contain a large proportion of foreign parts.
(1) Many products bearing American brand names are not really new.
(2) Only a minority of the products sold in the United States are produced there, and
most of them are made by foreign factories.
(3) Many of the products bearing American names are really imported or at least
contain imported parts.
(4) All American companies have their manufacturing operations outside the United
States.

14.

The farther a planet is from the sun, the longer it takes it to travel once about its
orbit.
(1) A distant planet circulates faster than one closer to the sun.
(2) The velocity of a planet decreases as it gets farther from the sun.
(3) As the distance from the sun increases, so does the length of time needed for
completion of one circle.
(4) As a planet gets longer, it gets farther.

15.

Neither Graham Greene's autobiography nor his chronicler's research, fully convey
the depths of shame and humiliation that must have marked his early years.
(1) Graham Greene's autobiography does not reveal the emotions he felt as a little
boy.
(2) Graham Greene revealed in his autobiography his shame and humiliation as a
child, like no chronicler of his did.
(3) No writer has fully brought out in his writings the depths of feelings that must
have been felt by Graham Greene the child.
(4) Graham Greene must have been humiliated when he was a little boy, if he had
anticipated his chronicler's research.

- 68 ____________________________________________________________________

16.

The system of mathematical analysis is the logical development of modern

mathematics that still constitutes the greatest technical advance in exact thinking.
(1) The development of modern logical mathematics created a great leap forward in
the field of exact thinking.
(2) Exact thinking was greatly improved when modern mathematicians turned to
analyzing systems.
(3) Mathematical analysis is still the greatest logical development since the beginning
of exact logic.
(4) Even today, there is no technical advancement more significant to exact thinking
than the creation of the mathematical analysis system.

17.

People reading the biblical story of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba today, enjoy it
as much as readers have throughout the ages.
(1) A person reading the biblical story of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba a hundred
years ago probably read it more casually than someone reading it today.
(2) The story of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba is just as entertaining to readers
today as it was to people reading it in the past.
(3) The Queen of Sheba pleased readers in the stories of Solomon just as she tries to
do today.
(4) Long ago readers were able to enjoy the story of Solomon and the Queen of
Sheba because it was about their days.

18.

By the end of the Civil War, most of the forces that would typify twentieth-century
America had begun to emerge. Northern industrialism had triumphed over Southern
agrarianism, and from that victory rose a society based on mass labor and mass
consumption.
(1) The Northern states had won the Civil War, which meant the victory of industry
over agriculture.
(2) The outcome of the American Civil War was the evolvement of a changed
society, a society constituting of mass labor and mass consumption.
(3) America changed as a result of the victory of the North in the civil war, and not
for the better.
(4) Southern agriculture is what typifies twentieth-century America, which
constitutes a society based on massive consumption.

- 69 ____________________________________________________________________
19. Arab and Hindu mathematicians of ancient times, who were busy developing the
beginnings of what we now call algebra, felt free to carry out experiments and
deductions without the restriction of giving a physical interpretation to their results.

(1) Ancient mathematicians did not have to worry about the physical meaning of
their algebra.
(2) The developers of algebra were free from the need to prove their physical
interpretations.
(3) Algebra today is restricted by its physical implications.
(4) Arab and Hindu mathematicians got special attention that enabled them to work
without physical restrictions.

- 70 ____________________________________________________________________
Reading Comprehension (Questions 20-29)

This part consists of two reading passages, each followed by several related questions. For each
question, choose the most appropriate answer based on the text.

Text I (Questions 20-24)

(1)

(5)

(10)

(15)

(20)

There is at present no system of regulating the amount of radioactive

materials in consumer goods, and no requirement on manufactures to tell
customers what they contain. Fortunately, most products only give off trivial
amounts. Even the largest doses are tiny compared to the amount everybody
inevitably receives from the earth's crust or from dust falling on to its surface
from outer apace. But scientists assume that even small additional doses
increase the chances of contracting cancer.
Luminous clocks and watches account for the biggest doses. Worldwide they
expose people to four times as much radiation as all the routine emissions
from nuclear power plants. Most of the dose comes from old watches,
luminesced with radium. The dose is 10,000 times higher a centimeter from
the dial than it is one meter away.
Nowadays, both digital and conventional watches are luminesced with tritium
or promethium 147, which give very much lower doses. But, the latest report
by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic
Radiation (UNSCEAR) in 1982 showed that 800,000 watches containing
radium were still in use in Britain. Radioactive materials are also used to
luminesce compasses, exit lights in cinemas and other public places, and in
the dials of certain telephones. Usually, however, the doses are extremely
small.
False teeth can also give people high doses, Uranium used to be commonly
used to make them shine. The National Radiological Protection Board
(NRPB) recommended that its use be discontinued, but thousands of people
are still walking around with radioactive teeth.

Questions
20.

Luminous clocks and watches (1) expose people to 10,000 times as much radiation as all the routine emissions from
nuclear power plants.
(2) are out of use today.
(3) are responsible for the biggest doses radiation.
(4) are usually digital.

- 71 ____________________________________________________________________
21. What is the difference between radium on the one hand and tritium or promethium on the

other?
(1) Tritium and promethium were only discovered recently.
(2) Radium releases high doses of radiation whereas tritium and promethium release only
small doses.
(3) Today, Radium is used for luminescing old watches, whereas watches in the past were
luminesced with tritium and promethium.
(4) They are all radioactive materials, but radium is safer.

22.

In 1982 (line 16) (1)

(2)
(3)
(4)

23.

The word "its" (line 23) refers to:

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

24.

the latest report by UNSCEAR was published.

there were 800,000 watches containing radium worldwide.
the UNSCEAR was founded.
the UNSCEAR encouraged the use of tritium and promethium luminescing
watches.

false teeth
Uranium
NRPB
Radium

the best title for this passage would be:

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

NRPB activities in the last decade

Cancer how to avoid it
False teeth are radioactive too
Your daily dose of radiation

- 72 ____________________________________________________________________
Text II (Questions 25-29)
(1)

(5)

(10)

(15)

(20)

(25)

The psychoanalytic conception of human behavior was developed by

Sigmund Freud in Europe about the same time behaviorism was evolving in
the United States. Freud was a physician by training, but he knew about the
cognitive developments then going in Europe. In some respects, his
psychoanalysis was a blend of nineteenth-century versions of cognition and
psychology. In particular, Freud combined then-current cognitive notions of
consciousness, perception, and memory with ideas about biologically based
instincts to forge a bold new theory of human behavior.
The basic assumption of Freud's theory is that much of our behavior stems
from unconscious processes. By unconscious processes Freud meant beliefs,
fears and desires a person is unaware of, but that nevertheless influence
behavior. He believed that many of the impulses that are forbidden or
punished by parents and society during childhood are derived from innate
instincts. Because each of us is born with these impulses, they exert a
pervasive influence that must be dealt with in some manner. Forbidding them
merely forces them out of awareness into the unconscious, where they remain
to affect dreams, slips of speech, or mannerisms, and to manifest themselves
as emotional problems, symptoms of mental illness, or on the other hand, as
socially approved behavior such as artistic and literary activity.
Freud believed that all of our actions have a cause, but that the cause is often
some unconscious motive rather than the rational reason we may give. Freud's
view of human nature was essentially negative; he believed that we are driven
by the same basic instincts as animals (primarily sex and aggression), and that
we are continually struggling against a society that stresses the control of these
impulses. While most psychologists do not completely accept Freud's view of
the unconscious, they would probably agree that individuals are not fully
aware of some important aspects of their personality.

Questions
25.

According to the passage, when did the psychoanalytic conception of behavior

evolve?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

in the nineteenth century.

approximately when behaviorism was developing in the U.S.
only recently.
the answer is not given in the text.

- 73 ____________________________________________________________________
26. Consciousness, perception and memory are given in the passage as examples for:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
27.

cognitive notions.
ideas about biologically based instincts.
unconscious processes.
important aspects of personality.

The word "pervasive" (line 15) means:

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

28.

permissive
preventative
spreading everywhere
innate

Artistic and literary activity (line 19) are examples of:

(1) innate instincts which are forbidden or punished by parents.
(2) emotional problems or symptoms of mental illness.
(3) the way forbidden impulses can manifest themselves as socially approved
behavior.
(4) the pervasive influence society exerts on a person.

29.

Most psychologists today:

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

absolutely agree with Freud.

completely disagree with Freud.
partly accept Freud's view.
believe that all actions have an unconscious cause or motive.

 - 74____________________________________________________________________

- 1:
1

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

- 2:
1

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

-3:
1

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

 - 75____________________________________________________________________
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
3

- 4:
1

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

- 5:
1

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

- 6:
1

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

 - 76____________________________________________________________________

- 7:
1

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

- 8:
1

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

 - 77____________________________________________________________________

-1
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 - 78____________________________________________________________________
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 - 79____________________________________________________________________
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 - 80____________________________________________________________________
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 - 81____________________________________________________________________
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 - 82____________________________________________________________________
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 - 84____________________________________________________________________
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 - 85____________________________________________________________________
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 - 86____________________________________________________________________
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 - 87____________________________________________________________________
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 - 88____________________________________________________________________
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 - 89____________________________________________________________________
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 - 90____________________________________________________________________
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 - 91____________________________________________________________________
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 - 92____________________________________________________________________
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 - 93____________________________________________________________________
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 - 94____________________________________________________________________
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 - 95____________________________________________________________________
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 - 96____________________________________________________________________
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 - 97____________________________________________________________________
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 - 98____________________________________________________________________
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 - 99____________________________________________________________________
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 - 100____________________________________________________________________
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 - 101____________________________________________________________________
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 - 102____________________________________________________________________