Tradicijske Sorte I Pasmine Dalmacijee Sorte I Pasmine Dalmacije

Impresum
Tradicijske sorte i pasmine Dalmacije

Nakladnik
Program Ujedinjenih naroda za razvoj
Za nakladnika
Sandra Vlai
Louisa Vinton
Sunakladnici
Dravni zavod za zatitu prirode
Javna ustanova Nacionalni park Krka
Zadarska upanija
Javna ustanova ReraSD za koordinaciju i
razvoj Splitsko - dalmatinske upanije
Dubrovako - neretvanska upanija
Glavni i odgovorni urednici
Roman Ozimec, Snjeana Mihinica
Autori
Roman Ozimec
Jasminka Karoglan Konti
Edi Maleti
Zdravko Matotan
Frane Striki
Recenzenti
Toni Nikoli, Martin Schneider , Borut Stumberger
Veliku zahvalnost dugujemo iznimnom prirodoslovcu
Martinu Schneideru (1956.2012.) koji je svojim strunim komentarima i savjetima sudjelovao u recenziji ove
knjige. Martin Schneider bio je jedan od rijetkih biologa koji je jo prije trideset godina upozoravao na ulogu i
vanost tradicijskih sorti i pasmina u zatiti prirode.
Lektura
Juliette Janui
Prijevod i lektura engleskog teksta
Graham McMaster
Autori fotografija
Sandro Bogdanovi, Ljiljana Boroveki Voska, Ivan
Bura, Ivo Kara Pei, Gordana Koari Silov, Ivica
Loli, Edi Maleti, Semir Maslo, Zdravko Matotan,
Bojan Mazanek, Thomas Mravii, Toni Nikoli,
Roman Ozimec, Ana Peraica, Ivo Pervan, Darko
Petanjek, Gordana Petrovi, Mira Raduni, Ivan
Rai, Frane Striki, Borut Stumberger, Marija evar,
Stanislav tambuk
Oblikovanje i priprema za tisak
Kudos studio
Idejno rjeenje naslovnice
Kreimir Kraljevi
T R A D I C I J S K E S O RT E I PA S M I N E DA L M AC I J E
Publication details
Traditional varieties and breeds of Dalmatia
Publisher
United Nations Development Programme
For the publisher
Sandra Vlai
Louisa Vinton
Co-publishers
State Institute for Nature Protection
Public Institution Krka National Park
Zadar County
Public Institution ReraSD for coordination and
development of Split-Dalmatia County
Dubrovnik-Neretva County
Editors in-chief
Roman Ozimec, Snjeana Mihinica
Authors
Roman Ozimec
Jasminka Karoglan Konti
Edi Maleti
Zdravko Matotan
Frane Striki
Reviewers
Toni Nikoli, Martin Schneider , Borut Stumberger
We are greatly indebted to the outstanding naturalist
Martin Schneider (1956-2012), who made a significant
contributing to the reviewing of this book with his wellinformed comments and suggestions. Martin Schneider
was one of the few biologists to draw attention, as long
as thirty years ago, to the role and importance of traditional varieties and breeds in nature protection.
Copy editing
Juliette Janui
English translation and editing
Graham McMaster
Photographs by
Sandro Bogdanovi, Ljiljana Boroveki Voska, Ivan
Bura, Ivo Kara Pei, Gordana Koari Silov, Ivica
Loli, Edi Maleti, Semir Maslo, Zdravko Matotan,
Bojan Mazanek, Thomas Mravii, Toni Nikoli,
Roman Ozimec, Ana Peraica, Ivo Pervan, Darko
Petanjek, Gordana Petrovi, Mira Raduni, Ivan
Rai, Frane Striki, Borut Stumberger, Marija evar,
Stanislav tambuk
Design and prepress
Kudos studio
Original idea for the cover
Kreimir Kraljevi
Ilustracija naslovnice
Vedran Klemens
Tisak
Tiskara Zelina d.d.
Naklada
1 000 primjeraka
Priprema knjige u cijelosti je financirana od strane Programa Ujedinjenih naroda za razvoj (UNDP-a) u Hrvatskoj i Globalnog fonda za okoli (GEF-a), a u okviru provedbe COAST projekta (Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity in the Dalmatian Coast
through Greening Coastal Development Project
ID 00050301 PIMS 2439). Tisak publikacije financijski su potpomogli Javna ustanova Nacionalni park
Krka, Zadarska upanija, Javna ustanova ReraSD za
koordinaciju i razvoj Splitsko-dalmatinske upanije te
Dubrovako-neretvanska upanija.
Program Ujedinjenih naroda za razvoj (UNDP) svjetska je mrea UN-a za razvoj, organizacija koja zagovara promjene i povezivanje drava sa znanjem, iskustvom te potencijalima kako bi se graanima omoguilo izgraditi bolji ivot. Djeluje u 177 drava pomaui im da nau vlastita rjeenja za izazove globalnog
i nacionalnog razvoja. Razvojem lokalnih kapaciteta
te se drave oslanjaju na mreu UNDP-ovih strunjaka i irok raspon partnera.

U ovoj publikaciji iznesena su miljenja autora i nuno ne predstavljaju slubeno stajalite UNDP-a.
Umnoavanje ove publikacije ili njezinih dijelova u
bilo kojem obliku, kao i distribucija, nisu dozvoljeni
bez prethodnog pisanog odobrenja nakladnika.
ISBN 978-953-7429-51-5
CIP zapis je dostupan u raunalnome katalogu Nacionalne i sveuiline knjinice u Zagrebu pod brojem
000901673.
Cover illustration
Vedran Klemens
Printing
Tiskara Zelina d.d.
Print order
1 000 copies
The preparation of this book was fully financed by the
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
in Croatia and Global Environment Fund (GEF), as
part of the COAST project (Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity in the Dalmatian Coast
through Greening Coastal Development Project
ID00050301 PIMS 2439). The printing of this publication was financially supported by: Public Institution
Krka National Park, Zadar County, Public Institution
ReraSD for coordination and development of SplitDalmatia County and Dubrovnik-Neretva County.
UNDP is a world-wide UN network for development,

an organisation that champions changes and the
connecting of states with the knowledge, experience and potentials to enable their citizens to build at
better life. It is at work in 177 states, helping them to
find their own solutions for the challenges of global
and national development. With the development of
local capacities, the states can draw on the network of
UNDP experts and a wide range of partners.
The opinions of the authors stated in this publication do

not necessarily reflect the official viewpoint of UNDP.
Reproduction of this publication or parts of it in any
form and distribution of the same are not permitted
without prior written approval from the publisher.
ISBN 978-953-7429-51-5
CIP file available in the digital catalogue of the National Library in Zagreb, file number 000901673.
Sadraj/Contents
Sadraj/Contents .......................................................................................................................................... 6
Predgovor (undp) / Foreword (undp)................................................................................ 12
Predgovor (dzzp) / Foreword (sinp)...................................................................................... 14
A tradicijske sorte i pasmine dalmacije/ traditional varieties
and breeds of dalmatia
opi dio/ general part (R. Ozimec) ................................................................................ 16
A.1. Povijesne i geografske osnove Dalmacije/Historical and
geographical foundations of Dalmatia ......................................................... 18
A.2. Geoloka, hidrogeomorfoloka i krajobrazna podloga
Dalmacije/Geological, hydrological, geomorphological and
landscape background of Dalmatia ................................................................. 24
72
A.11. Osobna prirodoslovna karta Dalmacije i Hrvatske/ A

physicogeographical ID of Dalmatia and Croatia ..........................
78
Literatura/References ....................................................................................................... 82
B tradicijske sorte i pasmine dalmacije
Specijalni dio ............................................................................................................................................. 86
Maslina (F.Striki) .................................................................................................................................. 88
Prikaz najvanijih sorti Dalmacije .................................................................... 96
A.3. Klima i vegetacija Dalmacije/Climate and vegetation in

Dalmatia ......................................................................................................................................... 30
Bjelica ....................................................................................................................................................... 98
A.4. Stanina i bioloka raznolikost Dalmacije/ Habitat and

biological diversity in Dalmatia ........................................................................... 36
Crnica ....................................................................................................................................................... 102
A.5. Razvoj poljoprivrede u Dalmaciji/ Development of

agriculture in Dalmatia .................................................................................................. 42
A.6. Genetika osnova i nastanak sorti i pasmina Dalmacije/
Genetic foundation and origin of varieties and breeds in
Dalmatia ......................................................................................................................................... 48
Buharica ................................................................................................................................................ 100

Drobnica ............................................................................................................................................... 104
Karbunela ......................................................................................................................................... 106
Krvavica ................................................................................................................................................. 108
Lastovka ................................................................................................................................................ 110
Levantinka .......................................................................................................................................... 112
A.7. Zakonski okvir za sorte i pasmine Dalmacije/ Legislative

background for varieties and breeds of Dalmatia ............................ 54
Lumbardeka ................................................................................................................................... 114
A.8. Ukupna agrobioraznolikost Dalmacije i vanost njenog

ouvanja/ Overall agrobiodiversity of Dalmatia and the
importance of its preservation ............................................................................... 60
Duica ...................................................................................................................................................... 120
A.9. Povijesni pregled istraivanja agrobioraznolikosti

Dalmacije/ Historical survey of research into the
agrobiodiversity of Dalmatia ................................................................................... 66
A.10. Sorte i pasmine Dalmacije, osnova tradicijskih proizvoda/

Varieties and breeds of Dalmatia, the foundation of
traditional products .........................................................................................................
Oblica ....................................................................................................................................................... 116

Grozdaa ............................................................................................................................................... 121
Jeruzalemka ....................................................................................................................................... 122
Kosmaa ................................................................................................................................................ 123
Murgulja ................................................................................................................................................ 124
Patrica .................................................................................................................................................... 125
Maratina .............................................................................................................................................. 180
Piculja ....................................................................................................................................................... 126
Mladenka ............................................................................................................................................. 182
Sitnica ....................................................................................................................................................... 127
Mukat rua ...................................................................................................................................... 184
Uljarica .................................................................................................................................................... 128
Ninua .................................................................................................................................................. 186
Velika lastovka ................................................................................................................................. 129
Palagruanka bijela ..................................................................................................................
Brindianka ........................................................................................................................................ 130
Petovka ................................................................................................................................................... 190
Divljaka ................................................................................................................................................... 130
Plavac mali ......................................................................................................................................... 192
Literatura ............................................................................................................................................. 131
Plavina ....................................................................................................................................................
188
194
Poip bijeli .......................................................................................................................................... 196

Vinova loza (J. Karoglan Konti & E. Maleti) ........................................................ 132
Prikaz najvanijih sorti Dalmacije ..................................................................... 140
Pr ................................................................................................................................................................ 198
Vlaka ......................................................................................................................................................
200
Babica ........................................................................................................................................................ 142
Vugava bijela .................................................................................................................................... 202
Babi ........................................................................................................................................................... 144
Zlatarica blatska ........................................................................................................................... 204
Bogdanua ............................................................................................................................................ 146
Zlatarica vrgorska ....................................................................................................................... 206
Bratkovina bijela ........................................................................................................................... 148
ilavka ..................................................................................................................................................... 208
Cetinka ..................................................................................................................................................... 150
Literatura ............................................................................................................................................ 210
Cipar ........................................................................................................................................................... 152

Crljenak katelanski .................................................................................................................. 154
Vone kulture (F. Striki, dijelom R.Ozimec) ........................................................ 212
Crljenak viki .................................................................................................................................... 156
iula (F. Striki & R. Ozimec) ...................................................................................... 220
Debit ........................................................................................................................................................... 158
Domaa iula............................................................................................................................ 222
Dobrii .................................................................................................................................................. 160
Roga........................................................................................................................................................... 224
Drnekua ............................................................................................................................................... 162
Komiki ............................................................................................................................................ 226
Gegi ........................................................................................................................................................... 164
ipanski ........................................................................................................................................... 227
Glavinua ............................................................................................................................................... 166
Puljiki .............................................................................................................................................. 228
Grk ................................................................................................................................................................ 168
Bogli .................................................................................................................................................. 229
Krstievica ............................................................................................................................................ 170
Medunac ......................................................................................................................................... 229
Kujundua ......................................................................................................................................... 172
ipak ........................................................................................................................................................... 230
Lasina ........................................................................................................................................................ 174
Barski slatki ................................................................................................................................. 232
Ljutun ....................................................................................................................................................... 176
Dubrovaki kasni .................................................................................................................. 233
Malvasija dubrovaka .............................................................................................................. 178
Glava ................................................................................................................................................. 234
Konjski zub .................................................................................................................................. 235
Gorka narana (R. Ozimec) ............................................................................................... 272
Sladun ............................................................................................................................................... 236
Bajam ......................................................................................................................................................... 274
Zamorski ........................................................................................................................................ 237
arski kasni ................................................................................................................................ 276
Slatki tankokorac .................................................................................................................. 238
Knez rnomir ............................................................................................................................. 277
erbeta ........................................................................................................................................... 239
Princeza smokvika ............................................................................................................ 278
Karadervi ..................................................................................................................................... 240
Smokviki polumeki ....................................................................................................... 279
Mojdeki krupnozrni ........................................................................................................ 240
Sutivanski ...................................................................................................................................... 279
ipak crnog zuba ................................................................................................................... 241
upski ................................................................................................................................................ 280
Murva (F. Striki & R. Ozimec) ..................................................................................... 242
Nepola (F. Striki & R. Ozimec) ................................................................................. 282
Domaa crna i bijela murva ...................................................................................... 244
Domaa krupna nepola ............................................................................................... 284
Smokva .................................................................................................................................................... 246
Oskorua .(F. Striki & R. Ozimec).............................................................................. 286
Bjelica ................................................................................................................................................ 248
Domaa oskorua ................................................................................................................. 288
Petrovaa bijela ....................................................................................................................... 249
Trenja ...................................................................................................................................................... 290
araguja ........................................................................................................................................... 250
Tugarka ............................................................................................................................................ 292
Termenjaa .................................................................................................................................. 251
Gomilika ...................................................................................................................................... 293
Zamorica ...................................................................................................................................... 252
Stonska ............................................................................................................................................. 294
Bruetka crna ............................................................................................................................ 253
Stonska duge peteljke ...................................................................................................... 295
Vodenjaa ...................................................................................................................................... 253
Vinja maraska ................................................................................................................................ 296
Crnica ................................................................................................................................................ 254
Bra-2 ................................................................................................................................................. 298
Petrovaa crna .......................................................................................................................... 255
Bra-6 ................................................................................................................................................. 299
Zimica ................................................................................................................................................ 256
Poljika ............................................................................................................................................. 300
Zlatna smokva .......................................................................................................................... 257
Recta ................................................................................................................................................... 301
etrun (F. Striki & R. Ozimec) .................................................................................... 258
Sokolua .......................................................................................................................................... 302
Domai etrun ......................................................................................................................... 260
Pendula ............................................................................................................................................ 303
Limun (R. Ozimec) ..................................................................................................................... 262
Visulja ................................................................................................................................................ 303
Mandarina ............................................................................................................................................ 264
Vodica ................................................................................................................................................ 304
Zorica rana ................................................................................................................................... 266
Jabuka (R. Ozimec) ..................................................................................................................... 306
Narana ................................................................................................................................................... 268
rnovska ......................................................................................................................................... 308
Kuparka ........................................................................................................................................... 270
Trlja (F. Striki & R. Ozimec) ............................................................................................. 310
Katarinka ....................................................................................................................................... 271
Domaa trlja ............................................................................................................................ 312

Literatura ............................................................................................................................................. 314
Povrtnice (Z. Matotan, dijelom R.Ozimec) ................................................................ 316
Domai bob ................................................................................................................................. 354
Prikaz najvanijih sorti Dalmacije ..................................................................... 322
Grah (R. Ozimec) .......................................................................................................................... 356
Dinja (R. Ozimec) ........................................................................................................................ 324
Grah roga .................................................................................................................................... 356
Paka dinja ................................................................................................................................... 324
Sjekirica .................................................................................................................................................. 358
Artioka .................................................................................................................................................. 326
Domaa sjekirica ................................................................................................................... 358
Hvarska artioka .................................................................................................................... 326
Slanutak .................................................................................................................................................. 360
Endivija ................................................................................................................................................... 328
Domai krupnozrni slanutak .................................................................................. 360
Dalmatinska kopica ........................................................................................................... 328
Rajica ...................................................................................................................................................... 362
Salata .......................................................................................................................................................... 330
ibenski ljivar ......................................................................................................................... 362
Dalmatinska ledenka ........................................................................................................ 330
Literatura ............................................................................................................................................. 364
Brokula .................................................................................................................................................... 332

upski kavulin .......................................................................................................................... 332
Ratarske i krmne kulture (R.Ozimec) ........................................................................ 366
Cvjetaa ................................................................................................................................................... 334
Prikaz najvanijih kultura i sorti Dalmacije ...................................... 378
Trogirska srednje rana cvjetaa ............................................................................. 334
Agava .......................................................................................................................................................... 380
Kupus (R. Ozimec) ...................................................................................................................... 336
Pitomi bro........................................................................................................................................... 382
Sinjski kupus .............................................................................................................................. 336
Domai pitomi bro ........................................................................................................... 382
egarski kupus ........................................................................................................................ 338
Buha ......................................................................................................................................................... 384
Ratika ...................................................................................................................................................... 340
Dalmatinski buha .............................................................................................................. 384
Domaa ratika ....................................................................................................................... 340
Brnistra .................................................................................................................................................... 386
Blitva (R. Ozimec) ....................................................................................................................... 342
Djetelina rumena ......................................................................................................................... 388
Domaa blitva .......................................................................................................................... 342
Lea ............................................................................................................................................................. 390
enjak .................................................................................................................................................... 344
Domaa lea ............................................................................................................................... 390
Ljubitovaki enjak .......................................................................................................... 344
Lucerka .................................................................................................................................................... 392
Polaki ozimi enjak ....................................................................................................... 346
Mediteranska lucerka ....................................................................................................... 392
Kozjak ....................................................................................................................................................... 348
Slanutak .................................................................................................................................................. 394
Domaa ljutika ........................................................................................................................ 348
Domai sitnozrni slanutak ......................................................................................... 394
Luk ................................................................................................................................................................ 350
Vuika bijela ...................................................................................................................................... 396
Dolaka kapulica ................................................................................................................... 350
Dalmatinska bijela vuika ........................................................................................... 396
Konavljanska kapula (R. Ozimec) ....................................................................... 352
Duhan ....................................................................................................................................................... 398
Bob ............................................................................................................................................................... 354
Ravnjak ............................................................................................................................................. 398
Duhan krak ...................................................................................................................................... 400

Rui ................................................................................................................................................... 400
Aromatino, zainsko, ljekovito, medonosno, ukrasno i

samoniklo jestivo bilje (R.Ozimec) ................................................................................ 428
Krumpir .................................................................................................................................................. 402
Prikaz najvanijih kultura i sorti Dalmacije ...................................... 438
Poiteljka ........................................................................................................................................ 402
Smri obini ....................................................................................................................................... 440
kuljevac ......................................................................................................................................... 404
Smilje ......................................................................................................................................................... 442
Jeam obini ...................................................................................................................................... 406
Indijska smokva ............................................................................................................................. 444
Domai vieredni jeam ................................................................................................ 406
Kapar .......................................................................................................................................................... 446
Kostrika perasta ............................................................................................................................. 408
Riga .............................................................................................................................................................. 448
Krin primorski .............................................................................................................................. 410
Dubrovaka riga ..................................................................................................................... 448
Kukuruz .................................................................................................................................................. 412
Divlja riga .............................................................................................................................................. 450
Domai tvrdunac .................................................................................................................. 412
Lovor .......................................................................................................................................................... 452
Otrica primorska ....................................................................................................................... 414
Otrolisna paroga ...................................................................................................................... 454
Pir pravi ................................................................................................................................................... 416
Mirta ........................................................................................................................................................... 456
Domai pir .................................................................................................................................... 416
Ilirska perunika .............................................................................................................................. 458
Penica tvrda brkulja ................................................................................................................ 418
Sunovrat uti ..................................................................................................................................... 460
Dalmatinska tvrda brkulja .......................................................................................... 418
upski uti sunovrat ......................................................................................................... 460
Ra ................................................................................................................................................................ 420
Komora ................................................................................................................................................. 462
Domaa ra .................................................................................................................................. 420
Matar .......................................................................................................................................................... 464
Sirak zrna ............................................................................................................................................ 422
Bosiljak .................................................................................................................................................... 466
Domai sirak zrna ............................................................................................................. 422
Murtela ............................................................................................................................................. 466
Literatura ............................................................................................................................................. 424
Kadulja ljekovita ............................................................................................................................ 468

Primorska kadulja ................................................................................................................ 468
Lavandin ................................................................................................................................................ 470
Budrovka ........................................................................................................................................ 470
Rumarin ............................................................................................................................................... 474
Uspravni rumarin .............................................................................................................. 474
Primorski vrisak ............................................................................................................................ 476
Planika ..................................................................................................................................................... 478
Literatura ............................................................................................................................................. 480
10
Domae ivotinje (R.Ozimec) .................................................................................................. 484

Prikaz najvanijih pasmina Dalmacije ............................................................. 492
C tradicijske sorte i pasmine dalmacije

saetak / summary (R. Ozimec) ............................................................................................. 538
Konj ............................................................................................................................................................. 494

Dalmatinski buak .............................................................................................................. 494
Magarac .................................................................................................................................................. 496
Primorsko-dinarski magarac ................................................................................... 496
Govedo ..................................................................................................................................................... 500
Bua ...................................................................................................................................................... 500
Sivo dalmatinsko govedo .............................................................................................. 504
Ovca ............................................................................................................................................................ 506
D tradicijske sorte i pasmine dalmacije

Prilozi/ Annexes .................................................................................................................................
550
Popis vrsta, podvrsta, hibrida, tradicijskih sorti i pasmina

Dalmacije / The list of species,subspecies, hybrids, traditional
varieties and breeds of Dalmatia ...................................................................................... 552
Kazalo vrsta, podvrsta, hibrida, sorti i pasmina / The index of
species, subspecies, hybrids, varieties and breeds ....................................
573
Dalmatinska pramenka .................................................................................................. 506

Dubrovaka ruda ................................................................................................................... 508
Paka ovca ..................................................................................................................................... 510
Koza ............................................................................................................................................................. 512
Hrvatska arena koza ....................................................................................................... 512
Hrvatska bijela koza .......................................................................................................... 516
Svinja .......................................................................................................................................................... 518
ika ..................................................................................................................................................... 518
Pas ................................................................................................................................................................. 520
Dalmatinski pas ...................................................................................................................... 520
Tornjak ............................................................................................................................................. 522
Koko ......................................................................................................................................................... 524
Dalmatinska koko ............................................................................................................. 524
Puran .......................................................................................................................................................... 526
Dalmatinski puran .............................................................................................................. 526
Golub ......................................................................................................................................................... 528
Dalmatinska zimovka ...................................................................................................... 528
Medna pela ....................................................................................................................................... 530
Mediteranska siva pela ................................................................................................. 530
Literatura ............................................................................................................................................. 534
11
Predgovor (undp)
Drago itateljstvo,
Ujedinjeni narodi uveni su po svojoj nepristranosti te se nadam da moj status bive efice Programa
Ujedinjenih naroda za razvoj u Hrvatskoj nee biti
ugroen kada kaem da je Dalmacija najljepe mjesto u ovoj zemlji nebrojenih uda. Od prvog pogleda
na more koje blista meu stijenama i grmolikim raslinjem kada se sputate od tunela Sveti Rok, krajolik
je jedinstven te brzo primijetite da su takve i biljke i
ivotinje, kultura i tradicija, hrana i glazba, ak i jezik
i smisao za humor koji su tijekom stotina godina nastajali u ovom surovom okruenju.
Ponosna sam to e UNDP podijeliti s vama iscrpan pregled poljoprivredne bioraznolikosti Dalmacije, ilustriran fotografijama koje pokazuju impresivnu
rasko ove regije.
Knjiga je osmiljena kako bi se itatelji upoznali s bogatstvom i raznolikou prirode u Dalmaciji. Meutim,
ona nije samo za gledanje unato izvanrednim fotografijama. Takoer, nije izriito ni znanstvena studija, iako se temelji na ozbiljnim istraivanjima. Ona je vie
od toga, to je poziv na zatitu, revitalizaciju i promociju tradicijskih sorti kulturnog bilja i pasmina domaih ivotinja zbog kojih je Dalmacija tako raznolika i
jedinstvena regija i nad koju se sada nadvila prijetnja
industrijalizirane poljoprivrede i klimatskih promjena.
12
Ova opsena publikacija pripremljena je uz potporu

UNDP-a kao dio ireg, sedam milijuna dolara vrijednog projekta, koji je u razdoblju od 2006. do 2013. godine iznjedrio vie od 100 zelenih poslova u Dalmaciji.
Vodili smo se idejom stvaranja modela za obiteljska gospodarstva koji e ukljuivati tri cilja: ouvanje prirodnog
okolia i zatitu bioraznolikosti, stvaranje odrivih ivotnih uvjeta za lokalne poljoprivrednike kako bi se usporilo iseljavanje, te njegovanje specifinih dalmatinskih tradicija, krajolika, hrane i kulture. Za regiju blagoslovljenu stotinama kilometara obale i kristalno istim Jadranskim morem, zeleno poduzetnitvo je trajnija alternativa
suncu i moru kao glavnom turistikom adutu.
uzgojene masline, groe, smokve, vinje, ljekovito i zainsko bilje, posebno ako su ekolokog porijekla.
Na tim je temeljima i nastala knjiga Tradicijske sorte i

pasmine Dalmacije. Uz potporu UNDP-a, lokalni su
poljoprivrednici meu ostalim vratili u ivot autohtone vinske sorte grk i palagruanka, maslinu sorte krvavica i govedo buu. Ovi napori nisu bili voeni iskljuivo nostalgijom ili jednostavnom eljom da se zatite
ugroene sorte i pasmine osuene na polagano izumiranje. Takoer su bili prisutni jaki gospodarski razlozi. Kao prvo, autohtone sorte i pasmine su otpornije i
manje zahtjevne za uzgoj od komercijalnih i uvoznih
kultivara i vrsta te su bolje prilagoene ekstremnim
vremenskim uvjetima kao nesretnoj posljedici klimatskih promjena. Drugo, autohtone sorte i pasmine mogu dati vrhunske proizvode namijenjene kupcima koji
cijene izvorne dalmatinske brendove. Nae je iskustvo
pokazalo kako su kupci spremni platiti vie za lokalno
Mi u UNDP-u se nadamo kako e ova publikacija poduprijeti zelenu viziju razvoja Dalmacije: onu koja e
omoguiti napredak istovremeno uvajui njezine prekrasne panoramske vidike stada ovaca na ispai koja su
i zasluna za ime Dalmacija jo od vremena Ilira, maslinike i vinograde te jasan pogled na kamen i more koje
ostavlja neizbrisiv trag u umu i srcu svakog posjetitelja.
Bez sumnje, jedna je Dalmacija, no modeli zelenog poduzetnitva uspostavljeni s lokalnim partnerima kroz
projekt UNDP-a daju nadu svim regijama jedinstvenih ekosustava i prepoznatljivog lokalnog kolorita. Katalogizacija autohtonih sorti i pasmina koje odreuju
regiju samo je jedan od koraka prema njezinom zelenom razvoju, a ako e pomoi iteljima i donositeljima
odluka u razumijevanju vanosti nezamjenjivih prirodnih bogatstava koja ih okruuju, takav popis moe biti
i kljuan poticaj za njihovo ouvanje i zatitu.
Louisa Vinton
Stalna predstavnica UNDP-a u Hrvatskoj
od 2010. do 2014.
Sadanja Stalna predstavnica UNDP-a u
Bivoj Jugoslavenskoj Republici Makedoniji
Foreword (undp)
Dear readers,
The United Nations is renowned for its impartiality
in world affairs, so I hope that it will not compromise
my status as the former head of the UN Development
Programme in Croatia to assert that Dalmatia is the
most wondrous location in this country of uncountable wonders. From the first glimpse of the sea glistening among the rocks and scrub when you descend
from the Sveti Rok tunnel, the landscape is unique
and so, you soon realize, are the plants and animals,
the culture and tradition, the cuisine and the music, even the language and sense of humor that have
emerged over centuries in these rugged surroundings.
It is with great pride that we at UNDP share with you
this comprehensive inventory of the agricultural biodiversity of Dalmatia, illustrated with photographs
that convey the breathtaking grandeur of the region.
This book is designed to convey the richness and diversity of the Dalmatian natural environment to
readers. But this is not just a coffee table book, however stunning the photos. And it is not just an academic study, however rigorous the science behind it.
More than that, it is a call to action to protect, revitalize and promote the traditional varieties of crop
plants and the breeds of domestic animals, that have
made Dalmatia such a diverse and unique region
and that now face the threat of competition from industrialized agriculture and the ominous shadow of
climate change.
This comprehensive publication was prepared with

UNDPs support as part of a broader USD 7-million
project, which in the period from 2006-2013 helped
create more than 100 green businesses in Dalmatia. The thinking here was to create a model for family businesses that would combine three goals: preserving the natural environment and protecting biodiversity; generating sustainable livelihoods for local farmers,
and thus slowing outward migration; and cultivating
specifically Dalmatian traditions, landscapes, cuisine
and culture. For a region blessed with hundreds of kilometres of coastline and crystal-clear Adriatic waters,
green business was also viewed as a more durable alternative to generic sun and fun tourism.
Traditional varieties and breeds featured largely in this effort. With UNDPs support, local farmers worked to reintroduce the Grk and Palagruanka
grape varieties, the Krvavica olive variety and the
Bua breed of cattle, just to name a few. These efforts
were not driven by nostalgia, or by a simple desire
to protect endangered varieties and breeds from the
slow march to extinction. There were strong economic reasons, too. First, indigenous varieties and breeds
tend to be more resilient and less resource-intensive
than commercial and imported cultivars and species,
and they are better suited to withstand the weather
extremes that are an unhappy consequence of climate
change. Second, native sorts and breeds can yield premium products that appeal to consumers seeking
distinctively Dalmatian brands. Our experience has

shown that people are willing to pay more for genuinely local olives, grapes, figs, cherries and herbs, especially when they have an organic pedigree.
There is only one Dalmatia, of course. But the green
models established with local partners through the
UNDP project hold great promise for any region
with its own distinct ecosystem and its own distinct
local character. Cataloguing the native varieties and
breeds that define a region is just one step in building
a rationale for a greener approach to development.
But it if helps residents and policy makers alike to
understand the irreplaceable natural treasures around
them, such an inventory can serve as a crucial impulse
to protection and preservation.
Our hope at UNDP is that this publication will support a green vision of development for Dalmatia: one
that brings prosperity while preserving the vistas
the grazing sheep that gave Dalmatia its name in Illyrian times, the olive groves and vineyards, the stark
views of stone and sea that leave such an indelible
trace in the mind and heart of any visitor.
Louisa Vinton,
UNDP Resident Representative

in Croatia 2010-2014
Current UNDP Resident Representative
in FYR Macedonia
13
Predgovor (dzzp)
Vei dio bioraznolikosti kakvu danas nalazimo u Europi nastala je meudjelovanjem prirode i ovjeka.
Danas je ruralni prostor Hrvatske suoen s depopulacijom, a time i gubitkom tradicijskih poljoprivrednih
djelatnosti, to rezultira gubitkom tradicijskih, izvornih i udomaenih, sorti i pasmina diljem cijele Hrvatske pa tako i na podruju Dalmacije. Te su pasmine i
sorte najee nastale u lokalnim uvjetima, mijenjajui se tijekom stoljea kako ih je ovjek birao i prilagoavao svojim potrebama, te su kao takve vrijedan
izvor genetike raznolikosti. S druge strane, ve se desetljeima borimo protiv promjena u tradicionalnom,
ruralnom krajobrazu, prije svega planinskih i otonih
panjakih povrina, gdje su izvorne pasmine savreno
orue za ouvanje prirodnih stanita i karakteristinih kulturnih krajobraza budui da su bolje prilagoene stanitu od suvremenih, visokoprinosnih pasmina.
Naalost, upravo je ekonomski manja isplativost tradicijskih pasmina i sorti jedan od glavnih razloga njihovog nestanka, kao rezultat promjena u poljoprivrednoj
praksi i zahtjeva suvremenog trita. Svjestan potrebe
ouvanja izvornih i udomaenih pasmina i sorti te njihove vanosti u ukupnoj bioraznolikosti, Dravni zavod za zatitu prirode izdao je 2011. godine Zelenu
knjigu izvornih pasmina Hrvatske, publikaciju koja na
opsean nain obrauje vanost tradicijskih pasmina u
modernom drutvu. Na jednom mjestu saet je prikaz
domestikacije, rasprostranjenosti, tradicijske uporabe i
izvornosti domaih ivotinja, njihov utjecaj na okoli,
krajobraze, stanita i bioraznolikost, kao i analiza te
14
procjena ugroenosti svake pojedine pasmine. Takoer, donosi i pregled izumrlih i nedovoljno poznatih
pasmina, to predstavlja i biokulturoloko bogatstvo
nae zemlje. Na tragu te edicije, Dravni zavod za zatitu prirode priprema i publikaciju o izvornim sortama vinove loze u Hrvatskoj.
Ova knjiga, koja obrauje tradicijske sorte i pasmine
Dalmacije, predstavlja vaan dio u inventarizaciji postojeeg stanja u Dalmaciji kao regiji s iznimno bogatom bioraznolikosti te pribliavanju vanosti tradicijskih pasmina i sorti iroj javnosti. Na sveobuhvatan
nain donosi informacije o svim pasminama domaih
ivotinja te vrstama i sortama kultiviranih biljaka koje
su se pokazale vanima za ivot ovjeka kroz stoljea
na ovom prostoru. Stoga sam siguran da e se pokazati kao neprocjenjiv dodatak svakoj biblioteci koja
cijeni Dalmaciju, izvornost, tradiciju i bioraznolikost.
Matija Frankovi,
ravnatelj Dravnog zavoda za zatitu prirode
Foreword (sinp)
Most of the biodiversity to be found in Europe today

was created by way of interaction between man and nature. Today the rural space of Croatia is faced with depopulation, and accordingly with the loss of traditional
farming, which has in turn resulted in the loss of traditional landraces, plant and animal, throughout Croatia, and no less so in Dalmatia. These breeds and varieties were created in local conditions, changing over the
centuries as people selected them and adjusted them to
their needs. They are thus a valuable source of genetic
diversity. On the other hand, we have for decades been
combating changes in the traditional rural landscape,
above all in the pasturelands of the mountains and islands, in which the landraces are a perfect tool for the
preservation of the natural habitats and the characteristic cultural landscapes, for they are better adjusted to
such pastures than contemporary high-yielding breeds.
Unfortunately, it is the lower profitability of the traditional breeds and varieties that is one of the main reasons for their disappearance, consequent upon changes in farming practice and the demands of the contemporary market. Very conscious of the need to preserve
indigenous and domesticated breeds and varieties, and
of their importance in overall biodiversity, the State Institute for the Protection of Nature issued in 2011 its
Green Book of Landraces of Croatia, a publication that
gave extensive coverage to the importance of the traditional breeds in modern society. In a single place there
is a succinct review of the domestication, distribution,
traditional use and indigenousness of domestic animals,
their effect on the environment, on landscapes, habitats and biodiversity. Also contained was an analysis and
evaluation of the threat to each individual breed. In addition it gives a survey of extinct and insufficiently wellknown breeds, indicating something of the biocultural
richness of the country. Following up this edition, the
State Institute for the Protection of Nature is preparing
a publication of indigenous grape vines in Croatia.
This book, which deals with the traditional varieties and
breeds of Dalmatia is an important part in the effort to
inventory the existing state of affairs in Dalmatia, a region that is extremely rich in terms of biodiversity and in
giving the general public the opportunity to be more familiar with the importance of the traditional breeds and
varieties. It provides comprehensive information about
all the breeds of domestic animals and species and varieties of cultivated plants that have been proved to be very
important for the life of the people in this area over the
centuries. Accordingly, I am sure that it will turn out to
be an invaluable supplement to every library that values
Dalmatia, originality, tradition and biodiversity.
Matija Frankovi,
Director, State Institute for Nature Protection.
15
Foto: Ivo Pervan 1 6
tradicijske
sorte i pasmine
dalmacije
opi dio
traditional
varieties and
breeds of dalmatia
general part
Stado dalmatinskih pramenki s tornjacima na

poplavljenom Vrgorakom polju
A flock of Dalmatian Pramenka sheep with
Tornjak dogs on the flooded Vrgorako polje
17
a.1
Povijesne i
geografske
osnove Dalmacije
Historical and
geographical
foundations of
Dalmatia
Suhozidna batina otoia Baljenac,

ibenski arhipelag
The dry stone wall heritage of the islet of
Baljenac in the ibenik archipelago
Foto: Ivo Pervan
Etimoloki,
Dalmacija znai
postojbina Delmata,
koji su ime dobili
prema ilirskoj
imenici delma to
znai ovca.
Etymologically,
Dalmatia is the
homeland of the
Delmati, who took
their name from the
Illyrian noun delma,
which means sheep.
20
almacija (lat. Dalmatia; tal. Dalmazia; njem.

Dalmatien; engl. Dalmatia) je tradicijski naziv za povijesnu regiju smjetenu na sjevernom dijelu Sredozemlja, odnosno na jugu Europe. Dio
je istone obale i otoka Jadranskog mora, na potezu od
masiva Velebita do Bokokotorskog zaljeva. Dalmaciju
ini izduen primorski pojas koji se sastoji od kontinentalnog i od otonog dijela. Kontinentalni dio, duljine oko
400 km te do 70 km irine, prua se u smjeru sjeverozapad jugoistok. Otoni dio s mnogobrojnim otocima,
otoiima, hridima i grebenima, veinom je istog smjera
pruanja, uz irinu oko 150 km. Na sjeverozapadnom je
dijelu Dalmacije kontinentalna granica najdublja te prolazi najviim vrhovima planinskih lanaca Velebita (1 757
m), Dinare (1 831 m) i Kamenice (1 810 m), tono po
nekadanjim granicama ljetnih panjaka dalmatinskih i
bosanskih stoara. Prema jugoistoku, prirodna se kontinentalna granica Dalmacije pribliava neposrednom zaleu priobalnog pojasa, dok kod Dubrovnika obuhvaa
samo najui primorski pojas do rta Otra na sjeverozapadnom rubu zaljeva Boke kotorske.
Geopolitiki, Dalmacija se nastavlja na Kvarner i sjeverno Hrvatsko primorje te zavrava na granici s Crnom Gorom. Jadransko more se nakon teritorijalnih
voda nastavlja meunarodnim vodama u pravcu Apeninskog poluotoka odnosno Italije, dok na kontinentu Dalmacija granii s Bosnom i Hercegovinom te
Crnom Gorom, tonije u sjevernom dijelu s Bosnom,
u srednjem dijelu s Hercegovinom te u junom s Hercegovinom i Crnom Gorom.
Naziv Dalmacija prvi se put spominje u 1. stoljeu nakon Krista za vrijeme Rimskog Carstva, a odnosi se
na podruje izmeu rijeka Krke i Cetine na kojem je
obitavalo ilirsko pleme Delmati. Etimoloki, Dalmacija
znai postojbina Delmata, koji su ime dobili prema ilirskoj imenici delma to znai ovca. Predstavljala je dio
rimskog Ilirika kako su iri prostor istone obale Jadrana, nastanjen ilirskim plemenima, nazivali Rimljani. S vremenom se pojam Dalmacije iri i na dio Neretvanske kneevine, a danas i na podruje nekadanje
Dubrovake Republike. U prolosti se prostorni opseg
Dalmacije znatno mijenjao te je obuhvaao primorske
dijelove danas susjednih drava Bosne i Hercegovine,
Crne Gore i Albanije. Zanimljivo je da se i nekadanji
centar ilirske Dalmacije, grad Delminium (upanjac,
Duvno, danas Tomislavgrad), nalazi na podruju dananje Bosne i Hercegovine.
Suvremena Dalmacija dio je Republike Hrvatske i
obuhvaa podruje etiriju upanija: Zadarske, ibensko-kninske, Splitsko-dalmatinske i Dubrovako-neretvanske, te se protee od otoka Paga, junog Velebita
i rijeke Zrmanje na sjeverozapadu, do Konavala, odnosno rta Otra na jugoistoku. Prostire se na povrini od
12 673 km2 i obuhvaa oko 22,4% kopnene povrine
Hrvatske. Povrina obalnog mora Dalmacije iznosi 23
107 km2 i ima udjel od gotovo 75% obalnog mora Hrvatske. Uobiajeno Dalmaciju dijelimo na tri podregije:
Sjevernu Dalmaciju koja obuhvaa podruje Zadarske
i ibensko-kninske upanije; Srednju Dalmaciju koja
obuhvaa podruje Splitsko-dalmatinske upanije te
Junu Dalmaciju koja obuhvaa podruje Dubrovako-neretvanske upanije, zapravo najvei dio podruja
nekadanje gotovo tisuljetne Dubrovake Republike.
Dalmacija ima iznimno razvedenu obalu uz koju se
nalazi ak 926 otoka, otoia, hridi i grebena gotovo 74% od sveukupno 1 246 koliko ih se nalazi uz hrvatsku obalu Jadrana. Obalna linija Dalmacije sastoji
se od obale kontinentalnog dijela Dalmacije, te obale
almatia (Latin, Dalmatia; Italian, Dalmazia; German, Dalmatien; English, Dalmatia) is the traditional name for a historic region located in the northern part of the Mediterranean and the south of Europe. It is part of the eastern
coastline and archipelago of the Adriatic Sea, along
the tract from the Velebit massif to the Bay of Boka
Kotorska. Dalmatia consists of an elongated coastal
zone composed of a mainland and an insular part. The
mainland part is about 400 km long and 70 km wide;
it extends in the north-west to south-east direction.
The insular part, with its many islands and islets, rocks
and reefs, on the whole extends in the same direction,
with a width of about 150 km. On the north-west part
of Dalmatia, the boundary with the inland is deepest,
and passes over the highest mountain peaks of Velebit
(1 757 m), Dinara (1 831 m) and Kamenica (1 810
m), precisely over the former boundaries of the summer pastures of the Dalmatian and the Bosnian herdsmen. To the south-east, the natural inland boundary
of Dalmatia approaches the immediate hinterland of
the coastal zone, while at Dubrovnik, it covers only
the southernmost coastal zone to Otro Point on the
north-west edge of the Gulf of Boka Kotorska.
In geopolitical terms, Dalmatia is a continuation of
the Bay of Kvarner and the northern Hrvatsko Primorje region; it ends on the border with Montenegro. The Adriatic Sea, after the territorial waters, continues in international waters in the direction of the
Apennine peninsula, in other words, of Italy, while
on the mainland, Dalmatia borders with Bosnia and
Herzegovina and Montenegro, to be precise, in the
northern part with Bosnia, in the central part with
Herzegovina and in the southern part with Herzegovina and Montenegro.
The name Dalmatia was first mentioned in the first

century AD, during the Roman Empire, and referred
to the area between the Krka and Cetina rivers, inhabited by the Illyrian tribe the Delmati. Etymologically, then, Dalmatia is the homeland of the Delmati,
who took their name from the Illyrian noun delma,
which means sheep. It was a part of Roman Illyricum,
as the Romans called the general area of the eastern
coast of the Adriatic settled by the Illyrian tribes. In
time, the concept of Dalmatia was extended to part of
the Princedom of Neretva, and to the area of the former Dubrovnik Republic. In the past, what was covered by the idea of Dalmatia varied considerably, and
covered the coastal area of the currently neighbouring states of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro
and Albania. It is interesting that the former centre of
Illyrian Dalmatia, the city of Delminium (upanjac,
Duvno, today called Tomislavgrad) lies in the area of
todays Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Contemporary Dalmatia is part of the Republic of
Croatia and covers the area of four counties: Zadarska, ibensko-kninska, Splitsko-dalmatinska and
Dubrovako-neretvanska. It extends from the island
of Pag, southern Velebit and the Zrmanja River in
the north-west, to Konavle, or Otro point [Cape
Otro] in the south-east. It covers of an area of 12 673
square kilometres and occupies about 22.4% of the
land area of Croatia. The coastal waters of Dalmatia
cover 23, 107 square kilometres, or 75% of the whole
of the coastal waters of the country. It is common
to divide Dalmatia into three sub-regions: Northern Dalmatia, which covers the area of the Zadarska and ibenkso-kninska counties; Central Dalmatia, which covers the area of the Splitsko-dalmatinska
county and Southern Dalmatia, which occupies the
area of the Dubrovako-neretvanska county, in other

words, most of the territory of the one-time almost
one thousand years old Dubrovnik Republic.
Dalmatia has a very indented coastline, off which
there are as many as 926 islands, islets, rocks and reefs
almost 74% of the all told 1246 islands lying off the
Adriatic coast of Croatia. The coastal line of Dalmatia
consists of the coast of the mainland part of Dalmatia and of the coasts of all the islands and islets, which
come all told to 4 324 kilometres. Indeed this type
of indented, island-dotted coastline is called in geographical studies the Dalmatian coastline type. The
biggest Dalmatian islands are Bra (394.6 km2), Hvar
(295.7 km2), Korula (276 km2), Dugi otok (114.4
km2), Mljet (100.4 km2), Vis (88.3 km2), Paman
(63.3 km2), olta (58.2 km2), Ugljan (50.2 km2) and
Lastovo (46.9 km2). Pag , with 284,6 km2, would be
the third largest Dalmatian island, but does not belong to Zadarska county in its entirety. The islands
cover about 1 770 square kilometres, or about 15% of
the area of Dalmatia. The biggest peninsula is Peljeac
(348 km2), the second largest peninsula in Croatia
(after Istria), and stretches more than 70 km.
Although the most frequent image of Dalmatia is that it
has a highly Mediterranean character, in fact, Dalmatia
has a considerable relief energy or vertical articulation, in
which the chain of the Dinaric mountains are dominant,
with their numerous mountain massifs, of the typically
Dinaric north-west to south-east lie, like the whole of
Dalmatia. From Velebit (1 757 m) at the extreme north
of Dalmatia, leads on to: Potak (1 446 m), Bukovica
and Orljak (674 m); Dinara (1 831 m), whose highest peak is Veliki Troglav (1 913 m) located in Bosnia
and Herzegovina; and also Kamenica (1 810 m), the
21
svih otoka i otoia koja ukupno iznosi ak 4 324 kilometara, tako da je ovakav tip otone razvedene obale
u geografiji nazvan dalmatinskim tipom obale. Najvei
su dalmatinski otoci: Bra (394,6 km2), Hvar (295,7
km2), Korula (276 km2), Dugi otok (114,4 km2), Mljet

(100,4 km2), Vis (88,3 km2), Paman (63,3 km2), olta (58,2 km2), Ugljan (50,2 km2), Lastovo (46,9 km2) i
drugi. (Pag je s 284,6 km2 takoer meu najveim otocima iako ne pripada u cijelosti Zadarskoj upaniji, tj.
Dalmaciji.) Otoci zapremaju oko 1 770 km2, odnosno
oko 15% povrine Dalmacije. Najvei poluotok je Peljeac (348 km2), po veliini drugi poluotok Hrvatske
nakon Istre, a prua se u duljini od gotovo 70 km.
Iako je najea predodba Dalmacije kao regije naglaeno mediteranskog karaktera, prisutna je znatna
energija reljefa ili vertikalna ralanjenost, koju tvori
ulanano dinarsko gorje s brojnim planinskim masivima, tipinog dinarskog smjera pruanja sjeverozapad jugoistok, kao i cijela Dalmacija. Od Velebita (1
757 m) na krajnjem sjeveru Dalmacije nastavljaju se:
Potak (1 446 m), Bukovica i Orljak (674 m); Dinara (1 831 m) s najviim vrhom Velikim Troglavom (1
913 m) smjetenim u Bosni i Hercegovini; te Kamenica (1 810 m), iji je najvii vrh Konj (1 855 m) takoer smjeten na podruju Bosne i Hercegovine. Slijede: Promina (1 148 m), Veliki Kozjak (1 207 m), Svilaja (1 508 m), Mose (838 m), Boraja (739 m), Mali
Kozjak (779 m), Mosor (1 339 m), Omika Dinara
(863 m), Biokovo (1 762 m), ibenik (1 314 m), Rili
(920 m), Matokit (1 062 m), Mala aba (681 m), dok
junu granicu s Hercegovinom zatvara Snijenica (1
234 m), a s Crnom Gorom masiv Bjelotine (1 089 m),
pri emu su oba ova masiva dio sloene cjeline Orjena, iji se najvii istoimeni vrh Orjen (1 894 m) nalazi
u Crnoj Gori.
22
Na podruju Dalmacije tee dvanaest stalnih rijeka: Zrmanja (69 km), Gudua (7 km), Krka (72,5 km), ikola
(47,8 km), Cetina (101 km), Jadro (4,5 km), rnovnica (4,8 km), Vrljika (70 km), Neretva (225 km), Ombla (0,03 km) i Ljuta (6 km). Iako uslijed krke podloge
esto velikim dijelom teku podzemno i ponekad su vrlo kratkog nadzemnog toka, istiu se koliinom i kvalitetom vode. Za Omblu ili Rijeku dubrovaku esto se
navodi kako je sa svojih 30 m nadzemnog toka i prosjenim protokom od 2 390 l/s, koji u maksimalnoj fazi dosee i do 11 300 l/s, najkraa rijeka na svijetu, s estuarijem od oko 5 km. Iznimno je zanimljiva i ponorna rijeka
Vrljika koja u svega 70 km toka, na razmei Hrvatske
i BiH, ak devet puta mijenja ime. Izvire kao Culua, a
zatim nakon poniranja i ponovnog izviranja postaje: Riina Brina Suvaja (Posuje) Matica Vrlika (Imotski) Tihaljina Mlada, te konano kao Trebiat uvire
u Neretvu. Iako je po duljini nadzemnog toka najdulja
rijeka Neretva (225 km), u Dalmaciji se nalazi samo 22
km zavrne delte, dok je najdulja rijeka koja cijelom duljinom tee Dalmacijom rijeka Cetina sa 101 km duljine.
Iako zbog krke podloge u Dalmaciji ne moemo oekivati vea jezera, upravo je Vransko jezero kod Biograda
sa 30,7 km2 povrine ujedno i najvee prirodno jezero na
podruju Hrvatske. Istie se i Crveno jezero kod Imotskog, ogromna uruena jama duboka 528 m i otprilike
do polovice ispunjena vodom. Jezero je u stvari oduak
snane podzemne rijeke, a njegova razina ovisi o koliini protoka i varira vie od 30 m. Unato povrini od svega 150x180 m, ovo jezero sadri ak oko 16 milijuna m3
vode, to ga ini jednim od veih spremnika podzemne
vode na svijetu.
Uslijed male koliine rijenih sedimenata koji se ulijevaju u Jadransko more te podizanja razine mora od
posljednje oledbe, iroka rijena delta u Dalmaciji je
rijetkost i prisutna je samo na uu rijeke Neretve, dok

su kod ostalih rijeka nastali rijeni kanjoni estuariji,
primjerice Zrmanje, Krke i Cetine.
Zbog okrene vapnenake podloge, na dalmatinskom
je podruju prisutno vie tisua speleolokih objekata
od kojih velik broj, posebno na planinskim masivima,
jo nije istraen. Trenutano je najdublja dalmatinska
jama Mokre noge na Biokovu s - 842 m dubine, a najdulja je pilja Kotlua s 3 418 m duljine.
Na podruju je Dalmacije prema popisu iz 2011. godine ivjelo 857 743 stanovnika ili 19,99% populacije Hrvatske. Prosjena gustoa naseljenosti nia je od
hrvatskog prosjeka i iznosi oko 68 stanovnika na kvadratni kilometar. Premda je kroz dugo vremensko razdoblje centar Dalmacije bio Zadar, danas grad Split sa
178 192 stanovnika predstavlja geografski makrocentar s tri regionalna centra, gradovima Zadrom (75 082),
ibenikom (46 372) i Dubrovnikom (42 641).
Dalmacija je krajobrazno i bioloki, razmjerno svojoj veliini, jedno od najraznolikijih podruja Europe s ak
devet parkova, i to etiri nacionalna parka (NP): Paklenica, Kornati, Krka i Mljet te pet parkova prirode (PP):
jugoistoni dio Velebita, Telaica, Vransko jezero, Biokovo i Lastovsko otoje, a u pripremi je proglaenje dvaju dodatnih zatienih podruja (vjerojatno regionalnih
parkova) Delte Neretve i planine Dinare. U Dalmaciji nalazimo 19 posebnih rezervata botanikih, umske vegetacije, ornitolokih, ihtiolokih i geomorfoloko-hidrolokih, 10 park uma, 36 znaajna krajobraza,
38 spomenika prirode i 19 spomenika parkovne arhitekture. Zatiena podruja obuhvaaju 2 060,4 km, odnosno vie od 16% kopnene povrine Dalmacije i neto
manje od 6% ukupne povrine, raunajui i obalno more.
highest peak of which is Konj (1 855 m) also located

in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Then come: Promina (1
148 m), Veliki Kozjak (1 207 m), Svilaja (1 508 m),
Mose (838 m), Boraja (739 m), Mali Kozjak (779
m), Mosor (1 339 m), Omika Dinara (863 m), Biokovo (1 762 m), ibenik (1 314 m), Rili (920 m), Matokit (1 062 m), Mala aba (681 m), while the southern border with Herzegovina is closed by Snijenica
(1 234 m), and that with Montenegro by the Bjelotine massif (1 089 m), with the proviso that both of
these massifs are part of the complex mass of Orjen,
the highest peak of which shares the same name, Orjen (1 894 m), and lies inside Montenegro.
of its length in Dalmatia is the Cetina, 101 km in

length. Although because of the karstic substrate in
Dalmatia large lakes are not to be expected, Vransko
Lake, by Biograd, which has an area of 30.7 km2 is also the biggest natural lake in Croatia. Also important
is Crveno [Red] Lake by Imotski, a vast sinkhole 528
m deep and about half filled with water. The lake is in
fact the outlet of a powerful subterranean river, and
its level depends on the flow, varying more than 30 m
up and down. In spite of having an area of no more
than 150 x 180 m, this lake contains as much as 16
million m3 of water, making it one of the major reservoirs of subterranean water in the world.
Twelve permanent rivers flow in the Dalmatian area: the Zrmanja (69 km), Gudua (7 km), Krka (72.5
km), ikola (47.8 km), Cetina (101 km), Jadro (4.5
km), rnovnica (4.8 km), Vrljika (70 km), Neretva
(225 km), Ombla (0.03 km) and the Ljuta (6 km). The
Ombla River, sometimes called Rijeka Dubrovaka,
may be said, with its length above ground of a mere
30 m, and an average flow of 2 390 l/s, reaching as
much as 11 300 l/s maximum, to be the shortest river in the world, with an estuary of about 5 km. Also
exceptionally interesting is the disappearing river the
Vrljika, which in its 70 km long course along the border between Croatian and Bosnia and Herzegovina
changes its name nine times. It rises as the Culua,
and then after repeated disappearances underground
and re-emergences becomes the: Riina Brina Suvaja (Posuje) Matica Vrlika (Imotski) Tihaljina Mlada and finally the Trebiat, which runs into the Neretva. Although in terms of length above
ground the Neretva is the longest watercourse (225
km), in Dalmatia there is only the 22 km-long concluding delta; the longest river that flows the whole
Because of the small quantity of riverine sediments

delivered into the Adriatic and the rising of the sea
level from the last Ice Age, a broad river delta is a rarity in Dalmatia, and is to be found only at the mouth
of the Neretva River, while in other rivers the outlets
have taken shape as canyons, as in the Zrmanja, Krka
and Cetina.
Because of the karstified limestone bedrock, there are
several thousand cave and pothole features in Dalmatia, a large number of which, particularly in the
mountain massifs, are still unexplored. The currently
deepest known Dalmatian pothole is Mokre noge on
Mt Biokovo, which is 842 m deep; the longest cavern
is Kotlua, 3 418 metres in length.
Zadar, it is the city of Split, with its population of 178

192, that is the geographical macrocentre of the region, with three sub-centres, Zadar (75 082), ibenik
(46 372) and Dubrovnik (42 641).
In proportion to its size, Dalmatia is one of the most
diverse areas in Europe, in terms of landscape and
biology, holding nine parks, including four national parks (NP): Paklenica, Kornati, Krka and Mljet
and five Nature Parks (PP in Croatian): the southeast part of Velebit, Telaica, Vransko jezero, Biokovo and the Lastovo islands. Preparations are under
way for making two more areas protected areas, probably to be classified as regional parks: the delta of the
Neretva and Mt Dinara. There are 19 special reserves
botanical, forest, vegetation, ornithological, ichthyological and geomorphological and hydrological,
10 forest parks, 36 important landscapes, 38 monuments of nature and 19 monuments of park architecture. Protected areas occupy a total of 2 060.4 square
kilometres, which is to say more than 16% of the land
area of Dalmatia, and a little less than 6% of the total
area if the coastal waters are taken into consideration.
According to the 2011 census, the population of Dalmatia was 857 743, that is, 19.99% percent of the
population of the whole country. The average population density is lower than the Croatian average,
coming to 68 persons per square kilometre. Although
for a long period of time the centre of Dalmatia was
23
a.2
Geoloka,
hidrogeomorfoloka i
krajobrazna podloga
Dalmacije
Geological,
hydrological,
geomorphological and
landscape background
of Dalmatia
Voda i kamen tvore osebujne krajobraze

Nacionalnog parka Krka
Water and stone create the distinctive landscapes
of the Krka National Park
Foto: Ivo Pervan
Osobitost Dalmacije
je izraziti krki reljef s
istaknutim planinskim
masivima, krkim
poljima i brojnim drugim
krkim pojavama uz
otoni pojas od 926
otoka i otoia.
The distinctiveness
of Dalmatia lies in its
marked karstic relief
with the prominent
mountain massifs,
karstic poljes and
many other karstic
phenomena, along with
the island zone of 926
islands and islets.
26
eoloka graa Dalmacije relativno je jednostavna. Uz dominantne kredne vapnence i

dolomite, u manjoj su mjeri mozaiko prisutni vapnenci iz razdoblja trijasa i jure. Za poljoprivredu su najvaniji paleogeni flini i vapnenaki slojevi koje nalazimo na podruju Ravnih kotara, u priobalju od Trogira do Bainskih jezera te na podruju
Dubrovakog primorja i Konavala, kao i delte Neretve
s debelim rijenim nanosima i movarnim stanitima.
Geomorfologiju Dalmacije obiljeava geotektonska cjelina Dinarida, vrlo zanimljive geneze. Naime u
gornjem trijasu prije 220 milijuna godina, taloenjem
drevnih morskih organizama na dnu plitkog mora, nastaje Jadranska karbonatna platforma, dio june europske ploe. Putujui kroz prostor i vrijeme, od junog
do sjevernog ruba drevnog sredozemnog mora Tethis,
platforma prolazi sue, poplave, oluje, uzdizanja i sputanja biblijskih razmjera, danas vidljive u vie od 2 km
debelom sloju karbonatnih stijena dinarskih planina.
Prije oko 49 milijuna godina, sjeverna se afrika tektonska ploa poinje utiskivati u Jadransku mikroplou,
pri emu se uzdiu Dinaridi, mlae ulanano gorje koje se u duljini od oko 650 km prostire od Italije do Albanije, odnosno od jugoistonih Alpa na sjeverozapadu
sve do rijeke Drim, gdje se na jugoistok prema Grkoj nastavljaju Tauridi. irina Dinarida varira od 50
160 km te uz povrinu od oko 72 000 km2 predstavlja
najvee kontinuirano krko podruje Europe. Vrhunac
Dinarida je Maja Jezerces (2 694 m) u masivu Prokletija na granici Albanije i Crne Gore. Osobitost Dinarida
naroito vidljiva u Dalmaciji jest kr bezvodni, kameniti reljef bez ili sa vrlo plitkim slojem tla, koji prekriva topive vapnenake stijene. Proces okravanja zapoinje kad voda obogaena s ugljinim dioksidom (CO2)
poinje troiti kamenu podlogu kemijskim (korozija)
ili mehanikim putem (erozija). Okravanju bitno pomae raspucanost stijena uslijed potresa i drugih tektonskih pomaka u Zemljinoj kori. Zahvaljujui protoku, ali i smrzavanju vode, pore i pukotine u stijenama
se ire, a stijene se drobe i pucaju, pri emu se stvaraju
brojne krke pojave: krka polja, ponikve (vrtae), uvale, kamenice, krape, ponornice i krke rijene doline,
prirodni kameni mostovi, krki izvori, ponori i estavele.
Na cijelom podruju Dalmacije prevladava krki reljef s
istaknutim planinskim masivima, krkim poljima i brojnim drugim krkim pojavama. Planinski masivi pruaju se du cijele obale, ponegdje strmo nad samu obalu,
smanjujui mediteranski utjecaj Jadrana ponegdje na
svega nekoliko stotina metara. U zaleu priobalnoga
planinskog niza srednje Dalmacije, izmeu rijeke Krke i
donjeg toka Neretve, prua se oko 150 km dug krki pojas Dalmatinske zagore najveim dijelom ogoljelog kra.
Primorski karakter Dalmacije ojaan je velikim udjelom otonog pojasa s 926 otoka i otoia. Po postanku
i grai otoci su dio susjednog dinarskog kopna, nepotopljeni dijelovi reljefnih uzvienja odnosno vrhovi planina koji su jo prije oko 10 000 godina bili dio kopna.
Podizanjem mora za oko 100 m, kopnene gorske uzvisine postale su otoci. Meutim, manji broj jadranskih
vanjskih otoka: Bievo, Sv. Andrija, Suac, Jabuka, Palagrua i drugi, odijeljeni su od kopna jo u razdoblju
tercijara, odnosno glacijacija nije imala utjecaj na njihovo razdvajanje od obale.
Otoci se pruaju paralelno s obalom i planinskim nizom
u zaleu, u tzv. dinarskom smjeru pruanja sjeverozapad
jugoistok. Dijelimo ih, sukladno podjeli Dalmacije, na
sjevernodalmatinske: Pag, Dugi otok, Ugljan, Paman,
Kornatsko otoje i drugi; na srednjodalmatinske: Bra,
he geological build of Dalmatia is relatively simple. Along with the dominant Cretaceous limestones and dolomites, also present
to a smaller extent in a mosaic pattern are limestones
from the Triassic and Jurassic. Most important for
agriculture are the palaeogenic flysch and limestone
strata to be found in the area of Ravni Kotari and
along the very coast from Trogir to the Bainsko lakes
and in the area of Dubrovako Primorje and Konavle,
as well as the Neretva delta, with its rich riverine sediments and wetland habitats.
The geotectonic unit of the Dinarides has left its mark
on the geomorphology of Dalmatia. In the Upper Triassic, 220 million years ago, the Adriatic carbonate platform, part of the southern European plate, was formed
by the sedimentation of ancient marine organisms on
the bottom of the shallow sea. In its passage through
time and space, from the southern to the northern rim
of the ancient Mediterranean sea of Tethys, the platform knew droughts and floods, storms, emergence
and submergence of Biblical proportions, visible today
in the more than 2 km thick stratum of the carbonate rocks of the Dinaric mountains. About 49 million
years ago, the northern African tectonic plate began to
push into the Adriatic microplate; this elevated the Dinarides, a young mountain that for a length of about
650 km extends from Italy to Albania, in other words
from the south-east Alps in the north-west, to the River Drin, where the Taurides go on in a south-easterly
direction to Greece. The width of the Dinarides varies
from 50 to 160 km, and, with an area of about 72 000
square kilometres is the greatest continuous karst area
in Europe. The highest peak of the Dinarides is Maja
Jezerces (2 694 m) in the Prokletija massif on the border between Albania and Montenegro. The particular
feature of the Dinarides very visible in Dalmatia is the

karst a waterless, stony relief without any or with a
very shallow layer of soil, covering a soluble limestone
rock. The process of karstification begins with water
holding carbon dioxide (CO2) in solution starting to
eat away the stone bedrock chemically (corrosion) or
wearing it away mechanically (erosion). Karstification is particularly aided by the fissuring of the rocks
as a result of earthquakes and other tectonic shifts in
the Earths crust. Thanks to the flow of water, and the
freezing process, the pores and cracks in the rocks expand, the rocks crumble and break, numerous karstic
phenomena thus being formed: the karst plain, usually called polje after the Croatian, sink holes, valleys,
karren, dolines, sinking streams, solution hollows, dry
river valleys, natural stone bridges, karst springs, swallowholes and estavelles.
In the whole area of Dalmatia it is karstic relief that
prevails, with prominent mountain massifs, karst
poljes and many other limestone landscape features.
The mountain massifs stretch down the whole of the
coastline, sometimes dropping sharply down to the
very coastline, reducing the Mediterranean influence of the Adriatic in some cases to just a few hundred metres. In the hinterland of the coastal mountain range of Central Dalmatia, between the Krka river and the lower course of the Neretva, extends the
cca 150 km long karst zone of Dalmatinska Zagora,
which is mostly of bare karst.
The maritime character of Dalmatia is enhanced by
the great share of the island belt with its 926 islands
and islets. In their origins and structure, the islands
are a part of the neighbouring Dinaric landmass, unsubmerged parts of relief elevations, i.e. the tips of the
mountains that were still part of the mainland until

about 10 000 years ago. When the sea rose by about
100 m, the mainland mountain tops became islands.
However, a smallish number of the outer islands of the
Adriatic - Bievo, Sv. Andrija, Suac, Jabuka, Palagrua
and others - were separated from the land in the Tertiary, and it was not glaciation that was instrumental in
dividing them from the coast. The islands extend in a
direction parallel to the coast and the mountain range
in the hinterland, in what is called the Dinaric direction, north-west to south-east. We can classify them,
according to the division of Dalmatia, into the north
Dalmatian islands: Pag, Dugi otok, Ugljan, Paman,
the Kornati group and others; then the central Dalmatian group, including Bra, Hvar, Vis, olta, Bievo, Sv.
Andrija and the south Dalmatian islands of Korula,
Mljet, Lastovo, the Elaphite islands, Suac and others. To the west of Vis island lie the open sea islands
of Jabuka and Brusnik, and to the south of them, the
Palagrua islands. All the outer islands are unlike the
other limestone, islands, of volcanic origin.
Hydrological relations in the Dinaric karst are extremely complex. The great depth of the limestone
rocks enables the water to penetrate very deeply all
the way down to the impermeable strata that stop
the water, which then flows underground towards the
Adriatic, coming to the surface again in the form of
karstic springs, or under the sea in the form of the
submarine springs known as the vrulja (the biggest of
which is Vruja by Brela).
In the area of Imotski town there are two karst phenomena that are world famed. One is Modro jezero/
Blue Lake, right alongside the city of Imotski, which
took its name from the lovely blue of the water. It is
27
Hvar, Vis, olta, Bievo, Sv. Andrija i drugi te na junodalmatinske: Korula, Mljet, Lastovo, Elafitski otoci,
Suac i drugi. Zapadno od otoka Visa nalaze se puinski otoii Jabuka i Brusnik, a juno od njih Palagruki
otoci. Svi ovi puinski otoci su za razliku od ostalih, vapnenakih otoka, vulkanskoga porijekla.
Hidrogeoloki odnosi na podruju Dinarskog kra vrlo su sloeni. Velika debljina vapnenakih stijena omoguuje vrlo duboko poniranje vode sve do nepropusnih
naslaga koje zaustavljaju vodu, koja tada tee podzemno
prema Jadranskom moru gdje ponovo istjee na povrinu u obliku krkih izvora ili pod morem u obliku podmorskih izvora vrulja (najvea je Vruja kod Brela).
Na podruju grada Imotskog nalaze se dva svjetski
vana krka fenomena. Jedan je Modro jezero neposredno uz grad Imotski koje je ime dobilo po prekrasnoj modroj boji vode. Duine je oko 800, a irine
oko 250 m. Duboko je do 90 m i omiljeno je kupalite Imoana iako u najsuim godinama zna i presuiti. Jo je impozantniji krki fenomen Crveno jezero
smjeteno 1,5 km sjeverozapadno od grada Imotskog.
Ve prvi pogled na okomite stijene koje se strmoglavo rue prema tamnoj povrini jezera odaje odakle je
jezero dobilo ime; naime, vei sadraj eljeznih oksida
daje stijenama karakteristinu crvenu boju. Uz jezero
je vezana legenda o Gavanovim dvorima, propalima u
bezdan zbog beskrajne oholosti gospodara.
U Dalmaciji su u vrlo velikom udjelu prisutna izrazito
skeletna tla, u najizraenijem obliku poznata kao goli
ili ljuti kr, to jest tla dinarskih kamenjara i panjaka.
U podrujima gdje je dolo do razgradnje skeletne, kamene podloge graene od vapnenaca i dolomita, dolaze tla koja su se razvila pod prevladavajuim utjecajem
28
litolokog sastava podloge. Najei predstavnik takvih

tala je crvenica (terra rossa), nastala kao rezultat otapanja karbonatne osnove. U Ravnim kotarima i na potezu od Katelanskog zaljeva do Baine nalazimo smea
tla na vapnencima i nerazvijena tla na fliu. U delti Neretve prevladavaju aluvijalna tla, mlai rijeni nanosi sa
slabo izraenim pedolokim svojstvima i karakteristikama movarnih tala rijenih nizina. Iako navedena tla,
s izuzetkom doline Neretve, nisu naroito bogata hranjivima i pogodna za poljoprivredu, predstavljaju najvanija poljoprivredna tla Dalmacije i na njima je razvijena intenzivna poljoprivredna proizvodnja.
Najvea i najvanija krka polja Dalmacije su Imotsko
polje (95 km2), od kojeg je oko 45 km2 u Hrvatskoj, za-
tim Konavosko polje (75 km2), Sinjsko polje (64 km2),

Petrovo polje (57 km2), Vrgorako polje (37 km2), polje
Dicmo (35 km2), Kosovo polje (34 km2), Kninsko polje
(24 km2), te druga polja manja od 10 kvadratnih kilometara. Kako krke rijeke unose vrlo malu koliinu sedimenata u more, sedimenti ostaju na podruju krkih polja
gdje ine nepropusne slojeve koji zadravaju vodu. Zbog
toga su krka polja ne samo kljuna za poljoprivrednu
proizvodnju na kru, ve su povremeno plavljena krka
polja svojevrsne oaze bioraznolikosti, gdje je njihov hidroloki reim osnova odranja bioraznolikosti.
Krajobrazi Dalmacije obuhvaaju sljedeih pet osnovnih krajobraznih jedinica: sjevernodalmatinsku zaravan, zadarsko-ibenski arhipelag, Dalmatinsku zagoru
te obalno podruje srednje i june Dalmacije sa zasebno izdvojenim krajobrazom donje Neretve. Na krajnjem sjeverozapadnom dijelu Dalmacije, najsjevernija dalmatinska (Zadarska) upanija obuhvaa jo krajnji jugoistoni dio sa sljedea tri krajobraza: vrni pojas Velebita, kvarnersko-velebitski prostor i Liku. Osim
to su osnovni elementi vizualne atraktivnosti prostora

i nositelji raznovrsnih stanita s prateom bioraznolikosti, pojedini krajobrazi Dalmacije imaju iznimnu arhitektonsku vrijednost, nastalu razvojem poljoprivrede
na kru. Izgradnja vienamjenskih suhozida i drugih
strukturnih oblika antropogenog reljefa (kao to su dolci, torovi, stanovi, lokve i bunari) stvorila je jedinstvenu
krajobraznu vizuru kulturnih krajobraza, nepokretnog

kulturnog dobra koje ukazuje na razvoj poljoprivrede,
zajednice i pripadajueg teritorija kroz povijest te definira kulturni i prostorni identitet Dalmacije. Neki su
takvi prostori posebno vrijedni. Krajobrazna jedinica
Donja Neretva izdvojena je kao zasebna upravo zato
to su nizinski movarni i kultivirani dijelovi s obiljem
vode, okrueni brdovitim krem i spojeni s morskom
obalom i morem, krajobrazna posebnost ne samo u nacionalnim okvirima. Iz naplavljene ravnice mjestimice
poput otoka izniu vapnenake glavice ili se otvaraju
potopljene jame oka, to ukupnu krajobraznu sliku
ini izuzetnom. Vaan element krajobraza su poljoprivredne povrine nastale jendeenjem, tradicionalnim
stvaranjem plodnog tla u vodi kopanjem kanala i nasipanjem izvaenog mulja na novonastalu parcelu. Primotenski vinogradi jedinstven su i atraktivan primjer
zatienog poljoprivrednog kulturnog krajobraza te se
nalaze na tentativnoj listi UNESCO-a. Starigradsko
polje na otoku Hvaru, nastalo u 4. st. pr. Kr., najbolje
je ouvani grki sustav podjele poljoprivrednog zemljita na Mediteranu. ini ga sauvana antika podjela na
75 parcela (hora) s tradicionalnim mediteranskim kulturama vinovom lozom, maslinama i smokvama, kontinuirano u uzgoju od grke kolonizacije. Polje je upisano na UNESCO-ovu listu svjetske batine 2008. godine. Kulturni krajobrazi jo nisu valorizirani u smislu
gospodarskog koritenja iako imaju velik potencijal za
ekoloku poljoprivredu te ekoloki i kulturni turizam.
about 800 metres long and 250 wide. It is 90 m deep

and is a favourite bathing place for Imotski people, although in the driest years it will sometimes dry up.
A still more impressive karstic phenomenon is Crveno jezero / Red Lake, some 1.5 km to the north-west
of Imotski. At a first glance at the vertical rocks that
plunge headily towards the dark surface of the lake, the
source of the lakes name is clear: the high quantity of
iron oxide gives the rocks a characteristic reddish hue.
Connected to the lake is the legend of Gavan and his
mansion, which was said to have been swallowed up
into the abyss because of the owners boundless pride.
Very markedly skeletal soils are present to a great extent, known in their most highly expressed form as
bare or ljuti [savage, harsh] karst. This is the soil of the
Dinaric stony areas and pastures. In areas where the
skeletal stone bedrock of limestone or dolomite has degraded, there are soils that have developed under the
prevailing influence of the composition of the substrate. The most common representative of this kind
of soil is terra rossa, red soil, which has been created as
a result of the solution of the carbonate rock. In Ravni
Kotari and along the stretch from the bay of Katela to
Baina, we find brown soil on limestone and undeveloped soil on flysch. In the delta of the Neretva there
are mainly alluvial soils, young riverine sediments the
pedological properties of which are weakly expressed,
with characteristics of wetland soils of the river lowlands. Although these soils, with the exception of the
valley of the Neretva, are not particularly nutrient-rich
or suitable for agriculture, they do constitute the most
important farming land of Dalmatia, and intensive agricultural production has developed on them.
The largest and most important karst poljes in Dalmatia are Imotsko polje (95 km2), of which about 45 km2
is in Croatia, and then Konavosko polje (75 km2), Sinjsko polje (64 km2), Petrovo polje (57 km2), Vrgorako
polje (37 km2), polje Dicmo (35 km2), Kosovo polje
(34 km2), Kninsko polje (24 km2) and other poljes less
than 10 square kilometres in area. Since the karst rivers take very little sediment into the sea, the sediments
remain in the karstic poljes, where they form an impermeable layer that retains the water. For this reason
the karstic poljes are not only crucial for agricultural production in the karst, but the occasionally inundated karst poljes are in a sense oases of biodiversity,
their hydrological regime being the basis of the maintenance of biodiversity.
The landscapes of Dalmatia comprehend the following five basic landscape units: the north Dalmatian
plateau; the Zadar and ibenik archipelago; Dalmatinska Zagora and the coastal area of central and
southern Dalmatia with the distinct landscape of the
Lower Neretva. At the extreme north-west part of
Dalmatia, the northernmost Dalmatian county (that
of Zadar) also includes the extreme south-east parts
of these landscapes: the peak zone of Velebit, the
Kvarrner and Velebit area, and Lika. Apart from being the basic elements of the visual attractiveness of
the space and support for various habitats with their
accompanying biodiversity, the individual landscapes
of Dalmatia have outstanding architectural value, created by the development of agriculture on the karst.
The construction of the multipurpose dry stone walls
and other structural forms of anthropogenic relief
(such as the cultivated depressions, folds, shealings,
pools and wells) has created a unique landscape vision of cultural landscapes, an immoveable cultural
property that indicates the development of agriculture, the community and the accompanying territory
through history, and defines the cultural and spatial
identity of Dalmatia. Some of these spaces are particularly valuable. The landscape unit of the Lower Neretva is set apart precisely because the lowland wetland
and cultivated parts with their abundance of water are
surrounded by rocky karst and are joined with the sea
coast and the sea, a particular landscape feature in not
merely national terms. Limestone hillocks sometimes
rear out of the flood plain, or there will be submerged
pits, which makes the overall image of the landscape
exceptional. And important element of the landscape
consists of the farm land created by dredging, the traditional way of creating fertile soil in water by digging out channels and piling the mud extracted on
the newly created plot. The Primoten vineyards are
a unique and attractive example of a protected agricultural cultural landscape, which is on the tentative UNESCO World Heritage List. The Stari Grad
Plain, on the island of Hvar, created about the 4th
century BC, is the best preserved Greek cadastre in
the Mediterranean. It is formed by the still existing
ancient division into 75 plots (constituting the chora)
with traditional Mediterranean crops, the grape vine,
the olive and the fig, under continuous cultivation
since the Greek colonisation. This plain was inscribed
in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2008. The
cultural landscapes have not yet been evaluated in the
sense of economic use, but they do have a great potential for ecological farming and ecological and cultural tourism.
29
a.3
Klima i vegetacija
Dalmacije
Climate and
vegetation in
Dalmatia
Duga iznad Mosora zlatne planine (Mons

aureus) ponad Splita
Rainbow over Mosor, or golden mountain, Mons
Aureus, over Split
Foto: Ivica Loli
Raspon od
mediteranske do
otre visokoplaninske
klime u Dalmaciji
uvjetovao je jednu od
vrstama najbogatijih
europskih flora
te vruu toku
bioraznolikosti.
The climate in
Dalmatia, which
ranges from
Mediterranean
to severe high
mountainous, has
resulted in one of the
most species-rich
European floras, and a
biodiversity hot-spot.
32
lima Dalmacije izrazito je raznovrsna, a njezin utjecaj je mozaiki i gradijentno rasporeen. Na podruju otone i obalne Dalmacije prisutna je sredozemna (mediteranska) klima koja zbog izraeno visokih obalnih planinskih masiva,
ponekad ve s poveanjem nadmorske visine od nekoliko stotina metara, prelazi u submediteransku klimu pa ubrzo i u planinsku, i tako sve do otre visokoplaninske klime koju imaju neke dalmatinske planine
u svom orografski najviem dijelu. Biokovo i Snijenica duguju svoje ime upravo snijegu koji na najviim
vrhuncima, vidljivim i s obale i iz zalea, ostaje i vie
od pola godine. Sputanjem planina prema kontinentu u krka polja, pa ponovnim usponima i sputanjima
koja se viekratno ponavljaju, opada utjecaj Mediterana, a jaa utjecaj kontinentalne i planinske klime pa
govorimo o submediteranskoj klimi s vrlo raznolikim
mikroklimatskim pojavama.
Prema Kppenovoj klimatskoj podjeli, na podruju Dalmacije sreemo ak pet osnovnih tipova klime: semiaridna (Csa), mediteranska (Csax), submediteranska (Cfsa), planinska (Cfsb) i snjena, visokoplaninska (Dfsb).
Semiaridna klima ili klima masline obuhvaa samo
nae puinske otoke, odnosno viki, lastovski i palagruki arhipelag te najjuniji dio otoka Korule.
Odlikuje je izrazita vruina i suhoa, dok su oborine prisutne samo u najhladnijem dijelu godine.
Mediteranska klima proirena je junije od Ravnih

kotara i kanjona Krke, gotovo samo uskim obalnim
pojasom i na otocima, ukljuujui i rijene doline,
gdje utjecaj mediteranske klime nije sprijeen planinskim masivima pa prodire daleko dublje u kopno. Slina je semiaridnoj, ali s bitno vie oborina.
Submediteranska klima proirena je cijelim podrujem unutarnjih Ravnih kotara i Dalmatinske zagore, veim dijelom Imotske i Vrgorake krajine, dijelom doline Neretve, zaleem Dubrovakog primorja
i Konavala. Odlikuje je daleko vei utjecaj kontinentalne klime, dakle vrua ljeta i prilino hladne zime.
Planinska klima proirena je svim planinskim masivima Dalmacije iznad otprilike 1 000 m nadmorske visine, ali je naroito izraena na podruju masiva
Velebita, Kremena, Potaka, Dinare, Kamenice, Svilaje, Biokova i Snijenice. Disjunktno je prisutna na
masivu Vidove gore na otoku Brau te na masivu Sv.
Ilija na Peljecu.
Snjena, visokoplaninska klima, prisutna je samo
iznad otprilike 1 500 m visine, disjunktno rasporeena na najviim vrhuncima Velebita, Dinare i Biokova. Odlikuju je svjea ljeta i vrlo hladne, snjene zime.
Raznovrsnost klime u Dalmaciji moda je najupeatljivija na podruju Biokova. U listopadu se jo moemo okupati u okolici Makarske i nakon toga uivati na snijegom prekrivenom Biokovu. Naime srednja
godinja temperatura kree se od 15,5C u Makarskoj
do 3,9C na najviem vrhu Sv. Juri, uz izrazitu klimatsku razliku od ak 11,6C na zranoj udaljenosti od
samo 5 km. Na Sv. Juri padne oko 2 500 mm oborina godinje, ali se prema podnoju oborine smanjuju,
tako da s kontinentalne strane Biokova padne oko 1
500 mm, a s primorske ne vie od 1 300 mm oborina.
U Dalmaciji pue osam glavnih vjetrova: sa sjevera tramuntana i bura; s istoka levant; s juga jugo i otro, s jugozapada lebi, sa zapada pulenat, a sa sjeverozapada
maestral. Najjai vjetrovi karakteristini za Dalmaciju
he climate of Dalmatia is very diverse; its influence is however distributed in a mosaic

and is gradient-dependent. In the area of island and coastal Dalmatia, there is the Mediterranean
climate, which, because of the very high coastal mountain massifs, sometimes with an increase of height
above sea level of several hundred metres, transits into
the sub-Mediterranean climate, and then readily into
the mountain and the severe high mountain climate
that is characteristic of some of the Dalmatian mountains in their highest parts. Biokovo and Snijenica
owe their names precisely to the snow that is visible
on their highest peaks from the coast and from the
hinterland, and stays for more than half the year. As
the mountains drop inland to the karst poljes, and rise
again and fall again, which happens several times, the
influence of the Mediterranean fades again, and that
of the continental and mountain climate gains, and we
talk of a sub-Mediterranean climate with very diverse
micro-climatic phenomena.
According to the Kppen climatic classification, in the
area of Dalmatia we find five basic types of climate:
semi-arid (Csa), Mediterranean (Csax), sub-Mediterranean (Cfsa), mountainous (Cfsb) and snowy, high
mountain (Dfsb).
The semi-arid or olive climate covers only our
open sea islands, that is, the archipelagos of Vis,
Lastovo and Palagrua and the southernmost
part of Korula island. It is characterised by pronounced heat and dryness, while precipitation
comes only in the coldest part of the year.
The true Mediterranean climate extends southwards of Ravni Kotari and the canyon of the
Krka River, almost only along the narrow coastal

belt and on the islands, including the river valleys,
where the influence of the Mediterranean climate
is not hindered by the mountain massifs and penetrates deep into the mainland. It is similar to the
semi-arid, but has much more rainfall.
The sub-Mediterranean extends over the whole
area of the interior Ravni Kotari and Dalmatinska Zagora, most of the Imotski and Vrgorac areas
(krajine), partially along the valley of the Neretva, in the hinterland of Dubrovako Primorje and
Konavle. It is characterised by a much greater influence of the continental climate, that is, by hot
summers and fairly cold winters.
The mountain climate is found on all the mountain
massifs of Dalmatia over about 1000 m above sea level, but it is particularly marked in the area of the massifs of Velebit, Kremen, Postak, Dinara, Kamenica,
Svilaja, Biokovo and Snijenica. It is disjunctively
present on the massif of Vidova gora on the island of
Bra and on the massif of Sv. Ilija on Peljeac.
The snowy, high mountain climate is present only
above about 1 500 m above sea level, is disjunctively distributed on the highest peaks of Velebit,
Dinara and Biokovo. It has cool summers and very
cold, snowy winters.
The diversity of climate in Dalmatia is perhaps most
striking in the area of Biokovo. In October we can still
swim around Makarska, and after that revel in snowcapped Biokovo. The mean annual temperature ranges from 15.5 C in Makarska to 3.9 C on the highest
peak of Sv. Jura, which is a very pronounced climatic
difference in only 5 km as the crow flies. About 2 500

mm of precipitation falls a year on Sv. Jura, but towards
the foothills the rainfall decreases, and on the inland
part of Biokovo 1 500 mm falls, and on the maritime
side, no more than 1 300 mm.
In Dalmatia, on the whole eight winds blow. From the
north comes the tramontane and the bora; from the east,
the levant; from the south the sirocco and the otro; from
the south west the lebi; from the west the pulenat, and
from the north-west the maestral. The strongest winds
characteristic of Dalmatia are the sirocco and the bora. The bora is a katabatic wind that gains in power and
speed as it drops down a steep slope, and it is no surprise that the strongest such winds are those of Biokovo
and Velebit. They blow from the north east, in gusts, and
come without warning and in a short time can achieve
huge velocity and power. The record speed for the bora
is 308 km an hour, measured at Maslenica bridge, below
Velebit. They say that it is impossible to make true Dalmatian cured ham (prut) without the bora, for only that
wind can cure it properly. The sirocco is a southern wind
that comes off the sea, raising waves and halting shipping; it can reach hurricane speeds. Since the sirocco can
blow for several days, it has an effect on the way people
feel, and in Dalmatia they simply say juina, a southerly.
The vegetation of Dalmatia, as a result of the parsimonious stone substrate is apparently very poor and quite
often does not show any rapid alteration of plant communities, as in the area of the northern Dinaric region.
However, the range from the semi-arid plant communities to the high mountain beech and fir forest associations in conjunction with the many micro-communities, has in fact formed the basis for the origin of one of
the most species-rich European flora. Thus Dalmatia,
33
su jugo i bura. Bura je gravitacijski vjetar koji dobiva na

snazi i brzini kada se sputa niz strminu, zato ne udi
da je najjaa velebitska i biokovska bura. Pue sa sjeveroistoka, na refule, odnosno mahove, a dolazi bez upozorenja i u kratkom roku moe postii enormnu brzinu
i snagu. Za sada je rekordna bura od 308 km/h izmjerena na Maslenikom mostu u podnoju Velebita. Kae se da bez bure nema pravog dalmatinskog pruta, jer
ga jedino bura moe najbolje osuiti. Jugo je juni vjetar
koji dolazi s mora, die valove i onemoguuje plovidbu,
a moe dosei orkansku snagu. Kad jugo pue nekoliko
dana, loe utjee na psihiko stanje ljudi i u Dalmaciji
se jednostavno kae juina.
Vegetacija Dalmacije, uslijed krte kamene podloge, naizgled je vrlo siromana te esto i ne pokazuje izrazito
brzu izmjenu biljnih zajednica kao na podruju sjevernodinarske regije. Meutim, raspon od semiaridnih biljnih zajednica do visokoplaninskih zajednica bukovo-jelovih uma uz brojne mikrozajednice, uvjetovao je nastankom jedne od vrstama najbogatijih europskih flora.
Tako je Dalmacija, kao refugijsko podruje flore za vrijeme oledbi, danas globalna vrua toka bioraznolikosti.
Taksonomski status pojedinih biljnih vrsta, kao npr. biokovske jele do danas nije razrijeen.
Du jadranske obale i na otocima dominira primorski, odnosno mediteranski pojas vegetacije, sastavljen
od etiri glavna vegetacijska podruja:
uma hrasta crnike: proirena je razmjerno uskim
priobalnim podrujem, a tipini predstavnici uz crniku (Quercus ilex) su: zelenika (Phyllirea sp.), mirta (Myrtus communis), planika (Arbutus unedo), lovor (Laurus nobilis), velika crnjua (Erica arborea),
tetivika (Smilax aspera), trlja (Pistacia lentiscus) i
34
brojni drugi. Unutar ovog vegetacijskog podruja

proiren je i alepski bor (Pinus halepensis), a na viim podrujima i endemini dalmatinski crni bor
(Pinus nigra ssp. dalmatica).
uma hrasta medunca i drugih hrastova s bjelograbom: proirena je cijelim brdskim podrujem
Dalmacije kao nastavak uma hrasta crnike. Tipini
predstavnici uz medunac (Quercus pubescens) i bjelograb (Carpinus orientalis) su: hrast sladun (Quercus
frainetto), jasen (Fraxinus ornus), smrdljika (Pistacia terebinthus), pucalina (Colutea arborescens), smri
(Juniperus oxycedrus), paroga (Asparagus officinalis),
bodljikava veprina (Ruscus aculeatus) i brojni drugi.
uma hrasta medunca i crnograba: nastavlja se na
via brdska podruja cijelom duinom Dalmacije,
kao nastavak medunca s bjelograbom. Tipini predstavnici uz medunac i crnograb (Ostrya carpinifolia)
su: medunac dub (Quercus virgiliana), makljen (Acer
monspessulanum), brekinja (Sorbus torminalis), drijen
(Cornus mas), perasta kostrika (Brachypodium pinnatum) i drugi.
Primorska bukova uma: protee se na najvia planinska podruja Dalmacije, kao granina zajednica
primorske i kontinentalne vegetacije te ne obuhvaa prave mediteranske biljke. Tipini predstavnici uz
bukvu (Fagus sylvatica) su: gorski javor (Acer pseudoplatanus), jarebika (Sorbus aria), gorski brijest (Ulmus
glabra) te jesenja aika (Sesleria autumnalis). U ovom
podruju prisutne su i reliktne ume jele (Abies sp.)
Unutar ovih glavnih vegetacijskih podruja pojavljuje se mozaino vei broj biljnih zajednica i stanita:
zajednice stijena, mediteranski panjaci i travnjaci,
zajednice priobalnih stajaica i tekuica, obalni pijesci, slanjae, antropogena stanita (maslinici, vinogradi) i drugo. Na velikim povrinama proireni su degradacijski stadiji uma: uvena dalmatinska makija,
polumakija, buici i drugo.
Na podruju Dalmacije utvreno je 15 prirodnih i
potencijalnih vegetacijskih pokrova koji se u idealnim
uvjetima mogu razviti, sukladno edafsko-klimatskim
imbenicima:

ume i makije hrasta crnike,

ume i makije hrasta crnike s crnim grabom,
ume i makije hrasta crnike s crnim jasenom,
makija trlje i divlje masline,
jadranska uma hrasta sladuna,
uma hrasta medunca i bjelograbia,
uma hrasta medunca i crnog graba,
uma hrasta lunjaka i jasena,
uma hrasta lunjaka i utilovke,
uma poljskog jasena i kasnog drijemovca,
klekovina,
uma bukve i jesenje aike,
uma bukve i jele,
subalpinska uma bukve,
traci.
as a refuge area for flora from the glacial period, is today a global biodiversity hotspot. The taxonomic status
of some of the plant species, like the Biokovo fir, is still
not properly determined.
Along the Adriatic coast and on the islands, a maritime
or Mediterranean vegetation zone dominates, composed of four main vegetation areas:
Holm oak forest: it is distributed over a relatively
narrow coastal area, and typical representatives are,
along with holm oak (Quercus ilex), evergreens of
the genus Phyllirea, the myrtle (Myrtus communis),
the strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo), laurel (Laurus nobilis), tree heath (Erica arborea), rough bindweed (Smilax aspera), mastic (Pistacia lentiscus) and
many others. Well distributed in this vegetation
area is the Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis), and in
higher areas the endemic Dalmatian black pine
(Pinus nigra ssp. dalmatica).
Pubescent oak and other oaks with oriental hornbeam forest: this goes on to high mountain areas the
whole length of Dalmatia, a continuation of holm
oak forest. Typical components are, along with pubescent oak and the oriental hornbeam (Carpinus
orientalis): Hungarian oak (Quercus frainetto), manna ash (Fraxinus ornus), terebinth (Pistacia terebinthus), bladder senna (Colutea arborescens), prickly juniper (Juniperus oxycredrus), asparagus (Asparagus
officinalis), butchers broom (Ruscus aculeatus) and
many others.
Pubescent oak and hop hornbeam: this continues on high mountain areas over the whole length
of Dalmatia, a continuation of pubescent oak with
oriental hornbeam.Typical representatives with pubescent oak and hop hornbeam (Ostrya carpinifolia) are Quercus virgiliana, Montpellier mapble (Acer
monspessulanum), wild service tree (Sorbus torminalis), European cornel (Cornus mas) tor grass (Brachypodium pinnatum) and others.
Maritime beech forests: these extend to the highest mountain areas of Dalmatia, bordering community between maritime and continental vegetation, and does not cover real Mediterranean plants.
Typical examples along with the beech (Fagus sylvatica) are: the sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus), whitebeam (Sorbus aria), witch elm (Ulmus
glabra) and autumn moor grass (Sesleria autumnalis).Also to be found in this region are relict fir forests (Abies sp.)
Adriatic pubescent oak forest,

pubescent oak and oriental hornbeam forest,
pubescent oak and hop hornbeam forest,
common oak and ash forest,
common oak and gorse forest
common ash and late snowflake forest,
juniper scrub
beech and autumn moor grass forest,
beech and fir forest,
subalpine beech forest,
canebrakes / reed beds.
Within these main vegetation areas a quite large

number of plant communities and habitats appear
in a mosaic: rock communities, Mediterranean pastures and swards, communities of the coastal stagnant and running waters, coastal sands, haline soils,
anthropogenic habitats (olive groves, vineyards) and
others. Extending over very large areas are forest degradation stages: the famed Dalmatian maquis, semimaquis, garrigue and other kinds.
Fifteen natural and potential vegetation covers have
been determined in Dalmatia, all able to develop in ideal
conditions, in line with the edaphic and climatic factors:

holm oak forest and maquis,

holm oak and hop hornbeam forest and maquis
holm oak and black ash forest and maquis,
wild olive and mastic maquis,
35
a.4
Stanina i bioloka
raznolikost
Dalmacije
Habitat and
biological diversity
in Dalmatia
Biokovsko zvonce (Edraianthus pumilio),

endem Dalmacije
Biokovo bells (Edraianthus pumilio), a
Dalmatian endemic
Foto: Ivo Pervan
U Dalmaciji se sreu
brojne endemine i
reliktne vrste, a neke
od njih obitavaju
iskljuivo na pojedinim
planinskim masivima
ili otocima.
In Dalmatia,
numerous endemic
and relict species are
encountered. Some of
them are to be found
only on the mountain
massifs or on the
islands of Dalmatia.
38
d ekolokih sustava na podruju Dalmacije

prisutni su: ume, kr i podzemlje, movare
i vode, more, krki travnjaci, obala i otoci, s
vie stotina raznovrsnih stanita. Od kopnenih stanita
istiu se obalna i slana stanita, obalne pjeane sipine,
slatkovodna stanita, sklerofilne makije, prirodni i poluprirodni travnjaci, stjenovita stanita i pilje te ume,
od kojih su za Dalmaciju tipine primorske vazdazelene ume i makije te primorske termofilne ume i ikare medunca. Od kultiviranih neumskih stanita istiu
se mozaine kultivirane povrine te tradicionalni vonjaci, vinogradi i maslinici. Velika je raznovrsnost podzemnih stanita: krke pilje i jame, morske pilje, anhijaline pilje te intersticijska podzemna stanita. Od
morskih stanita prisutna su stanita morske obale koja se dijelom preklapaju s kopnenim stanitima, zatim
brojna stanita u moru te kompleksi stanita: estuariji,
obalne lagune i velike plitke uvale i zaljevi.
Kao centri endemizma Dalmacije i Hrvatske, gdje na
relativno maloj povrini sreemo brzu izmjenu raznovrsnih stanita, istiu se masivi Velebita i Biokova s vrlo velikim brojem endeminih vrsta. Relativno dobra
ouvanost stanita i pravovremena zakonska zatita
pojedinih podruja u okviru ak etiri nacionalna parka i pet parkova prirode pridonijela je izraenoj biolokoj, staninoj i krajobraznoj vrijednosti Dalmacije.
U Hrvatskoj raste 4 528 vrsta te 1 169 podvrsta, odnosno 5 018 biljnih svojti te je na 6. mjestu u Europi.
Meutim, brojem vrsta po jedinici povrine je na 3.
mjestu, iza Slovenije i Albanije, a na osnovi prostorne rezidualne vrijednosti prva, s preko 542 vrste unutar jedne prostorne jedinice od 35 km2. Sama Dalmacija je s oko 3 500 svojti bilja, brojem vrsta po jedinici povrine meu prvim regijama Europe. Meu
njima nalazimo mediteranske, submediteranske, balkanske, ilirske, srednjoeuropske, pontske, eurazijske,

a na vrhovima najviih dalmatinskih planina alpske,
ak i borealne biljne vrste. U Dalmaciji se sreu brojne endemine i reliktne vrste, a neke od njih nalazimo iskljuivo na planinskim masivima ili otocima
Dalmacije. Osobito se istiu endemine vrste iz rodova: kozlinaca (Astragalus), zeina (Centaurea), zvonia (Campanula; Edraianthus), otrika (Onosma), lazarkinja (Asperula), mriica (Limonium), kauna (Ophrys;
Orchys) i druge. Takoer, posebno su prepoznatljivi
dalmatinski endemi: dalmatinski crni bor (Pinus nigra ssp. dalmatica), dalmatinsko i biokovsko zvonce
(Edraianthus dalmaticus; E. pumilio), dubrovaka zeina (Centaurea ragusina), dalmatinska iglica (Geranium
dalmaticum) i brojni drugi.
Dalmacija je vrlo bogata ivotinjskim vrstama: kopnenim, slatkovodnim i morskim. Od 90 vrsta sisavaca Hrvatske, najugroeniji su imii s 34 vrste, od
kojih neke vrste dolaze samo na podruju Dalmacije.
To su meheljev potkovnjak (Rhinolphus mehely) i veliki veernjak (Nyctalus lasiopterus), dok su blazijev potkovnjak (Rhinolophus blasii) i kolombatoviev dugouan (Plecotus kolombatovici) naeni na svega par lokacija izvan Dalmacije. U Dalmaciji obitavaju tri najvea kopnena predatora Europe: medvjed (Ursus arctos),
vuk (Canis lupus) i ris (Lynx lynx). Selekcija pasa za
potrebe uzgoja stoke na podruju Dalmacije (tornjak)
provodi se prije svega za zatitu stoke od velikih predatora. Vuk, ali u manjoj mjeri i medvjed i ris, direktno ovise o domaim ivotinjama, koje su zamijenile nekadanje divlje preivae Dalmacije, tako da bez
opstanka tradicionalnog stoarstva nema ni opstanka
velikih zvijeri. Takoer, prisutni su neki rijetki, endemini i ugroeni sisavci. Endemi dinarske Hrvatske
cological systems in the area of Dalmatia include: forests, karst and the subterranean region, wetlands and waters, sea, karst grasslands, coastland and islands, with several hundred
heterogeneous habitats. Particularly interesting of the
land habitats are the coastal and salty habitats, coastal
sand dunes, fresh water habitats, sclerophyll maquis,
natural and semi-natural grasslands, rocky habitats
and caverns and forests, typical of which for Dalmatia
are the coastal evergreen forests and maquis, and the
coastal thermophile forests and pubescent oak scrub.
As for cultivated non-forest habitats, the mosaic ally
cultivated surfaces and the traditional orchards, vineyards and olive groves stand out There is a great deal
of diversity in the subterranean habitats: the karst
caves and pits, the sea caverns, anchialine caves and
interstitial underground habitats. Marine habitats include seashore habitats that are partially imbricated
with terrestrial habitats, then numerous habitats in
the sea as well as complex habitats estuaries, coastal
lagoons and large shallow bays and coves.
Very distinct centres of endemism in Dalmatia and
Croatia, where in a relatively small area we encounter a
rapid alteration of diverse habitats, are the Velebit and
Biokovo massifs, with a very large number of endemic species. The relatively good preservation of habitats
and prompt statutory preservation of individual areas
within the framework of as many as four national parks
and five nature parks has contributed to the great biological, habitat and landscape values of Dalmatia.
There are 4 528 plant taxa and 1 169 subspecies in
Croatia, or 5 018 taxa in all, which is the sixth highest in Europe. In terms of species per unit of area, it is
in 3rd place, after Slovenia and Albania, and in terms
of spatial residual value, first, with over 542 species

inside a single spatial unit of 35 square kilometres.
Dalmatia itself, with its approximately 3 500 taxa of
plants is in terms of number of species per unit of area
among the leading regions of Europe. Among them
we find Mediterranean, sub-Mediterranean, Balkanic, Illyrian, Central European, Pontic, Eurasian and, at
in Dalmatia (the tornjak) was carried out primarily

to protect the animals from the large predators. The
wolf, and to a lesser extent the bear and the lynx, are
directly dependent on domestic animals, which replaced the former wild cattle of Dalmatia, and the
large beasts of prey cannot survive without the traditional livestock rearing. Also present are some ra-
Dalmatia is very rich in animal species: terrestrial,

fresh water and marine. of the 90 species of mammals in Croatia, the most endangered are the bats, 34
species of them, some of which only come to the area
of Dalmatia; Mehelys horseshoe bat (Rhinolphus mehely) and the greater noctule bat (Nyctalus lasiopterus),
while Blasiuss horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus blasii) and
Kolombatovis long eared bat (Plecotus kolombatovici)
are found in only a handful of places outside Dalmatia. Dalmatia is home to three of the biggest European terrestrial predators: the brown bear (Ursus arctos), wolf (Canis lupus) and lynx (Lynx lynx). The selection of dogs for the purpose of livestock breeding
Some 390 species of bird inhabit Croatia, and 244

species nest here, most of them in Dalmatia too. Until recently there were four species of carrion bird flying here: the Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus), the griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus), the bearded
vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) and the cinereous vulture
(Aegypius monachus). For all these vultures, until the
beginning of the 20th century, Dalmatia was one of
the population centres in Europe, where they directly depended on the developed traditional livestock
keeping. Their populations presented a kind of proof
of the thousand-years of human management of the
landscapes of Croatia, as well as a peak of biodiversity. After the decline of herding, particularly of sheep,
and after a hundred years of poisoning and hunting,
these vultures became extinct. Reintroduction of the
the tips of the highest Dalmatian mountains Alpine

and even Boreal plant species. In Dalmatia, numerous
endemic and relict species are encountered. Some of
them are to be found only on the mountain massifs
or on the islands of Dalmatia. Particularly to the fore
are the endemic species from the genera: vetches (Astragalus), cornflowers (Centaurea), bellflowers (Campanula; Edraianthus), (Onosma), woodruffs (Asperula),
sea lavender and marsh rosemary (Limonium), orchid
(Ophrys; Orchys) and others. Especially distinctive are
the Dalmatian endemics: the Dalmatian black pine
(Pinus nigra ssp. dalmatica), Biokovo and Dalmatian
bellflowers (Edraianthus dalmaticus; E. pumilio), Dubrovnik cornflower (Centaurea ragusina), Dalmatian
cranesbill (Geranium dalmaticum) and many others.
re endemic and endangered mammals. Endemic to

Dinaric Croatia are the Dalmatian garden dormouse
(Eliomys quercinus ssp. dalmaticus), the Balkan snow
vole (Dinaromys bogdanovi), the Balkan chamois
(Rupicapra rupicapra ssp. balcanica). As for marine
mammals, the following are endangered: the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and the Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus), which was described in 1779 on the basis of a specimen captured
alongside Cres island. Numerous Dalmatian marine
caves, in which the Mediterranean monk seal once
lived, are named after this sea she-bear.
39
40
su: krki puh (Eliomys quercinus ssp. dalmaticus), dinarski voluhar (Dinaromys bogdanovi), balkanska divokoza (Rupicapra rupicapra ssp. balcanica). Od morskih sisavaca ugroen je dobri dupin (Tursiops truncatus) te sredozemna medvjedica (Monachus monachus),
endem Mediterana, koja je opisana 1779. godine na
osnovi primjerka ulovljenog uz otok Cres. Brojne dalmatinske morske pilje u kojima je sredozemna medvjedica obitavala dobile su ime po morskom medvidu.
europskih populacija obitavala je na irem podruju

Neretve, uglavnom vezana za plitke movare i periodiki potopljena krka polja bogata ribom. Naalost,
danas je regionalno izumrla vrsta, zbog regulacije toka Neretve i isuivanja okolnih prostranih movara te
hidrotehnikih regulacija krkih polja. Ipak, nad Dalmacijom jo uvijek lete najvee europske grabljivice:
suri orao (Aquila chrysaetos), zmijar (Circaetus gallicus)
i sova uara (Bubo bubo).
U Hrvatskoj obitava 390 vrsta ptica, a 244 vrsta i gnijezdi od ega veina i u Dalmaciji. Ovdje su donedavno letjele etiri vrste leinara: crkavica (Neophron
percnopterus), bjeloglavi sup (Gyps fulvus), kostoberina (Gypaetus barbatus) i sup starjeina (Aegypius monachus). Za ove leinare Dalmacija je sve do poetka
20. stoljea bila jedan od populacijskih centara u Europi, gdje su izravno ovisili o razvijenom tradicijskom
stoarstvu. Njihove populacije predstavljale su svojevrsni dokaz tisugodinjeg ljudskog upravljanja krajobrazima Dalmacije, ali i krunu bioraznolikosti. Nakon
smanjenja stoarstva, posebno ovarstva te stogodinjeg trovanja i lova, ovi su leinari izumrli. Reintrodukcija leinara, moda ponajprije na prostoru Nacionalnog parka Paklenica i Parka prirode Biokovo nije
mogua bez upravljanja krajobrazima, pri emu su jedini optimalni resurs autohtone pasmine domaih ivotinja. Obnova tradicionalnog koritenja postojeih
krajobraza ispaom domae stoke ujedno e odrati i
svu ostalu prateu bioraznolikost, posebno travnjakog bilja i prateih beskraljenjaka. Drugim rijeima,
leinari na nebu dokaz su iznimne bioraznolikosti na
tlu! Kudravi nesit (Pelecanus crispus) opisan je 1842.
godine prema ulovljenim primjercima s podruja delte Neretve, a u svijetu je i danas poznat kao dalmatinski pelikan (Dalmatian Pelican). Jedna od veih
U Hrvatskoj ivi 15 vrsta zmija, 17 vrsta gutera, 7 vrsta

kornjaa i 20 vrsta vodozemaca, od kojih neke sreemo
i u moru, primjerice morsku kornjau, najee glavatu
elvu (Caretta caretta), ali i ogromnu dvometarsku sedmoprugu usminjau (Dermochelys coriacea). Dalmacija je
domovina najotrovnije europske zmije poskoka (Vipera ammodytes), ali i krajnja granica nekih juno proirenih gmazova kao to su zmija sljeparica (Typhlops
vermicularis), turski dvoplaz (Blanus strauchi) i rijena
kornjaa (Mauremys rivulata). Velik je broj endeminih
guterica na podruju Dalmacije: mosorska guterice
(Archaeolacerta mosorensis), brusnika guterica (Podarcis melisellensis ssp. melisellensis), lastovska guterica (Podarcis melisellensis ssp. n.), jadranska primorska guterica (Podarcis sicula ssp. adriatica) i dubrovaka guterica
(Podarcis sicula ssp. ragusae). U Dalmaciji obitavaju ak
etiri odvojene populacije ovjeje ribice (Proteus anguinus), simbola dinarskog krkog podzemlja.
Bioloko bogatstvo slatkih voda Dalmacije ogleda se u

velikom broju endeminih slatkovodnih riba jadranskog sliva, koje ine znatan udjel od 154 vrsta slatkovodnih riba Hrvatske. Po broju slatkovodnih vrsta
riba, Hrvatska je nakon Turske najbogatija europska
drava. Od endeminih vrsta istiu se mekousne pastrve (Salmothymus), gobice (Knipowitschia), gaovice
(Delminychthys), koje su ujedno i najstarije europske

ribe te brojne druge endemske vrste. U Jadranu ivi
oko 450 vrsta morskih riba, odnosno preko 65% sredozemnih vrsta, po emu je Jadran tree podruje po
bioraznolikosti morskih riba u Mediteranu.
Daleko su najbrojniji i najei beskraljenjaci, meu
kojima se brojem vrsta istiu: kukci (Insecta), paunjaci (Arachnida), rakovi (Crustacea), puevi (Gastropoda) s bezbrojnim vrstama endeminim za Dalmaciju,
a od morske faune: morske spuve (Porifera), koralji
(Anthozoa), koljke (Bivalvia), jeinci (Echinoidea),
zvjezdae (Asteroiedea), glavonoci (Cephalopoda) i
brojne druge skupine. U okviru ogromne skupine beskraljenjaka, velik je udjel vrsta koje pripadaju prateoj agrobioraznolikosti, kako fauna direktno vezana za dalmatinske sorte i pasmine (predatori, fitofagi,
paraziti, napasnici, koprofagi, nekrofagi), tako i pratea fauna stanita travnjaka i krkih lokvi.
Pri spominjanju beskraljenjaka i faune uope, valja
posebno istaknuti vrlo bogatu dinarsku piljsku faunu
s velikim brojem endemian i reliktnih vrsta. Ukupno
je s dalmatinskog podruja iz preko 130 tipskih piljskih lokaliteta opisano vie od 230 svojti, od kojih
je najvei broj endemian za Dalmaciju. Tek predstoji
sustavno istraivanje faune tla (edafske faune) i faune
krkih pukotina (Mesovoid Shallow Substratum). Posebno bogatstvo i sigurno velik broj endemskih svojti
oekuje nas i u carstvu gljiva (Fungi), koje su na podruju Dalmacije vrlo slabo istraene, dok su daleko
bolje istraeni liaji (Lichenes).
vultures, perhaps first of all in the area of the Paklenica National Park and of Biokovo Nature Park is impossible without management of the landscapes, in
the context of which the only optimal resource consists of the indigenous breeds of domestic animals,
the landraces. The revival of traditional use of existing
landscapes with the pasturing of domestic livestock
will also maintain all the other accompanying biodiversity, particularly of grassland vegetation and the
pertaining invertebrates. In other words, vultures in
the sky are a proof of great biodiversity down below
on the soil. The Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus)
was described in 1842 from specimens caught in the
Neretva delta. One of the larger European populations lived in the general area of the Neretva, primarily bound to the shallow wetlands and periodically
flooded karst poljes rich in fish. Today alas it is a regionally extinct species, as a result of the regulation
of the course of the Neretva and the draining of the
surrounding spacious wetlands and the hydraulic engineering operations in the karst poljes. Still, the biggest European birds of prey still fly above Dalmatia:
the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), the short-toed
snake eagle (Circaetus gallicus) and the Eurasian eagle
owl (Bubo bubo).
Fifteen species of snakes, 17 species of lizards, 7 species
of turtles and 20 species of amphibians live in Croatia; some of them are to be found in the sea, for example, the sea turtles, particularly the loggerhead (Caretta caretta), as well as the vast two-metre long leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea). Dalmatia is home to the
most venomous European snake, the horned viper (Vipera ammodytes) and also the ultimate border of some
reptiles widespread in the south such as the European blind snake (Typhlops vermicularis), the Anatolian
worm lizard (Blanus strauchi) and the Balkan pond

turtle (Mauremys rivulata). There are a large number
of endemic lizards in Dalmatia, such as the Archaeolacerta mosorensis, the Dalmatian wall lizard (Podarcis
melisellensis ssp. melisellensis), the Lastovo version of the
same species (Podarcis melisellensis ssp. n.), the Italian
wall lizard, in its Dalmatian (Podarcis sicula ssp. adriatica) and Dubrovnik subspecies (Podarcis sicula ssp.
ragusae). In Dalmatia there are four separate populations of olm (Proteus anguinus), symbolic of the Dinaric karstic underground.
The biological richness of freshwater in Dalmatia can
be seen in the large number of endemic freshwater
fish of the Adriatic drainage basin, comprising a considerable part of the 154 species of freshwater fish in
Croatia. In terms of numbers of freshwater fish species, Croatia is the second richest (after Turkey) European country. Particularly prominent among endemic species are the Adriatic trout (Salmothymus),
the gobies (Knipowitsschia) and fish of Delminychthus, the oldest European fish, and many other endemic species. About 450 species of marine fish live
in the Adriatic, or over 65% of all Mediterranean species, making the Adriatic the third most biodiverse
region for marine fish in the Mediterranean.
are connected with agrobiodiversity, fauna directly

connected to Dalmatian varieties and breeds (predators, herbivores, parasites, napasnici, coprophages and
necrophages), as well as the accompanying fauna of the
karst pool and grassland habitats.
While discussing the invertebrates and fauna in general, it is particularly worth pointing out the very rich
Dinaric cavernicolous fauna, with the large number
of endemic and relict species. Totally from the Dalmatian area from over 130 cavern type localities,
more than 230 taxa have been described, most of
which are endemic to Dalmatia. Still to come is systematic research into soil or edaphic fauna and the
fauna of the karstic fissures (MSS or the mesovoid
shallow substratum). Particular richness and certainly
a large number of endemic taxa await us in the kingdom of Fungi, which are very poorly investigated in
the area of Dalmatia, while the lichens are much better researched.
Far the most numerous and common are the invertebrates, among which Insecta, Arachnida and Crustacea and Gastropoda are important in terms of numbers
of species with numerous species endemic to Dalmatia. Sea fauna includes sponges (Porifera), corals (Anthozoa), shellfish (Bivalvia), urchins (Echinoidea), starfish (Asteroiedea), cephalopods (Cephalopoda) and many
other groups. In the framework of this vast group of
invertebrates, there is a large proportion of species that
41
a.5
Razvoj
poljoprivrede u
Dalmaciji
Development of
agriculture in
Dalmatia
Ograeni dolac sa stanovima i torovima iznad

Basta u Parku prirode Biokovo
An enclosed small karstic valley with shielings
and folds over Bast in Biokovo Nature Park
Foto: Roman Ozimec
Razvoj poljoprivrede
u Dalmaciji zapoeo je
oko 6 000 godine pr.
Kr., ime nastaje krki
poljoprivredni krajobraz
s brojnim tradicijskim
arhitektonskim
elementima.
The development of
agriculture in Dalmatia
started about 6,000 BC,
creating the karstic farm
landscape with its many
traditional architectural
elements.
44
oljoprivreda je u Dalmaciji bila presudna za

opstanak ljudi, a vinova loza, maslina, voe,
povre, itarice te ovce, koze i goveda njen
su temelj. Tradicijski stari maslinici, vinogradi, livade, panjaci, oranice, vrtovi, obraene vrtae te izvorne sorte i pasmine od iznimne su vanosti za nastanak
dalmatinskih krajobraza i stanita te ouvanje cjelokupne bioloke raznolikosti Dalmacije. Poljoprivreda se poela razvijati krajem neolitika, prije oko 14
000 godina u okviru neolitske poljoprivredne evolucije. Pretpostavlja se da je poljoprivredna proizvodnja
na podruju Dalmacije zapoela prije oko 10 000 godina, a prije otprilike 8 000 godina razvila se intenzivnija poljoprivredna proizvodnja. Tada se masovnije
zapoinju kriti ume, to se pojaava u bronano doba, prije oko 5 000 godina kada se preusmjeravaju vodotokovi, grade lokve, suhozidi, pastirske nastambe i
drugi elementi poljoprivredne arhitekture.
Razvojem poljoprivrede mijenjao se i razvijao poljoprivredni krajobraz. Naime za poljoprivrednu proizvodnju poljoprivrednik mora osigurati zemljite i
objekte, te dodatnu hranu i vodu. Kako bi stvorio poljoprivredno zemljite, krevita povrina je iena od
kamenja od kojeg su graeni suhozidi i dolci, torovi,
stanovi, bunje, lokve i bunari osebujni elementi dalmatinskih krajobraza. Suhozidi su sluili kao granica
izmeu porodica, dobra zatita od bure, ali i stanita
za pojedine biljke i ivotinje, dok su posebno visoki i
nagnuti zidovi graeni kao zapreka za koze i ovce kako ne bi ulazile u dolce. Dolci su suhozidom ograene
pogodne vrtae koje na dnu imaju ravnu povrinu koja se obrauje. Ukoliko se dolac nikako ne moe obraivati, u njemu se kosi trava za stoku. Torovi su grube
kamene graevine graene za smjetaj stoke, a stanovi neto bolje graeni za smjetaj ljudi. Povremeno su
gradnjom skupina stanova nastajala prava sela u kojima su periodiki ivjele cijele obitelji. Sline su i bunje, suhozidnom tehnikom graene poljske kuice za
smjetaj i sklonite alata i ljudi. Lokve i bunari graeni su za odranje oborinske vode, kinice i snijega. Za
razliku od lokvi do kojih stoka moe sama prii i napajati se, do vode u bunarima moe samo ovjek te su
zbog toga uz bunare redovita kamena ili drvena pojila.
Na podruju Dalmacije prirodne lokve koriste se jo
od neolitika, dok se u eljezno doba poinju graditi na
pogodnim lokacijama te se tako kontinuirano koriste
i vie tisua godina.
Od poetka poljoprivredne proizvodnje u Dalmaciji,
poljoprivrednik je osuen na koritenje preteno nepoljoprivrednog zemljita. Naime udjel poljoprivrednog
zemljita etiri dalmatinske upanije iznosi svega oko
13%. Zato ne treba uditi da Dalmacija duguje svoje
ime upravo ovcama (delma = ovca), kojih je na podruju Dalmacije svojevremeno bilo vie od milijun i koje
su za pau koristile krte kamenite dinarske travnjake.
Jedan od najvanijih elemenata razvoja poljoprivrede
je udomaivanje ili domestikacija divljih vrsta biljaka i
ivotinja i njihova introdukcija u poljoprivrednu proizvodnju. Prve kulture koje su se poele uzgajati na podruju Dalmacije od srednjeg neolitika, prije oko 6 000
godina su: pirevi i penice (Triticum sp.), jeam (Hordeum vulgare), zob (Avena sp.), bob (Vicia faba), sjekirica (Lathyrus sativus), kupus ili ratika (Brassica sp.),
vinova loza (Vitis vinifera), maslina (Olea europea), a od
domaih ivotinja uzgajaju se najprije pas (Canis familiaris), ovca (Ovis sp.), koza (Capra sp.) i govedo (Bos
sp.). Pojavljuju se prva poljoprivredna orua: kameni
rvnjevi za mljevenje ita, primitivni kremeni srpovi,
kamene motike i drugo.
griculture was a crucial factor for the survival of human beings in Dalmatia. It is founded on the grape vine, the olive tree, fruit and
vegetables, grains, sheep, goats and cattle. Traditional
old olive trees, vineyards, meadows, pastures, ploughed
fields, gardens, cultivated sinkholes and original varieties
and breeds are exceptionally important in the origins of
the Dalmatian landscapes and habitats as well as for the
preservation of biological diversity as a whole in Dalmatia. Agriculture started to develop at the end of the Neolithic, about 14 000 years ago, within the context of Neolithic agricultural evolution. It is hypothesised that farm
production in Dalmatia started about 10 000 years ago,
and that more intensive agricultural production started
about 8 000 years ago. At that time the forests started
to be cleared on a large scale, which was stepped up in
the Bronze Age, about 5 000 years ago, when the watercourses were redirected, precipitation pools or wells were
built, dry stone walls, herdsmens dwellings and other elements of the farming architecture.
flat cultivable bottom, surrounded by dry stone wall.

If no one could cultivate a dolac, then grass would be
cut in it for the livestock. A tor or fold is a rough stone
building meant for keeping the livestock in, while a
stan is a little bit better building meant for people a
shieling. Occasionally the building of a group of shealings would lead to the rise of a real village in which,
periodically, whole families would be living. The same
thing holds for the bunja or beehiveshaped stone hut
built in dry stone wall technique meant for keeping
tools in and sheltering in the fields. Pools and wells
were made to retain the surface water, rainfall and
snow. A pool, or lokva, could be accessed by the livestock directly for drinking; only the farmer could draw
water from the wells, and the wells are thus usually accompanied by stone or wooden drinking troughs. In
Dalmatia natural pools have been used since the Neolithic, while in the Iron Age they started to be built at
handy locations, and have been thus used continuously
for several thousand years.
As agriculture developed, the agricultural landscape also changed and developed. For farm production, land
and structures have to be provided, as well as additional food and water. In order to create agricultural land,
the karstic, i.e. rocky, area is cleared of stone, which
is used for the building of dry stone walls, depression
gardens, folds, shealings, beehive huts, pools and wells
all particular elements of the Dalmatian landscapes.
Dry stone walls were used as boundaries between families, for shelter from the north wind, as well as habitats
for individual plants and animals. Especially high and
sloped walls were built as obstacles against sheep and
goats, to prevent them from entering the small patches
of cultivation in the karstic funnel-shaped depressions.
Dolci as they are called are suitable depressions with a
From the beginning of farm production in Dalmatia, man the farmer was condemned to use a nonagricultural land. The proportion of real agricultural
land in the four Dalmatian counties is no more than
13%. For this reason it is no matter for wonder that
Dalmatia actually owes is name to the sheep (delma
sheep), a million of which once grazed on the scanty
stony Dinaric grasslands.
One of the most important elements behind the development of agriculture is the domestication of wild
species of plants and animals and their introduction
into farming practice. The first crops began to be
raised in Dalmatia from the Middle Neolithic, about
6 000 years ago. They were: spelt and wheat (Triticum
sp.), barley (Hordeum vulgare), oats (Avena sp.), broad

bean (Vicia faba), vetchling (Lathyrus sativus), cabbage and borecole (Brassica sp.), grape vine (Vitis vinifera), olive tree (Olea europea), while of domestic animals first to be domesticated were the dog (Canis familiaris), sheep (Ovis sp.), goat (Capra sp.) and cow
(Bos sp.). The first farm tools appeared: stone querns
for grinding grain, rudimentary stone sickles, stone
mattocks and so on.
In the Copper, Bronze and Iron Ages, in the period
from about 3,000 years BC to AD 100, farm production developed essentially, and alongside the already familiar crops came: millet (Panicum milliaceum) and rye (Secale cereale) as well as lentils (Lens culinaris), peas (Pisum sativum), the fig (Ficus carica) and
many other fruit trees. The Delmats, Illyrians, who
were dominant in this period, are known for their
worship of cereals, which was their main branch of
production and even had a special patron, Messer, deity of reapers. They were also known for their fondness of drinking wine. As for tools, they were familiar with the wooden plough, metal sickles and other
things. They primarily raised sheep, goats and pigs,
and horses and donkeys would also appear. The Delmat god of animal husbandry Silvanus regularly appears with a goat, while the northern Dalmatian Illyrian tribe of the Iapodi is known for raising swine.
In the middle of the Iron Age, in the 8th century BC,
the Greeks moved in, founding several colonies: Issa
(Vis), Pharos (Hvar), Korkyra (Korula), Tragurion
(Trogir), Epetion (Stobre) and Salona (Solin). They
brought new crops with them: olives, vines, figs, probably the myrtle too (Myrtus communis). During history the mistaken opinion took root that the ancient
Greeks had brought both the olive and the grape vine
45
46
U bakreno, bronano i eljezno doba, u razdoblju od

prije oko 3 000 godina prije Krista do 1. stoljea, poljoprivredna proizvodnja se bitno razvija, a uz ve poznate kulture pojavljuju se: (Panicum milliaceum) i ra
(Secale cereale) te lea (Lens culinaris), graak (Pisum sativum), smokva (Ficus carica) i brojne druge voke. Iliri
Delmati, koji dominiraju u tom razdoblju, poznati su
po tovanju itarica koje su im glavna proizvodna grana te ak imaju posebnog zatitnika Messera, boga etelaca, ali su takoer poznati i po sklonosti pijenja vina.
Od alata poznaju drveno ralo, metalne srpove i drugo.
Uzgajaju najvie ovce, koze i svinje, a pojavljuju se i konji i magarci. Delmatski bog stoarstva Silvan redovito
se prikazuje s kozom, dok je sjevernodalmatinsko ilirsko pleme Japoda poznato po svinjogojstvu. Polovicom
eljeznog doba, u 8. stoljeu prije Krista, na podruje
Dalmacije doseljavaju Grci koji osnivaju vie kolonija: Issu (Vis), Pharos (Hvar), Korkyru (Korula), Tragurium (Trogir), Epetion (Stobre) i Salonu (Solin).
Sa sobom donose i pojedine nove sorte svojih kultura: masline, vinove loze, smokve, a vjerojatno i mirtu
(Myrtus communis). Kroz povijest se uvrijeilo pogreno miljenje kako su stari Grci na podruje Dalmacije
donijeli kulture maslinu i vinovu lozu. No svakako su
pokrenuli njihovu snaniju proizvodnju i uvelike obogatili poljoprivrednu raznolikost ovih kultura. Grci su
uzgajali i stoku, posebice koze i goveda koje nalazimo
na metalnom novcu grkih kolonija Pharosa i Isse. Jedan od najznaajnijih grkih poljoprivrednih spomenika je starogradski Agris na otoku Hvaru, ponajbolje
ouvano grko polje na podruju Mediterana, danas
dio svjetske kulturne batine.
(Prunus persica), agrumi (Citrus sp.), brojne povrtnice,

meu kojima artioka (Cynara scolymus), riga (Eruca
vesicaria), ali i mak (Papaver somniferum) i pinija (Pinus pinea) te neke danas zaboravljene kulture, leasta
grahorica (Vicia ervilia) i sjetveni podlanak (Camelina sativa). Od domaih ivotinja poveava se uzgoj
konja (Equus caballus), magaraca (Equus asinus), svinja (Sus scrofa), pela (Apis mellifera) i golubova (Columba livia). Otok Bra uven je po uzgoju koza, rimski veterani uzgajaju konje, a na trnicama Rimskog
Carstva prodaje se dalmatinski sir (caseus dalmaticus) i oltanski med. U poljoprivredu se uvodi eljezni plug, unaprjeuju sustav proizvodnje i drugo. Dok
je u kontinentalnoj, ilirskoj Dalmaciji bilo jae razvijeno stoarstvo i uzgoj itarica, primorska je Dalmacija pod utjecajem Grka i Rimljana postala jedan od
vanih proizvoaa maslinova ulja i vina.
Za antike, od 1. stoljea do 476. godine, u razdoblju

dominacije Rimskog Carstva, u Dalmaciji se poinju uzgajati: bajami (Ammygdalus communis), breskve
Otkriem Novoga svijeta u 15. stoljeu, postupno se do kraja 18. stoljea pojavljuju nove kulture
u Dalmaciji: krumpir (Solanum tuberosum), rajica
Doseljavanjem Slavena u 7. stoljeu, Dalmacija je

obogaena novim kulturama, posebno novim sortimentom ratarskih kultura te vokama kao to su jabuka (Malus domestica), kruka (Pyrus communis), dunja (Cydonia oblonga), ljiva (Prunus domestica), trenja
(Cerasus avium) i drugo, ali i novim pasminama konja,
goveda, ovaca i pasa, vjerojatno i pela, jer su Slaveni
bili poznati kao vrsni pelari.
U srednjem vijeku u uzgoju se javljaju kulture kineskog
odnosno dalekoistonog porijekla kao to su: mandarina (Citrus reticulata), iula (Zyzyphus jujuba), nepola
(Eriobotrya japonica) i druge, a uz razvoj svilarstva poinje se uzgajati dudov svilac (Bombyx mori).
(Lycopersicum lycopersicum), paprika (Capsicum anuum), kukuruz (Zea mays), grah (Phaseolus sp.), duhan
(Nicotiana sp.), agava (Agave americana), od kojih su
neke postale vrlo vane u poljoprivredi Dalmacije,
posebno krumpir, kukuruz i duhan. Pojavljuju se i nove domae ivotinje kao to je puran (Meleagris gallopavo), u Dalmaciji zvan tuka.
Konano, krajem 19. i tijekom 20. stoljea u Dalmaciji se
poinju uzgajati i neke autohtone vrste kao to su buha
(Tanacetum cinerarifolium), rumarin (Rosmarinus officinalis), afran (Crocus sp.), ali i neke introducirane kao to
je lavanda (Lavandula sp.), te brojne ukrasne vrste.
Razvojem poljoprivrede pojedine kulture evoluiraju,
razvijaju se ili izumiru. Od trenutka kada su se pojavile, odreene se kulture u Dalmaciji uzgajaju kontinuirano ve vie tisuljea, neke tek stotinjak godina,
a neke su moda i zauvijek nestale. Tako su primjerice
sve itarice koje su se u Dalmaciji uzgajale neprekidno vie od 5 000 godina, danas gotovo potpuno nestale, kao i zajednica strninih korova. Broj konja, magaraca, goveda i svinja pao je na samu granicu opstanka,
dok su neke kulture prisutne tek posljednjih nekoliko
stotina godina, na primjer rajica ili krumpir, postale
karakteristine za poljoprivrednu proizvodnju na podruju Dalmacije. S druge strane maslinarstvo i vinogradarstvo se neprestano razvijaju od samih zaetaka
sve do 21. stoljea, pa se danas Dalmacija dii upravo
ovim dvjema perjanicama svoje poljoprivrede.
to Dalmatia. Certainly they did set off much more

vigorous production and greatly enriched the agricultural diversity of these products. The Greeks also
raised livestock, particularly goats and cattle, which
we can find on the metal coins of the Greek colonies of Pharos and Issa. One of the most important
Greek agricultural monuments is the Stari Grad Ager on the island of Hvar, the best preserved Greek cadastre in the Mediterranean, today inscribed on the
World Heritage List.
During the Roman period, from the 1st century AD to
AD 476, during the period of the Empire, the following
began to be grown in Dalmatia: almonds (Ammygdalus
communis), peaches (Prunus persica), citrus fruits (Citrus
sp.), numerous vegetables including the artichoke (Cynara scolymus), rocket (Eruca vesicaria), and poppy too
(Papaver somniferum) and the pine (Pinus pinea) and
some crops forgotten today such as bitter vetch (Vicia
ervilia) and false flax (Camelina sativa). As for domestic
animals, there was an increase in the raising of horses
(Equus caballus), asses (Equus asinus), pigs (Sus scrofa),
bees (Apis melifera) and pigeons (Columba livia). The island of Bra was famed for its goats, Roman veterans
raised horses, and on the markets of the Roman Empire, they sold Dalmatian cheese (caseus dalmaticus)
and honey from olta. The iron ploughshare was introduced, production systems were improved. While in
inland, Illyrian Dalmatia, cereal production and animal
husbandry were better developed, maritime Dalmatia,
under the influence of the Greeks and Romans, became
an important producer of olive oil and wine.
When the Slavs arrived in the 7th century, Dalmatia was enriched with some new crops: particularly
with a new range of arable crops and with fruit trees,
such as, for instance, the apple (Malus domestica), pear

(Pyrus communis), quince (Cydonia oblonga),plum
(Prunus domestica) and cherry (Cerasus avium). Also coming with the Slavs were new breeds of horses,
cattle, sheep and dogs, and probably of bees, for they
were known as excellent apiarists.
In the Middle Ages produce of Chinese or other Far
Eastern origin appeared, such as the mandarin orange
(Citrus reticulate), the jujube (Zizyphus jujuba), the loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) and others and the rearing
of the silkworm (Bombyx mori) started in conjunction
with the development of the silk industry.
When the New World was discovered in the 15th century, gradually, until the end of the 18th century, new
crops appeared in Dalmatia: the potato (Solanum tuberaceum), tomato (Lycopersicum lycopersicum), bell
pepper (Capsicum anuum), maize (Zea mays), bean
(Phaseolus sp.), tobacco (Nicotiana sp.), and agave
(Agave americana), some of which became extremely
important for Dalmatian agriculture, particularly the
potato, corn and tobacco. Some new domestic animals also appeared, such as the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), called tuka in Dalmatia.
for thousands of years, some for just a hundred or so,

some have perhaps vanished forever. Thus for example
all the cereals that were grown in Dalmatia incessantly for over 5 000 years have almost vanished, as well
as the community of stubble field weeds. The number
of horses, asses, cattle and pigs has fallen to the very
boundary of survival, while some crops have been present just for the last several hundred years and yet, like
the tomato and potato, have become completely characteristics of agricultural production in the area of Dalmatia. On the other hand, olive growing and viticulture have been developing from their very origins, all
the way down to the 21st century, and today Dalmatia
prides itself particularly on these two feathers in the

cap of its agriculture.
Finally, at the end of the 19th and during the 20th century some indigenous species started to be cultivated:
pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerarifolium), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), and crocus (Crocus sp.), as well as
some introduced species such as lavender (Lavandula
sp.) and numerous ornamental species.
As agriculture develops, some crops evolve, develop or
die out. From the moment when they appeared, some
crops in Dalmatia have been reared uninterruptedly
47
a.6
Genetika osnova
i nastanak sorti i
pasmina Dalmacije
Genetic foundation
and origin of
varieties and breeds
in Dalmatia
Plodne oranice u kru Dalmacije, pokraj

Vranskog jezera
Fertile ploughland in the karst of Dalmatia, by
Vransko Lake
Foto: Ivo Pervan
Dalmacija je sastavni
dio mediteranskog
centra poljoprivredne
raznolikosti unutar
kojeg su udomaene
ili domesticirane 84
kulture te unesene
brojne alohtone vrste.
Dalmatia is a
component part of
the Mediterranean
agricultural diversity
centre, within which
84 crops have been
domesticated and
numerous alien species
have been introduced.
50
almacija je domovina vrlo velikog broja sorti kulturnog bilja i pasmina domaih ivotinja, iji se ukupan broj penje na vie stotina.
Ovu izrazitu agrobioraznolikost Dalmacija zahvaljuje
kako krajobraznoj raznovrsnosti tako i burnom povijesnom razvoju, te poloaju na prijelazu srednje i june te
zapadne i istone Europe. Posebno je znaajan poloaj u
istonom Mediteranu te utjecaj Dinarida, odnosno krka
osnova. uveni ruski genetiar Nikolaj Vavilov (1887.
1943.) desetljeima je istraivao raznolikost kulturnog
bilja i skupio najveu svjetsku kolekciju sjemena sorti.
Utvrdio je kako cjelokupna svjetska agrobioraznolikost
biljnih kultivara potjee iz osam centara, a razvila se zbog
osiguranja neophodnih proizvoda i sirovina te sigurnosti
njihove proizvodnje. Ovi centri od istoka prema zapadu
su: kineski, indijski s podcentrima hindustanskim i indomalajskim, centralnoazijski, bliskoistoni, mediteranski,
abesinijski, meksiko-centralnoameriki te junoameriki s podcentrima peruansko-ekvadorsko-bolivijskim, ileanskim i brazilsko-paragvajskim.
Dakle Dalmacija je sastavni dio mediteranskog centra
poljoprivredne raznolikosti unutar kojeg su udomaene
ili domesticirane 84 kulture, meu kojima su najvanije
itarice: brojne vrste penica i pireva (Triticum sp.), zobi (Avena sp.) te kanarska trava (Phalaris canariensis);
mahunarke: grahorica (Lathyrus sativus), krupnozrni
graak (Pisum sativum), lupine (Lupinus albus); krmne
kulture: egipatska djetelina (Trifolium alexandrinum),
bijela djetelina (Trifolium repens), inkarnatka (Trifolium incarnatum) i seradela (Ornithopus sativus); uljano i
predivo bilje: lan (Linum usitatissimum), repice (Brassica
napus), gorice (Brassica nigra), maslina (Olea europaea);
povrtnice: cikla (Beta vulgaris) repe (Brassica campestris,
B. napus), kupusnjae (Brassica oleracea), salata (Lactuca sativa), paroga (Asparagus oficinalis), celer (Apium
graveolens), cikorija (Cichorium intybus), pastrnjak (Pastinaca sativa), riga (Eruca vesicoria), rabarbara (Rheum
officinale); te brojne aromatine biljke: kim (Carum carvi), anis (Pimpinella anisum), timijan (Thymus vulgaris),
metvica (Mentha piperita), kadulja (Salvia officinalis),
hmelj (Humulus lupulus) i brojne druge.
Osim iz vlastitoga, mediteranskog, na podruje Dalmacije unesene su brojne biljne kulture i pasmine domaih
ivotinja iz svih ostalih centara, osobito centralnoazijskog
i bliskoistonog. Kod nekih vrsta nije lako razluiti jesu
li izvorne ili unesene, je li se vrsta ikada i u kojem razdoblju u povijesti kultivirala odnosno je li arheofit ili neofit.
Suradnjom znanstvenika, prije svega agronoma, biologa
ekologa i genetiara, ali i povjesniara i arheologa, doi
emo do daljnjih vanih spoznaja.
Valja naglasiti kako su za posebno zahtjevno podruje Dalmacije, a interakcijom genetike osnove domaih kultivara, elje i potrebe ovjeka te utjecajem okolia
nastale neke jedinstvene, krkom podruju prilagoene
sorte i pasmine. Tako je na plavac mali izvrsna sorta vinove loze za proizvodnju crnog vina posebno prilagoena krkim podrujima. Dalmatinski magarac jedna je od
najmanjih pasmina magaraca na svijetu, razmjerno veliini najjai i najizdrljiviji za prijenos tereta te s vrlo
tvrdim kopitima, posebno prilagoenim krkom terenu.
Sorta masline oblica prilagoena je na udare bure i ekstremne klimatske uvjete. Sve nae ovce pramenke imaju runo koje ne upija vodu, ve se hladna kia slijeva niz
grube pramenove. Upravo je nevjerojatno u kakvim loim edafskim i u sunim uvjetima, mjesecima bez oborina, uspijeva rasti i dati odline prinose dalmatinska ratika. Naa bua jedno je od najmanjih goveda na svijetu, ali
sposobna opstati i na najviim velebitskim, dinarskim i
biokovskim vrhovima. Tvrde, durum penice centar svoje
almatia is the homeland of a very large

number of varieties of cropping plants and
breeds of domestic animals, the total number of them rising to several hundreds. This marked
agrobiodiversity is owing to Dalmatias landscape diversity, as well as to its agitated historical development,
to its position at the transition from central to southern and from western to eastern Europe. Its position
in the eastern Mediterranean and the influence of the
Dinarides are particularly important, as is the karst
substrate. Famed Russian geneticist Nikolai Vavilov
(1887-1943) explored for decades the diversity of cultivated plants and collected the worlds biggest collection of seeds of varieties. He claimed that the whole of
world agrobiodiversity of plant cultivars sprang from
eight centres, and developed in order to ensure essential products and raw materials, as well as production
centres. These centres, from east to west, are: the Chinese; Indian, with Hindustani and Indo-Malayan subcentres; Central Asian; Near Eastern; Mediterranean;
Abyssinian; Mexican and Central American; South
American, with the Peruvian-Ecuadoran- Bolivian,
Chilean and Brazilian/Paraguayan sub-centres.
Dalmatia, then, is a component part of the Mediterranean agricultural diversity centre, within which 84
crops have been domesticated, the most important of
which are the cereals: numerous species of wheat and
spelt (Triticum sp.), oats (Avena sp.) and Canary grass
(Phalaris canariensis);legumes: goat pea (Lathyrus sativus), the pea (Pisum sativum), lupin (Lupinus albus);
fodder crops: Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum), white clover (Trifolium repens), crimson clover
(Trifolium incarnatum)and serradella (Ornithopus sativus); oil and fibre plants: flax (Linum usitatissimum),
rape (Brassica napus), mustard (Brassica nigra), olive
(Olea europaea); vegetable plants: beet (Beta vulgaris), turnip (Brassica campestris, B. napus), the cabbages (Brassica oleracea), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), asparagus (Asparagus oficinalis), celery (Apium graveolens),
chicory (Cichorium intybus), parsnip (Pastinaca sativa), rocket (Eruca vesicoria), rhubarb (Rheum officinale); and numerous aromatic plants: caraway (Carum
carvi), anise (Pimpinella anisum), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), mint (Mentha piperita), sage (Salvia officinalis),
hops (Humulus lupulus) and many others.
Not only are there indigenous Mediterranean plants
and animals, but many other crops and breeds have
been introduced from all the other centres, particularly the Central Asian and the Near Eastern. With
some breeds it is not easy to tell if they are indigenous
or introduced, whether a species was ever and in what
period in history cultivated, i.e. whether it is an archaeophyte or a neophyte. Through the collaboration
of scientists, particularly of agronomists, ecologists
and geneticists, as well as of historians and archaeologists, we will arrive at further important information.
It should be pointed out that for the particularly demanding area of Dalmatia, and via the interaction of
the genetic stock of domestic cultivars, the wishes and
needs of people and the impact of the environment,
some unique landraces, plant and animal, adapted to
the karst area, have been produced. Thus the Small
Plavac is an excellent variety of grape vine for the production of red wine particularly adapted to karstic areas. The Dalmatian ass is one of the smallest breeds of
ass in the world, but has extremely tough hoofs, and in
proportion to its size, the strongest and most resilient
for the transport of burdens. The olive variety oblica is
adapted to the gusts of the north wind and extreme
climatic conditions. All our pramenka sheep have a

fleece that will not absorb water, rather the cold rain
slides down the coarse tufts of wool. It is quite remarkable in what poor edaphic and droughty conditions,
with no rainfall for months, the Dalmatian borecole
manages to grow and give excellent yields. The bua,
one of the smallest cattle in world, is able to survive
on the highest peaks of Velebit, Dinara and Biokovo.
Hard durum wheat has the centre of its biodiversity
precisely in the eastern Mediterranean. It was to look
after and guard the flocks, to guard the boundaries and
to hunt that the Dalmatian dog and the tornjak were
developed. The marasca is probably the highest quality
black cherry in the world (perhaps indeed a separate
species, to be proved by further genetic research), and
the Dalmatian honey bee creates world-quality honey.
The great range of cultivars, of varieties of cultivated plants and breeds of domestic animals are an irreplaceable part of our historical tradition, cultural
and natural history. Traditional varieties and breeds
are at the same time one of the most important tools
for the preservation of existing landscapes, habitats
and biological diversity of Dalmatia, the importance
and role of which was recognised by the UN Biological Diversity Convention, proclaimed in 1992 in Rio
de Janeiro. The fame of Dalmatia was carried a few
centuries ago by the spotted beauty the Dalmatian
dog, while one of the oldest breeds of pigeon in the
world is the golden Dalmatian zimovka. Zadar was
known in the world at large as a city in which maraschino was produced, famed liqueur with a marasca
black cherry fruit and leaf basis. The symbol of Dalmatia, the hardy, intelligent and indefatigable tovar
or ass is today a threatened species on the edge of
extinction. Somewhat contemptuously, Dalmatians
51
bioraznolikosti imaju upravo na podruju istonog Mediterana. Za dranje i zatitu stada, uvanje granica ili
lov nastali su dalmatinski pas i tornjak. Maraska je vjerojatno najkvalitetnija vinja na svijetu (moda i zasebna vrsta, to e pokazati daljnja genetika istraivanja), a
dalmatinska medna pela stvara med svjetske kvalitete.
Bogatstvo kultivara, sorti kulturnog bilja i pasmina domaih ivotinja nezamjenjiv je dio nae povijesne tradicije, kulturne i prirodne batine. Tradicijske sorte i
pasmine ujedno su jedno od naih najvanijih orua
za ouvanje postojeih krajobraza, stanita i bioloke
raznolikosti Dalmacije iji znaaj i ulogu prepoznaje i
UN-ova Konvencija o biolokoj raznolikosti proglaena 1992. godine u Rio de Janeiru. Stare sorte kulturnog
bilja i pasmine domaih ivotinja sastavni su dio krajobraza i stanita Dalmacije, ak tvore zasebna stanita,
ali su ujedno i njen simbol. Slavu Dalmacije jo je prije vie stoljea pronio pjegavi ljepotan dalmatinski pas,
te jedna od najstarijih pasmina goluba na svijetu zlatna dalmatinska zimovka. Zadar je u svijetu bio poznat
kao grad u kojem se proizvodi maraskino, uveni liker
na bazi ploda i listova vinje maraske. Simbol Dalmacije, ustrajan, inteligentan i neslomljiv dalmatinski tovar
danas je ugroena vrsta kojoj prijeti nestanak. Pomalo
pogrdno, Dalmatinci se nazivaju blitvarima po omiljenoj povrtnici blitvi. Dubrovnik je u Domovinskom
ratu (1991. 1995.) gotovo izgubio svoju izvornu ovcu
dubrovaku rudu, koju hitno treba revitalizirati, popularizirati i zatititi, ali sreom nije izvornu upsku postranjsku crvenu brokulu.
U okviru morfoloki i genetiki dosta raznovrsne populacije lokalnih kultura, uglavnom odabirom poljoprivrednika, ali i pod velikim utjecajem okolinih
uvjeta nastaju pojedine sorte, a kod domaih ivotinja
52
pasmine. Sorte i pasmine nisu taksonomska kategorija, ve predstavljaju populacije osnovne vrste ili
podvrste koje se odlikuju jedinstvenim fenotipskim
i genotipskim osobinama, po kojima se razlikuju od
drugih sorti i pasmina iste vrste ili podvrste te svoje
osobine prenose na potomstvo. Kultivar je meunarodnim kodeksom (Utrecht, 1958.) usvojena oznaka
prije svega za sortu ili odliku kulturnog, odnosno uzgojenog bilja i oznaava se kraticom cv.
Tradicijski kultivari su osnova agrobioraznolikosti nekog podruja. Oni su nastali na odreenom podruju
pa su izvorni ili autohtoni te ih zovemo domai kultivari, ili su u prolosti doneseni ili introducirani te su postali udomaeni kultivari, primjerice: penica frassineto,
ra petkus, kukuruz quarantin, duhan virginia, krumpir
bintje, lubenica sugar baby, dinja ananas i medna rosa, rajica volovsko srce, saint-pierre i rutgers, blitve srebrnolisna
i lukulus, kupus ditmar, likoriki i futoki; paprika kurtovska kapia te brojni drugi. Za mnogo prisutnih kultivara
porijeklo nije jasno, pogotovo zato to udomaeni kultivari esto vremenom dobiju domaa imena. Prisutna
je i sinonimija kultivara, razna imena za istu sortu (primjerice oblica ima preko 30 sinonima), ali i homonimija, odnosno isto ime za razliite sorte (tako sorte vinove
loze zlatarica s Korule i podruja Vrgorca te crljenak s
Visa i podruja Katela zapravo nisu iste sorte). Zbog
toga im dodajemo geografske pridjeve: zlatarica blatska i zlatarica vrgorska, odnosno crljenak katelanski i
crljenak viki. Budua znanstvena istraivanja koja e
ukljuivati i molekularne genetike analize razluit e
porijeklo te nastanak pojedinih kultivara, ali i posloiti
tonu sinonimiju i homonimiju. Dakle lokalni kultivari obino su i tradicijski, meutim tehnikama poljoprivrednog oplemenjivanja iz postojeih tradicijskih kultivara selekcionirale su se pojedine sorte novijeg datuma
koje su upisane na Sortnu listu kao novostvoreni kultivari, iako u stvari nose stare, izvorne gene pojedinih
izvornih populacija. Tako su na podruju Hrvatske klasinim metodama selekcije stvorene brojne sorte i hibridi naroito kod penice, kukuruza i drugih itarica,
ali i krmnog bilja te krumpira i drugog povrtnog bilja: brojne BC sorte penice i hibridi kukuruza, krumpir dalmatinka (1991.), goran (1984.), istra (1984.) i lika
(1980.), pastrnjak podravkin bijeli (1981.), paprika botineka uta (1984.) i majkovaka uta (1993.) te brojne
druge. Veina ovih sorti selekcionirana je na osnovi populacija iz kontinentalne Hrvatske, ali u prijavnom postupku su i sorte rajice s podruja Dalmacije. Ipak, treba naglasiti kako je postupak oplemenjivanja izostao za
brojne populacije kultura s podruja Dalmacije.
Za razliku od tradicijskih kultivara te klasinog oplemenjivanja i selekcije bilja, suvremene industrijske sorte i hibridi ne nastaju in situ, ve in vitro, dakle u laboratoriju primjenom suvremenih tehnika odabira (selekcije), od kojih je najkontroverznije genetiko preinaavanje
(modificiranje; GM hibridi). Kod hibrida se zbog izraene heterozigotnosti poeljna svojstva roditelja pojavljuju kod vrlo malog broja potomaka, za razliku od sorti
i pasmina koje su visoko homozigotne i daju potomstvo
vrlo slinih karakteristika. Kao posljedica, proizvoa ne
moe dalje sam umnaati kultivar, ve mora svake godine
kupovati sjeme te tako ovisi o sjemenskim kuama. Dugorono, ovaj proces vodi do drastinog smanjenja agrobioraznolikosti, ali i uvoenja monopola nad proizvodnjom hrane. Pojedine tradicijske sorte, posebno vonih
kultura, vinove loze, masline i drugih, ali i neke povrtnice
(krumpir, kozjak, enjak) u stvari su klonovi, genetiki
isti organizam koji se vegetativno razmnoava (kalemljenjem, odjeljivanjem ili kulturom tkiva) te se tako odravaju povoljna svojstva, davno uoena i odabrana.
are called blitvari, which is to say, chard-eaters, from

their favourite green vegetable. In the Homeland War
of 1991 to 1995 the people of Dubrovnik practically
lost their landrace sheep the Dubrovnik ruda, which
needs urgently revitalising, popularising and protecting, but luckily this was not the case with the landrace
red broccoli from upa.
In the framework of the morphologically and genetically fairly heterogeneous population of local crops,
individual varieties or in the case of domestic animals
breeds come into being, primarily because of the selection process in farming, but also much impacted by
environmental conditions. These landraces, plant and
animal, are not taxonomic categories, but represent
populations of the basic species or subspecies that are
characterised by unique features of phenotype or genotype, which differentiate them from all other varieties and breeds of the same species or subspecies and
are able to transmit them to the following generations. A cultivar is by the international code (Utrecht, 1958) the label adopted primarily for a variety or
the characteristic of a cultivated plant, and is marked
with the cv abbreviation.
Traditional cultivars are the basis of the agricultural
biodiversity of an area. They were created in a given
area, and are thus landraces, and we call them domestic cultivars, and they were introduced n the past, and
became domesticated cultivars, for example: Frassineto wheat, Petkus rye, the maize Quarantin, Virginia
tobacco, the Bintje potato, the Sugar Baby water melon, the cantaloupe cultivars Ananas and Medna Rosa,
the tomatoes Volovsko Srce, Saint-Pierre and Rutgers,
the Srebrnolisna and Lukulus chard, the cabbage cultivars Ditmar, Likoriki and Futoki; the bell pepper
Kurtovska Kapia and many others. The origin of many

cultivars is not clear, particularly because domesticated cultivars quite often take on other local names in
the course of time. There is also the phenomenon of
synonymy, with various names being used for the
same variety (Oblica for example has more than 30
synonyms), and homonyms, that is, the same name
for different varieties (for example, the Zlatarica
grape is a different thing in Korula and in Vrgorac,
and Crljenak from Vis is not the same as the Crljenak
from Kastela). For this reason we add on geographical modifiers: Zlatarica Blatska (from Blato) or Zlatarica Vrgorska, then Crljenak Katelanski and Crljenak
Viki. Future scientific research including molecular
genetic analysis will determine the origin and creation of individual cultivars, and will also put in order the synonymy and homonymy. The local cultivars
are usually traditional as well, but with the techniques
of agricultural enhancement, from existing traditional cultivars, individual varieties of a newer date that
are entered into the variety list as newly created cultivars are selected, although they in fact bear the same
old original genes of the individual original populations. Thus in the area of Croatian through classical
selection methods various varieties and hybrids have
been created, particularly in the cases of wheat, maize
and other cereals, as well as with fodder plants, potatoes and other vegetable plants: the many BC varieties of wheat and maize hybrids, the Dalmatinka potato (1991), the Goran (1984), Istra (1984) and
Lika (1980), the Podravkin Bijeli parsnip (1981), the
Botineka uta (1984.) and Majkovaka uta (1993)
bell peppers. Most of these varieties were selected on
the basis of populations from inland Croatia, but varieties of tomato from Dalmatia are in the registration process. Still, one has to admit that there has
been no improvement process for many populations

of crops from the area of Dalmatia.
Unlike traditional cultivars, and classical plant improvement and selection, modern industrial varieties
and hybrids do not come into being in situ but in vitro, in the laboratory, with the use of modern selection
techniques, the most controversial of which is genetic
modification. In these hybrids, because of the marked
heterozygosity the desirable parent characteristics appear in very few progeny. In consequence, the producers cannot themselves multiply the cultivar, but every
year have to buy seed, thus becoming dependent on
the suppliers. Over the long term, this is a process
that leads to a drastic reduction of agricultural biodiversity, as well as to the introduction of a monopoly
on the production of food. Some traditional varieties,
particularly fruit crops, grapes, olives and others, as
well as some vegetables (potato, scallions, garlic) are
in fact clones, genetically the same organism, which
reproduced in a vegetative way (grafting, division and
tissue culture) and thus reflect the desirable qualities
long ago noticed and selected.
53
a.7
Zakonski okvir za
sorte i pasmine
Dalmacije
Legislative
background for
varieties and breeds
of Dalmatia
Starigradsko polje na otoku Hvaru, najbolje

ouvan grki ager na Mediteranu
Stari Grad Plain on Hvar island, the best
preserved Greek ager in the Mediterranean
Foto: Ivo Pervan
56
obiajen postupak slubenog priznavanja

sorte i pasmine ukljuuje objavljen opis, odnosno standard sorte ili pasmine te propisanu slubenu proceduru prijave, koja se esto mijenja s
izmjenama zakonodavstva. Hrvatsko zakonodavstvo
u podruju biljnih sorti i sjemenarstva usklaeno je
sa zakonodavstvom Europske unije. Zakon o sjemenu,
sadnom materijalu i priznavanju sorti poljoprivrednog
bilja (NN 140/05; 35/08 i 55/11) predstavlja zakonski okvir za ukljuivanje sorte u Sortnu listu Republike Hrvatske. Upisom sorte u Sortnu listu Republike
Hrvatske, poljoprivredni reprodukcijski materijal sorte (sjeme ili sadni materijal) moe se proizvoditi, prijaviti za struni nadzor, te uvoziti i/ili staviti na trite.
Za pasmine je tek 1998. godine objavljen prvi slubeni Popis izvornih i zatienih pasmina i sojeva domaih ivotinja (NN 127/98), koji je naknadno vie puta
nadopunjavan, i to 2003., 2006., 2007. i 2009. godine (NN 73/03; 39/06, 126/07, 70/09). Popis se nadopunjava pasminama za koje se potvrdi izvornost,
a sukladno Pravilniku o postupku priznavanja novih
pasmina, sojeva i hibrida (NN164/04). Ovaj popis
ne obuhvaa pse koje definira Zakon o veterinarstvu
(NN 41/07, 155/08, 55/11) i Zakon o zatiti ivotinja (NN 135/06), a slubeni Registar pasmina pasa vodi Hrvatski kinoloki savez (HKS). Sukladno navedenom Popisu te Registru, danas u Hrvatskoj imamo
trenutano prepoznate 33 pasmine ivotinja.
Priznate sorte popisane su u slubenoj Sortnoj listi

Republike Hrvatske koja je prvi put uspostavljena
1967. godine i sastojala se od dva dijela: Liste domaih i udomaenih sorti sjemena poljoprivrednog bilja te
Spiska novostvorenih sorti sjemena poljoprivrednog bilja.
Od 2011. godine Sortna lista sastoji se od sljedeeg:
Nacionalne sortne liste Republike Hrvatske, koja obuhvaa popis svih domaih i udomaenih stranih sorti,
novostvorenih sorti te priznatih stranih sorti repa, krmnog bilja, uljanog i predivog bilja, itarica, krumpira i povra; Sortne liste Republike Hrvatske, koja obuhvaa sorte navedenog bilja koje su priznate na temelju ispitivanja razliitosti, ujednaenosti i postojanosti
(DUS: Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability) te ispitivanja gospodarske vrijednosti (VCU: Value Compare Unit), kao i sorte povra na temelju DUS ispitivanja; te konano Popisa sorti vonih vrsta i Popisa sorti
vinove loze. Administrativni postupak upisa u Sortnu
listu te DUS i VCU ispitivanja provodi Hrvatski centar za poljoprivredu, hranu i selo, odnosno Zavod za
sjemenarstvo i rasadniarstvo u Osijeku.
Sortna lista odraz je trenutanog stanja poznavanja sortimenta, dakle nikada ne obuhvaa sve sorte tako da
uvijek postoje one koje struka prepoznaje, ali formalno
nisu uvedene na listu, npr. sorte masline brindianka,
divljaka i jeruzalemka; sorte vinove loze cipar, crljenak
viki i krstievica te brojne druge sorte. Isto tako na postojeu Sortnu listu Republike Hrvatske nisu upisane
ni postojee sorte, odnosno populacije kulturnog bilja:
domaa ratika, domai plavi i domai srednje dugi patlian, domai stogodinji i domai biserni luk, domai
luk kozjak (ljutika), domai vlasac, domai ozimi i jari enjak, domai hren, domai sitnozrni i krupnozrni
slanutak, domai bob, domai lisnati kelj, razne domae bue, domaa lea i drugo. Pod ovim imenima krije se vie tradicijskih sorti pojedine navedene kulture;
drugim rijeima, iz postojeih raznovrsnih populacija
navedenih domaih kultura nisu izdvojene sorte, kao
to su primjerice iz domaeg ozimog enjaka izdvojene sorte brgudski i polaki. Kako tradicijska agrobioraznolikost postupno nestaje, neke od ovih neistraenih
sorti ve su sigurno zauvijek izgubljene, dok je veina
ostalih sigurno u nekoj od kategorija ugroenosti. To

se posebno odnosi na ratarske i povrtne kulture Dalmacije, a najvie na itarice, mahunarke i kupusnjae.
Konano, usklaivanjem postojee hrvatske Sortne liste sa zakonskom regulativom EU-a, sa sortne liste izbrisane su brojne vone sorte. Tako su, sukladno Popisu sorti vonih vrsta brisanih sa Popisa vonih vrsta, od
oujka 2011. godine do danas izbrisane brojne introducirane, ali i nae izvorne tradicijske sorte, od kojih su
mnoge navedene i u ovoj knjizi: masline krvavica, patrica, velika lastovka, abarka; bajam arski kasni, knez
rnomir, smokviki polumeki, princeza smokvika; domaa krupna nepola; domaa oskorua; roga komiki, korulanski, medunac, puljiki, ipanski; vinja maraska pendula, poljika i visulja; brojne sorte smokava i drugo. Ove
sorte mogu se nai u proizvodnji ili na tritu sukladno
stavku 3. lanka 13. Pravilnika o upisu sorti u popis sorti
vonih vrsta (NN 98/09). Meutim, sukladno navedenom stavku, za veinu brisanih sorti proizvodnja i trenje bit e zabranjeni od 30. lipnja 2014., a za sve ostale
od 30. lipnja 2015. godine.
Ouvanje postojeih sorti kulturnog bilja i pasmina
domaih ivotinja naa je obaveza, i to ne samo prema
nama samima ve i prema meunarodnoj zajednici i
nadolazeim generacijama. U tom smislu treba posebno istaknuti UN-ovu Konvenciju o biolokoj raznolikosti koju je Hrvatska potpisala 1996. godine. Prema
Konvenciji, bioloku raznolikost ne ini samo divlja
flora i fauna, ve i svojte koje je ovjek kroz svoju povijest na bilo koji nain promijenio te uzgojem i odabirom odreenih svojstava prilagodio svojim potrebama, odnosno to su pasmine i sorte kultiviranih ivotinja i biljaka. Dunost svake potpisnice je inventarizacija vlastite bioloke raznolikosti, te njeno ouvanje.
he regular procedure for official acknowledgement of a breed or variety includes a published

description, a standard for the variety or breed,
and the required official registration or application procedure, which often changes in line with changes in legislation. Croatian legislation in the area of plant varieties and seed production is harmonised with EU legislation. The Law on Seeds, Plant Material and Recognition of Varieties of Agricultural Plants (OG, 140/05, 35/08
and 55/11) is the statutory framework for the inclusion
of a variety in the Variety List of the Republic of Croatia. When a variety has been inscribed in the Variety
List, the agricultural reproduction material of the variety
(seed or seedling) can be produced, registered for expert
supervision and introduced and/or marketed.
Acknowledged varieties are listed in the official Variety List of the Republic of Croatia, established for the
first time in 1967, and consisting of two parts: List of
domestic and domesticated varieties of seeds of agricultural plants and the List of newly created varieties of
seeds of agricultural plants. From 2011 the Variety List
has consisted of: the National Variety List of the Republic of Croatia, which includes a list of all domestic
and domesticated foreign varieties, newly created varieties, and recognised foreign varieties of turnip, fodder,
oil and fibre plants, cereals, potatoes and vegetables; of
the Variety list of the Republic of Croatia, which covers
varieties of these plants that are recognised on the basis
of the testing of the diversity, uniformity and stability
(DUS: Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability) and the
testing of their value for cultivation and use (VCU: Value Compare Unit), and vegetable varieties on the basis
of DUS testing; and finally the List of varieties of fruit
species and List of varieties of grape vines. The administrative procedure for inscribing a variety on the Variety
List, and for DUS and VCU testing is carried out by the
Croatian Centre for Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, or the Institute for Seeds and Seedlings in Osijek.
For breeds, it was not until 1998 that the first official List
of Original and Protected Breeds and Strains of Domestic Animals was issued (OG 127/98), subsequently
supplemented a number of times (in 2003, 2006, 2007
and 2009; OG 73/03, 39/06, 126/07, 70/09). This list
is supplemented with breeds confirmed to be authentic
and in line with the Regulations on the recognition of
new breeds, strains and hybrids (OG 164/04). This list
does not cover dogs, defined in the Veterinary Law (OG
41/07, 155/08, 55/11) and the Law on Animal Protection (OG 135/06), while the official Register of Canine
Breeds is kept by the Croatian Kinological Association
(Kennel Club). According to this List and Register, today there are in Croatian 33 recognised breeds.
The Variety List is a reflection of the current state of
knowledge concerning varieties, and never covers all varieties, and so there are always those that the discipline
recognises, but that are not formally put on the list; for
example, there are the olive varieties called Brindianka,
Divljaka, Jeruzalemka; the grape vine varieties Cipar, Crljenak Viki, Krstievica and many other varieties. At the
same time, not only varieties, but whole existing populations of cultivated plants are inscribed on the existing
Variety List of the Republic of Croatia: domestic borecole;
domestic blue and domestic medium long aubergine, domestic hundred year old and domestic pearl onion, domestic scallion (ljutika), domestic chives, domestic winter and spring
garlic, domestic horseradish, domestic small grained and
large grained chickpea, domestic broad bean, domestic leafy
kale, various domestic pumpkins, domestic lentils and so on.
These names hide a number of traditional varieties of
the individually listed crops, that is, from the existing diverse populations of the said domestic cultures, the varieties have not been distinguished, such as, from the domestic winter garlic, the separate varieties that are called
Brgudski and Polaki. Since traditional agrobiodiversity is
gradually vanishing, some of these uninvestigated varieties must have been lost forever, while most of the others are surely in one of the endangered categories. This
holds particularly true for arable and vegetable crops in
Dalmatia, primarily for cereals, legumes and brassicas.
Finally, then the existing Croatian Variety List was
harmonised with the EU legislation, several fruit varieties were dropped from the variety list. Thus, for example, in line with the List of Varieties of Fruit Species erased from the List of Fruit Species from March
2011 until this day, numerous introduced varieties as
well as landraces have been deleted, many of which are
listed in this book: the Krvavica, Patrica, Velika Lastovka, abarka olives; the Almonds arski Kasni, Knez rnomir, Smokviki Polumeki, Princeza Smokvika;
Domaa Krupna Nepola or medlar; Domaa Oskorua or
service tree; the carobs Komiki, Korulanski, Medunac,
Puljiki, ipanski; the marasca cherry Pendula, Poljika
and Visulja; numerous varieties of fig tree and others.
These varieties can be found in production or on the
market in line with Paragraph 3 Article 13 of the Regulations on the entry of varieties into the list of varieties
of fruit species (OG, 98/09). However, in line with this
paragraph, there will be a ban on the production and
marketing of most of these varieties from June 30, 2014,
and for all the others from June 30, 2015.
Preservation of existing varieties of cultivated plants and
breeds of domestic animals is an obligation on us, not only for our own sakes, but for the international community
57
Nasuprot prisutnoj eroziji ne samo tradicijskih sorti i

pasmina, ve i eroziji steenog iskustva i znanja, danas
u Dalmaciji postoji i pozitivna protutea, zahvaljujui
djelovanju vie pojedinaca i udruga pa dijelom i institucija koje pokuavaju ouvati steene vrijednosti i mogu predstavljati jezgru budueg uinkovitijeg ouvanja
mediteranskih krkih kultiviranih krajobraza.
Za praenje stanja sorti i pasmina u svijetu zaduen je
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), krovna institucija Ujedinjenih naroda za strateko upravljanje
hranom i poljoprivrednim resursima na globalnoj, regionalnoj i lokalnoj razini. Za razvoj i provedbu Globalnog akcijskog plana za ouvanje i odrivo koritenje biljnih genetikih resursa za hranu i poljoprivredu
(The Global Plan of Action for the Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture) te Globalne strategije upravljanjem
farmskim genetikim resursima (The Global Strategy for
the Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources) pri
FAO-u, od godine 1995. odgovorna je Komisija za genetske resurse u poljoprivredi (CGRFA - Commission
on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture). Europska uredba (Regulation 2078/92) sadri poljoprivredno-okoline programe koji obuhvaaju mjere za uzgoj izvornih pasmina i sorti, odnosno godinje premije u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji. Globalni akcijski plan
prihvaen u okviru deklaracije na FAO meunarodnoj tehnikoj konferenciji za biljne genetike resurse
odranoj 1996. godine u Leipzigu (Leipzig Declaration on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Plant
Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture), definira da
postojea agrobioraznolikost biljnih resursa, u kombinaciji sa suvremenom tehnologijom, mora biti osnova
odrive poljoprivrede zbog ouvanja biljnih genetikih
resursa. Isto tako za ciljeve uspostavljanja i provedbe
58
europske ekoloke mree NATURA 2000 iznimno je

vano ouvanje stanita i vrsta koje se zasniva na dvije regulative: Direktivi o stanitima (92/43/EEC) i Direktivi o pticama (79/409/EEC). Njihovom primjenom
moe se takoer utjecati na bolje ouvanje ugroenih
sorti i pasmina. Poljoprivredne povrine koje se nalaze unutar Natura 2000 mree trebaju se obraivati
ekolokim i odrivim metodama ukljuujui primjenu poljoprivredno okolinih mjera, a treba istaknuti da
su dosadanji poticaji za izvorne pasmine u Hrvatskoj
bili meu najviima u Europi. Isto tako, vrlo je vano
izraditi plan upravljanja za ouvanje omjera kulturnih
krajobraza i prirodnih stanita, u okviru Hrvatske ekoloke mree (CRO-NEN), odnosno europske mree
NATURA 2000.
Agrobioraznolikost je osnova razvoja i opstanka poljoprivrede u Dalmaciji te preduvjet za stvaranje premijskih proizvoda to moe omoguiti otvaranje novih i
perspektivnih ekonomskih nia. Meutim to nae bogatstvo tradicijskih sorti i pasmina danas ubrzano nestaje. Uz brojne i sloene razloge, osnovni uzrok ugroenosti je sustavna industrijalizacija poljoprivrede koja
se oituje prije svega u zamjeni tradicijskih kultivara s
modernima, preciznije reeno sintetskima. Pri tome se
osigurava visoka produktivnost suvremenih kultivara, a
njihova neprilagoenost okolinim imbenicima pokuava se ublaiti sloenim i skupim tehnolokim zahvatima (sofisticirana mehanizacija, fertilizacija, kemizacija, genetiki inenjering). Posljedino, dolazi do naruavanja ravnotee u agroekosustavima, kao i u ostalim
prateim ekosustavima (naroito travnjacima, umama
i vodama), uz znatno poveanje ukupnih realnih trokova proizvodnje. No isto tako treba jasno naglasiti da
neprikladno zakonodavstvo predstavlja velik problem i
konicu boljem ouvanju agrobioraznolikosti.
Naime, tek je dio ove bogate bioraznolikosti slubeno

prepoznat, dok se brojne autohtone sorte i pasmine
Dalmacije ne nalaze na slubenoj Sortnoj listi Republike Hrvatske, odnosno na slubenom Popisu izvornih i zatienih pasmina i sojeva domaih ivotinja.
Naalost, prema novom Zakonu o sjemenarstvu, opstanak svake sorte na Sortnoj listi ovisi o slubenom
odrivau, koji se brine o odravanju njenog genetskog identiteta, ali to je u praksi i vanije, plaa godinju pristojbu Zavodu za sjemenarstvo i rasadniarstvu za njen ostanak na listi. Budui da slubena
i nadzirana proizvodnja sjemena navedenih tradicijskih sorti ne postoji, velika je vjerojatnost da se zbog
nepostojanja odrivaa, jednostavnom primjenom zakona, svi navedeni tradicijski kultivari automatizmom
briu sa Sortne liste. Posljedica je nemogunost legalnog prometovanja njihovim sjemenom i vegetativnim
materijalom. Stoga za tradicijske sorte i pasmine koje
nisu na Sortnoj listi i na Popisu izvornih i zatienih
pasmina treba osmisliti model njihove registracije, a
za sve tradicijske sorte i pasmine Dalmacije pronai
model odravanja, ali i razvoja izabranih i gospodarski potencijalno vrijednih kultivara. Uspostavljanje
upisnika odrivaa sjemena tradicijskih kultura i matinih grla tradicijskih pasmina upotpunit e sustavnu
brigu o ouvanju tradicijskih sorti i pasmina, nae tradicijske batine.
and the generations to come. From this point of view the

UN Convention on Biological Diversity, signed by Croatia in 1996, needs particular focus. According to the Convention, biological diversity is not vested only in wild flora
and fauna, but also in the taxa that people have throughout history changed in any way, and that they have by
breeding and selecting certain characteristics adjusted to
their needs, that is, breeds and varieties of animals and
cultivated plants. It is the duty of each signatory to make
an inventory of its own biological diversity, and to preserve it. As against the omnipresent erosion of not only
traditional varieties and breeds, but of acquired experience and knowledge, there is today a positive counterweight, thanks to the activity of several individuals and
associations, partially too of institutions that are attempting to preserve acquired values and that might constitute
the core of a more effect and better preservation of the
Mediterranean and karstic cultivated landscapes.
Charged with monitoring the state of varieties and
breeds the world is FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation), the UN umbrella institution for strategic food
and agricultural resources management at global, regional and local levels. Since 1995, FAOs CGRFA - Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
has been responsible for the development and implementation of the Global Plan of Action for the Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and the Global Strategy for the
Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources. European
Regulation 2078/92 contains agricultural and environmental programmes that cover measures for the rearing
of landraces, animals and plants, i.e., annual premiums
for agricultural production. The Global Plan of Action
was accepted within the outline of a declaration at an international conference for plant genetic resources held
in Leipzig in 1996 - Leipzig Declaration on Conservation
and Sustainable Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources for

Food and Agriculture and says that the existing agricultural biodiversity of plant resources, in combination with
modern technology, has to be the foundation of sustainable agriculture because of the need to preserve plant
genetic resources. Exceptionally important for the aims
behind the establishment and implementation of the
European Ecological Network NATURA 2000 is the
preservation of habitats and species, founded on two directives: Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) and Birds Directive (79/409/EEC). If they are implemented, they can
also have an effect on the better preservation of endangered varieties and breeds. Farm land inside the Natura
2000 network has to be cultivated with ecological and
sustainable methods, including the application of agricultural environmental measures. It should be pointed
out that grants for landraces in Croatia have been among
the highest in Europe. Also, it is very important to work
out a management plan for the preservation of the ratios
of cultural landscapes and natural habitats, within the
framework of the Croatian Ecological Network CRONEN and the European network NATURA 2000.
Agricultural biodiversity is the basis for the development and survival of agriculture in Dalmatia, and a
sine qua non for the creation of premium products that
might enable the creation of new and promising economic niches. But the richness of Croatian traditional
varieties and breeds is today vanishing at great speed.
Along with many other complex reasons, the basic cause
of the threat is the systematic industrialisation of agriculture, which is manifested primarily in the replacement of traditional by modern, synthetic cultivars. The
high yields of modern cultivars are thus ensured, while
their unsuitability for the environmental factors is palliated with complex and expensive technological operations (mechanisation, fertilisation, chemistry, genetic
engineering). In consequence, the balance in the agroecosystems is disturbed, as it is in the other accompanying ecosystems (primarily in the grasslands, forests and
waters), with a considerable enlargement of the total real costs of production. But it has also to be said clearly
that the inappropriate legislation is a big problem and a
brake on the better preservation of agrobiodiversity.
For only a small part of all this wealth of biodiversity
is officially recognised, while many Dalmatian landraces are not on the official Variety List of the Republic
of Croatia or the official List of Original and Protected Breeds and Strains of Domestic Animals. Unfortunately, according to the new Seed Production Law, the
survival of every variety on the List depends on the official maintainer, which takes care of the maintenance
of its genetic identity, but, which is in practice even
more important, involves the payment of an annual fee
to the Seeds and Seedlings Institute to keep it on the
list. Since there is no official and controlled production
of seeds of these traditional varieties, the great probability is that because of the absence of a maintainer,
by simple application of the law, all these traditional
cultivars will be automatically dropped from the Variety List. The result will be that it will be impossible
to trade legally in their seeds and vegetative material.
Accordingly registration model needs to be devised for
traditional varieties and breeds that are not on the Variety List or the List of Original and Protected Breeds,
and for all the traditional breeds and varieties of Dalmatia, a maintenance model needs finding, as well as
the development of selected and economically valuable
cultivars. The establishment of a register of maintainers of seeds of traditional crops and breeding heads of
the traditional breeds will be a complement to systematic care for the preservation of traditional varieties and
breeds, our traditional heritage.
59
a.8
Ukupna
agrobioraznolikost
Dalmacije i vanost
njenog ouvanja
Overall
agrobiodiversity of
Dalmatia and the
importance of its
preservation
Bunari kod Ciste Velike na lokalitetu Crljivica,

Dalmatinska zagora
Wells by Cista Velika at Crljivica,
Dalmatinska zagora
Foto: Ivo Pervan
Razvoj poljoprivrede u
Dalmaciji, temeljen na
uzgoju tradicijskih sorti
i pasmina, doveo je do
nastanka brojnih novih
stanita uz iznimnu
prateu bioraznolikost
gljiva, flore i faune.
The development of
farming in Dalmatia,
based on the cultivation
and rearing of traditional
varieties and breeds, led
to the creation of many
new habitats, with an
exceptional accompanying
biodiversity of fungi, flora
and fauna.
62
grobioraznolikost je dio cjelokupne bioraznolikosti, a moemo je podijeliti na dvije osnovne grupe: uporabne organizme ili
agrobioraznolikost u uem smislu te neuporabne organizme ili agrobioraznolikost u irem smislu.
A. Agrobioraznolikost u uem
smislu (Uporabni organizmi)
1. Tradicijski kultivari: udomaene (domesticirane)
svojte, uglavnom bakterija, gljiva, biljaka i ivotinja, koje su stvorene ljudskom selekcijom tijekom
tisuljea u uvjetima tradicijske poljoprivrede, odnosno uz paralelnu prirodnu selekciju te selekcionirane u raznovrsne sorte i pasmine. To su svi kultivari obraeni u ovoj knjizi. Mogu biti autohtone
ili alohtone svojte te su genetiki raznoliki kultivari.
2. Suvremeni kultivari: kultivari stvoreni suvremenim selekcijskim metodama (standardna genetika
selekcija, krianje u srodstvu, genetiki modificirani organizmi, kloniranje). Postoje novi kultivari nastali selekcijom postojeih izvornih, hrvatskih populacija kultura, ali veinom su to uvozni kultivari, plod tueg genetikog nasljea i strunog rada.
Mogu biti autohtone ili alohtone svojte te su genetiki uniformni (neraznoliki) kultivari. Kao primjer
u Dalmaciji moemo istaknuti najnovije hibride
rajica (Hector F1, Belle F1) nizozemske selekcije,
dok od domaih selekcija imamo primjer domaih
sorti krumpira (dalmatinka, istra, lika, goran).
3. Izvorne (nativne, samonikle) ili autohtone svojte:
dio su ope bioraznolikosti koju standardno koristimo u prehrani i za druge namjene, a u budunosti bi
mogli prijei u prve dvije kategorije. U Dalmaciji
je vrlo velik broj ovih svojti; vie od stotinu biljnih vrsta koristi se u prehrani i za druge namjene (divlje paroge, kostri, kadulja, planika, mirta
itd.), kao i veliki broj ivotinja ( puevi, abe, slatkovodne i morske ribe, brojne ptice itd). Genetiki
su to raznoliki organizmi.
B. Agrobioraznolikost u irem
smislu (Neuporabni organizmi)
4. Divlji srodnici: obuhvaaju dio bioraznolikosti samoniklih populacija i populacija izvan kulture (podivljalih) koje su u srodstvu s kultivarima. Oni se vjerojatno nikada nee koristiti kao
uporabni, ali imaju potencijal za koritenje u selekciji kultivara. To su redovito autohtone svojte,
a treba istaknuti vie divljih kupusa (Brassica), lukova (Allium), vei broj divljih jemova (Hordeum)
i drugih, iznimno prilagoenih na suu, a ija se
svojstva mogu koristiti u buduoj selekciji.
5. Divlje (nedomesticirane) svojte agroekosustava:
ivi organizmi koji su izravno vezani uz agroekosustave, odnosno svojte koje obligatno pripadaju
agroekosustavima (mikro- i makrobioti tla, opraivai, specijalizirani tetnici, korovi, napasnici,
paraziti, predatori tetnika). Ove se svojte ne koriste, ali izravno utjeu na uspjenost poljoprivredne
proizvodnje bilo pozitivno bilo negativno. Postoji
mogunost da i ove svojte budu predmet selekcije i
proizvodnje kao mjera poboljanja u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji, kao to se primjerice ve selekcioniraju i razmnoavaju kulture bakterija duinih
fiksatora, bumbara i solitarnih pela, raznih predatora biljnih tetnika itd.
grobiodiversity is part of overall biodiversity, and can be divided into two basic groups:
use organisms or agrobiodiversity in the
strict sense and non-use organisms, or agrobiodiversity in the wider sense.
A. Agrobiodiversity in the strict

sense (use organisms)
1. Traditional cultivars: domesticated taxa, primarily
bacteria, fungi, plants and animals created by human selection over the millennia in the conditions
of the traditional agriculture, that is, with parallel
natural selection and selection into diverse varieties
and breeds. These are all the cultivars discussed in
this book. They can be native or introduced species,
and are genetically diverse cultivars.
2. Modern cultivars: cultivars created with modern selection methods (standard genetic selection,
crossing in relatives, genetically modified organisms, cloning). There are modern cultivars that
were created by the selection from existing populations of Croatian landraces, but most of them
are imported cultivars, the fruit of alien genetic
heritages and expertise. They can be introduced or
native taxa and are genetically uniform (non-diverse) cultivars. For example, in Dalmatia we can
refer to the modern tomato hybrids Hector F1,
Belle F12, selected in Holland, while domestic varieties of potato Dalmatinka, Istra, Lika and Goran
are the results of domestic selection.
3. Native or landrace taxa: these are part of the general biodiversity that we use as standards in food or
for other purposes, and in future might be moved
into the first two categories. In Dalmatia there are

many such taxa: more than a hundred plant species
are used for food or other purposes (wild asparagus,
sage, sow thistle, strawberry tree, myrtle) and a large
number of animals (snails, frogs, fresh- and saltwater
fish, birds). These are genetically diverse organisms.
B. Agrobiodiversity in the wider

sense (Non-use organisms)
4. Wild relatives: these cover part of the biodiversity of the wild populations and populations escaped
from cultivation (gone wild) that are relatives to
cultivars. They will probably never be used as useorganisms, but do have a potential for use in the selection of cultivars. These are regularly native taxa,
and one ought to particularly mention several wild
representatives of the genus Brassica, Allium and a
number of wild barleys (Hordeum) and others, exceptionally well adapted to drought, the properties
of which could be used in future selection.
5. Wild (undomesticated) taxa of the agroecosystem: live organisms directly related to the agroecosystem, or taxa that necessarily belong to agroecosystems (micro and macrobiotes of the soil, pollinators and specialised pests, weeds, napasnici, parasites and pest predators). These taxa are not used,
but do have a direct effect on the success of agricultural production, negatively as well as positively. It
is possible for these taxa to be the object of selection and production as measure for improvement in
agricultural production, as for example the following are already selected and reproduced: cultures of
bacteria of nitrogen fixers, bumblebees and solitary
bees, various predators of plant pests.
6. Accompanying biodiversity: taxa that primarily

belong to accompanying ecosystems, above all to
the habitats of grasslands, forests and aquatic ecosystems, and are only optionally related to domesticated taxa and agroecosystems: larger predators,
coprophages and necrophages. In conditions of the
disappearance or degradation of accompanying
habitats and ecosystems, these taxa can become dependent only on agroecosystems, as is the wolf in
Dalmatia, the griffon vulture on Cres, a large number of coprophagic fungi, insects and so on.
Particularly important for landscapes and the biological diversity of Dalmatia are the karst grasslands, i.e.
the pastures and hay meadows. When the grasslands
are created and maintained, numerous fungi, plants
and animals also subsist, whole plant communities
even, particularly rich in species. Thus the community
of the karst grassland has a number of species several
times larger than a forest community in the same region, and accordingly a larger fauna community. Today the grasslands are disappearing as a result of natural succession, i.e. because they become overgrown, but
also because of the omnipresent development and urbanisation. Livestock grazing prevents the succession
and maintains the grassland habitat, and it is also useful to keep down maquis vegetation, encouraging the
establishment of forests. When livestock is absent, the
maquis expands, becoming impassable, which helps
forest fires to spread, and leading to the disappearance
of many plant species that cannot tolerate so much
shade. It is important to optimise pasturing, for moderate livestock raising maintains greater biodiversity as
against the climazonal vegetation, although excessive
grazing will devastate it, as can be seen in history in
many areas of Dalmatia and the Mediterranean.
63
6. Pratea bioraznolikost: svojte koje primarno pripadaju prateim ekosustavima, prije svega stanitu
travnjaka, uma i vodenih ekosustava te su samo
fakultativno vezane uz udomaene svojte i agroekosustave: vei predatori, koprofagi i nekrofagi. U
uvjetima nestanka ili degradacije prateih stanita i ekosustava, ove svojte mogu postati ovisne iskljuivo o agroekosustavima; takvi su vuk u Dalmaciji, bjeloglavi sup na Cresu, veliki broj koprofagnih gljiva, kukaca i slino.
ostaci plijena predatora kao i jedinke uginule uslijed

bolesti, pri okotu, zbog pada s litica, ugriza zmije i drugih uzroka, hrana su za leinarske vrste. Na ornitoloki
ponos, bjeloglavi sup ne moe opstati bez stada ovaca
pa su nestankom stada, nestali i supovi, a drugi leinari
Dalmacije poput crkavice, kostoberine i supa starjeine, jo davno prije. Strvinama se hrane kukci, kornjai iz obitelji strvinara (Silphidae), osobito rod grobara
(Necrophorus) te muhe zujare (Calliphoridae) i mesarue (Sarcophagidae), koje u njih polau jaja.
Posebno su za krajobraze i bioloku raznolikost Dalmacije vani krki travnjaci, odnosno panjaci i livade
koanice za sijeno. Stvaranjem i odranjem travnjaka
opstaju brojne gljive, biljke i ivotinje, ak cijele biljne
zajednice koje se istiu bogatstvom vrsta. Tako zajednica krkog travnjaka ima nekoliko puta vei broj vrsta
bilja, a time i pratee faune, od umske zajednice istog
podruja. Danas travnjaci nestaju uslijed prirodne sukcesije odnosno zarastanja, ali i sveprisutne izgradnje i
urbanizacije. Napasanje stoke sprjeava sukcesiju i odrava stanita travnjaka, ali je korisno i vegetaciji makije,
gdje potie podizanje ume. Nestankom stoke makija se iri i buja do neprohodnosti, to pogoduje irenju
poara i nestanku brojnih biljnih vrsta koje ne podnose zasjenjenost. Vano je optimizirati napasivanje, jer
umjereno stoarstvo odrava veu bioraznolikost u odnosu na klimazonalnu vegetaciju, no prekomjerna ispaa je devastira, to se kroz povijest ve dogaalo u mnogim podrujima Dalmacije i Mediterana.
Domae ivotinje domaini su brojnih parazita: metilja, trakavice, glista, buha, ui, krpelja, trkova, te napasnika: muha, komaraca, obada, pijavica. Biljni su kultivari domaini brojnih parazitskih i saprofitnih gljiva,
virusa, bakterija, paunjaka, kukaca, a njihovi plodovi
i drugi dijelovi biljaka osnova ili vaan dio prehrane
brojnih viih vrsta ivotinja, ponajprije ptica i sisavaca. Iako se, osobito poljoprivrednicima, ini da bi ovu
tetnu bioraznolikost vezanu uz domae ivotinje i
poljoprivredno bilje trebalo trajno istrijebiti i ove su
vrste dio bioraznolikosti Dalmacije te hrana drugim
parazitskim i predatorskim vrstama gljiva, virusa, praivotinja, kukaca, ptica i sisavaca, posebno imiima.
Stoka je dio prehrambenog lanca naih najveih predatora, u Dalmaciji najvie vuka. Janjad, kozlad, perad, kunii, golubovi, plijen su manjih predatora: aglja, divlje make, lisice, tvora, kune, lasice, orla i drugih. U tradicijskom sustavu dranja domaih ivotinja,
64
Za biljke je balega domaih ivotinja najbolje gnojivo, a neke ivotinje i gljive bez njega ne mogu opstati. Rod kornjaa zujaka (Geotrupes) kopa podzemne
hodnike koje puni balegom i u nju polae jaja. uveni sveti kotrljan (Scarabeus sacer), oboavan u drevnom Egiptu, iz izmeta formira kuglicu koju kotrlja
stranjim nogama do pripremljene rupe, zakapa i u
nju polae jaja. Konkurencija su im muhe balegarke
(Scatophagidae) koje u izmet polau jaja, u skladu s
poslovicom ko muhe na balegu. Na izmetu rastu
neke zanimljive vrste gljiva, primjerice rijetka vrsta
Poronia punctata i halucinogena gnojitarka Panaeolus sphinctrinus, a novijim su istraivanjem na podruju Biokova utvrene ak i neke za znanost nove vrste
koprofilnih gljiva.
Domae ivotinje prenose sjemenke, plodove ili druge dijelove biljke, te ih tako proiruju, to zovemo
zoohorija. Neke sjemenke se kukicama hvataju za krzno (epizoohorija), dok ih druge ivotinje pojedu s
plodovima te ih ire svojim izmetom (endozohorija). Migracija ovaca iz Dalmacije i Bosne u tajersku
pogodovala je ekspanziji divljih orhideja, primjerice
jadranske kozonoke (Himantoglossum adriaticum).
Nakon prestanka migracija populacije su kolabirale i
samo jo nekoliko biljaka u tajerskoj uz granicu s
Hrvatskom bori se za opstanak! Otkad se ovce ne odvoze na ispau na izolirani vulkanski otoi Brusnik, s
njega je nestalo 17 vrsta vaskularnog bilja!
Medna pela, po kojoj je Dalmacija bila uvena u razdoblju antike, osim to sakuplja nektar i proizvodi
med, ujedno oprauje biljke, a korist od opraivanja
viestruko je vea od vrijednosti svih pelinjih proizvoda: meda, voska, peludi, matine mlijei i drugog.
Stanita lokvi su posebno znaajna jer uz njih raste
movarno bilje, domain gusjenicama leptira i drugim
biljojednim kukcima, a lokve su dom za kopnene i vodene kornjae, zmije, vodenjake, abe, kornjae, vretenca, vodencvjetove, tulare, pueve i druge vrste koje
na tom podruju ne mogu opstati bez vode. Tako je
od 74 vrsta vretenaca (Odonata) utvrenih za Hrvatsku veliki broj vezan za krke lokve te druga antropogena poljoprivredna vodena stanita, kanale i manje
akumulacije vode za navodnjavanje.
Livestock is part of the good chain of the greatest

predators, primarily the wolf. Lambs, kids, poultry,
rabbits and pigeons are the prey of the smaller predators: of jackals, wild cats, foxes, stoats, martens, weasels, eagles and so on. In the traditional system in
which domestic animals are kept, the remains of the
prey of predators and individuals that have died from
sickness, during littering, falling from a cliff, snakebite and other causes are the food of scavengers. The
pride of Croatian ornithology, the griffon vulture,
cannot exist without flocks of sheep, and when the
sheep vanished, so did the griffon vultures, and did
other vultures of Croatia, such the Egyptian vulture,
the bearded vulture and the cinereous vulture long
before it. Also feeding on carrion are insects, beetles
from the carrion beetles, Silphidae, particularly from
the Necrophorus or burying beetle genus and blow flies
from the Calliphoridae as well as the flesh flies, Sarcophagidae, which lay their eggs in carrion.
Domestic animals are hosts to numerous parasites: to
liver flukes, tapeworms, worms, fleas, lice, ticks and
bots, as well as gadflies, mosquitoes, leeches. Plant cultivars are hosts to numerous parasitic and saprophytic fungi, viruses, bacteria, arachnids, and insects; and
their fruits and other parts of the plants are the basis
for or an important part of the food of many higher species of animal, primarily of birds and mammals.
Although it would seem, particularly for famers, that
this harmful biodiversity related to domestic animals
and agricultural plants should be eradicated forever,
these species too are parts of the biodiversity of Dalmatia, and are food for other parasitical or predatory
species of fungi, viruses, protozoans, insects, birds and
mammals, bats in particular.
For plants, the dung of domestic animals is the best

fertiliser; some animals and plants cannot survive without it. The genus of dor beetles (Geotrupes) dig underground corridors that they fill with dung in which they
lay their eggs. The famed scarab (Scarabeus sacer), worshipped in ancient Egypt, forms little balls from excrement that it rolls with its rear legs to a ready-prepared
hole, buries and in it lays its egg. It has competition
from the dung flies (Scatophagidae) that also lay eggs
in dung, in line with the proverb like flies onto dung.
Several interesting species of mushroom, for example,
the rare species Poronia punctata and the hallucinogen
petticoat mottlegill or Panaeolus sphinctrinus. New research in Biokovo has established some species of coprophile mushrooms previously unknown to science.
The habitats of pools are particularly important, for

alongside them grow marsh plants, hosts to the caterpillars of butterflies and other herbivorous insects;
the pools themselves are home to turtles and tortoises, snakes, newts, frogs, dragonflies, mayflies, caddis
flies, snails and other species that cannot survive in
the area without water. Of the 74 species of dragonfly
(Odonata) established in Croatia, a large number are
bound to the karstic pools and other anthropogenic
agricultural aquatic habitats, channels and small accumulations of water for irrigation.
Domestic animals carry seeds, fruits and other parts of

the plants, and thus disperse them, which is called zoochory. Some plants are caught onto the coats of animals with little hooks or barbs (epizoochory) and other animals eat them in the fruit and so transport them
via their excrement (endozoochory). The migration of
sheep from Dalmatia and Bosnia to Styria helped the
expansion of wild orchids, for example of the Himantoglossum adriaticum. After migrations stopped, the populations collapsed and there are only a few plants in Styria, bordering on Croatia, fighting for their existence.
Since sheep stopped being transported to the isolated
volcanic island of Brusnik, 17 species of vascular plant
vanished from it.
The honey bee, for which Dalmatia was famed in antiquity, apart from collecting nectar and producing
honey, also pollinates the plants, and this service is
much more valuable than all the various products of
bees, of honey, way, pollen, royal jelly and so on.
65
a.9
Povijesni pregled
istraivanja
agrobioraznolikosti
Dalmacije
Historical survey
of research into the
agrobiodiversity of
Dalmatia
Vinogradi na brdu Bucavac kod Primotena,

kandidat za listu UNESCO-a
Vineyards on Bucavac Hill by Primoten, a
candidate for the UNESCO WHL
Foto: Ivo Pervan
Istraivanja
agrobioraznolikosti
Dalmacije provode se u
okviru biologije, ekologije,
poljoprivrede, biotehnologije,
veterine, farmacije,
umarstva, ali i etnologije.
Research into the

agrobiodiversity of Dalmatia
is carried out within the
confines of biology, ecology,
farming, biotechnology,
veterinary science, pharmacy,
forestry and also ethnology.
68
osadanja istraivanja agrobioraznolikosti Dalmacije nikada nisu provoena integralno, ve se u okviru agrobioraznolikosti
u uem smislu najvie provode istraivanja tradicijskih sorti i pasmina te donekle samoniklog uporabnog
bilja, a u okviru agrobioraznolikosti u irem smislu
uglavnom istraivanja prateih tetnika i korova. Divlji srodnici i pratea bioraznolikost istraivani su vrlo
parcijalno, u sklopu pojedinih, veinom taksonomskih
istraivanja. Ipak, treba istaknuti dva djela koja obrauju uu agrobioraznolikost. Najprije Jugoslavenski
imenik bilja koji je napisao akademik Bogoslav ulek
na osnovi dugogodinjih istraivanja, a objavila ga je
Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti 1879. godine. Djelo je sinteza svekolikog tadanjeg nazivlja bilja
pa i kultiviranih vrsta, s navedenim brojnim sortama.
Drugo djelo, Poljoprivreda Dalmacije u prolosti, pisao
je krajem 30-ih i poetkom 40-ih godina 20. stoljea
poljoprivredni strunjak Stanko Oani, a objavljeno
je posthumno 1955. godine. U njemu autor daje podatke o sortimentu i pasminama Dalmacije, iako pomalo ture.
Istraivanja agrobioraznolikosti provode se prije svega u okviru prirodoslovnih i prirodoslovno-tehnikih
znanosti: biologije, ekologije, poljoprivrede, biotehnologije, veterine, farmacije, umarstva, ali i drutvenih
znanosti, uglavnom etnologije, pri emu posebno treba
istai jedinstvenu publikaciju Zbornik za narodni ivot
i obiaje Junih Slavena, kojeg od 1896. godine poinje
izdavati Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti. U
naputku Osnova za sabiranje i prouavanje grae o narodnom ivotu iz 1897. godine, glavnog urednika i etnologa Ante Radia, detaljno se navode svi elementi za
istraivanje etnobatine, pa tako i sorte i pasmine, ali i
samoniklo bilje u uporabi. Kao rezultat pojavila su se
brojna, danas neprocjenjiva djela, svojevrsne etnomonografije, od kojih se za podruje Dalmacije posebno
istiu Poljica narodni ivot i obiaji iz pera don Frane Ivanievia, objavljivanoj u nastavcima od 1903. do
1906. godine te ivot i obiaji u Runoviim, jednoj upi
Imocke krajine, zapoetoj 1924. godine, dovrenoj 1937.,
a objavljenoj prvi puta tek 1993. godine.
U novije doba sve se vie koriste tehnike molekularne
biologije te se provode genetika istraivanja pojedinih
sorti i populacija kulturnog bilja, pri emu je za podruje Dalmacije najvie istraivana vinova loza, donekle i
maslina, dok ostale kulture jo nisu obuhvaene.
Podaci o agrobioraznolikosti u irem smislu rasuti su
po brojnim specijalistikim botanikim, entomolokim i drugim zoolokim radovima ili izvjetajima o
pojavama pojedinih tetnika. Ipak, valja istaknuti djelo Primijenjena entomologija u tri knjige, koje je u razdoblju od 1950. do 1956. godine objavio sveuilini
profesor eljko Kovaevi. Posebno je znaajna druga
knjiga Poljoprivredni tetnici u kojem sustavno taksonomski ralanjuje tetnike poljoprivrednih kultura. U
djelu Kornjai jadranskog primorja kojeg je Akademija objavila 1952. godine, autor entomolog Petar Novak na temelju dugogodinjeg iskustva navodi vrste
kornjaa sakupljene na pojedinim biljnim vrstama ili
na njima uzgojene, ali sakupljene i na obraenim poljoprivrednim povrinama, u balezi domaih ivotinja
i slino. Treba istaknuti da ovo djelo obrauje samo
kornjae (Coleoptera), dok je obrada i sinteza ostalih
faunistikih skupina za podruje Dalmacije izostala,
kako za pojedine kulture ili taksonomske skupine, tako i za pojedina biogeografska podruja.
esearch into the agrobiodiversity of Dalmatia

to date has never been carried out integrally,
rather, in the frame of agrobiodiversity, in the
narrow sense, research into traditional breeds and varieties has principally been carried out, and to an extent
into wild use plants; while in the framework of agrobiodiversity in an extended sense, there has primarily been
research into the accompanying pests and weeds. The
wild relatives and the accompanying biodiversity have
been investigated only partially, as part of some mainly taxonomic researches. Still, it is worth particularly
mentioning two works that do concern themselves with
agrobiodiversity in the strict sense. First of all there is
the Jugoslavenski imenik bilja / Yugoslav Plant Directory
written by Academician Bogoslav ulek on the foundation of many years of research, published by the Yugoslavia Academy of Sciences and Arts in 1879. It is a
synthesis of the whole of the nomenclature of plants of
that time, including cultivated plants, with the numerous varieties also mentioned. The second work Agriculture of Dalmatia in the Past or Poljoprivreda Dalmacije u
prolosti was written at the end of the 1930s and early
1940s by agricultural expert Stanko Oani, and published posthumously in 1955. The author provides information about the varieties and breeds of Dalmatia,
somewhat terse though it may be.
Investigation of agrobiodiversity is conducted primarily within the context of natural history and natural
history technical sciences: biology, ecology, agriculture, biotechnology, veterinary science, pharmacy, forestry, as well as the social sciences, primarily ethnology. Needing to be stressed here is a unique publication
Collected papers for the Life of the People and Customs
of the South Slaves (Zbornik za narodni ivot i obiaje
Junih Slavena), which the Academy of Sciences and
Arts started publishing in 1896. The instruction Foundation for collecting and study material about the life of
the people (Osnova za sabiranje i prouavanje grae o
narodnom ivotu) of 1897, by the editor the ethnologist Ante Radi, gives a detailed list of all elements
for research into the ethnological heritage, including
breeds and varieties, as well as wild plants in use. As a
result numerous works appeared, today of incalculable
value, a kind of ethno-monograph. For Dalmatia, particularly important are Poljica life and customs of the
people (Poljica narodni ivot i obiaji) by the Rev. Frano Ivanievi, published in part numbers from 1903 to
1906 and Life and customs in Runovii, a parish in the
Imotski region (ivot i obiaji u Runoviim, jednoj upi
Imocke krajine), started in 1924, finished in 1937 and
first published only in 1993.
entomologist Petar Novak, on the basis of many years

of experience, gives an account of the species of beetles
collected on given plant species, either bred on them or
collected on tilled fields, as well as in the dung of domestic animals and the like. It should be said that only
coleopterans are dealt with in this work, while there was
no study and synthesis of other faunistic groups for the
area of Dalmatia, either for given crops or for taxonomic groups, or for individual biogeographical regions.
In more recent times, molecular biology techniques

are used more and genetic research is being carried
out into some of the varieties and populations of crop
plants. With respect to Dalmatia, most explored is
the grape vine, and to an extent the olive tree, while
other crops are not yet comprehended.
The varieties of olives in Dalmatia were dealt with in

most detail by Stjepan Buli in the work Material for
a study of Dalmatian elaiography (Graa za dalmatinsku
elajografiju) of 1921, in which he publishes data that he
collected between 1889 and 1910. He lists 101 varieties of olive, and over 200 synonyms. In the period from
1989 to 1910, the distinguished expert Pavel Bakari
published a series of papers and books about olive landraces of the islands of Lokrum, Mljet, Korula and the
Elaphites, as well as the areas of Peljeac, Konavle and
Dubrovako primorje. In the last few years, publications about olive landraces of individual areas of cultivation have appeared in greater numbers.
Information about agrobiodiversity in the broader sense

is scattered around numerous specialised botanical, entomological and other zoological papers and reports
about the appearances of some pests. Still, it is worth
pausing on the work Applied Entomology (Primijenjena entomologija) in three books, which was published
from 1950 to 1956 by Professor eljko Kovaevi. Particularly important is the second book, Agricultural pests
(Poljoprivredni tetnici) in which the pests of farm crops
are systematically taxonomically analysed. In the work
Beetles of the Adriatic Coast (Kornjai jadranskog primorja) published by the Academy in 1952, the author,
The range of grapevine varieties in Dalmatia has been

covered excellently in the excellent work Dalmatian
Ampelography (Dalmatinska ampelografija), which
was produced on the basis of many years of research
by Stjepan Buli. Although the book was completed in 1925, it was not published until 1949. It established in Dalmatia more than 300 varieties of grape
vine and over 1 000 synonyms. Viticulture specialist
Zdenko Turkovi in 1952 published his Ampelographic Atlas (Ampelografski atlas), with outstanding drawings by his wife, Greta Turkovi, and in 2003 this Atlas was substantially supplemented, particularly with
69
Sortiment masline Dalmacije najdetaljnije je obradio

Stjepan Buli u djelu Graa za dalmatinsku elajografiju iz 1921. godine, u kojem objavljuje podatke koje je
prikupio u razdoblju od 1889. do 1910. godine. Navodi
101 sortu maslina te preko 200 sinonima. U razdoblju
od 1989. do 2007. godine na istaknuti strunjak Pavle
Bakari objavio je seriju radova i knjiga o izvornim sortama masline otoka Lokruma, Mljeta, Korule i Elafita,
te podruja Peljeca, Konavala i Dubrovakog primorja.
Zadnjih godina pojavljuje se sve vie publikacija o izvornim sortama maslina pojedinih naih uzgojnih podruja.
Sortiment vinove loze na podruju je Dalmacije vrlo dobro obraen zahvaljujui vrhunskom djelu Dalmatinska ampelografija koje je na osnovi dugogodinjih istraivanja izradio Stjepan Buli. Iako je knjiga dovrena jo 1925. godine, publicirana je tek 1949.
U njoj je za podruje Dalmacije utvreno preko 300
sorti vinove loze s preko 1 000 sinonima. Vinogradarski strunjak Zdenko Turkovi objavio je 1952. godine Ampelografski atlas s izvanrednim crteima koje je
izradila njegova supruga Greta Turkovi, a 2003. godine ovaj Atlas je znaajno dopunio, posebno s dalmatinskim sortama, profesor vinogradarstva na Agronomskom fakultetu Nikola Miroevi.
Sortiment ostalih vonih vrsta Dalmacije objavljen je
u brojnim specijalistikim radovima. Ipak, treba istaknuti monografiju Smokva iz 1989. godine koju je napisao Pavle Bakari sa suradnicima, s detaljno navedenim sortimentom i sinonimijom. Svojevrsnu sintezu voarstva Dalmacije daje profesor voarstva na
Agronomskom fakultetu Ivo Miljkovi u djelu Suvremeno voarstvo iz 1991. godine, u kojemu navodi vei
broj izvornih sorti trenje, maraske, bajama, smokve,
nara, rogaa, agruma, ali i masline.
70
Ve spomenuti S. Oani objavljuje jo 1902. godine

u Zadru djelo Povrtljarstvo. Meutim, iako je djelo
vrlo obimno te osim povrtnica obuhvaa i neke aromatine i ljekovite biljke, pa ak daje i detaljan tadanji sortiment, dosta turo obrauje autohtone sorte povrtnica Dalmacije. Ipak, u djelu Najvanije vrsti
povra i njihovo gajenje na Primorju objavljenom 1938.
godine daje ve detaljniji prikaz. Strunjakinja iz Instituta za jadranske kulture u Splitu Marija Znidari
je poetkom 60-ih godina 20. stoljea iz populacije
autohtonih povrtnica selekcionirala endiviju dalmatinsku kopicu te ranu i srednje ranu trogirsku cvjetau, o kojima objavljuje interna institucijska izvjea.
Vrlo zanimljivo nazivlje sorti pojedinih ratarskih i krmnih kultura za podruje Dalmacije navode B. ulek u Jugoslavenskom imeniku bilja, te F. Ivanievi i S.
Kutlea u svojim monografijama. Uz njih, treba istaknuti pojedina monografska djela koja agronom Petar Biankini objavljuje u razdoblju od 1882. do 1889.
godine u Zadru i ibeniku o predivom bilju, duhanu
i buhau te njihovu sortimentu. Osnovni sortiment
ratarskih kultura daje S. Oani u djelu Poljoprivreda Dalmacije u prolosti. Ipak, najopsenija istraivanja izvornih ratarskih sorti i populacija provodi profesor Agronomskog fakulteta u Zagrebu Alojz Tavar,
koji polovicom 20. stoljea vri sustavna sakupljanja
sjemenskog materijala na podruju Dalmacije te postavlja proizvodne pokuse u Arboretumu Trsteno kod
Dubrovnika. Iako objavljuje brojne godinje izvjetaje, nedostaje zavrna sinteza ostvarenih rezultata.
Ukrasno bilje obrauje spomenuti P. Biankini u djelu O uzgoju i njegovanju cviea, uresnog grmlja i drvea
dovrenom poetkom 1886., objavljenom u ibeniku,
a tiskanom u Dubrovniku 1888. godine. Radi se o vrlo
opsenom djelu na preko 1 100 stranica, koje predstavlja

pravi biser u naoj poljoprivrednoj literaturi, u kojem se
dobrim dijelom obrauju i izvorne ukrasne kulture Dalmacije uz navedene tradicionalne metode uzgoja.
Podaci o pasminskoj strukturi Dalmacije publicirani
su po brojnim specijalistikim radovima, a posebno
se istie profesor Agronomskog fakulteta u Zagrebu Albert Ogrizek s vie radova i monografskih djela.
Brojne podatke daje S. Oani u djelu Poljoprivreda
Dalmacije u prolosti, te grupa autora u djelu Specijalno stoarstvo objavljenom 1958. godine. Novije sinteze daju najprije andor Horvath 1996. godine u djelu
Hrvatske batinjene pasmine te Staro blago-novi sjaj iz
2003., kao i grupa autora u Katalogu pasmina Republike Hrvatske, objavljenom 2002. godine te u Enciklopediji hrvatskih domaih ivotinja iz 2003. Najnovija sinteza stanja i ugroenosti izvornih pasmina Hrvatske objavljena je u Zelenoj knjizi izvornih pasmina
Hrvatske iz 2011. godine.
Dalmatian varieties, by viticulture professor at the

Agriculture Faculty Nikola Miroevi.
Studies of the assortment of other fruit species in Dalmatia have been published in numerous specialised
works. Nevertheless, worth pausing on is the monograph The Fig (Smokva) of 1989, written by Pavle
Bakari et al., with varieties and synonyms listed in
detail. A synthesis of fruit growing in Dalmatia was
provided by Agriculture Faculty fruit growing professor Ivo Miljkovi in his Contemporary Fruit Growing
(Suvremeno voarstvo) of 1991, in which he mentions
a large number of landraces of cherries, marasca black
cherries, almonds, figs, pomegranates, carobs, citrus
fruits and olives.
In 1902, Oani, as mentioned earlier, also published in
Zadar his Povrtljarstvo (Vegetable Growing). However,
although this work is extremely capacious, and covers
not only vegetables but some aromatic and medicinal
herbs, giving a detailed account of the assortment of
the time, it deals fairly briefly with the landrace vegetables of Dalmatia. Yet in the work Most important species
of vegetables and their cultivation in the maritime region
(Najvanije vrsti povra i njihovo gajenje na Primorju)
published in 1938 in Split he provides a more detailed
survey. In the early 1960s, an expert from the Institute
of Adriatic Crops in Split, Marija Znidari , from the
population of landrace vegetables selected the endive,
Dalmatinska Kopica and early and medium early Trogir
cauliflower, concerning which she published an internal report for the institution.
A very interesting nomenclature of some arable and
fodder crops in the area of Dalmatia was quoted in
Suleks Jugoslavenski imenik bilja and by F. Ivanievi
and S. Kutlea in their monographs. Also needing acknowledgement are some monographic works that
were published by agronomist Petar Biankini in the
period from 1882 to 1889 in Zadar and ibenik on
fibre plants, tobacco and pyrethrum and the assortment. The basic assortment of arable crops was listed
by Oani in his work Agriculture of Dalmatia in the
Past (Poljoprivreda Dalmacije u prolosti). However, the
most extensive research into landrace arable varieties
and populations was carried out by Alojz Tavar, professor of the Agriculture Faculty in Zagreb, who in the
middle of the 20th century carried out systematic collecting of seeds in Dalmatia and set up production experiments in the Trsteno Arboretum by Dubrovnik.
Although he published numerous annual reports, any
concluding synthesis of the results is wanting.
Croatian inherited breeds (Hrvatske batinjene pasmine) and in Old Livestock A New Lustre (Staro blago-novi sjaj) of 2003 and then in a work of several hands Catalogue of Breeds of the Republic of Croatia
(Katalog pasmina Republike Hrvatske), published in
2002 and in Encyclopaedia of Croatian Domestic Animals (Enciklopedija hrvatskih domaih ivotinja) of
2003. The most recent synthesis of the state of and
threat to landrace breeds in Croatia was published in
Green book of original breeds of Croatia (Zelena knjiga
izvornih pasmina Hrvatske), 2011.
In the work The cultivation and care of flowers, ornamental shrubs and trees (O uzgoju i njegovanju cviea, uresnog
grmlja i drvea) at the beginning of 1886 and published
in ibenik although printed in Dubrovnik in 1888 Biankini discussed ornamental plants. This is an extremely copious work containing over 1100 pages, a real jewel
in our agricultural literature, in which to a large extent
he deals with landrace ornamental plants in Dalmatia
with the traditional methods of cultivation.
Details of the structure of breeds in Dalmatia were
published in numerous specialist works. Particularly to the fore is professor of the Agriculture Faculty in Zagreb Albert Ogrizek who had numerous papers and monographs. Oani provided many data in
his Agriculture of Dalmatia in the Past as did a group
of authors in Special Livestock Husbandry (Specijalno
stoarstvo) published in 1958. More recent syntheses
were given first of all by andor Horvath in 1996 in
71
a.10
Sorte i pasmine
Dalmacije, osnova
tradicijskih
proizvoda
Varieties and breeds
of Dalmatia, the
foundation of
traditional products
Hvarska ipka izraena od niti agave, hrvatska

kulturna batina
Hvar lace made of agave fibres, part of the
cultural heritage of Croatia
Foto: Ana Peraica
Velika prilika Dalmacije

je u stvaranju vlastite
ekonomske nie
kroz ekoloki uzgoj i
proizvodnju izvornih i
tradicijskih proizvoda
premijske kvalitete.
okalni tradicijski kultivari te stanita tradicionalnih maslinika, vinograda, vrtova, vonjaka i oranica sve su ugroeniji i nestaju. Naime suvremena industrijska poljoprivreda trai namjenske hibridne kultivare i velike proizvodne cjeline
kod kojih nema mjesta za zajednice koje se razvijaju
uz manje, mozaiki rasporeene povrine, za travnjake, umarke, mee, poljske putove, panjake i lokve.
Intenzivna primjena pesticida (u stvari biocida) kakvu
zahtijevaju suvremene sorte i hibridi, bitno smanjuje
korovnu i ruderalnu floru, ali istodobno unitava i gotovo svu prateu faunu.
Dok neke kulture u Dalmaciji, kao to su maslina, vinova loza, mandarina i jagoda, doivljavaju pravu renesansu ili se znatno poveavaju povrine pod njihovom proizvodnjom, druge doivljavaju kataklizmu.
Povrine s tradicijskim krmnim kulturama kao to su
kukuruz, jeam, zob, lucerka, djeteline, sirak, sikirica,
lupina, stona mrkva, kelj, repa i rotkva, uslijed smanjenja stonog fonda, gotovo su nestale, a jo je gore
s industrijskim kulturama kao to su duhan, lan i konoplja te buha i brnistra u uzgoju.
A great opportunity
for Dalmatia lies in the
creation an economic
niche of its own through
ecological cultivation and
the production of premium
quality landrace and
traditional products.
74
Velik broj tradicijskih sorti i pasmina Dalmacije nalazi se u neravnopravnoj, ali i strateki neodgovornoj
trnoj utakmici s industrijskim kultivarima. Nisu samo
nestale s proizvodnih povrina, ve su dijelom izbrisane i iz Sortne liste, a uskoro e biti i iz naeg kolektivnog pamenja. Danas potpuno nepoznato zvue sorte
krumpira bila, ruevac, kuljevac; kukuruz brnda, inkvatin, morac; jemovi spasitelj i goli ili raznoliki drevni pirevi, prethodnici plemenitih penica te konano i
same penice. Meutim bez hitne akcije uskoro e nepoznate postati i neke nae izvorne sorte maslina, smokava, rogaa, bajama, vinje maraske, limuna, narani i
ipka, a koje su jo donedavno bile dio Sortne liste (krvavica, patrica, bruetka, lopudka, knez rnomir, arski
kasni bajam, poljika maraska, komiki, korulanski i
ipanski roga, erbeta i dubrovaki rani ipak).
Poljoprivredne proizvode Dalmacije moemo podijeliti na prehrambene proizvode, preciznije hranu i pia
te neprehrambene proizvode. U okviru hrane iroka je
i raznovrsna paleta proizvoda: brano i pekarski proizvodi, jestiva ulja, kvasina (ocat), masline i preraevine od maslina, preraevine voa suho i ueereno
voe, kompoti, pekmezi, demovi, marmelade, preraevine povra suho povre, koncentrati, ukiseljeno
povre, povre u ulju, zatim meso i mesne preraevine, mlijeko i mlijeni fermenti, sir te med i proizvodi
na bazi meda te ostali pelinji proizvodi.
Pia Dalmacije su sokovi, vina i desertna vina, destilati odnosno razne rakije i likeri te fermentati. Maraskin vinjik gusti je domai sok od maraske. Uz njega
se tradicionalno proizvodi sok od ipka te sok od aromatinog bilja. uvena su dalmatinska bijela i crna sortna vina, ali i desertno vino proek. Brojni su destilati, a
maraskino, dalmatinska lozovaa, travarica, orahovica,
rogaua, mirtovaa, smrikovaa te likeri od gorke narane, nepole, iule, ak i plodova koele (Celtis australis), tek su djeli bogate ponude.
Tko jo nije uo za dalmatinski prut, katradinu, paki i dubrovaki sir, dalmatinske suhe smokve, vike
rogae? Manje su poznati, ak i pomalo zaboravljeni: upski bakot, poljiki soparnik, dem od svjeih
smokava, viki hib ili hjib, arancini, kotonjata, rakija
od cvijeta kadulje, crna rakija od plodova mirte, liker
od gorke narane, ljutika, kapulica ili matar u kvasini,
sir iz miine i brojni drugi proizvodi.
raditional local cultivars and the habitats of

the traditional olive groves, vineyards, gardens, orchards and ploughland are increasingly under threat and tending to disappear. Contemporary industrial agriculture seeks special purpose hybrid
cultivars and large production units, in which there
is no room for communities that develop alongside
smaller surfaces deployed in a mosaic pattern, no room
for grasslands, copses, boundaries, field paths, pastureland and pools. The intensive application of pesticides
(biocides, in actually fact) of the kind that are required
b contemporary varieties and hybrids essentially reduces weed and ruderal flora, and at the same time destroys almost the whole of the accompanying fauna.
While some crops in Dalmatia, such as the olive tree,
vine, mandarins and strawberries are undergoing a renaissance and the area devoted to the cultivation of
them is being much enlarged, others are disaster areas.
Land with the traditional fodder crops, such as maize,
barley, oats, lucerne, clover, sorghum, goat pea, lupins,
fodder carrot, kale, turnip and radish, as a result of a reduction in the herds, have practically disappeared, and
the situation is even worse with industrial crops such as
tobacco, flax, hemp, pyrethrum, and gorse.
A large number of traditional varieties and breeds in
Dalmatia find themselves in an unequal and strategically irresponsible race with industrial cultivars. Not
only have they actually disappeared from the productive land, but they have been partially expunged from
the Variety List, and will soon be gone from our collection memory. Today the potato varieties Bila, Ruevac,
kuljevac sound completely unknown; as do the maize
varieties Brnda, inkvatin, Morac and the barley Spasitelj and Goli or various ancient spelts, precursors of
the finer wheats and, ultimately, varieties of wheat itself. Without urgent action some of our landraces of
olives, figs, carob, almonds, marasca cherries, lemons,
oranges and pomegranates will also become unknown,
varieties that were still a short time ago part of the Variety List (Krvavica, Patrica, Bruetka, Lopudka, Knez rnomir, ar Late Almond, Poljica Marasca, Komia,
Korula and ipan Carob, erbeta Pomegranate and Dubrovnik Early Pomegranate)
Who has not heard of Dalmatian prut (raw ham),

cured mutton, cheese from Pag and Dubrovnik, Dalmatian dried figs, Vis carob? Perhaps a little less
known, even forgotten are local specialities like upa
cookies, Poljica chard pie, fresh fig jam, Vis fig flatcake, candied orange peels, quince paste, sage flower
brandy, black brandy from myrtle fruits, Seville orange
liqueur, shallots, onions or rock samphire in vinegar,
cheese out of a lambskin and many other products.
The agricultural products of Dalmatia can be divided into food products, i.e. food and drink, and nonfood products. There is a broad and diverse range of
products under the heading of food: flour and bakery
products, edible oils, vinegar, olives and olive products, fruit processed in various ways dried and candied, bottled, jam and jelly, then vegetable products
dried vegetables, concentrates, pickles, vegetables
in oil, meat and meat products, milk and fermented
milk products, cheese, and honey and products deriving from honey and other apiary products.
Particularly worth highlighting is the rich and diverse

traditional cooking and the traditional foods of Dalmatia, into which go not only the landrace varieties and
breeds, but also examples of wild flora and fauna, particularly wild herbs. Non-food products include various
groups, from pharmaceuticals, natural pigments, aromas,
tobacco products, dyes and other things, to use objects
such as clothing and footwear, lace, bags, baskets, lobster
pots, leather products lambskin bags, belts, honey and
wax products, brushes and brooms and many other use
objects: jewellery, instruments, kitchen and household
equipment and many other things.
The beverages of Dalmatia are juices, wines and dessert wines, distillates or various brandies and liqueurs
and fermentations. Marasca cherry is a thick homestyle juice of marasca cherries. Alongside, traditionally produced juices are from pomegranate and aromatic plants. There are famed Dalmatia red and white
wines, as well as the dessert wine, Proek. There are also many distilled spirits, called Maraskino, Dalmatinska
Lozovaa, Travarica, Orahovica, Rogaua, Mirtovaa,
Smrikovaa (respectively, cherry brandy, grappa, herb
grappa, walnut liqueur, carob and myrtle and juniper liqueurs); then come liqueurs from bitter oranges, medlars, jujuba, even the fruits of the nettle tree (Celtis australis); these are just part of the extensive range.
Just how old the tradition of production of individual

Dalmatian products might be is hard to judge. Strabo
praised the wine of Vis in the 1st century BC; honey from olta, alongside that from Mt Hymettus by
Athens, was said in the 1st century by Pliny the Elder to be the best in the world. On the markets of the
Roman Empire, they sold Dalmatian cheese. Maraschino sent the name of Zadar around the world, and
it was sought by crowned heads.
This interesting and absolutely laudable tradition certainly needs scientific and expert study. It is also essential to find and renew the ancient recipes for food
75
Posebno treba istaknuti bogatu i raznovrsnu dalmatinsku tradicionalnu gastronomiju i tradicionalna jela
u iju pripremu su osim izvornih sorti i pasmina esto
ukljueni i pripadnici divlje flore i faune, a posebno
brojno samoniklo jestivo bilje.
Neprehrambeni proizvodi obuhvaaju raznovrsne
skupine, od farmaceutskih proizvoda, prirodnih boja, aromata, duhanskih proizvoda, bojadisera i drugog,
sve do uporabnih predmeta kao to su odjea, obua,
ipke, torbe, koare, vre, koni predmeti miine, remenje, mediarsko-svjearski proizvodi, metle i etke
te brojni ostali uporabni predmeti: nakit, instrumenti,
kuhinjski i kuni pribor te brojni drugi.
Koliko je drevna tradicija proizvodnje pojedinih dalmatinskih proizvoda, teko je i povjerovati. Vika vina
hvalio je Strabon jo u 1. stoljeu prije Krista, a oltanski med je uz himetski kod Atene Plinije stariji u
1. stoljeu isticao kao najbolji na svijetu. Na trnicama
Rimskog Carstva prodavao se dalmatinski sir. Po maraskinu se u svijetu ulo za Zadar i Dalmaciju, a traile su ga i pile okrunjene glave.
Ovu zanimljivu i hvalevrijednu povijesnu tradiciju treba jo svakako znanstveno i struno obraditi. Takoer,
neophodno je pronai i obnoviti prastare recepture jela, pia i izvornih proizvoda te ih ponovo uz primjerenu
promociju i priznanje uvrstiti u dananju gastronomsku
ponudu Dalmacije, vratiti ih u etno- i ekosela, u konobe
i kuine, ali zato ne u odreenoj mjeri i u nae hotele.
Proizvodi od tradicijskih izvornih sorti i pasmina:
preraevine proizvedene od ratarskih i industrijskih
kultura, povra i voa te izvornih pasmina predstavljaju premijske proizvode koji se na trite plasiraju
76
po posebnim cijenama, ali i s garancijom geografskog porijekla i izvornosti te osobite kvalitete. S tom
je namjerom potrebno izvriti katalogizaciju tradicijskih poljoprivrednih proizvoda uz prijedloge za daljnja istraivanja, menadmentsko planiranje, poticanje
proizvodnje, promociju, zatitu izvornosti i drugo.
U Dalmaciji poljoprivredna proizvodnja na kru, s tek
neto vie od deset posto udjela poljoprivrednog zemljita, na kamenitim, skeletoidnim tlima u uvjetima bezvodice i sua, na udaru jakih vjetrova, ljetnih sparina i zimskih hladnoa i nije mogua bez otpornih i prilagoenih
kultivara koje smo stvorili tijekom proteklih tisuljea.
Potrebno je izraditi plan upravljanja (menadment-plan)
i ouvanja izvornih pasmina i sorti zasvaki pojedini kultivar, a za one komercijalno zanimljive proizvesti sjeme,
sadnice i mlade ivotinje.
Dalmacija nema potencijal, ali ni potrebu sudjelovati
u globalnoj, svjetskoj trinoj utakmici poljoprivrednih proizvoda i industrijski proizvedene hrane. Njena
je velika prilika u stvaranju vlastite ekonomske nie
kroz ekoloki uzgoj i proizvodnju izvornih i tradicijskih, prepoznatljivih poljoprivrednih proizvoda, koje gotovo da i ne mora izvoziti, ve ih moe plasirati
kroz domau potronju i turizam.
Ekoloki uzgoj tradicijskih sorti i pasmina te proizvodnja tradicijske i ekoloke hrane na obiteljskim
poljoprivrednim gospodarstvima u Dalmaciji, odrat
e ruralni prostor Dalmacije, ali i upotpuniti i obogatiti sve vidove ruralnog turizma. Upravo ta vrsta turizma dobiva danas sve vie na snazi i vanosti. Gosti
i posjetitelji trae istinske lokalne vrijednosti i obiaje, originalnu tradicijsku gastronomsku ponudu bez
primjesa i dodataka globalistikog i monokulturnog
zapada. Trai se i bio- i agroraznolikost, ouvana i

autentina povijesna i kulturna batina. Dosljednost
vlastitoj tradiciji i onome to nam je priroda sama podarila te kult vlastitih uvenih i uvanih proizvoda
nastalih uz ovjekovu plemenitu intervenciju moe i
treba postati nezaobilazan segment svakodnevnog ivota, ali i cjelokupne turistike ponude.
Povratak gotovo zaboravljenih okusa i mirisa u tradicionalnu dalmatinsku gastronomiju kao djela mediteranske nemogu je bez poljoprivrednika i zelenih poduzetnika koji su u agrobioraznolikosti prepoznali svoju
priliku za iskorak u novu poslovnu dimenziju i razvoj.
Sorta ili pasmina koja je sada zanemarena i ini nam
se nevana moe ve sutra postati itekako dragocjena i
potpuno nezamjenjiva. No to je mogue samo uz uvjet
da, bez iznimke, ouvamo od nepovratnog gubitka sve
one izvorne i tradicijske sorte i pasmine koje su nam jo
preostale. Ova genetska raznolikost ima neprocjenjivu
vrijednost i ulogu u sve osjetljivijem opstanku cjelokupne svjetske, a posebno ruralne populacije, kao i brojnih ekosustava. U svjetlu trenutanih velikih globalnih
ekolokih, klimatskih, socijalno-ekonomskih i kulturno-duhovnih promjena, agrobioraznolikost je jedna od
malobrojnih preostalih slamki koja omoguuje spas i
sigurnost ovjeanstvu u opskrbi hranom.
and drinks and original products, and include them,

with appropriate marketing, into the fare of Dalmatian tables, put them back into the ethno and eco villages, into the cellars and kitchens, but also, why not,
to a certain extent, to the hotels.
Products from landrace varieties and breeds; processed
from arable and industrial crops, fruit and vegetables
and landrace breeds are premium products that are
marketed with special prices, and a guarantee of geographical origin, authenticity and particular quality. It
is accordingly necessary to catalogue additional agricultural products, with proposals for further research,
management planning, production incentives, promotion, protection of authenticity and so on.
In Dalmatia agricultural production on the karst, with
just more than ten percent of cultivable land, on stony
and skeletal soils, in conditions of drought and aridity,
exposed to strong winds, sweltering summers and winter colds is not possible without the resistant and adapted cultivars that we have created during the past millennia. It is needful to draw up a management plan and
a plan to keep up the landraces, both animal and plant,
and for those that are commercially interesting, to produce both seeds and seedlings as well as young animal.
Dalmatia has no chance of taking part in the global
market competition of agricultural products and industrially produced food, and no need. Its great opportunity is in creating its own economic niche through
ecological cultivation and the production of authentic, traditional, distinctive agricultural products, which
hardly even need exporting and can be sold through
domestic consumption and the tourist industry.
Ecological cultivation of traditional varieties and

breeds, and production of traditional and ecological food on family farms in Dalmatia will keep up
the rural space of Dalmatia, and will also supplement
and enrich all forms of rural tourism. This kind of
tourism is today gaining in importance and strength.
Visitors and customers seek genuine local values and
customs, original fare on the tables, without admixtures and additions of the west with its globalisation
and monocultures. Bio- and agrodiversity is sought,
an authentic and well preserved historical and cultural heritage. Being true to our own tradition and to
what nature has itself bestowed upon us, and the cult
of ones own celebrated and well-guarded products,
created with the noble intervention of man, can and
should become a not-to-be-missed part of everyday
life and the whole of the tourist product.
In the light of the current great global ecological, climatic, socio-economic as well as cultural and spiritual
changes, agrobiodiversity is one of the very remaining
straws that enable the salvation of mankind and its
security in the supply of food.
The return of almost forgotten scents and savours to

the traditional Dalmatian gastronomy, which is part
of that of the Mediterranean as a whole, is impossible without farmers and green entrepreneurs who have
identified agrobiodiversity as their door into a new
business dimension, new development.
A variety or breed previously neglected and seemingly unimportant can tomorrow become very valuable
and completely irreplaceable. But this is possible only if we preserve from irretrievable loss all those landrace varieties and breeds that remain to us, without
exception. This genetic diversity has incalculable value and a vital role in the increasingly vulnerable survival of the whole of the world population, particularly the rural population, as well as of many ecosystems.
77
a.11
Osobna
prirodoslovna
karta Dalmacije i
Hrvatske
A physicogeographical
ID of Dalmatia and
Croatia
Delta Neretve, oaza bioraznolikosti i krajobrazne

ljepote. Posljednjih desetljea osobito ugroena
intenzivnom poljoprivredom.
The Neretva Delta, oasis of biodiversity and
landscape beauty. In the last few decades it has been
particularly under threat from intensive agriculture.
Foto: Ivo Pervan
Dalmacija
Broj upanija
Povrina kopna
12 673 km
Povrina ukupno
35 780 km
Povrina obalnog mora
23 107 km2
Broj stanovnika (gustoa)
861 482 (68/km2)
Najvei grad (broj stanovnika)
Split (188 694)
Broj otoka, otoia, hridi i grebena (km2)
926 (1 770 km2)B
Obalna linija (km)
Najvei otok (km2)
21
56 594 km2
31 067 km2
87 661 km2
4 437 460 (78,4/km2)
Zagreb (779 145)
4 324 km
5 835 km (6 116 km)A
Bra (394,6 km2)
Krk, CresC (405,8 km)
1 246 (3 259 km2)
Najvii vrh (m)
Dinara (1 831 m)
Dinara (1 831 m)
Najdulja rijeka cijelim tokom u Hrvatskoj

(duljina)
Cetina (101 km)
Kupa (296 km)
Najvee jezero (km2)
Vransko jezero (30,7 km2)
Najdulja pilja (duljina)
Kotlua pilja (4 507 m)
Najvee krko polje (km2)
Imotsko polje (95 km2)D
Najdulja rijeka (ukupna duljina /duljina u

Hrvatskoj)
Najdublja jama (dubina)
Broj stanita
Zatiene povrine (udjel ukupne povrine)

Broj zatienih podruja
Neretva (225 km/22 km)
Jama Mokre noge (-831 m)
Broj krajobraza
Dunav (2 857 km/188 km)
Sustav Lukina jama

Trojama (-1 431 m)
Jamski sustav Kita Gaeina

Draenova puhaljka (27 802 m)
Liko polje (465 km2)E
16
2 060,4 km (5,76%)
6 967,8 km (7,95%)
oko 500
131
Broj nacionalnih parkova
Broj regionalnih parkova
Broj parkova prirode
Prema Kovai i sur., 2008.

Procijenjena povrina.
C
Otoci Krk i Cres imaju istu povrinu.
D
U Hrvatskoj se nalazi 45 km2.
E
Skupina od pet polja (Lipovo, Kosinjsko, Pazarino, Brezovo i Gospiko).
F
Ukljuujui preventivno zatiena podruja.
A
B
80
Hrvatska
> 600
461
8
11
2
Number of counties
Dalmatia
Land area
12 673 km
Total area
35 780 km
Coastal sea area

Population size (density)
Biggest city (population)
23 107 km2
861 482 (68/km2)
Split (188 694)
Croatia
21
56 594 km2
31 067 km2
87 661 km2
4 437 460 (78,4/km2)
Zagreb (779 145)
Coastline (km)
4 324 km
5 835 km (6 116 km)A
Biggest island (km2)
Bra (394,6 km2)
Krk, CresC (405,8 km)
Number of islands, islets, rocks

and reefs (km2)
926 (1 770 km2) B
1 246 (3 259 km2)
Highest peak (m)
Dinara (1 831 m)
Dinara (1 831 m)
Longest river with the whole of its course

in Croatia
Cetina (101 km)
Kupa (296 km)
Biggest lake (km2)
Longest cave (length)
Kotlua pilja (4 507 m)
Biggest karst polje (km2)
Imotsko polje (95 km2)D
Longest river (total length/ length in

Croatia)
Deepest pothole (depth)
Number of landscapes
Neretva (225 km/22 km)
Jama Mokre noge (-831 m)
6 967,8 km (7,95%)
131
Number of regional parks
Liko polje (465 km2)E
2 060,4 km (5,76%)
Number of protected areas F

Number of nature parks
Cavern system Kita Gaeina

Draenova puhaljka (27 802 m)
16
oko 500
Number of national parks
System Lukina jama

Trojama (-1 431 m)
Number of habitats
Protected areas (ratio to total area)
Dunav (2 857 km/188 km)
> 600
461
8
11
2
After Kovai et al., 2008.

Estimate.
C
The islands Krk and Cres are the same in area.
D
45 km2 in Croatia
E
A group of five poljes (Lipovo, Kosinjsko, Pazarino, Brezovo and Gospiko).
F
Including preventatively protected areas.
A
B
81
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A.11. Osobna prirodoslovna karta Dalmacije i Hrvatske/ A

A.3. Klima i vegetacija Dalmacije/Climate and vegetation in

A.4. Stanina i bioloka raznolikost Dalmacije/ Habitat and

Crnica ....................................................................................................................................................... 102

A.5. Razvoj poljoprivrede u Dalmaciji/ Development of

Buharica ................................................................................................................................................ 100

A.7. Zakonski okvir za sorte i pasmine Dalmacije/ Legislative

Lumbardeka ................................................................................................................................... 114

A.8. Ukupna agrobioraznolikost Dalmacije i vanost njenog

Duica ...................................................................................................................................................... 120

A.9. Povijesni pregled istraivanja agrobioraznolikosti

A.10. Sorte i pasmine Dalmacije, osnova tradicijskih proizvoda/

Oblica ....................................................................................................................................................... 116

Patrica .................................................................................................................................................... 125

Maratina .............................................................................................................................................. 180

Piculja ....................................................................................................................................................... 126

Mladenka ............................................................................................................................................. 182

Sitnica ....................................................................................................................................................... 127

Mukat rua ...................................................................................................................................... 184

Uljarica .................................................................................................................................................... 128

Ninua .................................................................................................................................................. 186

Velika lastovka ................................................................................................................................. 129

Palagruanka bijela ..................................................................................................................

Brindianka ........................................................................................................................................ 130

Petovka ................................................................................................................................................... 190

Divljaka ................................................................................................................................................... 130

Plavac mali ......................................................................................................................................... 192

Literatura ............................................................................................................................................. 131

Poip bijeli .......................................................................................................................................... 196

Babica ........................................................................................................................................................ 142

Vugava bijela .................................................................................................................................... 202

Babi ........................................................................................................................................................... 144

Zlatarica blatska ........................................................................................................................... 204

Bogdanua ............................................................................................................................................ 146

Zlatarica vrgorska ....................................................................................................................... 206

Bratkovina bijela ........................................................................................................................... 148

ilavka ..................................................................................................................................................... 208

Cetinka ..................................................................................................................................................... 150

Literatura ............................................................................................................................................ 210

Cipar ........................................................................................................................................................... 152

Vone kulture (F. Striki, dijelom R.Ozimec) ........................................................ 212

Crljenak viki .................................................................................................................................... 156

iula (F. Striki & R. Ozimec) ...................................................................................... 220

Debit ........................................................................................................................................................... 158

Domaa iula............................................................................................................................ 222

Dobrii .................................................................................................................................................. 160

Drnekua ............................................................................................................................................... 162

Komiki ............................................................................................................................................ 226

Gegi ........................................................................................................................................................... 164

ipanski ........................................................................................................................................... 227

Glavinua ............................................................................................................................................... 166

Puljiki .............................................................................................................................................. 228

Grk ................................................................................................................................................................ 168

Bogli .................................................................................................................................................. 229

Krstievica ............................................................................................................................................ 170

Medunac ......................................................................................................................................... 229

Kujundua ......................................................................................................................................... 172

ipak ........................................................................................................................................................... 230