Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Project Money Market
Project Money Market
JAPANESE MANAGEMENT
SUBMITTED BY:
SNEHA DUBEY
T.Y.BMS
2010- 2011
PROJECT GUIDE
UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
wCERTIFICATE
Dr. B.P
hereby certify that SNEHA DUBEY of T.Y.BMS,
PRAHHLADRAI DALMIA LIONS college of commerce and economics has
completed the project titled JAPANESE MANAGEMENT in the Academic
year 2010-201. The information submitted is true and original to the best of my
knowledge.
DECLARATION
SNEHA DUBEY OF TYBMS, PRAHHLADRAI DALMIA LIONS college of
commerce, hereby declare that I have completed the project titled JAPANESE
MANAGEMENT in the Academic year 2010-201. The information submitted
is true and original to the best of my knowledge.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Under whose
INDEX
No.
Contents
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
Market
Capital Market V/s. Money Market
08
09
Page
number
1
2
3-7
8-34
35-40
41-48
49-51
52-54
56
DEFINITION
1. According to the McGraw Hill Dictionary of Modern Economics,
Money market is the term designed to include the financial
institutions which handle the purchase, sale, and transfers of shortterm credit instruments. The money market includes the entire
machinery for the canalizing of borrowing, and government shortterm obligations; it differs from the long-term or capital market which
devotes its attention to dealings in bonds, corporate stocks and
mortgage credit.
2. According to Geoffrey, money market is the collective name given
to the various firms and institutions that deal in the various grades of
the near-money.
3. According to the Reserve Bank of India, a money market is the
centre for dealings, mainly of short-term character in money assets; it
meets the short-term requirements of borrowers and provides
liquidity or cash to the lenders. It is the place where short-term
surplus investible funds at the disposal of financial and other
institutions and individuals are bid by borrowers agents comprising
institutions and individuals and also the government itself.
Refwww.investorglossary.com/money-market.htm
Till 1935, when the RBI was set up, the Indian money market
remained highly disintegrated, unorganized, narrow, shallow and
therefore, very backward. The planned economic development
that commenced in the year 1951 marked an important beginning
in the annals of the Indian money market. The nationalization of
banks in Group (1986), the setting up of Discount and Finance
House of India Ltd (1988), the Vaghul working of India (1994) and
the commencement of liberalization and globalization process in
1991 gave a further fillip for the integrated and efficient
development of Indian money market.
Refglossary.reuters.com/index.php?title=Money_Market...history
OBJECTIVES
A well-developed money market serves the following objectives:
1. Providing an equilibrium mechanism for ironing out short-term
surplus and deficits.
2. Providing a focal point for central bank intervention for influencing
liquidity in the economy.
3. Providing access to users of short-term money to meet their
requirements
at
reasonable
Ref.www.scribd.com/doc/17856735/Indian-Money-Market
price.
IMPORTANCE
The functioning of an efficient money market in a country is helpful to its
various segments as detailed below:
Ref..ezinearticles.com/?The-India-Money-Market
SOURCE OF CAPITAL
IDEAL INVESTMENT
An efficient money market being sensitive in nature allows for the effective
implementation of monetary policy of the central bank and thus paves way
for the efficient monetary management of the country. In fact, the money
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
funds quickly and cheaply. It is possible for the commercial banks to utilize
their funds profitably and with liquidity.
www.jiskha.com/.../stockmarket/indian_financial_market.html
FACILITATING TRADE
GENERAL FUNCTIONS
The money market provides an ideal source for investment of the funds for a
short period of time for commercial banks, non banking financial concerns,
business corporations and other investors. It enables businessmen, with
temporary surplus funds, to invest them for a short period.
FINANCING FUNCTION
industrialists,
traders,
etc
to
meet
their
day-to-day
Money market provides an ideal play ground for the central monetary
authority of the country to carry out various regulatory operations relating to
the banking and financial system of the country. The sensitive nature of the
money market helps the central bank to make it an ideal arena for the
execution of various credit control measures.
Ref..moneymarkettalk.wordpress.com/2008/.../nature-and-functions
INSTRUMENTS
Traditionally when a borrower takes a loan from a lender, he enters into an
agreement with the lender specifying when he would repay the loan and
what return (interest) he would provide the lender for providing the loan.
This entire structure can be converted into a form wherein the loan can be
made tradable by converting it into smaller units with pro rata allocation of
interest and principal. This tradable form of the loan is termed as a debt
instrument.
Therefore, debt instruments are basically obligations undertaken by the
issuer of the instrument as regards certain future cash flows representing
interest and principal, which the issuer would pay to the legal owner of the
instrument. Debt instruments are of various types. The key terms that
distinguish one debt instrument from another are as follows:
Issuer of the instrument
Face value of the instrument
Interest rate
Repayment terms (and therefore maturity period/tenor)
Security or collateral provided by the issuer
instruments, which have a maturity period of less than one year. The most
active part of the money market is the market for overnight and term money
between banks and institutions (called call money) and the market for repo
transactions. The former is in the form of loans and the latter are sale and
buy back agreements - both are obviously not traded. The main traded
instruments are commercial papers (CPs), certificates of deposit (CDs) and
treasury bills (T-Bills). All of these are discounted instruments ie they are
issued at a discount to their maturity value and the difference between the
issuing price and the maturity/face value is the implicit interest. These are
also completely unsecured instruments. One of the important features of
money market instruments is their high liquidity and tradability. A key
reason for this is that these instruments are transferred by endorsement and
delivery and there is no stamp duty or any other transfer fee levied when the
instrument changes hands. Another important feature is that there is no tax
deducted at source from the interest component. A brief description of these
instruments is as follows:
1. Certificate of Deposits
2. Commercial Papers
3. Treasury Bills
4. Ready Forward Contracts ((Repos)
5. Money Market Mutual Funds (MMMFs)
CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSIT
Meaning of CDs
www.economywatch.com/market/money-market/money-market-instruments
PROFILE
The Tambe working Group set up in 1982 in India, reported that banks and
financial institutions were not willing to support the launch of money market
instruments such as CDs, and therefore advised against the introduction of
these instruments. The Group cited many reasons for the non-popularity of
these instruments including the absence of secondary market, administered
interest rate structure on bank deposits and the danger of CDs giving rise to
a large number of fictitious transactions.
THE VAGHUL WORKING GROUP
The Vaghul Working Group set up in 1987, again reviewed the issue and
expressed itself against the launch of the instrument by the RBI. The Group
reported that the introduction of CDs as a money market instrument would
be meaningful only where the short-term deposit rates were aligned with
other rates in the financial system. The Group instead recommended, as a
prelude, the setting up of a discount house and the alignment of short-term
deposit rates.
Based on the recommendations of the Group, the RBI constituted the
Discount and Finance House of India Ltd. (DFHI) in the year 1988. In the
same manner, RBI rationalized the interest rate structure in March 1989 by
abolishing fixed deposits of shortest terms with maturity of 15 to 45 days.
THE LAUNCH
The RBI launched the scheme of CDs with effect from March 27, 1989.
Following guidelines were laid down in this regard.
ELIGIBLE ISSUERS
The institutions that are eligible to issue CDs are scheduled commercial
banks (excluding RRBs) and specified all-India financial institutions,
namely, IDBI, IFCI, ICICI, SIDBI, IRBI, and EXIM bank.
ELIGIBLE SUBSCRIBERS
The parties who are eligible to buy CDs are individuals, associations,
companies, corporations, trust funds, etc. NRI an also subscribe to the CDs.
How ere, this is possible only on a non-repatriation basis. It is not possible
for an NRI to endorse CDs to another NRI in the secondary market.
NEGOTIATION
CDs are freely transferable by endorsement and delivery after the initial lock
in period of 15 days. The instrument can be purchased by any of the above
subscribers and DFHI in the secondary market.
MATURITY
The maturity period of CDs issued by banks ranges from 3 days to 12
months and that issued by specified financial institutions can have a maturity
period up to 3 years. With the announcement of credit policy on April27,
2000 the maturity period was reduced from 3 month to 15 days.
DISCOUNT
CDs are to be issued at a discount to face value, with the maturity period not
having any grace period.
LIMITS OF ISSUE
The maximum amount of issue by a bank, which was originally fixed at 1
percent of its fortnightly aggregate average deposits, was raised to 10
percent in 1992. This was subsequently abolished totally. The minimum size
of issue to a single investor, which was originally fixed at Rs.10 lakhs, was
reduced to Rs. 5lakhs with effect from October 21, 1997. Issue of CDs
above Rs.5 lakhs can now be made in multiples of Rs.1 lakhs. CDs can now
be CRR on issue price of CDs for which there is no ceiling.
STAMP DUTY
Stamp duty is payable on CDs as applicable to any other negotiable
instrument.
SECURITY PAPER
CDs are transferable by endorsement and delivery, and shall therefore be
issued on a good quality security paper.
OTHER REQUIREMENTS
1. No loans can be granted by banks against CDs.
2. Banks cannot have any buyback arrangement of their own CDs before
maturity.
3. Banks are to submit fortnightly report on their CDs to the RBI under
section 42 of the RBI Act, 1935.
4. Banks are to show CDs under the head liabilities in the balance
sheet.
YIELD
CDs are offered at interest rates higher than the time deposits of banks.
However, the rate of interest is dependent upon many factors such as
urgency of requirement for funds, alterative opportunities for investment of
funds mobilized, etc. The rate of discount being deregulated is now
determined by the demand and supply of CDs. CDs are issued at a discount
to their face value and redeemed at par. CDs are issued at a front-end
discount and in such a case; the effective rate of interest is higher than the
quoted discount rate.
Effective rate of interest may be calculated as follows.
ERRR= [(1+QDR/100*N/M) N/M-1]*100
Where,
ERR = Effective rate of interest
QDR = Quoted discount rate
N
ROLE OF DFHI
The Discount and Finance House of India Ltd. Functions as a market maker
in CDs market. It offers bid rate, the rate of discount at which it is prepared
to buy CDs, and offer rate at which it would be willing to sell the CDs. The
DFHI acts as an ideal conduit for disinvestments of CD holdings, which is
done through their banker in Mumbai. DFHI also engages in buying CDs
from the bank at its bid discount rate. Settlements are effected through RBI
cheque.
ROLE OF BANKS
Scheduled commercial banks are the active players in the realm of CDs
market segment. CDs are used as an important money market instrument.
CDs provide an ideal avenue of investment money market instrument. CDs
provide ideal avenue of investment for bankers. CDs are considered safe,
liquid, and attractive in returns for both scheduled commercial bank and
investors.
It is not necessary for banks to encash CDs before maturity under the
RBI Act. Banks are under obligation to maintain usual reserve requirements
(SLR and CRR) on issue price of CDs. CDs offer the opportunity for banks
for the bulk mobilization of resources as part of effective fund management.
Besides, offering an attractive yield help bankers utilize them eligible assets
for determination of Net Demand and Time Liabilities (NDTL). According
to the RBI guidelines, it will not be possible for banks to enter into buyback
arrangement with the subscriber of CDs. Similarly, they cannot grant loans
against CDs issued by them.
It is possible for investors to sell CDs in secondary market before their
maturity. This offers investors the advantage of liquidity through ready
marketability. However, the tendency on the part of holders of CDs to hold
the instruments till maturity date has not made possible for the creation of an
effective secondary market for them, although the primary market for CDs
has shown a considerable improvement.
COMMERCIAL PAPER
Debt instrument that are issued by corporate houses for raising short-term
financial resources from the money market are called Commercial Papers
(CPs).
FEATURES
Following are the features of commercial papers:
NATURE
These are unsecured debts of corporate. They are issued in the form of
promissory notes. These are redeemable at par to the holder at maturity. The
issuing company should have a minimum tangible net worth to the extent of
Rs.4 crores. Moreover, the working capital (fund-based) limit of the
company should not be less than Rs. 4 crores and this allows corporate to
issue CPs up to 100 per cent of their fund based working capital limits. CPs
are issued at a discount to face value in multiples of Rs.5 Lakhs. CPs attracts
stamp duty. No prior approval of RBI is needed to issue CPs and no
underwriting is mandatory. The issuing company has to bear all expense
(Such as dealers fees, rating agency fee and charges for provision of standby facilities) relating to the issue of CP. The issue of CPs serves the purpose
of releasing the pressure on bank funds for small and medium sized
borrowers, besides allowing highly rated companies to borrow directly from
the market.
www.answers.com/topic/money-market-instruments
MARKET
The market for the Cps comprises of issues made by public sector and
private sector enterprises CPs issued by top rated corporate are considered as
sound investments. Conditions attached to the issue are less stringent than
those applicable for raising CPs. Beginning from September 1996, Primary
Dealers (PDs) were also permitted by RBI to issue CPs for augmenting their
resources. This is one of the steps initiated by the RBI to make the CPs
market popular.
RATING
As per the guidelines of the RBI, CPs are required to be graded by the
organization issuing them. Accordingly, a rated CP is considered to be a
quality and sound instrument. With the liberalization of interest rate
structure, the rate of interest is market-determined. This causes wide
variation in the prevailing rates of interest.
INTEREST RATES
The marketability of the CPs is influenced by the rates prevailing in the call
money market and the foreign exchange market. Accordingly where
attractive interest rates prevail in these markets, the demand for Cps will be
affected. This is because; investors will divert their investment into these
markets.
CPS IN LIEU OF WC
The nature of credit policy announced by the RBI to allows highly rated
corporate to have the advantage of banks offering an automatic restoration of
working capital limits on the repayment of CP. Accordingly, short-term
working capital loans were substituted with cheaper CPs. This was done by
the RBI to hasten the growth of the CP market.
In order that the satellite dealers are permitted to trade in CPs, it is essential
that the issuing corporate obtain the minimum specified credit rating from a
credit rating agency. Such a rating must have been approved by the months.
MATURITY
The CPs shall be issued for a maturity period ranging from 15 days to one
year from the dated is issue.
TARGET MARKET
Each issue of CPs (including renewal) shall be treated as a fresh issue. The
CPs issue may take place in multiples of Rs. 5 Lakhs. The investment by any
single investor shall be for a minimum amount of Rs. 25 Lakhs (face Value)
and the secondary market transactions may be dealt in for amounts of Rs.
5Lakhs or multiples thereof. The RBI shall fix the total amount of issue. The
issue amount shall be raised within a period of 2 week from weeks from the
date of approval by the Reserve Bank or ma be issued on a single day or in
parts on different days as the case may be.
NATURE
TREASURY BILL
www.economywatch.com/market/money-market/money-market-instruments
HISTORY
It was in the year 1877 that Treasury Bills (TBs) came to be issued for the
first time in the world. Later, it acquired wide popularity around the world
both in developing and developed countries. TBs were first issued in India in
October1971. The issue aimed at raising resources for financing the First
World War efforts of the government and for mopping liquidity in the
economy due to heavy war expenditure.
TBs that were initially sold by the government had a maturity period
of 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and 12 months. Later on, with the setting
up of the RBI in 1935, the issue profile of TBs underwent a lot of changes.
Accordingly, RBI came to issue two type of TBs such as Tap Bills that were
issued at all times and Intermediate Bill that were sold between auctions, to
nongoverment investors. However, in the year 1965, a sale of TBs to public
through auction was suspended and issue took place on top basis at a
discount. Thus commercial banks began to invest in them.
ISSUE
TBs, which were first up to 1935 by the Government of India directly, came
to be issued by the RBI since its inception in 1935. Thereafter, TBs are
issued at a discount by the RBI on behalf of the Government of India.
TYPES
There are two types of treasury bills. They are ordinary treasury bills and ad
hoc treasury bills. The freely marketable treasury bills that are issued by the
Government of India to the public, banks and other institution for raising
resources to meet the short-term finance needs takes the form of ordinary
TBs.
Ad hoc TBs, on the other hand, are issued in favor of the RBI only.
They are used by RBI as reserve against which the issue department issue
currency notes. In addition, they are also issue to serve the purpose of
replenishing cash balance of the central government. Besides, ad hoc TBs
provide an investment avenue to state government, semigoverment
department and foreign central banks for parking their temporary surplus
and for earning income. Since ad hoc TBs are not marketable in India, the
holders of these bills can always sell them back to the RBI.
MATURITY PERIOD
A lot of changes taken place in the realm of the periodicity of treasury bills,
changes having being brought about by the policy announcements made by
RBI from time to time. A brief account of the changes in the period of
maturity of TBs is outlined below:
1. Maturity period of TBs at the close of the First World War was of 3, 6,
9, and 12 months duration.
2. Maturity periods of tap bills and Intermediate Bills introduces by RBI
immediately after its inception was 91 days which was continued up
to November 1986.
3. Maturity period of 182 days recommended by Chakraborty
Committee was issued up to April 1992.
4. Maturity period of 365 days beginning from April 1992.
interest
rates,
to
commercial
banks,
financial
BENEFITS
TBs being an important money market instruments provide the following
benefits:
LIQUIDITY
Treasury bills command high liquidity. A number of institutions such as
RBI, the DFHI, STCI, commercial banks, etc take part in the TB market. In
addition, the Central bank is always prepared to purchased or discount TBs.
NO DEFAULT RISK
Since there is a guarantee by the central government, TBs are absolutely free
from the risk of default of payment by the issuer. Moreover, the government
itself issues the TBs.
AVAILABILITY
RBI has the policy of making available on a steady basis, the TBs especially
through the Tap route since July 12, 1965. This greatly helps banks and
other institutions to park their funds temporarily in TBs.
LOW COST
Trading in TBs involves less transaction costs. This is because two-way
quotes with a fine margin are offered by the DFHI on a daily basis.
SAFE RETURN
The biggest advantage of TBs is that they offer a steady and sage return to
investors. There are not many fluctuations in the discount rate. It is also
possible for the investors to earn attractive return by keeping investment in
nonearning cash to the minimum and supplementing it with TBs.
NO CAPITAL DEPRECIATION
Since TBs command high order of liquidity, safely and yield, there is very
little scope for capital depreciation in them.
SLR ELIGBILITY
TBs are of great attraction to commercial banks as it helps them park their
funds (Net Demand and Time Liabilities) as per the norms or SLR
announced b the RBI from time to time. This reason makes commercial
banks dominate dealers in TBs.
FUNDS MOBILIZATION
TBs are used as an ideal tool by the government for raising short-term funds
required for meeting temporary budget deficit.
MONETARY MANAGEMENT
REPOS
The term Repo is used as an abbreviation for Repurchase Agreement or
Ready Forward. A Repo involves a simultaneous sales and repurchase
agreements.
A Repo works as follow as follows. Party A needs short-term funds
and Party B wants to make a short-term investment. Party A sells securities
to Party B at a certain price and simultaneously agrees to repurchase the
same after a specified time at a slightly higher price. The difference between
the sale price and repurchase price represent the interest cost to Party A (the
party doing the repo) and conversely the interest income for Party B (the
party doing the Reverse Repo). Reverse Repos are a safe and convenient
form of short-term investment.
www.investopedia.com/university/.../moneymarket7.asp
FEATURES
He Silent features of the MMMFs are as follows.
Eligibility
The MMMFs can be set up by schedule commercial banks and public
financial institution as define under section 4A of the companies Act, 1956,
either directly or through their existing Mutual Funds / Subsidiaries who are
engaged in fund management. In addition, private sector Mutual Funds may
also set up MMMFs with the prior approval of RBI, subject to fulfillment of
certain terms and conditions. SEBIs clearance is required in the event of
MMMFs being set up in the private sector.
Structure
MMMFs can be set up either as Money Market Deposit Accounts (MMDAs)
or Money Market Mutual Funds (MMMFs)
Size
Duff and Phelps - Co-promoted by Duff and Phelps, the worlds 4th largest
rating agency.
CRISIL is believed to have about 42% market share followed by ICRA with
about 36%, CARE with 18% and Duff and Phelps with 4%.
Grading system
Each of the rating agencies has different codes for expressing rating for
different instruments; however, the number of grades and sub-grades is
similar e.g. for long term debentures/bonds and fixed deposits, CRISIL has 4
main grades and a host of sub grades. In decreasing order of quality, these
are AAA, AA+, AA, AA-, A+, A, A-, BBB-, BBB, BBB+, BB+, BB, BB-,
B+, B, B-, C and D. ICRA, CARE and Duff and Phelps have similar grading
systems. The following table contains a key to the codes used by CRISIL
and ICRA.
Credit rating is a dynamic concept and all the rating companies are
constantly reviewing the companies rated by them with a view to changing
(either upgrading or downgrading) the rating. They also have a system
whereby they keep ratings for particular companies on "rating watch" in case
of major events, which may lead to change in rating in the near future.
Ratings are made public through periodic newsletters issued by rating
companies, which also elucidate briefly the rationale for particular ratings.
In addition, they issue press releases to all major newspapers and wire
services about rating events on a regular basis.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_market
for this as the low ratio Indias exports to foreign currency indebtedness.
This completely ignores two issues firstly, India gets a very high quantum
of foreign currency earnings through remittances from Indians working
abroad and also services exports in the form of software exports which are
not counted as "merchandise" exports. These two flows along with other
"invisible" earnings accounted for almost US$11bn in FY 99. Secondly,
since India has tight control on foreign currency transactions, there is very
little error possible in the foreign currency borrowing figure. As against this,
for a country like Korea, the figure for foreign currency borrowing increased
by US$50bn after the exchange crisis began. This was on account of hidden
forward liabilities through swaps and other derivative products.
In general, Indian rating agencies have lost some amount of their credibility
in the last two years due to their inability to predict defaults in many
companies, which they had rated quite highly. Sometimes, some of the
agencies had an investment grade rating in place when the company in
question had already defaulted to some of the fixed deposit holders. Further,
rating agencies resorted to mass downgrading of 50-100 companies as a
reaction to public criticism, which further eroded their credibility. The major
reasons for these downgrades are as follows
Corporate earnings fell very sharply due to persistent recessionary
conditions prevailing in the economy. Many of the corporate are in
commodity sectors where fluctuations in selling prices of products can be
very sharp - leading to complete erosion of profitability. This problem was
compounded by the Asian crisis, which led to increased competition from
cheap imports in many product categories.
credit rating agency. Witness the sharp erosion in stock prices of companies
much before their credit ratings were downgraded. Witness also the fact that
foreign currency bonds from Indian issuers trade at yields lower than
countries which have been rated higher by rating agencies.
www.efama.org/index2.php?option=com_docman&task
www.managementparadise.com/forums/...php/t-22086.html
They follow
their own rules and practices of finance and banking and are not
subject to the regulation and control of the Reserve Bank of India.
There are not in place adequate and proper rules and regulations in
order to allow for the orderly growth of the money market in India.
2.
Indian money market. Several sectors are very loosely connected with
each other. Often, there used to be hostility among the different
sections of the money market. There is hardly any cohesive working
relationship between the organized banking system and the
unorganized indigenous bankers.
3.
national level players such as the DFHI, STCI, etc in the Indian
financial system. This to great extent retarded the early growth of the
money market. The so-called advancements in computerization and
telecommunications are also very limited and confined mostly to
urban and semi-urban areas. Coordination between various money
markets and their constituents is lacking. It is imperative that a wellcoordinated and operationally uniform money market has to emerge in
the country.
4.
market has been that the interest rate varies from place to place, from
time to time and from segment to segment. Wide disparity in money
rates exists. This condition makes it difficult for any worthwhile
regulatory mechanisms to be put in place.
5.
the traders both at national and international arena, has given rise to a
sick and a deficient bill market. This has greatly affected the
development of the money market. The transactions relating to bill
discounting and purchasing are limited. Besides, they also constitute
only a small part of total money market operations in the country. It is
a sad commentary that the different sub markets in the bill market
have not shown much development too. For instance, the market for
government and semigoverment securities is narrow. This has greatly
affected the efficient use of the monetary control measures of the RBI
so as to curb the inflationary pressure or to keep the slump away from
the economy.
Moreover, the investment in government securities is largely
confined to
supply of loan able funds. The far exceeding demand has created a
wide chasm in the Indian money market. This situation can be
attributed to such factors as lower savings rate on account of poverty,
inadequate banking facilities, poor banking habits among the people,
inadequate facilities for investment of small saving and the existence
of a parallel economy with vast amount of black money defying all
regulations.
7.
SEASONAL VARIATIONS
as more funds are needed for financing the post harvest movement for
the marketing of agricultural products, for the financing of seasonal
industries such as sugar, etc and also for financing the higher tempo
economic activities in general, after the dull rainy season. This is one
of the problems faced by the Indian money market. The frequent
seasonal variations in demand and the supply of funds, rates of
interest, etc could be attributed to the seasonal nature of the Indian
agriculture. Similarly, the cyclical fluctuations in the industrial sector
also debilitate the working of the Indian money market.
8.
there has been an enhanced inflow of funds from abroad with the
commencement of the process of liberalization under various routes
such as the FDI, it is not in keeping with the actual requirements of
the market. This has also affected the development of the Indian
money Market.
11. INADEQUATE INSTRUMENTS A significant deficiency of the Indian
money market has been the non availability of adequate number of
quality credit instruments especially for a short period. Supply of
short-term instruments such as commercials bills, treasury bills, etc is
highly inadequate. This to a very large extent retards the development
in the Indian money market.
12. CONSTRICTED SECONDARY MARKET The true development of a
financial market depends on the extent of secondary market facilities
are available in the country. As far as the Indian money market
concern, the secondary market for the money market instrument is
mainly restricted to rediscounting of commercial bills and treasury
bills. Absence of sufficient number of credit instrument also adds to
the woes. Further, there has been reluctance on the part of the some of
the big borrowers to avail finances against discount of commercial
bills.
13.
LIMITED PARTICIPANTS
prevailing in the Indian capital market deters the free entry and exit of
large numbers of players. For instance, institutions such as DFHI,
STCI, banks, specified all-India financial institutions and a few big
CRR and SLR are efficiently manipulated to tone up and buoy the
money market operations especially in the commercial banking sector.
5..REPO OPERATIONS
In many respects, both money market and capital markets exhibit similar
characteristics as specified below.
1. TRANSFER OF RESOURCES TRANSFER of resources takes place
from surplus units to deficit units both in money market and capital
market.
2. COMMERCIAL BANKS Commercial banks provide both short-term
and long-term finance and therefore, take an active part in the money
market as well as capital market.
3. LIQUIDITY ADJUSTMENT Nonbanking financial institution and
special financial institutions approach money and capital markets to a
limited degree in order to adjust their liquidity positions. Besides,
financial institutions operate on both sides of the market, borrowing
and lending and participate in both money and capital market.
4. FLOW OF FUNDS As lenders and borrowers of funds have access to
both capital and money market, there is a substantial flow of funds
between capital and money markets.
5. PREFERENCE FOR INVESTORS Preference is available for most of
the suppliers of funds operate in both the markets, as investors
simultaneously invest in various investment avenues such as savings
bank, units, fixed deposits, national saving certificate schemes, life
insurance, government and industrial securities, real estate, bullion,
etc
6. INTEREST RATES There is an interdependency of short and longterm rates of interest. This is because, rise in interest rate in money
make influence long-term interest rates also.
www.businessknowledgesource.com/.../the_difference_ between_capital_marke
ts_and_money_markets_024885.html
Point of
Capital market
Money Market
No.
1.
Difference
Term of
Instrument
Provides long-term funds
Instrument
Provides short-term funds
2.
finance
Nature of
3.
Capital
Main
Function
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Main
adjustment
Call money market,
Constituent
exchange acting as a
selling of securities
Link
Paper, etc
Act as a link between
Underwriting
Institution
Development
mortgage banks
Provided to central and
discount house
Provided to government
Assistance
by discounting treasury
Negotiation
bills etc.
Dealing can take place
prolonged negotiation
not formal
stock exchanges
Bonds & Shares
phone-market
Financial claims, assets,
12. Risk
and securities
Low credit & market risk
13. Price
High
Not much
Low
Besides central bank,
High
Central Bank
11. Claims
14.
15.
Fluctuations
Liquidity
Regulator
Special regulatory
authority like SEBI, etc
www.improvingyourworld.com/.../the_ difference_between_capital_markets_an
d_money_markets_001673.html
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Debt Instruments which have a maturity of less than one year at the time of
issue are called money market instrument. These instruments are highly
liquid and have negligible risk. The major money market instruments are
Treasury Bills, Certificate of Deposit, Commercial Paper, Money market
Mutual Fund, & Repos. The money market is dominated by the
Government, financial institutions, banks, and corporate. Individual
sale price and repurchase price represent the interest cost to Party A (the
party doing the repo) and conversely the interest income for Party B (the
party doing the Reverse Repo). Reverse Repos are a safe and convenient
form of short-term investment.
REFERENCES
www.investopedia.com/university/moneymarket
linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0161893807000890
Refwww.investorglossary.com/money-market.htm
www.improvingyourworld.com/.../the_ difference_between_capital_mark
ets_and_money_markets_001673.html
www.favaro.net/john/home/publications/pursuit.pdf
www.derivativesstrategy.com/magazine/.../0297fea1.asp
www.economywatch.com/market/money-market/money-marketinstruments
www.investorwords.com/.../money_market_mutual_fund.html
www.immfa.org/about/faq/default.asp
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.google.com
www.rbi.org.in
www.calypso.com
www.yahoo.com
The Economic Times
Financial Services & Markets ( Reference book)
- Dr. Gurusamy