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Differential Equations and Lumped Element Circuits
Differential Equations and Lumped Element Circuits
Differential
Equations and
Lumped Element
Circuits
Introduction
Chapter 8 of the text discusses the numerical solution of ordinary
differential equations. Differential equations and in particular linear constant coefficient differential equations (LCCDEs), are
very important to electrical engineers. Electrical engineering
(EE) majors take an entire semester of differential equations.
First semester EE majors have had little or no exposure to differential equations. To motivate the future study of differential
equations this short overview chapter will describe how LCCDEs
appear in the solution of lumped element circuits problems.
Chapter 8: Introduction
81
vR ( t )
+
-
v R ( t ) = Ri R ( t )
iR ( t )
Inductor
1
i R ( t ) = ---v R ( t )
R
di L ( t )
v L ( t ) = L ------------dt
1- t
-v ( ) d
iL ( t ) =
L L
Capacitor
Resistor
dv C ( t )
i C ( t ) = C ---------------dt
1- t
--vC ( t ) =
i ( ) d
C C
+ vL ( t ) iL ( t )
+ vC ( t ) iC ( t )
When an RLC electrical network is configured to have a single input and single output (SISO)
x( t)
RLC
Network
voltage
(current)
y(t)
voltage
(current)
82
n1
d y( t)
d
y( t)
a n --------------- + a n 1 ---------------------- + + a 0 y ( t )
n
n1
dt
dt
n
(8.1)
n1
d x(t)
d
x(t)
= b n --------------- + b n 1 ---------------------- + + b 0 x ( t )
n
n1
dt
dt
Example: An RLC lowpass filter
R
vi ( t ) +
-
i(t)
vo ( t )
i ( ) d
(8.2)
Note that
dv o ( t )
i ( t ) = C -------------dt
(8.3)
83
d vo ( t )
dv o ( t )
- + LC ----------------- + vo ( t )
v i ( t ) = RC -------------2
dt
dt
(8.4)
(8.5)
or
The input SYS is a system object that can be created to correspond to (8.5) using the MATLAB function tf(b,a) (control system toolbox, also in student edition)
The vectors a and b are of the form
a = [an an-1 an-2 ... a0];
b = [bn bn-1 bn-2 ... b0];
84
85
vo ( t )
1.2
Amplitude
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.2
-0.4
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Time (sec.)
86
vo ( t )
Amplitude
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.2
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Time (sec.)
87