Phng php gii cc dng ton lin quan

1. Vect
Dng ton 1:

M u v vect

Th d 1. Cho OAB vung cn vi OA = OB = a. Hy dng cc vect sau

y v tnh
di ca
chng:
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
+
,
3 OA + 4 OB
OA
OB
OA OB ,
uuur
21 uuur
OA + 2.5 OB ,
4

14 uuur
3 uuur
OA OB .
4
7

Gii
a. Vi C l nh th t ca hnh vung OACD, ta c ngay:
O
uuur
uuur
uuur
+
=
,
theo
quy
tc
hnh
bnh
hnh.
OA OB OC
T ,uusuy
ra:uuur
ur
uuur
OA + OB = OC = OC = a 2 .
b. Ta c ngay:
B
uuur
uuur
uuur
OA OB = BA , quy tc hiu hai vect cng gc
uuur
uuur
uuur
A
O
OA OB = BA = BA = a 2 .
uuur
uuur
c. dng vect 3 OA + 4 OB ta ln lt thc hin:
B
Trn tia OA ly im A1 sao cho OA1 = 3OA.
Trn tia OB ly im B1 sao cho OB1 = 4OB.
Dng hnh ch nht OA1C1B1.
T , ta c:
uuuur uuuur uuuur
uuur
uuur
B1
3 OA + 4 OB = OA1 + OB1 = OC1
uuuur
uuur
uuur
3 OA + 4 OB = OC1 = OC1 = OA12 C1A12 = 5a.
uuur
21 uuur
d. Thc hin tng t cu c), ta dng c vect
OA + 2.5 OB v
4
uuur
21 uuur
a 541

.
OA + 2.5 OB =
4
4
14 uuur
3 uuur
e. Thc hin tng t cu c), ta dng c vect
OA OB v
4
7
14 uuur
3 uuur
a 6073

.
OA OB =
4
7
28

C
A1

C1

uuur

uuur

Th d 2. Cho ABC u c cnh bng a. Tnh di vect tng AB + AC

.
1

 Gii
Gi M l trung im BC, ly im A1 i xng vi A
qua M, ta c ngay ABA1C l hnh bnh hnh, suy ra:
uuur uuur uuuur
AB + AC = AA1
uuuur
uuur uuur
a 3
AB + AC = AA1 = 2AM = 2.
= a 3.
2
A

A1

B
M

F
Ch : Vi cc em hc sinh cha nm vng kin thc v tng ca hai vect th
thng kt lun ngay rng:
uuur
uuur uuur
uuur
AB + AC = AB + AC = a + a = 2a.
Dng ton 2:
Chng minh mt ng thc vect
Phng php p dng
Ta la chn mt trong cc hng bin i sau:
Hng 1:
Bin i mt v thnh v cn li (VT VP hoc VP VT). Khi :
Nu xut pht t v phc tp ta cn thc hin vic n gin biu
thc.
Nu xut pht t v n gin ta cn thc hin vic phn tch
vect.
Hng 2:
Bin i ng thc cn chng minh v mt ng thc bit l lun
ng.
Hng 3:
Bin i mt ng thc vect bit l lun ng thnh ng thc
cn chng minh.
Hng 4:
To dng cc hnh ph.
Khi thc hin cc php bin i ta s dng:
Quy tc ba im:
uuur
uuu
r
uuur
AB = AC + CB .
Quy tc hnh bnh hnh: Vi hnh bnh hnh ABCD lun c:
uuur
uuur
uuur
AC = AB + AD .
Hiu hai vect cng gc
uuu
r
uuur uuur
AB - AC = CB .
Tnh cht trung im: Vi im M tu v I l trung im ca AB lun c:

uuu
r
r
uuur
1 uuuu
MI = ( MA + MB ).
2
Tnh cht trng tm tam gic: Vi ABC c trng tm G ta c:
uuur
uuur
uuur
r
GA + GB + GC = 0 .
uuuu
r
uuuu
r
uuuu
r
uuur
MA + MB + MC = 3 MG , vi M tu .

Cc tnh cht ca php cng, tr vect v php nhn mt s vi mt vect.

uuur
Th d 1.
Cho bn im A, B, C, D. Chng minh rng AB +
uuur
uuur
uuur
CD + BC = AD .

Gii
Ta c th trnh by theo ba cch sau:
Cch 1: S dng quy tc
ba im,
tauu
c:
uuur
uuur
ur
uuur
uuur
uuur
VT = ( AB + BC ) + CD = AC + CD = AD , pcm.
Cch 2: S dng quy u
tc
ba im, ta c:
uur uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur uuur
VT = AB + ( BC + CD ) = AB + BD = AD , pcm.
Cch 3: S dng
quy tc
ba im, tauuc:
uuur
uuur
ur uuur
uuur
uuur
AD = AC + CD = AB + BC + CD , pcm.
Cch 4: S dng quy tc ba im, tauuc:
ur uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
AD = AB + BD = AB + BC + CD , pcm.

F
Nhn xt: Vic trnh by th d trn theo bn cch ch mang tnh cht minh ho
cho nhng tng sau:
1. Vi cch 1 v cch 2, chng ta gom hai vect c "im cui
ca vect th nht trng vi im u ca vect th hai" t
s dng chiu thun ca quy tc ba im.
2. Vi cch 3 v cch 4, chng ta s dng chiu ngc li ca quy
uuur
tc ba im, c th "vi mt vect AB bt k chng ta u c
th xenuuu
thm
vo gia mt im tu t phn tch c
r
vect AB thnh tng ca hai vect".
uuur

Th d 2.

Cho 4 im A, B, C, D. Chng minh rng AB +

uuur
uuu
r
uuur
CD = AD + CB .

Gii
Ta c th trnh by theo cc cch sau:
Cch 1: Ta c:
uuur
uuur
uuu
r
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
VT = ( AD + DB ) + CD = AD + CD + DB = AD + CB = VP.
Cch 2: Ta c: uuur uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuu
r
uuu
r
uuur
VT = ( AC + CB ) + CD = AC + CD + CB = AD + CB = VP.
Cch 3: Bin i tng ng biu thc
v dng:
uuur uuur
uuu
r uuur
uuur
uuur
AB AD = CB CD DB DB , ng iu phi chng minh.
Cch 4: Bin i tng ng ng thc v dng:
r uuur uuur
uuur uuur
uuur uuu
uuur uuur uuur uuur
AB - CB = AD - CD AB + BC = AD + DC AC = AC , lun ng.

F
3

Nhn xt: 1.

thc hin chng minh ng thc vect cho chng ta la

chn hng bin i VT thnh VP v hai cch gii trn u c
chung mt tng, c th bng vic la chn vect xut pht
l AB ta c:
Trong cch 1, ta thc c rng cn to ra s xut hin
ca vect AD do ta xen vo im D.
Trong cch 2, ta thc c rng cn to ra s xut hin
ca vect CB do ta xen vo im C.
2. T nhn xt trn hn cc em hc sinh thy c thm rng cn
c 4 cch khc gii bi ton, c th:
Hai cch vi vic la chn vect xut pht l CD .
Hai cch theo hng bin i VP thnh VT.

Th d 3. Cho M v N ln lt l trung im cc on thng AB v CD.

Chng minh rng:
uuuu
r
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
2 MN = AC + BD = AD + BC .
A M
Gii
B
a. Ta c th trnh by theo cc cch sau:
Cch 1: u
Ta
c phn tch:
uur
uuuu
r
uuur
uuuu
r
(1)
AC = AM + MN + NC ,
D
C
r
uuur
uuur
uuuu
r uuuu
N
(2)
BD = BM + MN + ND .
r
uuur uuur
r
uuuu
r
uuuu
r
Cng theo v (1) v (2) vi lu AM + BM = 0 v NC + ND = 0 (v M v N
ln lt u
luurtrung im cc
on thng AB v CD), ta c:
uuuu
r
uuur
(*)
AC + BD = 2 MN , pcm.
Cch 2: u
Ta
c phn
tch:
uuu
r uuuu
r uuur uuur
(3)
MN MA AC CN ,
uuuu
r uuur uuur uuur
(4)
MN MB BD DN ,
uuuu
r uuur r
uuur uuur r
Cng theo v (3) v (4) vi lu MA MB 0 v NC ND 0 (v M v N ln
lt l trung
imuucc
on thng AB v CD), ta c:
uuuu
r
ur
uuur
2 MN = AC + BD , pcm.
b. Ta c:
uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur
(**)
AC + BD = AD + DC + BC + CD = AD + BC , pcm.
T (*) v (**) ta c ng thc cn chng minh.
Th d 4. Cho O l tm ca hnh bnh hnh ABCD. Chng minh rng vi
im M bt k, ta c:
uuuu
r 1 uuuu
r uuuu
r uuur uuuu
r
MO = ( MA + MB + MC + MD ).
4

Gii
4

Ta c:
r uuuu
uuuu
r uuur uuuu
r
MA + MB + MC + MD
uuuu
r uuur uuuu
r uuur uuuu
r uuur uuuu
r uuur
= MO + OA + MO + OB + MO + OC + MO + OD
uuuu
r
uuur uuur
uuur uuur
uuuu
r
= 4 MO + ( OA + OC ) + ( OB + OD ) = 4 MO
r uuuu
uuuu
r
r uuur uuuu
r
1 uuuu
( MA + MB + MC + MD ) = MO , pcm.
4

F
Ch : Cc em hc sinh hy trnh by thm cch bin i VT thnh VP.
Th d 5. Cho ABC. Gi M, N, P ln lt l trung im ca BC, CA, AB.
Chng minh rng:
uuur
uuu
r
r
uuuu
r
AM + BN + CP = 0 .

Gii
S dng quy tc trung im ta bin i:
r
1 uuur uuur
1 uuur uuur
1 uuur uuu
VT = (AB AC) + (BA BC) + (CA CB)
2
2
2
r
1 uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuu
= (AB BA AC CA BC CB) , pcm.
2

Th d 6. Cho A1B1C1 v A2B2C2 ln lt c trng tm l G1, G2. Chng

minh rng:
uuuuur
uuuuu
r
uuuuu
r
uuuuur
A1A 2 + B1B2 + C1C2 = 3 G1G 2 .

Gii
Vi G1, G2 l trong tm cc A1B1C1 v A2B2C2, ta c:
uuuuur
uuuuu
r
uuuuu
r
r
G1A1 + G1B1 + G1C1 = 0 .
uuuuuu
r
uuuuur
uuuuur
r
G 2 A 2 + G 2 B2 + G 2 C 2 = 0 .
Mt khc, ta c:
uuuuur
uuuuur
uuuuur
A1A 2 = A1G1 + G1G 2 +
uuuuu
r
uuuuu
r
uuuuur
B1B2 = B1G1 + G1G 2 +
uuuuu
r
uuuuu
r
uuuuur
C1C2 = C1G1 + G1G 2 +

uuuuuu
r
G2 A2 .
uuuuur
G 2 B2 .
uuuuur
G 2 C2 .

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

Cng theo v (3), (4), (5) v s dng cc kt qu trong (1) v (2), ta c:

uuuuur
uuuuu
r
uuuuu
r
uuuuur
A1A 2 + B1B2 + C1C2 = 3 G1G 2 , pcm.

Th d 7. Cho ABC. Gi M l trung im ca AB v N l mt im trn

cnh AC, sao cho NC = 2NA. Gi K l trung im ca MN.
uuur

a. Chng minh rng AK =

1 uuur
1 uuur
AB + AC .
4
6

b. Gi D l trung im ca BC. Chng minh rng KD =

1 uuur
1 uuur
AB + AC
4
3

Gii
a. T gi thit ta nhn thy:
uuur
uuuu
r
AB 2AM
uuuu
r AB = 2 AM ;
uuur
AB AM

AC 3AN
uuur
uuur
uuur AC = 3 AN .
uuur
AC AN

V K l trung im MN nn:
uuur 1 uuuu
r uuur
1 1 uuur 1 uuur
1 uuur 1 uuur
AK = ( AM + AN ) = ( AB + AC ) = AB + AC , pcm.
2
2 2
3
4
6
b. V D l trung im BC nn:
uuur
uuur
1 uuur
AD = ( AB + AC )
2
t , suy ra:
uuur
uuur uuur
1 uuur
1 uuur
1 uuur
1 uuur
1 uuur
KD = AD - AK = ( AB + AC ) - ( AB + AC ) = AB + AC , pcm.
2
4
6
4
3

Dng ton 3:
Xc nh im M tho mt ng thc vect cho
trc
Phng php p dng
Ta bin i ng
thc vect cho trc v dng:
uuuu
r
r
OM = v ,
r
trong im O c nh v vect v bit.
Th d 1. Cho ABC u ni tip ng trn tm O.
uuur uuur uuur r
a. Chng minh rng OA OB OC 0 .
b. Hy xc nh cc im M, N, P sao cho:
uuuu
r
uuur uuur uuur
uuur uuur uuu
r
uuur uuur
OM = OA OB ; ON = OB OC ; OP = OC OA .

Gii
a.
b.

V ABC u nn O chnh l trng tm ABC, do ta c ngay:

uuur uuur uuur r
A
OA OB OC 0 .
M
Gi A1, B1, C1 theo th t l trung im ca BC, AC, AB.
C

Dng hnh bnh hnh AOBM bng vic ly im M

uuuu
r
uuur uuur
i xng vi O qua C1, ta c c OM = OA OB .
Cc im N, P c xc nh tng t.

Th d 2. Cho ABC. Hy xc nh im M tho mn iu kin:

uuuu
r
r
uuuu
r
uuur
MA MB + MC = 0 .

(*)

Gii
Bin i (*) v dng:
r
uuuu
r
r
uuur uuuu
uuur
BA + MC = 0 MC = AB
ABCM l hnh bnh hnh.
T , xc nh im M ta thc hin:
K Ax // BC.
K Cy // AB.
Giao ca Ax v Cy chnh l im M cn tm.

Th d 3. Cho ABC u, ni tip ng trn tm O.

a. Hy xc nh cc im M, N, P sao cho:
uuuu
r uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuu
r uuur uuur
OM = OA + OB , ON = OB + OC , OP = OC + OA .
uuur
uuur
uuur
r
b. Chng minh rng OA + OB + OC = 0 .

Gii

a. Da theo quy tc hnh bnh hnh, ta ln lt c:

Vi im M tho mn:
uuuu
r
uuur
uuur
OM = OA + OB
M l nh th t ca hnh bnh hnh AOBM
CM l ng knh ca (O), v ABC u.
Vi im N tho mn:
uuur uuur uuur
ON = OB + OC N l nh th t ca hnh bnh hnh BOCN

AN l ng knh ca (O), v ABC u.

Vi im P tho mn:
uuu
r uuur uuur
OP = OC + OA P l nh th t ca hnh bnh hnh AOCP

BP l ng knh ca (O), v ABC u.

Vy, cc im M, N, P nm trn ng trn (O) sao cho CM, AN, BP l cc
ng knh ca ng trn (O).
uuur
uuuu
r
b. Da vo kt qu cu a) v OC = MO , ta c ngay:
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuuu
r
uuuu
r
uuuu
r
uuuu
r
r
uuuur
OA + OB + OC = OM + MO = MO + OM = MM = 0 .
7

M
O
N

Th d 4.
a.
b.
c.

Cho ABC.
r
uur
uur
Tm im I sao cho IA + 2 IB = 0 .
uuu
r
uuur
uuur
Tm im K sao cho KA + 2 KB = CB .
uuuu
r
r
uuuu
r
uuur
Tm im M sao cho MA + MB + 2 MC = 0 .

Gii
a. Ta bin i:
uur uuur
r
uur
uur
uuur
0 = IA + 2 (IA AB) = 3 IA + 2 AB
uur
2 uuur
IA = - AB , suy ra im I c hon ton xc nh.
3
b. Ta bin i:
uuur
uuur
r
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
0 = KA + KB + ( KB + BC ) = KA + KB + KC
K l trng tm ABC.
c. Gi E, F, N l trung im AB, BC, EF, ta c:
r
r
uuuu
r
r
uuuu
r uuuu
uuur uuuu
uuur
uuur
0 = ( MA + MC ) + ( MB + MC ) = 2 ME + 2 MF = 4 MN M N.

Th d 5. Cho trc hai im A, B v hai s thc , tho mn + 0.

uur
uur r
a. Chng minh rng tn ti duy nht im I tho mn IA + IB = 0 .
b. T , suy ra vi im bt k M, ta lun c:
uuuu
r
uuur
uuu
r
MA + MB = ( + ) MI .

Gii
a. Ta c:
r
uur
uur r
uur
uur uuur
uur
uuur r
IA + IB = 0 IA + ( IA + AB ) = 0 ( + ) IA + AB = 0
uuur
uur
uuur
uur
( + ) AI = AB AI =
AB .

uuur
V A, B c nh nn vect
AB khng i, do tn ti duy nht im I

tho mn iu kin u bi.

b. Ta c:
uuuu
r
uuur
uuu
r uur
uuu
r uur
uuu
r
uur
uur
MA + MB = ( MI + IA ) + ( MI + IB ) = ( + ) MI + ( IA + IB )
uuu
r
= ( + ) MI , pcm.

F
Nhn xt quan trng:

1. Nu = = 1 th im I chnh l trung im ca AB.

2. Bi ton trn c m rng t nhin cho ba im A, B, C v b ba s thc , ,
cho trc tho mn + + 0, tc l:

a. Tn ti duy nht im I tho mn:

uur
r
uur
uur
IA + IB + IC = 0 .
b. T suy ra vi im bt k M, ta lun c
uur
uuuu
r
uuur
uuu
r
MA + MB + IC = ( + + ) MI .
v khi = = = 1 th I l trng tm ABC.
3. Vic m rng cho n im Ai, i = 1, n v b n s thc i, i = 1, n tho mn

i 1

0,

xin dnh cho bn c.

4. Kt qu trn c s dng gii bi ton:
Cho n im Ai, i = 1, n v b n s thc i, 1, n tho mn

i 1

0. Tm s thc

k v im c nh I sao cho ng thc vect

n
uuuuu
r
uuu
r
i MAi = k MI ,

(1)

tho mn vi mi im M.
Phng php gii
V (1) tho mn vi mi im M, do ng vi M I, khi :
n
uuur
r
ur

IA
i i = k II = 0 .

(2)

i 1

i 1

Xc nh c im I t (2).
T (2), suy ra
n
n
uuuuu
r
uuu
r
i MAi = i MI .
i 1

T (1) v (3), suy ra:

n
uuu
r
uuu
r
i MI = k MI k =
i 1

(3)

i 1

i 1

Th d 6. Cho t gic ABCD, M l im tu . Trong mi trng hp hy

tm s k v im c nh I, J, K sao cho cc ng thc vect sau tho
mn vi mi im M.
uuuu
r
uuur
uuu
r
a. 2 MA + MB = k MI .
uuuu
r
uuu
r
uuuu
r
uuur
b. MA + MB + 2 MC = k MJ .
uuuu
r
uuuu
r
uuur
uuuu
r
uuuu
r
c. MA + MB + MC + 3 MD = k MK .

Gii
a. V (1) tho mn vi mi im M, do ng vi M I, khi :
r
uur uur
ur
2 IA + IB = k II = 0 .
T (1.1), ta c:

(1.1)

r
uur
uur uuur
uur
1 uuur
2 IA + ( IA + AB ) = 0 IA = - AB xc nh c im I.
3
T (1.1), ta c:
uuuu
r
uuur
uuu
r
uuu
r
2 MA + MB = (2 + 1) MI = 3 MI .
(1.2)
T (1) v (1.2), suy ra:
uuu
r
uuu
r
3 MI = k MI k = 3.
b. V (2) tho mn vi mi im M, do ng vi M J, khi :
uur uur
uur
uu
r
r
(2.1)
JA + JB + 2 JC = k JJ = 0 .
Gi E l trung im AB, t (2.1), ta c:
uur
uur r
2 JE + 2 JC = 0 J l trung im ca CE.
T (2.1), ta c:
uuuu
r
uuu
r
uuu
r
uuuu
r uuur
(2.2)
MA + MB + 2 MC = (1 + 1 + 2) MJ = 4 MJ .
T (2) v (2.2), suy ra:
uuu
r
uuu
r
4 MJ = k MJ k = 4.
c. V (3) tho mn vi mi im M, do ng vi M K, khi :
uuur
r
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
(3.1)
KA + KB + KC + 3 KD = k KK = 0 .
Gi G l trng tm ABC, t (3.1), ta c:
uuur
r
uuur
3 KG + 3 KD = 0 K l trung im ca GD.
T (3.1), ta c:
uuuu
r
uuuu
r
uuur
uuuu
r
uuuu
r
(3.2)
MA + MB + MC + 3 MD = 6 MK .
T (3) v (3.2), suy ra:
uuuu
r
uuuu
r
6 MK = k MK k = 6.

F
Ch : Bi ton tm im c th c m rng thnh bi ton tm tp hp im
(qu tch). Vi cc bi ton qu tch ta cn nh rng:
uuuu
r
uuur
1. Nu | MA | = | MB |, vi A, B cho trc th M thuc ng trung trc
ca on AB.
uuuu
r
uuur
2. | MC | = k| AB |, vi A, B, C cho trc th M thuc ng trn tm C,
bn knh bng k.AB.
uuur
uuuu
r
3. Nu MA = k BC , vi A, B, C cho trc th
a. Vi k im M thuc ng thng qua A song song vi BC.
b. Vi k + im M thuc na ng thng qua A song song vi
uuur
BC theo hng BC .
c. Vi k - im M thuc na ng thng qua A song song vi
uuur
BC ngc hng BC .

10

Th d 7.
a.
b.

Cho ABC, tm tp hp nhng im M tho mn:

uuuu
r
r
uuuu
r
uuur
MA + k MB - k MC = 0 .
uuuu
r
r
uuuu
r
uuur
(1 - k) MA + MB - k MC = 0 .

(1)
(2)

Gii
a. Ta bin i (1) v dng:
uuuu
r uuur
uuur
uuuu
r
uuuu
r
MA = k( MC - MB ) MA = k BC
M thuc ng thng qua A song song vi BC.
b. Ta bin i (2) v dng:
uuuu
r
r
uuuu
r
uuur
uuuu
r
MA + MB - k( MA + MC ) = 0 .
Gi E, F theo th t l trung im ca AB v AC, ta c:
r
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
(3) 2 ME - 2k MF = 0 ME = k MF

(3)

M thuc ng trung bnh EF ca ABC.

Dng ton 4:
Biu din mt vect thnh t hp vect
Phng php p dng
Ta la chn mt trong hai hng:
Hng 1:
T gi thit xc nh c tnh cht hnh hc, ri t khai trin
vect cn biu din bng phng php xen im hoc hiu ca hai
vect cng gc.
Hng 2:
T gi thit thit lp c mi lin h vect gia cc i tng, ri
t khai trin biu thc ny bng phng php xen im hoc hiu
ca hai vect cng gc.
r

uur

uur

uuu
r

r
2 uuuu
3 uuur
MA + MB .
5
5

Th d 1. Cho on thng AB v im I sao cho 2 IA + 3 IB = 0 .

uur
uuur
a. Tm s k sao cho AI = k AB .
b. Chng minh rng vi mi im M ta c MI =

Gii
a. Bin i gi thit:
r
uur
uur
uur
uur uur
uur
uuur
uur
3 uuur
0 = 2 IA + 3 IB = 5 IA + 3( IB IA ) = 5 AI + 3 AB AI = AB .
5
3
Vy, vi k = tho mn iu kin u bi.
5
b. Bin i gi thit:
r
uur
uur
uuuu
r
uuu
r
uuur
uuu
r
0 = 2 IA + 3 IB = 2( MA MI ) + 3( MB MI )

11

uuu
r
uuuu
r
uuur
uuu
r
r
2 uuuu
3 uuur
5 MI = 2 MA + 3 MB MI = MA + MB , pcm.
5
5

Th d 2. Cho OAB. Gi M, N ln lt l trung im hai cnh OA v OB.

Hy tm cc us
m v nuuthch
hp
trongr mi ng
thc
sau y:
uuu
r
ur
uuur uuuu
uuur
uuur
OM = m OA + n OB ; MN = m OA + n OB ;
uuur
uuur
uuur uuur
uuur
uuur
AN = m OA + n OB ; MB = m OA + n OB ;
O
Gii
uuuu
r
1 uuur
N
M
a. Ta c ngay OM = OA
2
B
A
uuuu
r
uuur
uuur
1
do ng thc OM = m OA + n OB s c m = v n = 0.
2
b. Ta c:
uuuu
r
uuur
1 uuur
1 uuur
1 uuur
1 uuur
MN = AB = ( OB OA ) = OA + OB
2
2
2
2
uuuu
r
uuur
uuur
1
1
do ng thc MN = m OA + n OB s c m = v n = .
2
2
c. Ta c:
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
1 uuur
AN = AO + ON = OA + OB
2
uuur
uuur
uuur
1
do ng thc AN = m OA + n OB s c m = 1 v n = .
2
d. Ta c:
uuuu
r
uuur
uuur
uuur
1 uuur
MB = MO + OB = OA + OB
2
uuur
uuur
uuur
1
do ng thc MB = m OA + n OB s c m = v n = 1.
2
r
uuur
r
uuur
Th d 3. Gi G l trng tm ABC. t a = GA v b = GB . Hy biu th
r
r
uuur uuur uuur uuur
mi vect AB , GC , BC , CA qua cc vect a v b .

Gii
a. S dng quy tc hiu ca hai vect cng gc, ta c ngay:
uuur
uuur
r r
uuur
AB = GB GA = b a .
b. V G l trng tm ABC nn:
uuur
uuur
uuur
r
uuur
uuur
uuur
r
r
GA + GB + GC = 0 GC = GA GB = a b .
c. S dng quy tc hiu ca hai vect cng gc v kt qu trong b), ta c:
uuur uuur
uuur
r
r
r
r
r
BC = GC GB = a b b = a 2 b .
d. S dng quy tc hiu ca hai vect cng gc v kt qu trong b), ta c:
uuur uuur
uuur r
r
r
r
r
CA = GA GC = a ( a b ) = 2 a + b .
12

Th d 4. Cho ABC. Gi M, N, P ln lt l trung im ca BC, CA, AB.

uuur
uuu
r
uuur uuur uuur
Tnh cc vect AB , BC , CA theo cc vect BN v CP .

Gii
Ta ln lt c:
uuuu
r uuur uuuu
r
uuuu
r uuur
uuur
uuuu
r uuur
AB = AM MB = 3GM (GB GM) = 2GM GB
r
uuur uuur
1 uuur uuur uuur
2 uuur 2 uuu
A
= 2 (GB GC) GB = 2GB GC = 2. BN CP
2
3
3
r
4 uuur 2 uuu
P G N
= BN CP .
3
3
r 2 uuur
uuur uuur uuur
2 uuu
B
C
BC = GC GB = CP BN .
M
3
3
uuur
uuur
Vect CA c biu din tng t AB .

Th d 5. Cho ABC.
a. Tm cc im M v N sao
cho:
uuuu
r
r
uuur
uuur
uuur
r
uuuu
r
uuur
MA MB + MC = 0 , 2 NA + NB + NC = 0 .
b. Vi cc im M v N cu a), tm cc s p v q sao cho:
uuuu
r
uuur
uuur
MN = p AB + q AC .

Gii
a. Ta ln lt thc hin:
r uuuu
r uuur uuuu
r
r
uuuu
r uuur
r
uuur uuuu
uuur uuuu
0 = MA MB + MC = BA + MC = AB + MC MC = AB
M l nh th t ca hnh bnh hnh ABCM.
r
uuur uuur uuur
uuur
uuur
0 = 2 NA + NB + NC = 2 NA + 2 NE , vi E l trung im BC
uuur uuur r
NA + NE = 0 N l trung im ca AE.
b. Ta c biu din:
uuuu
r
uuur
uuu
r
uuuu
r
1 uuur
MN = MA + AN = CB + AE
2
uuur
uuur
uuur
1 uuur
5 uuur
3 uuur
= ( AB AC ) + ( AB + AC ) = AB AC .
4
4
4
Th d 6. Cho ABC trng tm G. Gi I l im trn cnh BC sao cho 2CI
= 3BI v J l im
trn BC kouudi
sao cho 5JB = 2JC.
ur
uur uur
uuur
a. Tnh AI , AJ theo AB v AC .
uuur
uur
uur
b. Tnh AG theo AI v AJ

Gii

a. Ta c:
J
13

 2CI 3BI
uur
uur
uur 2 IC = - 3 IB
uur
IC IB
uuur uur
uuur
uuur uur
uur
uuur
2( AC - AI ) = - 3( AB - AI ) 5 AI = 3 AB + 2 AC
uur
3 uuur
2 uuur
AI = AB + AC .
5
5
Ta c:
5JB 2JCI
uur
uur
uuur uur
uuur uur
uur 5 JB = 2 JC 5( AB - AJ ) = 2( AC - AJ )
uur
JB JC
uur
uuur
uur
uuur
5 uuur 2 uuur
3 AJ = 5 AB - 2 AC AJ = AB - AC .
3
3
b. Gi M l trung im BC, ta c:
uuur
uuur
uuur
r
2 uuuu
2 1 uuur
1 uuur
AG = AM = . ( AB + AC ) = ( AB + AC ).
3
3 2
3
Mt khc t h to bi (1) v (2), ta nhn c:
uuur
uuur
5 uur
3 uur
25 uur 9 uur
AJ .
AB = AI + AJ v AC =
AI 8
8
16
16
Thay (4) vo (3) ta nhn c:
uuur
35 uur 1 uur
AG =
AJ .
AI 48
16

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

Dng ton 5:
Chng minh hai im trng nhau
Phng php p dng
Mun chng minh hai im
A v A trng nhau, ta la chn mt trong hai cch sau:
uuuuur1 r 2
Cch 1: Chng minh A1A 2 = 0 .
uuuur
uuuur
Cch 2: Chng minh OA1 = OA 2 vi O l im tu .
uuur

uuur

Th d 1. Chng minh rng AB = CD khi v ch khi trung im ca hai

on thng AD v BC trng nhau.

Gii
Ta c:
uuur
uuur
Nu AB = CD th ABCD l hnh bnh hnh. Do , AD v BC c trung
im trng nhau.
Nu AD v BC c trung im trng nhau th ABCD l hnh bnh hnh. Do :
uuur
uuur
AB = CD

Th d 2. Cho lc gic ABCDEF. Gi M, N, P, Q, R, S ln lt l trung im

ca cc cnh AB, BC, CD, DE, EF, FA. Chng minh rng hai tam gic
MPR v NQS c cng trng tm.

14

 Gii
Gi G l trng tm ca MPR, ta c:
uuuu
r
uuu
r
uuur
r
GM + GP + GR = 0
Li c:uuuu
r
uuur
uuur
uuu
r
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuu
r
2 GM = GA + GB , 2 GP = GC + GD ,
2 GR = GE + GF
uuuu
r uuu
r
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuu
r
2( GM + GP + GR ) = GA + GB + GC + GD + GE + GF
Suy ra:
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuu
r
r
GA + GB + GC + GD + GE + GF = 0 (do(1))
Do :
uuur
uuu
r
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
r
( GA + GF ) + ( GB + GC ) + ( GD + GE ) = 0
uuur
uuur
uuu
r
uuur
r
uuu
r uuur
r
2 GS + 2 GN + 2 GQ = 0 GS + GN + GQ = 0
Vy, ta c G l trng tm ca SNQ.
Tm li, cc MPR v NQS c cng trng tm.

Dng ton 6:
Chng minh ba im thng hng
Phng php p dng
Mun chng minh ba im A, B, C thng hng, ta i chng minh:
uuur
uuur
AB = k AC , k .
nhn c (1), ta la chn mt trong hai hng:
Hng 1:
S dng cc quy tc bin i vect bit.
uuur
uuur
Hng 2:
Xc nh vect AB v AC thng qua mt t hp trung gian.

(1)

(1)

F
Ch : Ta c kt qu:
Cho ba im A, B, C. iu kin cn v A, B, C thng hng l:
uuuu
r
uuuu
r
uuur
MC = MA + (1 - ) MB ,
vi im tu M v s thc bt k .
uur

uur

uur

uur

Th d 1. Cho ABC, ly cc im I, J tho mn IA = 2 IB , 3 JA + 2 JC = 0

. Chng minh rng IJ i qua trng tm G ca ABC.

Gii

uur
uur
Vit li IA = 2 IB di dng:
uur
uur r
IA - 2 IB = 0 .
uur
uur
r
Bin i 3 JA + 2 JC = 0 v dng:
uur ur
uur
ur
r
uur ur
uur
3( IA - IJ ) + 2( IC - IJ ) = 0 3 IA + 2 IC = 5 IJ .
Tr theo v (1) chouur(2), ta u
c:
r
uur
ur
uur uur
2( IA + IB + IC ) = 5 IJ 6 IG = 5 IJ I, J, G thng hng.

15

(1)
(2)

Th d 2.
Cho ABC. Gi O, G, H theo th t l tm ng
trn ngoi tip, trng tm, trc tm ca ABC. Chng minh rng:
uuur
uuur
a. AH = 2 OE , vi E l trung im BC.
A
uuur

uuur

uuur

uuur

b. OH = OA + OB + OC .
c. Chng minh rng O, G, H thng hng.

Gii

H
O

a. Gi A1 l im i xng vi A qua O, ta c:
BH // CA1 c ng vu ng gc v i AC
A1BHC l hnh bnh hnh

CH // BA1 c ng vu ng gc v i AB
uuur
uuur
A1, E, H thng hng AH = 2 OE , pcm.
b. Ta c:
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
OH = OA + AH = OA + 2 OE = OA + OB + OC , pcm.

c. Ta c:
uuur
uuur
uuur
1 uuur
1 uuur
OG = ( OA + OB + OC ) = OH O, G, H thng hng.
3
3

Th d 3. Cho ABC, ly cc im M, N, P tho mn:

uuur
uuu
r
r uuur
r uuu
uuuu
r
uuur
r
MA + MB = 0 , 3 AN - 2 AC = 0 , PB = 2 PC .
Chng minh rng M, N, P thng hng.

Gii
Ta c:
uuur
uuu
r uuuu
r
= AP AM ,
MP
uuuu
r
uuur uuu
r
MN = AN AP .
uuu
r uuuu
r uuur
uuur
uuur
Ta i tnh AP, AM, AN theo AB v AC , c th t gi thit:
uuuu
r 1 uuur
r
uuuu
r
uuur
MA + MB = 0 AM AB
2
uuur
uuur
uuur
r
2 uuur
3 AN - 2 AC = 0 AN = AC
3
uuur uuu
r
uuu
r
uuur
uuur
uuu
r
uuur uuu
r
uuu
r
PB = 2 PC AB AP = 2 (AC AP) AP = AB 2AC .
Thay (3), (4), (5) vo (1) v (2) ta c:
uuur
uuur
uuur 1 uuur
uuur
3 uuur
MP = AB 2AC - AB = AB 2AC .
2
2
uuur 4 uuur
uuuu
r
2 uuur uuur uuur
MN = AC + AB 2AC = AB AC .
3
3
T (6) v (7) ta nhn thy:

16

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)

uuuu
r
3 uuur
MN = - MP M, N, P thng hng.
2

Dng ton 7:
Xc nh c tnh K ca i tng S khi n tho mn
mt ng thc vect
Phng php p dng
Phn tch c nh tnh xut pht t cc ng thc vect ca gi thit.
Lu ti nhng h thc bit v trung im ca on thng v trng tm ca
tam gic.
Th d 1. Cho ABC, c cc cnh bng a, b, c v trng tm G tho mn:
uuur
uuur
uuur
r
a. GA + b. GB + c. GC = 0 .
(1)
Chng minh rng ABC l tam gic u.

Gii
Ta c:
uuur
uuur
uuur
r
uuur
uuur uuur
(2)
GA + GB + GC = 0 GA = - GB - GC .
Thay (2)uuvo
(1), ta c:
ur uuur
uuur
uuur
r
a.(- GB - GC ) + b. GB + c. GC = 0
uuur
uuur
r
(b - a). GB + (c - a). GC = 0 .
(3)
uuur
uuur
V GB v GC l hai vect khng cng phng, do (3) tng ng vi:
ba 0
a = b = c ABC l tam gic u.

ca 0

Th d 2. Cho t gic ABCD. Gi s tn ti im O sao cho:

uuur uuur uuur uuur
| OA || OB || OC || OD |
uuur uuur uuur uuur r .
OA OB OC OD 0

Chng minh rng ABCD l hnh ch nht.

Gii
T phng trnh th nht ca h , ta suy ra:
O l tm ng trn ngoi tip t gic ABCD.
(1)
Gi M, N, P, Q l trung im ca AB, BC, CD, DA , t phng trnh th hai ca
h ta c:
r
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuuu
r
uuu
r
uuuu
r
uuu
r
r
0 = OA + OB + OC + OD = 2 OM + 2 OP OM + OP = 0
M, P, O thng hng v O l trung im MP.
(2)
uuur
uuur
r
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
r
0 = OA + OB + OC + OD = 2 ON + 2 OQ ON + OQ = 0
N, Q, O thng hng v O l trung im NQ.
(3)
T (2), (3), suy ra MNPQ l hnh bnh hnh suy ra
A, C, O thng hng v O l trung im AC.
17

 B, D, O thng hng v O l trung im BD.

Do ABCD l hnh bnh hnh.
T (1) v (4) suy ra ABCD l hnh ch nht.

(4)

h trc to

Dng ton 1:
To vect To im
Phng php p dng
Ta cn nh cc kt qu sau:
1 Vi hai im A(xA, yA) v B(xB, yB), ta c:
uuur
uuur
AB = | AB | = (x B x A ) 2 (y B y A ) 2 .
AB = (xB - xA, yB - yA),
2

r
r
Vi hai vect a (x1, y1) v b (x2, y2) , ta c:
r
r
r
a = x1. i + y1. j ,
x1 x 2
r
r
,
a = b
y1 y 2
r
r
a + b = (x1 + x2, y1 + y2).

Th d 1.
a.
b.
c.

Trong mt phg to , cho ba im A(4 ; 1), B(2; 4), C(2 ; 2).

Tm to trng tm ABC.
Tm to im D sao cho C l trng tm ABD.
Tm to im E sao cho ABCE l hnh bnh hnh.

Gii
a. Gi G l trng tm ABC, ta c ngay G(0, 1).
b. Gi s D(xD, yD), khi vi iu kin C l trng tm ABD, ta c:
4 2 x D

2
xD 8
3

D(8; 11).

y D 11
2 1 4 y D

3
c. Gi s E(xE; 0), khi vi iu kin ABCE l hnh bnh hnh, ta c:
xE 4 0
x E 4
uuur uuur

E(4; 5).
AE BC
y E 1 6
y E 5

Th d 2. Cho im M(1 - 2t; 1 + t). Tm im M sao cho x 2M y 2M nh nht.

Gii
Ta c:
18

x 2M y 2M = (1 - 2t)2 + (1 + t)2 = 5t2 - 2t + 2 = 5(t -

1 2 9
9
) +
5
5
5

9
t c khi :
5
1
1
3 6
t - = 0 t = M0( ; ).
5
5
5 5
3 6
Vy, im M0( ; ) tho mn iu kin u bi.
5 5

suy ra ( x 2M y 2M )Min =

Th d 3. Cho ba im A(1; 1); B(3; 3); C(2; 0).

a. Tnh din tch ABC.

b. Hy tm tt c cc im M trn trc Ox sao cho gc AMB

nh nht.

Gii
a. Ta c:
AB2 = 4 + 4 = 8,
BC2 = 1 + 9 = 10,
CA2 = 1 + 1 = 2
2
2
2
AB + AC = BC ABC vung ti A.
Vy din tch ABC c cho bi:
1
1
SABC = AB.AC =
22 22 . 12 ( 1) 2 = 2 (vdt).
2
2

b. Gc AMB
nh nht
uuuu
r uuur

AMB
= 00 A, M, B thng hng AM // AB
xM xA
yM yA
x 1
1

=
M
=
xM = 0 M O.
xB xA
yB yA
3 1
3 1
Vy, im M(0; 0) tho mn iu kin u bi.

r
r
r
Dng ton 2:
Biu din vect c (c1; c2) theo cc vect a (a1; a2), b (b1;
b2 )
Phng php p dng
Ta thc hin theo cc bc:
r
r
r
Bc 1:
Gi s c = a + b .
(1)
Bc 2:
Ta c:
r
r
a + b = (a1, a2) + (b1, b2) = (a1 + b1, a2 + b2).
Vy (1) xy ra khi v ch khi:
c1 a1 b1
.

c 2 a 2 b 2

(I)

Gi h (I), ta nhn c gi tr ca cp (, )
Bc 3:
Kt lun.
r
r r
Th d 4. Hy biu din vect c theo cc vect a , b , bit:
19

r
r
r
a (2; -1), b (-3; 4) v c (-4; 7).

Gii

r
r
r
Gi s c = a + b .
Ta c:
r
r
a + b = (2; - 1) + ( - 3; 4) = (2 - 3; - + 4).
Khi (1) xy ra khi v ch khi:
4 2 3
1

.

7 4
2
r
r
r
Vy, ta c c = a + 2 b .

(1)

Th d 5. Cho bn im A(1; 1), B(2; - 1), C(4; 3) v D(16; 3). Hy biu din
uuur
uuur uuur
vect AD theo cc vect AB , AC

Gii

uuur
uuur
uuur
Gi s AD = AB + AC .
Ta c:
uuur
uuur
uuur
AD (15; 2), AB (1; - 2), AC (3; 2)
uuur
uuur
AB + AC = (1; - 2) + (3; 2) = ( + 3; - 2 + 2)
Khi (1) xy ra khi v ch khi:
3 15
3

.

2 2 2
4
uuur
uuur
uuur
Vy, ta c AD = 3 AB + 4 AC .

(1)

Dng ton 3:
Xc nh to im M tho mn mt ng thc
vect, di
Phng php p dng
Thc hin theo cc bc:
Bc 1: Gi s M(x; y).
Bc 2: To ho cc vect c trong ng thc hoc s dng cng thc v
khong cch gia hai im, chuyn ng thc v biu thc i s.
Bc 3: Gii phng trnh hoc h trn, ta nhn c to ca M.

uuuuur

uuuuur

Ch : im M(x; y) chia on thng M1M2 theo mt t s k (tc l MM1 = k MM 2 )

c xc nh bi cc cng thc:

20

x1 kx 2
x 1 k
.

y y1 ky 2

1 k
c bit nu k = -1, th M l trung im ca on thng M 1M2, khi to ca
M c xc nh bi:
x1 x 2

x 2
.

y y1 y 2

Th d 1. Cho hai im A(0; 2) v B(4; -3). Tm to :

a. Trung im I ca AB.
r
uuuu
r
uuur
b. im M sao cho MA + 2 MB = 0 .

Gii
1
a. Ta c I(2; - ).
2
b. T gi thit
r
MA + 2 MB = 0 MA - 2 MB im M chia on AB theo t s k = -2.
Do :
x A kx B 8

x 1 k 3
8 4
M:
M( ; - ).
y

ky
4
3 3
B
y A

1 k
3

F
Ch : Ta cng c th trnh by theo cch: Gi s M(x; y), ta c:

uuuu
r
MA ( x, 2 y)
uuuu
r
uuur
MA + 2 MB = (8 - 3x; - 4 - 3y).
uuur
MB (4 x, 3 y)
r
uuuu
r
uuur
V MA + 2 MB = 0 , nn:
8

3x

8 4
3

M( ; - ).

4
3 3
4 3y 0
y

Th d 2. Cho ABC, bit A(1; 0), B(-3; -5), C(0; 3).

uuur
uuur
a. Xc nh to im E sao cho AE = 2 BC .
b. Xc nh to im F sao cho AF = CF = 5.
21

c. Tm tp hp cc im M sao cho:
uuuu
r
r
uuuu
r
uuur
uuur uuuu
|2( MA + MB ) - 3 MC | = | MB - MC |.

(1)

Gii

uuur
uuur
a. Gi s E(x; y), khi AE (x - 1; y), BC (3; 8)
T :
uuur
uuur
x 1 2.3
x7

E(7; 16).
AE = 2 BC
y 2.8
y 16
b. Gi s F(x; y), khi :
2
2
2
(x 1) 2 y 2 25
AF 25
(x 1) y 25
AF = CF = 5

2
2
2
CF 25
x (y 3) 25
x 3y 4
y0
F1 (4,0)
10y 2 30y 0
x 4& y 0


y3


.
F2 (5,3)
x 5& y 3
x 3y 4
x 3y 4

Vy tn ti hai im F1( - 4; 0) v F2(5; 3) tho mn iu kin u bi.

c. Gi s M(x; y), khi :
uuuu
r
uuuu
r
uuur
MA (1 - x; -y), MB (-3 - x; -5 - y), MC (-x; 3 - y)
uuuu
r
r
uuuu
r uuur
uuur uuuu
2( MA + MB ) - 3 MC = (-x - 4; -y - 19) v MB - MC = (-3; -8).
Khi :
(1) (-x - 4)2 + (-y - 19)2 = (-3)2 + (-8)2 (x + 4)2 + (y + 19)2 = 73.
t I(-4; -19), ta c:
IM2 = 73 M thuc ng trn tm I(-4, -19), bn knh R = 73 .

F
Nhn xt: Nh vy, trong v d trn chng ta thc hin vic xc nh im
da trn cc ng thc v vect, di cho trc. Tuy nhin,
trong nhiu trng hp chng ta cn i thit lp cc ng thc
da trn tnh cht ca im cn xc nh.
Th d 3. Cho ABC cn ti A, bit A(a; 3a 7 - 3 7 ), B(1; 0), C(2a - 1; 0)
v A thuc gc phn t th nht.
a. Xc nh to cc nh ca ABC, bit rng p = 9 (p l na chu
vi).
b. Tm to im MAB v NBC sao cho ng thng MN ng
thi chia i chu vi v chia i din tch ca ABC.

Gii
a.

Ta c to cc im:
A(a; 3a 7 - 3 7 ), B(1; 0), C(2a - 1; 0),
22

AM
I
B
C
1 N 3

T gi thit:
a 0

a 1.
3a 7 3 7 0
AB BC AC
p=9
=9
2
2.8|a - 1| + 2|a - 1| = 18 a = 2 hoc a = 0 (loi).
T : A(2; 3 7 ), B(1; 0), C(3; 0) AB = AC = 8, BC = 2.
b.
Ta cn tm im M AB (tc l phi tm x = BM, 0 x 8) sao cho trn
cnh BC tn ti im N tho mn:
BN = p - x = 9 - x, 0 9 - x 2 7 x 9,
SBMN
1
= .
(1)
SABC
2
T (1) ta c:
x 8
BM.BN
1
x(9 x)
1
=
= x2 - 9x + 8 = 0
.
AB.BC
2
8.2
2
x 1(l)

AP(I)

Vi x = 8 M A(2; 3 7 ) v N(2; 0) l trung im BC.

Ch : Bi ton trn c dng tng qut nh sau "Cho ABC c cc cnh a, b, c

(tng ng vi cc nh A, B, C v chu vi 2p), gi s c b a. Tm
im M AB, N BC sao cho ng thng MN ng thi chia
i chu vi v chia i din tch ca ABC "
Phng php gii
Ta thc hin theo cc bc sau:
Bc 1: im M AB (tc l phi tm x = BM, 0 x c) sao cho trn cnh BC
tn ti im N tho mn:
BN = p - x, 0 p - x v
Bc 2:

Bc 3:

SBMN
1
= .
SABC
2

(1)

T (1) ta c:
BM.BN 1
x(p x) 1
=
= 2x2 - 2px + ac = 0. (2)
AB.BC
2
c.a
2
Gii (2) ta xc nh c x, t suy ra to cc im M, N.

Dng ton 4:
Vect cng phng Ba im thng hng nh l
Menelaus
Phng php p dng
Cn nh cc kt qu sau:

23

x1 y1
r
r
r
r

a. Vi hai vect v1 (x1, y1) v v 2 (x2, y2) ta c v1 // v 2

.
x 2 y2

b. Cho ba im A(x1, y1) , B(x2, y2) v C(x3, y3), ta c:

x 3 x1
y3 y1
uuur
uuur
A, B, C thng hng AC // AB
=
.
x 2 x1
y 2 y1
c. nh l Menelaus: Ly ba im M, N, P theo th t trn cc cnh BC, CA,
AB ca ABC. iu kin cn v M, N, P thng hng l:
MB NC PA
.
.
= 1.
MC NA PB

Th d 1. Trong mt phg to , cho ba im A(3 ; 4), B(1 ; 1), C(9 ; 5).

a. Chng minh rng ba im A, B, C thng hng.
b. Tm to im D sao cho A l trung im ca BD.
c. Tm to im E trn trc Ox sao cho A, B, E thng hng.

Gii
a. Nhn xt rng:
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
AB (4; 3) v AC (12; 9) AC = 3 AB A, B, C thng hng.
b. Gi s D(xD, yD), khi vi iu kin A l trung im ca BD, ta c:
1 xD

3 2
x D 7

D(7; 7).

yD 7
4 1 yD

2
uuur
c. Gi s E(xE, 0) Ox, khi AE (xE + 3; 4).
T , ba im A, B, E thng hng iu kin l:
x E 3 4
7
7

xE = E( ; 0).
4
3
3
3

Th d 2. Tm trn trc honh im M sao cho tng cc khong cch t M

ti cc im A v B l nh nht trong cc trng hp sau:
a. A(1; 2) v B(3; 4).
b. A(1; 1) v B(2; -4).

Gii
a.

Nhn xt A, B cng pha vi Ox.

Gi A1 l im i xng vi A qua Ox, suy ra A1(1; -2).
Gi P0 = (A1B) Ox
y
uuuu
r uuuur
4
A1, B, P0(x; 0) thng hng A1B // A1P0
2
6
5
5

= x = P0( ; 0).
x 1
2
3
3

B
A

2
O

1
-

24

A1

P M3 x

Ta c
PA + PB = PA1 + PB A1B.
Vy PA + PB nh nht A1, B, P thng hng P P0.
y
b.
Nhn xt A, B khc pha vi Ox.
A
1
Gi P0 = (AB)Ox
r
uuur uuuu
P0
A, B, P0(x, 0) thng hng AB // AP0
O P
1
1
5
6
6

=
x = P0( ; 0).
x 1
1
5
5
Ta c
-4
PA + PB AB.
Vy PA + PB nh nht khi v ch khi A, B, P thng hng P P0.

2 x
B

F
Ch : Th d trn, minh ho phng php gii cho mt lp bi ton cc tr rt
quen thuc trong cc k thi tuyn sinh vo cc trng i hc v cao
ng, do cc em hc sinh cn nm c phng php gii cho bi
ton tng qut nh sau:
Bi ton: Tm trn ng thng (d): Ax + By + C = 0 im P sao
cho tng cc khong cch t P ti cc im A(x A, yA) v B(xB, yB)
khng thuc (d) l nh nht ".
Phng php
Ta xc nh
tA.tB = ( AxA + ByA + C)( AxB + ByB + C).
Xt hai trng hp
Trng hp 1: Nu tA.tB < 0 A, B ngc pha vi (d).
Ta thc hin theo cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Gi P0 = (AB)(d), suy ra to P0.
Bc 2: Ta c PA + PB AB.
Vy PA + PB nh nht khi v ch khi A, P, B thng hng P P0.
Trng hp 2: Nu tA.tB > 0 A, B cng pha vi (d).
Ta thc hin theo cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Gi A1 l im i xng vi A qua (d) , suy ra to A1.
Bc 2: Gi P0 = (A1B)(d), suy ra to P0.
Bc 3: Ta c PA + PB = PA1 + PB AB.
Vy PA + PB nh nht A1,P, B thng hng P P0.
Ngoi phng php trn chng ta s cn nhn c mt phng php gii
khc c minh ho trong bi ton Phng php to ho .
25

Dng ton 5:
Phng php to ho
Phng php p dng
Phng php to ho thng c s dng ph bin trong hai dng:
Dng 1: Ta thc hin php to ho cc im trong hnh v a bi ton hnh
hc v dng gii tch.
Dng 2: La chn cc im thch hp bin i biu thc i s v dng di
hnh hc - Phng php ny t ra rt hiu qu tm gi tr ln nht v
nh nht ca cc biu thc i s.
Th d 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca cc hm s y =

x2 x 1 +

x2 x 1 .

Gii
Vit li hm s di dng:
y=

x2 x 1 +

1
3
(x ) 2 +
2
4

x2 x 1 =

1
3
(x ) 2
2
4

1
1
3
3
Xt cc im A(- ;
), B( ; ) v M(x; 0), khi :
2 2
2
2
AM = x 2 x 1 , BM = x 2 x 1 ,
suy ra S = AM + BM AB = 1
Vy, ta c SMin = 1, t c
khi:
uuuu
r uuur
A, B, M thng hng AM // AB to ca M.

F
Ch : Vi cc em hc sinh cha c kinh nghim gii dng ton ny thng
1
2

thng s chn ngay A(- ;

3
),
2

1
2

B( ;

3
)
2

v M(x; 0) v vn nhn

c SMin = 1, tuy nhin khi iu kin cho A, B, M thng hng s

v nghim.
i khi dng ton ny c minh ho di dng tr tuyt i.
Th d 2. Cho ba im A(1; 2), B(0; -1) v M(t; 2t + 1). Tm im M thuc
(d) sao cho:
a. (MA + MB) nh nht.
b. |MA - MB| ln nht.

Gii
a. Ta c:

MA + MB =

(t 1) 2 (2t 1) 2 +

5t 2 6t 2 +

3
1

+
5[ t
5
25

t 2 (2t 2) 2

5t 2 8t 4

4
4
]
t
5
25

26

3 1
4 2
Xt cc im A1( ; - ); B1(- ; ) v M1(t; 0).
5 5
5 5
Khi :
MA + MB = 5 ( M1A1 + M1B1).
V M1 chy trn trc honh v A1, B1 nm v hai pha ca Ox nn
(MA + MB)min (M1A1 + M1B1)min M1 = (A1B1)Ox
2
2 19
M1( ; 0) M( ; )
15
15 15
b. Tng t cu a) ta c:

|MA - MB| =

3
1
t
5
25

4
4
t
5
25

3 1
4 2
Xt cc im A2( ; ); B2( - ; ) v M2(t; 0).
5 5
5 5
Khi :
|MA - MB| = 5 |M2A2 - M2B2|.
V M2 chy trn trc honh v A2, B2 nm v mt pha ca Ox nn
|MA - MB|max |M2A2 - M2B2|max M2 = (A2B2)Ox M2(2; 0) M(2; 5).

C. Cc bi ton chn lc
V d 1:

Cho t gic ABCD. Chng minh rng:

a. C mt im O duy nht sao cho:
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
r
OA + OB + OC + OD = 0 .
im O c gi l trng tm ca bn im A, B, C, D. Tuy
nhin, ngi ta vn gi quen O l trng tm ca t gic ABCD.
b. Trng tm O l trung im ca mi on thng ni cc trung
im hai cnh i ca t gic, n cng l trung im ca on
thng ni trung im hai ng cho ca t gic.
c. Trng tm O nm trn cc on thng ni mt nh ca t gic
v trng tm ca tam gic to bi ba nh cn li.

Gii
a. Gi s c im O1 tho mn:
uuuur
uuuu
r
uuuu
r
uuuur
r
0 = O1A + O1B + O1C + O1D
uuuur
uuuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
= 4 O1O + OA + OB + OC + OD = 4 O1O
uuuur
r
O1O = 0 O1 O.
Vy, tn ti mt im O duy nht tho mn h thc vect cho.
27

b. Gi M, N, P, Q, E, F theo th t l trung im ca AB, BC, CD, DA, AC, BD, ta

c ln lt chng minh:
O l trung im MP (on ni trung im ca hai cnh AB v CD), tht vy:
r
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuuu
r
uuu
r
0 = OA + OB + OC + OD = 2 OM + 2 OP
uuuu
r
uuu
r
r
OM + OP = 0 O l trung im MP.
O l trung im NQ (on ni trung im ca hai cnh BC v DA), tht vy:
uuur
r
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
0 = OA + OB + OC + OD = 2 ON + 2 OQ
uuur
uuur
r
ON + OQ = 0 O l trung im NQ.
O l trung im EF (on ni trung im ca hai ng cho AC v BD), tht
vy: r uuur uuur uuur uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuu
r
0 = OA + OB + OC + OD = OA + OC + OB + OD = 2 OE + 2 OF
uuur
uuu
r
r
OE + OF = 0 O l trung im EF.
c. Gi G l trng tm ABC, ta c:
r uuur uuur uuur uuur
uuur uuur
uuur
uuur uuur
0 = OA + OB + OC + OD = 3 OG + OD = -3 GO + ( GD - GO )
uuur
uuur
GD = 4 GO G, O, D thng hng.
Vy, trng tm O nm trn cc on thng ni mt nh ca t gic v trng tm
ca tam gic to bi ba nh cn li.

V d 2:

Cho a gic u n cnh A1A2...An, tm O. Chng minh rng:

n

uuuur

OA
i 1

= 0.

Gii
Ta c th la chn mt trong hai cch trnh by:
n uuuu
r
uuur
Cch 1: Gi OA = OA i .
i 1

Nhn xt rng khi quay a gic mt gc bng

n

a gic vn khng i, nn

uuuur

OA
i 1

2
th:
n

uuur
= OA .

uuur
2
Vect OA s b quay theo cng chiu mt gc
.
n
uuur
uuur
r
Suy ra vect OA c hng tu OA = 0 , pcm.

Cch 2: Xt hai trng hp:

Trng hp 1: Nu n = 2k.
Khi , vi nh bt k ca a gic u c nh i xng vi n qua O pcm.
Trng hp 2: Nu n = 2k - 1.
Khi cc nh A2, ..,An chia thnh hai phn i xng qua trc OA 1, bng cch
lp tng cc cp vect i xng pcm.
28

uuur

Nhn xt: Nh vy, chng minh OA = 0 ta c th s dng tnh cht "Vect

khng l vect c phng hng tu ".
V d 3: Cho ABC. Gi I l tm ng trn ni tip tam gic. Chng
uur
r
uur
uur
minh rng a. IA + b. IB + c. IC = 0 .

Gii
Dng hnhuu
bnh
hnh AB2IC2 c AB2//CC1 v AC2//BB1, ta c:
ur uuur
uur
(1)
IA = IB2 + IC2 ,
IB2 C1A b
uuur
IB C B a
b uur
1
B2
IB2 = - IB .
(2)

u
u
u
r
u
u
r
a
IB IB
B1

2
IC 2 B1A c
uuur
IC B C a
c uur
1
IC2 = - IC .

u
u
u
r
u
u
u
u
r
a
IC ICB

(3)

Thay (2), (3) vo (1), ta c:

uur
r
uur
uur
uur
b uur c uur
IA = - IB - IC a. IA + b. IB + c. IC = 0 , pcm.
a
a
V d 4: Cho cc im A,uuu
B, C, D, E.
r
uuur
uuur
r
a. Tm O sao cho OA + 2 OB + 3 OC = 0 .
uur uur uur
uur r
b. Tm I sao cho IA + IB + IC + ID = 0 .
uuur
r
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
c. Tm K sao cho KA + KB + KC + 3( KD + KE ) = 0 .

Gii
a. Gi M, N, F l trung im AB, BC v AC, ta c:
r
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
0 = OA + 2 OB + 3 OC = ( OA + OC ) + 2( OB + OC )
uuu
r
uuur
uuu
r
uuu
r uuu
r
= 2 OF + 4 ON = -2 FO + 4( FN - FO )
uuu
r
r
2 uuu
FO = FN , suy ra im O c hon ton xc nh.
3
b. Ta c th la chn mt trong hai cch trnh by:
Cch 1: Gi P, Q l trung im CD, MP, ta c:
uur
uur r
r
uur uur uur
uur
uuu
r
uu
r
0 = IA + IB + IC + ID = 2 IM + 2 IP = 4 IQ IQ = 0
I Q, suy ra im I c hon ton xc nh.
Cch 2: Gi G l trng tm ABC, ta c:
r
uur
uur
uuur uur
uur uur uur
uur
uur
0 = IA + IB + IC + ID = 3 IG + ID = -3 GI + ( GD - GI )
29

C1
B

C2

uur
1 uuur
GI = GD , suy ra im I c hon ton xc nh.
4
c. Ta c:
r
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
0 = KA + KB + KC + 3( KD + KE ) = 3 KG + 3( KD + KE )
uuur
r
uuur
uuur
KG + KD + KE = 0 K l trng tm DEG.

V d 5:

Cho ABC, M l im tu trong mt phng.

r
uuuu
r
uuuu
r
uuur
a. Chng minh rng vect v = 3 MA - 5 MB + 2 MC khng i.
b. Tm tp hp nhng im M tho mn:
uuuu
r
r
uuuu
r
uuur
uuur uuuu
|3 MA + 2 MB - 2 MC | = | MB - MC |.

Gii
a. Ta c:
r
uuuu
r
uuuu
r uuur
uuuu
r
uuur
uuuu
r uuur
v = 3 MA - 5 MB + 2 MC = 3( MA - MB ) + 2( MC - MB )
uuur
uuur
= 3 BA + 2 BC , khng i.
b. Gi I l im tho mn h thc
uur
r
uur
uur
3 IA + 2 IB - 2 IC = 0 tn ti duy nht im I.
Ta c:
uuuu
r
uuuu
r
uuur
uuu
r
uuu
r
3 MA + 2 MB - 2 MC = (3 + 2 - 2) MI = 3 MI .
Mt khc, ta cng c:
r
uuu
r
uuur uuuu
MB - MC = CB .
Thay (1), (2) vo h thc ca cu b), ta c:
uuu
r
uuu
r
1
3| MI | = | CB | MI = BC
3
1
M thuc ng trn tm I, bn knh bng BC.
3

(1)
(2)

Cho ABC. Ly cc im A1 BC, B1 AC, C1 AB sao cho

uuuur
uuuu
r
uuuu
r
r
AA1 + BB1 + CC1 = 0 .
Chng minh rng hai tam gic ABC v A1B1C1 c cng trng tm.

V d 6:

Gii
Gi G,
G theo thuu
t
l trng tm cc tam gic ABC, A1B1C1, ta c:
uuur 1 uuur
ur
r
GA + GB + GC = 0 .
uuuuur
uuuuu
r
uuuuu
r
r
G1A1 + G1B1 + G1C1 = 0 .
Mt khcut
gi thit,
ta u
c:
uuur uuuu
r
uuu
r
r
0 = AA1 + BB1 + CC1
uuuur
uuuuur
uuuuu
r
uuuuu
r
uuur
uuur uuuur
uuur uuuur
= ( AG + GG1 + G1A1 ) + ( BG + GG1 + G1B1 ) + ( CG + GG1 + G1C1 )
30

uuuuur
uuuuu
r
uuuuu
r
uuuur
uuuur
uuur
uuur
uuur
= - ( GA + GB + GC ) + ( G1A1 + G1B1 + G1C1 ) + 3 GG1 = 3 GG1
uuuur
r
GG1 = 0 G G1.

V d 7:

Cho ABC, im M trong mt phng tho mn:

uuuu
r
uuuu
r
uuuu
r
uuur
MN = MA + MB + MC .

a. Chng minh rng MN lun i qua trng tm G ca ABC khi M thay i.

b. Gi P l trung im ca CN. Chng minh rng MP lun i qua mt im
c nh khi M thay i.

Gii
a. Vi G l trng tm ABC ta lun c:
uuur
uuur
uuur
r
GA + GB + GC = 0 .
T gi thit ta nhn c:
uuuu
r
uuuu
r
uuuu
r
uuuu
r
uuur
MN = MA + MB + MC = 3 MG .
Vy MN lun i qua trng tm G ca ABC khi M thay i.
b. V P l trung im ca CN nn:
r
uuuu
r
r
uuuu
r
uuur
uuuu
r
uuur
1 uuuu
1 uuuu
MP = ( MC + MN ) = ( MC + MA + MB + MC )
2
2
uuuu
r
r
uuur
1 uuuu
= ( MA + MB + 2 MC )
2
Gi J l im tho mn:
uur uur
uur r
uur
uur uuur
uur uuur
r
JA + JB + 2 JC = 0 JA + ( JA + AB ) + 2( JA + AC ) = 0
uur uuur
uuur
uur
1 uuur
1 uuur
4 AJ = AB + 2 AC AJ = AB + AC
4
2
tn ti duy nht im J c nh.
T :
uuuu
r
uuu
r
uuu
r
uuur
r
uuur
1 uuuu
1
MP = ( MA + MB + 2 MC ) = (1 + 1 + 2) MJ = 2 MJ .
2
2
Vy MP lun i qua mt im c nh J khi M thay i.

V d 8:

Cho ABC. Ly cc im A1BC, B1AC, C1AB sao cho:

uuuur
uuuu
r
uuuu
r
r
AA1 + BB1 + CC1 = 0 .

a. Chng minh rng

BA1
CB1
AC1
=
=
.
BC
CA
AB

b. Xc nh v tr ca A1, B1, C1 AA1, BB1 v CC1 ng quy.

Gii
a.

t:
uuuur
r
uuur uuuu
uuur uuuur
uuur
BA1 = BC , CB1 = CA , AC1 = AB
31

A
C

G B1

Khi : uuuur uuuu

r
uuuu
r
r
0 = AA1 + BB1 + CC1
uuuur
r
uuur uuuu
uuur uuuur
uuur
= ( AB + BA1 ) + ( BC + CB1 ) + ( CA + AC1 )
uuuur
uuuu
r
uuuur
uuur uuur
uuur
= ( AB + BC + CA ) + ( BA1 + CB1 + AC1 )
uuur
uuur
uuur
= BC + CA + AB .
uuur uuur
r
uuur
V AB + BC + CA = 0 nn (*) ch ng khi v ch khi:
BA1
CB1
AC1
==
=
=
, pcm.
BC
CA
AB
b.
Bn c t gii.

(*)

Cho ABC. Ly cc im M, N, P sao cho:

uuuu
r
uuur uuu
r uuur
r
uuur
r uuu
r
MB
u
r - 3 MC
uuur uuu
uuur = 0u,uurAN = 3 NC , PA + PB = 0 .
Tnh MP , MN theo AB v AC . Suy ra M, N, P thng hng.

V d 9:

Gii
Ta c:
uuur
uuu
r uuuu
r
(1)
MP
uuuu
r = AP
uuur AM
uuu
r,
MN =uuAN
uu
AP
,ur
(2)
u
r uu
r uu
uuur
uuur
Ta i tnh AP, AM, AN theo
v
AC
,
c
th
t
gi
thit:
uuur AB
uuuu
r
uuur uuuu
r
uuuu
r
r
r
uuur
(AB
AM) - 3 (AC AM) = 0
MB - 3 MC = 0
uuuu
r
1 uuur 3 uuur
AM = AB AC .
(3)
2
2
uuur
uuur
uuur
3 uuur
AN = 3 NC AN = AC .
(4)
4
uuu
r 1 uuur
r
uuu
r uuu
r
PA + PB = 0 AP AB .
(5)
2
Thay (3), (4), (5) vo (1) v (2) ta c:
uuur
1 uuur
1 uuur 3 uuur uuur 3 uuur
MP = AB + AB AC = AB AC .
(6)
2
2
2
2
u
u
u
r
u
u
u
r
uuuu
r
3
1
MN = AC - AB .
(7)
4
2
uuuu
r
uuur
T (6) v (7) ta nhn thy MP = -2 MN M, N, P thng hng.
V d 10: Cho ABC, c cc cnh a, b, c. Gi A1, B1, C1 theo th t l chn
cc nguu
phn
gic trong k t A, B, C.
uur
uuur
uuur
a. Tnh AA1 theo AB v AC .
uuuur uuuu
r
uuuu
r r
b. Chng minh rng ABC l tam gic u nu AA1 + BB1 + CC1 = 0 .

Gii
a. Ta c:
uuuur
uuuur
uuuur
uuuur uuur
BA1
BA1
c
c
BA
AA
1
uuuu
r =
uuuur uuuu
r = uuur = uuur1 uAB
uur

=
A1C
BA1 A1C
b
bc
BC
AC AB
32

uuuur uuur
AA1 - AB =

uuuur
c uuur uuur
b uuur
c uuur
AC .
AB +
( AC - AB ) AA1 =
bc
bc
bc
b. Tng t cu a), ta c:
uuuu
r
c uuur
a uuur
c uuur
a uuur
BB1 =
BC +
BC BA =
AB ,
ca
ca
ca
ca
uuuu
r
r
c uuur
b uuu
c uuur
b uuur
CC1 =
CA +
CB = AC BC .
ab
ab
ab
ab
T :
uuuur uuuu
r
uuuu
r
r
0 = AA1 + BB1 + CC1
uuur
uuur
uuur
b
a
c
c
c
b
=(
) AB + (
) AC + (
) BC
bc ca
bc ab
ca ab
uuur uuur
uuur
uuur
b
a
c
c
c
b
=(
)( AC - BC ) + (
) AC + (
) BC
bc ca
bc ab
ca ab
uuur
uuur
b
a
c
c
b
a
c
b
=(
+
) AC - (
+
) BC
bc ca ca
ab
uuur b uucur c a b c a b
V AC v BC l hai vect khng cng phng, nn ng thc trn ng khi v
ch khi:
a
c
c
b
b c c a b c a b 0
a = b = c ABC u.

b a c b 0
b c c a c a a b

V d 11: Cho ABC, bit A(-1; -1), B(2; 4), C(6; 1). Ly cc im M, N, P
trn cc ng thng AB, CA, BC sao cho cc im ln lt chia
1
2

cc on thng theo cc t s -1, - , 2.

a. Xc nh to ca M, N, P.
b. Chng t rng M, N, P thng hng.

Gii
a. Ta c:

1 3
M(x; y) chia on AB theo t s -1 M l trung im AB M( ; ).
2 2
1
N(x; y) chia on CA theo t s
2
uuur
1 uuur
NC = - NA 2(6 - x; 1 - y) = -(-1 - x; -1 - y)
2
2(6

x)
1 x

x 11/ 3
11 1


N( ; ).
3 3
2(1 y) 1 y
y 1/ 3
P(x; y) chia on BC theo t s 2 C l trung im BP P(10; - 2).

b. Ta c:

33

uuur 19 7
uuur 19 7
uuur uuur
MP ( ; - ) & NP ( ; - ) MP // NP M, N, P thng hng.
2
2
3
3

V d 12: Cho ABC, bit A(1; -3), B(3; -5), C(2; -2). Tm to :
a. Giao im E ca BC vi phn gic trong ca gc A.
b. Giao im F ca BC vi phn gic ngoi ca gc A.

Gii
Ta c:
AC
= 2.
AB
a. Gi s E(x; y), theo tnh cht phn gic trong, ta c:
uuu
r
uuu
r
uuu
r
EC
uuu
r = -2 EC (2 - x; -2 - y) = -2 EB (3 - x; -5 - y)
EB
F
2 x 2(3 x)
x 4/3
4


E( ; -4).
3
2 y 2(5 y)
y 4
b. Gi s F(x; y), theo tnh cht phn gic ngoi, ta c:
uuu
r
uuu
r
uuu
r
FC
uuu
r = 2 FC (2 - x; -2 - y) = 2 FB (3 - x; -5 - y)
FB
2 x 2(3 x)
x4


F(4; -8).
2 y 2(5 y)
y 8

AB2 = 4 + 4 = 8 v AC2 = 1 + 2 = 2 k =

V d 13: Cho ABC vung ti A, bit A(a; 0), B(1; 0), C(a; a 3 - 3 ). Xc
nh to trng tm G ca ABC, bit rng bn knh ng trn ni
tip ABC bng 2.

Gii
2a 1 a 1
;
). Vi nhn xt:
3
3
1
SABC = AB.AC = p.r AB.AC = 2(AB + AC + BC)
2
3 |a - 1|.|a - 1| = 2(|a - 1| + 3 |a - 1| + 2|a - 1|)

Ta c G(

a 3 2 3

|a - 1| = 2 + 2 3

a 1 2 3

Ta ln lt:

74 3 22 3
;
).
3
3
1 4 3 2 2 3
Vi a = - 1 - 2 3 , ta c: G(
;
).
3
3

Vi a = 3 + 2 3 , ta c: G(

34

Vy tn ti hai im G tho mn iu kin u bi.

V d 14: Cho im M(4; 1), hai im A(a; 0), B(0; b) vi a, b > 0 sao cho
A, B, M thng hng. Xc nh to ca A, B sao cho:
a. Din tch OAB nh nht.
b. OA + OB nh nht.
1
1
nh nht.
2 +
OA
OB2

Gii
V A, B, M thng hng
uuuu
r uuur
4a
1
4
1
AM // AB
= + = 1.
a
b
a
b
a. Ta c, din tch OAB c cho bi:
1
ab
S = OA.OB =
.
2
2
T (1) suy ra
4
4
1
4 1
1= + 2 . =
ab 16 S 8.
ab
a
b
a b
Vy SMin = 8, t c khi:
a 8
A(8;0)
4
1
1
= =

.
a
b
2
b2
B(0; 2)

(1)

b. T (1), ta c :
4b
a=
iu kin b > 1.
b 1
Khi :
4b
4
4
4
.(b 1) + 5 = 9.
OA + OB =
+b=
+b+4=
+b - 1+5 2
b 1
b 1
b 1
b 1
Vy (OA + OB)Min = 9, t c khi:
a6
A(6;0)
4
=b-1=2

.
b 1
b3
B(0;3)
c. Ta c:
1
1
1
1
.
2 +
2 =
2 +
OA
OB
a
b2
Nhn xt rng:
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
(42 + 12)( 2 + 2 ) ( + )2 = 1 2 + 2
.
a
b
a
b
a
b
17
1
1
1
Vy, ta c (
, t c khi:
2 +
2 )Min =
OA
OB
17

35

17
17
4 1

1
a
A( ;0)
4
4

.
a b
4a b
b 17
B(0;17)

V d 15: Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:

S = x 2 y 2 2x 4y 5 + x 2 y 2 6x 4y 13 .

Gii
Vit li biu thc di dng:
S = (x 1) 2 (y 2) 2 + (x 3) 2 (y 2) 2 .
Xt cc im A( - 1; 2), B(3; 2) v M(x; y), khi :
AM = (x 1) 2 (y 2) 2 , BM = (x 3) 2 (y 2) 2 ,
suy ra:
S = AM + BM AB = 4
Vy, ta c SMin = 4, t c khi:
uuuu
r uuur
x 1
y2
A, B, M thng hng AM // AB
=
y = 2,
4
0
v khi :
S = |x + 1| + |x - 3| = |x + 1| + |3 - x| |x + 1 + 3 - x| = 4,
du = xy ra khi
(x + 1)(3 - x) 0 -1 x 3.
Vy, ta c SMin = 4, t c khi 1 x 3 v y 2.

36