BEGINNER'S LITHUANIAN LEONARDAS DAMBRIUNAS ANTANAS KLIMAS WILLIAM R. SCHMALSTIEGippcrnepapertack eon, 199, Thin pring 08 Conse © 1966 by Franciscan Faber Fe ifomaton, ues: New Yor NY 10016 Foreword Lidhanin ithe guage of the people of Lihuanin and of about 8 milion Americans of Lidhanin erg, Along with Latenn (Laces) and the now extinct Old Proman it tlongs wo the Bute roach cf Indo-European family of language. ‘The Babe languages sre noted hei exremely conersatie and philloiallyinterting Inge ere ‘his a koowedge of Lidiuanin art a “mun” for any linge ate ovis in comparave Indo-European lnguistce The need for neta bok 5 fe bth among language scholars who witht fanfare those, with Lithuanian and among thoe Americans af Lian deren ate EB to know something ofthe language oft acer Up noes forunately, the numberof grammar of Lidhanin sate as tee vey sell ndecd. There ate not more thin twa erties stable in Bega, And thee are cee ‘This grammar is designed not fr young chile, but rather for those wo have aleady reached cain stage of atury, The pees ne tonal, bu there are some canvertine and paten eile ie ake ae andi would be pie to we the bok with an audio nga appease ‘The bok hs 40 esos in is main pat A typical ese hat a rading scleton, vocabulary Ist amerar, acres and top, onal at ected convenation of i uterances No efor was mae to age ay eon even in log and diticaly. By tenn of the grammaticophy ‘ome lesen are very lng (eg. Lena 24, wheal exe! none ne sce with examples, wile others are rather shor With the Led ot rangement, he itrctr wl Have all Kinds of teaching peti Ie ‘an tres citer te auratoral approach oe the reading pene weedy, tho. Bach ith leon (ie Lesoas 5, 1,15, 20,25, 90,35 40) isa “Ree oy Les” Thee sons are “ee” oss nl inthe ete at ep ont introduce any now srammateal material which the stant she eam, But thy wary wry mich i the supplementary weading Reno har ry. Anon ewery ono thereon ose hepate stom ail types ety) whch pty Sev I a pen “The review brn aimed wih te ‘Mier the 40 sin Ise ential spends where the toe grmmar af Liha Ie prec in the "lical™ pater: the noun ajtnrs slr A snl hoe caper festa prefs aod ney on sell se “Then follows avery shot sayin of ests wean aecsane afl fal, few short eects Misys tra fom Tithaanisn nevspaper, = few folks rvs A these action fe heavily smote and te weary i a the Liha gl vocabulary. ‘The next part compris the Lithuanian gtk vocabulary which laches all the words sted in the lesions and inthe eeadings. We Rave rovided rather Inge vocabulary, nce, for some tape a least his gre far wil have to be apr, arsine grammar, a Tide eae ands 8 Alcsnay “The Engli-Lithuoran vocabulary conte oly howe words which are needed Tor the talons fren Ens ito Titan "The best way to get a Evod pronunciation Isto try to nate the ‘oninciaon ofa natee Libuanian. The descriptions of the wounds {oem inthe test ae oly an approinaton and othe em replace he eal guidance cf etn rae Litanian. Te sggeted hat he Student make every effet to find vr to lp in. Evenly 1 hoped tat taper to scimpany hs tetook wl be aval for mle oF In leaning o conver in Lithuanian th student sould try etn cee te comveraone rater than the grammteal eu Alter memo ing the conversation he may then lara vac why each word put inthe fora in which he find He may thn ost oter words ving ‘Sa meanings In ding he exercises the dent ould fellow a ee "spoubl the examples even Inthe reading and he gmat expe aston Inte and enigma have no place forthe eget in a Feveign langue Parcs initason i preerable to incorrect einl formations, Tn the fata, we plan to propre Bey to all he exerci in hi took which will be svsabe forte. Rafe wltacers of Tasman. Avene abr, tapes will ae he oc Tor te ete ook, i forthe promunition ec of the ntact leon, and former ofthe a ing sony, conversion, “The utr wiht expr thei gral shank o Re. Re. Mae. ‘A. Karas for hegre al nd iol lpi aking in poe asin tk i he ale Me Vil Bed ior making the mp onthe imide snes tnd se tg the enw oe te Tntacay eM Pl Jk for i dav sons 20,25 and 3, and to MV. Angin forthe polo Foal the ators expo tir thnks tthe Unvnity Rereer ‘ih lose ands for ping withthe page the orga manutrp Leowardet Dambritnes ormeriy Later in Litho Antanas Klimas Wiliam R. Schmalitieg ‘Pe Fenian tae UventyCONTENTS Foreword a Conca Inodsctory Lacon Alphabet, Ses and Intonation. Sounds aod Letters Tae of Vowels ‘Table of Comnmans Some Common Lesan I Mano nati Aida Browot Tense of bas aad i Grcting 7 econ 2 Mato Stina. Front Tons ofthe Ve. Negation. Poe ‘msn Adjectives and Pronoun dating for Ditetons eon 3 Mwy mista The Css, Io and 20d Deleon ef Noone (Single) "lI Ir a Restarant Lewen Veni rd Desens of Nouns (Sng). Norcal 0. eaten, Wht is That? lesen 5. (Reiew Leon). Vise” Convention. Combination esa 6 Gra ais. Delion of Nous (Singular) a we? “Mp weras atk Ave you mot Mr Sk? eon fo i anduo, Pie ondenr. 5k Decemsiea of Nouns (Sn use). Reeve Varin. Imperative. Meeting Peole 1 Poona Prout Use of Pvonl Pronoun. Mr. Zuker and Mee Rinse ‘Order. Do you Spt Lithuenen? ‘Lemon 10. (Review Leon). Lietea Pas. Conversations, Gan Lewin it; Mane tambary it Deletion of Adjnves (Sing) ‘Rett nd veatns, Famy Names. In the Ci Aikng Bi enon 12 Mano int hana Bekion of Adjectives (ine ‘ular. Foroaton of Adver,Newtr Adjctne. Frequctatve ase Whore i ater (Tasty) t0 Eat Laon Ia Bfee. ed Deleon af Adjstes (Sings). Pat econ It, Laat Pal of Ist Desenson Noun. Sone Webal Pin tthe Bu Staton Lewin 1 Review Leno). Nematar Puke oh Taming ni Te. Kamba Ganverstiom, Combination Pratce Varta 10 Leon 16: Plies it sare. Pll of nd Desension Nouns, Use of the Gonkive, Pogrenve Tenen i the Store ma Leson If, Klas Plural of Sed Decensea Nouns Opie (Per mine). At the Barbers 29 Lesen 18, Tre sins, Pal th Deleon Nowa. Inpenonal Contvatne min Neutr Adjectines Ow the Stee, 13 Levon 19, Seine, url of th Desienson Nouns, Dal of Nouns Use of the Genie. Supine. tthe Reload Satin ‘0 Lewen 29, (Review Leson). A Coutti Inhabitans and Tit Tango B. Passa te Une ©, “foher B, Conation Fras, E Variation Practice 18 Levon 21, Laan Leto Parl of tat Deckoion,Adjctves Phpesect. Frequrmatve Peet. Use of the Dative. At the Harbor 13 Lowen 2 Garlic & Kips j Rewng, Paral of Dod Deskin Tajo. Future Perfect. Use ofthe Accust. he Bo Lesan 23, Keune Paral of ad Docsion Adjective Ua othe Leon 2. Keliné 3 Kav j Visi. Cardinal Number, Nerae ‘Cand with Paral ours Fac, "One aod Hal tes Ex resin One's Age Addison, Subtraction, Mulipiation, Div Ein: Use ofthe Lactive. Ie Clothes Stare v1 ‘Leson 25. (Review Leson). A, The Huma Bol: B, Mews Cla ‘G. Womens Chath D. Bye iv merge. Es interes Lesan 26, Vilna. Active Patciple.Adverial Paice. Ger tds The Weather 03 Via. Comparian of Adverts. Moning 25 Leson 28, Gratin cara. Delite Adjetivn di and didi Pesation ee” eas Lewon 28. Klazje”Ordial Namely Rellesve saoez Eos Pronoun pa Suner wt LLewon 30 (Review Leson}-Noo-ithsaian Proper Nase in Liha Shan. Combination Pace. Varaten Prarce Po “Teme: Sauce Prterit If Had ¢ Milion Dolo 284 Lusso 32. Ry. The Hour ofthe Day, The Days af the Week. Ac The Year. The Manthe. The Bats Pepin in Tine Ex eniane Before Concert aTesen 1 Klaje Posie Paths Pate of Neca. A esc 3 Cintas, Yes at the Pass Wales Bubjetive Pos hr Pate hnyetsiss Peeve tative fn A Suburb tes iy iesin Hosea. ay anton evi and Summary af Lewon 36, Minden 1 sive Prunnans, Relative Pronouns Lesen t8" Krona: Dow Tek Spc Ades 1 esc 38. Litiy tab. Ps nds in Indice Dior Levon 40. (Review Lassen). 200 sees hv Be tala Hato Pile fr Speed spurns wih Popo Grammatical Appentic ‘Vel (Inluing Parpe) nincions| Inerecions (Joacei Intech (lth) ‘Accntstion eral Pets Reading oni ie Gedsnino Leora Thangs Sree prs Trlsngss Mem sly vee City ii, ma eimai Tk, vonage Datuk. sete ours Soon dn, Ropintli 8. Scasijnas Kad we ianian Engh Voebulry ings Lithuanian Voabalry 20 m5 oo 19 7 % a Po 1 6 £83 Introductory Lesson |. THE ALPHABET Lithuanian uses the Latin alphatct with some additions and modifications, “There are 82 letters in the Lithuanlan alphabet ‘Tis inchides met ofthe letters of the Latin alphabets used im lish with tho exception of we, and q, which we do find, how. ver in foreign names such a8 Quito, Wallace, et Lithuanian letters which differ from Bnglsh are: a, ¢.€s i 1.4, €.2,2 The sounds whieh these letters represent are discussed In sect 1 In the sequence of the Lithuanian letters there are some dt erences from the arrangement in English 4) the y is considered as a type of {and it goes that the threes of Lithuanian oeeur in th fo thy. the four vowel groups with disritie signs are all treated as Se Teter, Le, evand ¢ 0 together as dove, ¢ and; yf and y fg together ay do ty and OF course, we will do the same fm tls book ©) if the gis ever used, it placed (as, fr example, in a dcton- try of proper names) fight afer the p, the 8 right after the v tha the 3 would be the last letter ia te elphebet. » 1m print tho Lithuanian alphabet appcarselmost the same 3s the Encl alphabet, except for the above-mentioned differences Inthe written tye there are other differences. (See Table 1)Antu dada Bb Bb Cele CG Da Dd cée Ee Ge Be ge FISg CSG unKh Vide lide YyY Vif KkHAh Like Mm Mm NnWr 0000 Ppy Rr Ae ssds ids TtJt Uulla Valley vada vy Cece | tae Block (pened) letes are practically never wed n regular Litauonlan Wrting, and all eters in individual words are wally ‘connected EXERCISE: ‘A. Write out the Lithuanian alphabet, Practice especialy the following leters: Na: 44: C6; Bo: Ud; 22 B, Writ ost the base reading selection of Lesion 5. I, STRESS. AND INTONATION ‘The stresod syllable is that syllable ofa word which receives special emphasis and the intonation ithe manner of pronouncing that syllable. Singe there sre three types of pronuncation of a tingle syllable thore are therefore three separate signs With which Lithuanians denote these intonstions (Im the United States the {erin pitehrtrece is rometimer ured to denote what European hols call intonation, bat we wil we the term ietonation, since this fs traditional in Baltic scholarship.) The stress ean fall on Almost any syllable ofa word and sometimes one form of a word may carry the sees on a certain syllable whereas another form ff the same word will carry the trexx on another syllable. In this book almost all Lithuanian words are marked with the intonation, though in regular Lithuanian texts these are act used, ‘The intonation marks are a follows: ogni alld the grave stest(uirine Rif) o the short Intonation (Grimpine prifgeie). A vowel marked with this ses fe proncunced with more force or amplitude, but it isnot length tend, Even when stresed 9 Lithuanian short vowel remains shor. Examples: moma, nino’ "until “you (amar frm)" pos beans. 7 this is the acute or falling intonation (tirtaprade pre cide), own in Geran ae the Stoston, This oecare with lng Sowels or diphthongs. Along vowel with this sign i always ‘Stressed more heavily on the frst part than on the second part. Tn the ease of dipthong the fest part ofthe diphthong receives sheave stese end is eld longer than the socond part of the Aipthong Examples with vowels; fuoles ‘al’, sprfati to decide’, do ‘put, fraser “inseription’, pas ‘especially, drag ‘al, Bat "to be’ Examples with diphthongs: kabmas “village, dukran ‘gold’, mélé ove’, pienat ‘milk, ortas ‘harbor’ his isthe circumflex Intonation (tvirtagale piggsidé), known in German as the Sehlefton. Along vowel with this sign is always stressed more heavily on the second part than on the Fiat art Inthe case ofa diphthong the second part of the dip thong receives a heavier stress and i held longer than the first amples with vowels: ¢ (ace sng) “tha’, Zlé ‘epruce’, menge {en sing.) “of me’, kate ‘co, prastas "usual, accustomed’ $02 (em. plar fom.) "they, 35 gen. pur) "themml, THE SOUNDS and Their Representations by Letters A vowels AML vowels in Lithuanian are distinguished by length, i there are short and long vowels. Contrary to the English situation twhere most vowels are diphthongized, or have some kind of off ilde, Lithuanian vowels are never diphthonglaed, and they ere fomewhat more tenge than those of Bnglsh ‘Aa, Shot Vows 4 — this letter may denote « short, more or less tense, une rounded, open central vowel. It may bo stressed or unstressed, but even when stressed Wt wil be shorter than the noemal stressed Yowel of English, Under certain circumstances (namely in open Zpllabs, although even here there are exceptions) this leter Is ted fo denote along vowel; if this i the ease euch a long vowel tray have only” the cireumilex accent and will be pronounced ‘exactly Ike ff section Ab. on long vowels. Examples os a short vowel: kad when’ af 1", Amdviha ‘Amerie mano ny ‘Examples as a long vowel: mar ‘hous’, gla ‘end’ fe — thle Iettor may denote short stressed of unstressed ‘vowel, not very tense, but rather close (not as cose, however, {Eee below). This sound is similar to thee ln English bet or net Under certain eirumstances (namely in open syllables, although even here these are exceptions) ths lester Is teed #9 denote Jong vowel, If this isthe eave auch a Jong vowel may have only the elreumftex accent and will be pronounced exactly lke & cf tection AB, on long vowels Examples a8 4 short vowel: kepl ‘you bake’, nef ‘you carry’, m2 ‘no, nama "in the house Examples ae a Tong vowel: klar ‘rad’, Lidas ‘ic’ i — this letter denotes a short, close, forward unrounded vowel (but not as lose atthe , ste below), somewhat more close than the tof English nt. It can be eltherstossed or unstressed, Examples: tkrai Yor sure, surely’, ki ‘you believe, tt “he be levee, Gk ‘only’ o — this letter denotes a vowel which is somewhat closer snd more rounded than the English o in boat, and without the English oflglide atthe end. It can be sressed or unstressed, For fer use to denote & long vowel see Ab below ‘Examples: potta “pooties, polities "polities: polly’ pera ‘oper!, tortanlayer cake’ chore ‘choi, chores 1 — this letter denotes a more oF lest tense, close w sound similar to the English win put It can be tread or unstressed, Examples: pup ‘bean’, turi'you have’ tistar tourist 1 "You (Camila 2 witht, mld “we two ‘Ab. Long Vowel [All long vowels and diphthongs may be elther stressed oF unstressed. If stressed they may have either the circumflex oF the acute intonation, 4 — this lettor denotes a tong, open, central vowel some- ‘what similar to the ain English father. Examples: gratin to return (ace. sng.) Brg. ‘man’, (ace, sng) tf "that, evo “oak ‘On the right hand you see Fig. which illustrates approx imately the production of the Lithwanian @ or 4), 4 — this Iettor denotes a rather open ‘vowel, somewhat Tike the in English bad, but fore open and without the "9° stfghide. It is produced. with the mouth open and the tongue ae ina low frontal position. ‘The lips are also Tax, but pulled own slightly. by the falling jaw, ef Fig. 2 ‘Examples: ple (ace. sng.) “mouse, test ‘continuation, png “o doede’, ft "to sul4 this letter denotes a vowel which. differs conlder- ably from the @. @ is always Tong, rather close and forward land untounded. It ie rather ke ‘the ain English made, but with fut the ‘yogi. Tt i prom ‘duced with the tongue tensely Stretehed in a mid-trontal oak ton, a tle lower than in the produeton of {The ip of the tongue is behind the upper teeth. Themseles ofthe tongue rane and of the jaw which is slightly lowered are tense. The lips are lax. (See Fig 3) amples: dédé ‘une sgt to ike tito put, aide ettor (of the alphabet) ¥y (allo weitten {) — These two eters denote’ the same ‘vowel sound which is & long, ‘ose, forward unrounded vowel similar fo. the ee in English keel, but without the characters fate Bngish off glide. This y 0) {produced ‘with the tongue srohed high in the front of the Tout towards the frontal part of the palate, The lips are lex tnd almost closed. (See Fig. 4) Examples: yrds foade inteo- Fie Vord duction’, tras ‘aiogonal’, fd ‘lence, Yré “he rowed! 0 — this letter denotes fairly close back rounded vow fy # is closer and more rode fd than the English o In boat, bot without the English of tide wt the ond, ti somewhat Similar tothe oo in. English flor, bot withowt the charac: teristic lowering before the Tt is produced with the tongue sretched in a mid-roar pelton ‘The lips are rounded end prom fruded, Tess than in the Lith eae nian but more than in the on English core. (Seo Fig. 8) Examples: dra ‘sir, weather’, obeis ‘applets’, pines ‘master, Mir, namd ‘home homeward, re ‘although these letters denote a close back rounded vowel The of Eng lish truth or orthographic oo tm English school, poot represent ‘sound very similar to that of, however, i somewhat fare ther back than the Lithuanian Tong ity). Te is produced with the tongue arched high in the back of the mouth and the tp Gof the tongue withdrawn in ‘ak of the lower teeth, Te lips are very protruded and rounded. (Seerig. 6 Examples: sinde ‘son’, fey ‘your, yours, bali (gen. plur) ‘of the white (ones), Spas mood’ paso low, Lipa ip, sist “o be £ sod to indicate the palatalization of consonants (i, i,t Im syllables where the stands before eg 0 1 this 6 mot pronmunced at all: # merely doles that the preceding comstonant is palaalized, of sft the middle of the tongue i raised fewarde the top of the mouth, Noteworthy in thie connection the fact that orthographic, Ig, tat lau ee. are merely ways of ‘writing ¢, eeu after soft consonants. Thus kia ‘roads pro- ounce as though it were written *kile kiel is pronounced fs though i were written "hei Ta words like brio "brother's" the i isnot pronounced at all, bul merely shows that the pre= coting {i platlized. In tas ‘onthe same thing Is true. For further details on the palatalization of consonants soo stction B. Consonants, NB, In some foreign words which have boon taken into Lithu> anien recently the above docs not hold true. In most of these Srords i the | occurs after a consonant and before a vowel i= Pronounced as a short {: Thus bologja Is syllaitied biog Diotigas as Uiosd-ges, sciligas ap s-ctoro-ges, ete ‘Ad Diphthons ‘The so-called ‘pare diphthongs consist of two vowels and are the following: al, i, a uo, Bach of these can be stressed for unstresed. As with the ng vowels, if stresed they can have tlther the circumflex Intonatlan (~) on the second vowel, or the Sseute intonation (") on the flrst vowel. A diphthang with the Seite fitonation will have s hesvler stress ‘on the initial clement fd the Initial elemont will be held Tonger than the second ele fant Just the reverse ls true for a diphthong with the ercam: flex intonation i — as iit is somewhat similar to the af of Hnglish eile: ats somewhat similar to the English in able; im pronouncing i Ina the @ very sbort and try to hold the i Ionger. Still the ime pression Is thatthe at is much shorter than ai and that even the & Ie shorter inc than in i Ital i unstressed then i e pronounced snore like 4 eceutfle a than an sete 6" i eaika ‘children! the first alls pronounced mach hike the second a, But with less Examples: di ‘ouch, Adimay “village, ditkint ‘to explain, af “oh Teikas “tine, vuika’ child”, rida “development, gaint "to 70° ‘1 — is somewhat similar to the ou in American promunei sions f Fast othe ov of America-English out; withthe acute Stress, ed the initial element tr Toner than in such English words a out, Faut; ai, on the other hand, is somewhat similar to Cenadian Bnglish out. ad appears to be shorter than éu. Un ‘eesced eu sounds like a rather than é, but the unstressod spl Table has Tess amplitude than the stressed, amples: éugt ‘to grow’, sulé ‘sun! tet “to wal, plaikt to Tauké (le sing) “outside ei — as & there ¢ no auch pthong in English, It is some: wnat simila tothe North German el in bee, It ean be produced by saying the win English ban snd then adding a very quick 3" ‘ltgtide st the end of thea. els quite similar tothe in weight ‘An ‘unstressed is more like e (although, of cores, with less amplitude) than Examples: méilé ‘love’, Mat “to let’, wéidar “face” pts “knife ‘tht geet to change Je — a kind of diphthong (or It may even bo called a triph- thong) whieh, beginning with gradually becomes more open, Le. tends to become e, There is no abarp break betwoen the i nd the ‘and the end ofthe diphthong is very open. When this diphthong ‘core in initial positon, Usere laa tendency in moder Lithie ion to pronounee it se though there were a jin front of ise festa hunt for is pronounced as jit, iti ‘spear as jes ‘te Some Lithsnnians write Uheae words as fietKot, jets, ee amples: diend ‘day, rekd ‘alice’, pienar ‘mill’, pleva ‘meadow’, io "how much’, pdtae ‘South; dinner", sight to deliver, pit “dea i — a8 ul there is nothing Uke this diphthong In English [As St Guhich, however, i relatively rare) it sounds something Tike a very rapidly pronounced phooey or Louie. examples: pulls ‘exellent’, buiis ‘bing’, pulkial ‘excellently’ tral ‘soaps rates ‘custonn ol, tena "man whom everybody Uatkee, misty to sake one's head’ In some foreign borrow {igs when tho fis stressed fhe wand (are pronounced separately, ‘they form the nuelet of two separate syllables: ezuitas ‘Jesuit {2 spllabiied ae follows: fe-zu-tas uo — this is & Kind of diphthong (or triphthong) which, be- sunning with an w, gradually booms more open and less rounded, ‘Thete te no sharp break between the w and the o and the end of the diphihong. i really a sehwa vowel (usually written 9, Le tine similar to the vowel of the second aplable in the Englishwords above, Plymouth, ete This diphthong ean perhaps be com pared fo the no of Halinn buon, ee Examples: uogéuti ‘to pick berres, wodege ‘al, soga ‘bers’ Siostes ‘arbor’, semua iste’, radu “autumi ‘Ae Mize Dighhongs Diphthongs in which the possible intial lements ay, § or a are fllawed by Im, n or 7 are known as mixed diphthongs, "The second clement may bo eslled 8 sonorant, eontinuant or semi vows 1h the mixed diphthongs asin the pure diphthongs cither the thst or the steond element may be stressed Ith seeond element fs srcased the "will be written over the [m,n orf I the first Clement is strese the ie written over he Totters @ and e, but IS used over the leliers w and I I the second element is stressed tay held longer than the fest element. If the first element Is Stresed it je pronounced with more amplitude and held longer than the seond element. Ths, for example, isl the a is louder fnd held Tonger then the [in af on the other hand the 115 held longer than the @ Examples: vdlgytl ‘to ent’, kim “to whon', éntig “duck, karts ‘pole kates‘, kavipes‘eorer ata “bosom’, kati "bitter trees délnar ‘pty (of the hand’, pepe “poowit,lapwing’ seni “to grow oli’ pérdaott to hand over peltas “profit tempia *he pulls stdeear ‘student, per “ehrough’ its "bvidge’ tmptelet ‘Ro pal, int “to swell, Hie to investigate cpl to ft int’ iio take, ikemas “Biting, Fad’ plas pulse, Rimits ‘Fst, mela ‘ounce’, urna ‘urns pulkas"egiment, euvipas ‘short fuska the i getting fotos Tarke 8. CONSONANTS One ofthe base differences betweon English and Lithuanian consonants is thatthe unvoiced stops of Lithuanian (pt, k) are fot aaptated (Le, there ino pulf of breath after them) as in English in inti positon ‘Another important difference is that ll Lithuanian conso nants fexeent the ] which is sometimes called a acri-vovtel) exist in two varieties, palatalized or soft) ad unpalatalized for hard Im the articulation of polotlizat comnts the anal of the tongue is raised towards the top of the mith, To the Amerian ‘ar the effect i that of a y-eound following the consonant, but this isnot the ease as far asthe articulation i concerned. The Y- ‘hund must be made simultsneagsly with the consonant. Consonants are always palatlized before the front vowels G.{ogrere and €) also before the diphthong te. Before the vowel leit e,gzo, ty W and 8, the (Ls tsed to denote palataization fof the preceding consonants. (See also Ae, of this Ttraductory Lesson) Phoneticlly the palatalization of consonants before beck vowels fv stronger than that before front vowels. Thus ln the ‘word miiona fgrambler the platlization of the inital is much dmore striking than the palatalization of Ue inital w In the Word 1b — strongly voiced unaspirated b; similar to the English b Unpalatalized: Palatalized ‘ita ‘gpartment” bie bu” dirbor work™ bite ee label "very" ‘git (fem) 2 — this is a stronaly voiced unaspirated d; the dis true dental, Le. pronounced ‘with the. tongue. against the Tack of the upper teeth (not Tike the alveolar en Begs. ‘Tho best thing to remember out the arielation of the Lithuanian ais that the tp of the tongue touches the upper tooth, but not the gum ae ie the ‘ice with the Brash Unpalatalized: Palatalized ‘tents “tooth” Aidelis Large’ ttirys “door {gh “wo bur Ante “daughter deme “spot4 — unaspirated voiced velar stop; English gas in good sounds tike the wnpatatalized Lithuanian g; English q asin geese sounds Tike Lithuanian palatlized 9 Unpalatalized Patatatized sn ‘enouehe ‘i (emphatle partite) Sardar pen, enclosure’ ‘iver alive" ure ‘lever ‘epi ‘cuckoo! Bb, Voile Stop: ps tk ‘p — voiceless, unaspirated p; similar to the Each p, but without aspiration, ‘Unpalatalized: Palatatized ls ‘sl et ‘through’ DS “under” Dirt “bath house? Poder ‘pot upke ‘pipe’ + — vojooless, unaspirated, dental similar én place of arti culation to the (Lithuanian) d. Ie i rather different feu the English ¢ both in place of articulation and in that It ls not asp rated, Unpalatalized Palatalized ts “that (rave) tei there’ ‘that (em) tk “only” 1 “of Uae (ase) ‘kya Tor sue, surely" — unssprsted voiceless velar stops similar tothe K-sound of English cart, but without aspiration, Pelatalized k sounds ike the Kot English kee Palatalized ketas “other putty returt Hou (mae) igus “sll” Be, Labiodntal Frctvn:v and b= void Iablodental friative like English. ‘Unpalatalized: Palatalized akan ‘child? veFktt to weep" rar “epider ras ‘man or jun; Bae’ iar whe J — wooeles Iblovental frieative similar to the English. Unpalatalized Palatatizea {abrikas “Tactory lologas ‘photogs fitbotas ‘soccer filsifes“pallesophes Saneija fonction fk “physics The Confiountis ms tongue tip touches the upper tongue ie lowered towards the beotiom of the mouth in the une Palaalized variety. The tin English elk: sounds lke the une falaalized. Lithuanian L Ege Tish 1 ap in leaf sounds some- ‘what Like the Lithuanian alate lized 1, although the palatal- ied Lithuanian {alte mone Paltalized, or sofler, somewhat [ke Tin High German or in French AAs we have slroady briefly mentioned above, in articulating ‘he hard variety, the tip of the tongue towshes the Upper teeth 5nd the central prt of the tongue is lowered towards the bottom tf the mouth. (See Fig. 8) ‘The palatalized (soft) 1 is praduced by raising the rear part of the tongue to the rear prt of the hard palate, by Dressing the upper-front part of the tongue against the upper fceth, and allowing the breath team through the sides of the blades of the tongue. (See Fig.‘th — this @ voloed bilabial continuant ike the English m. Unpalatalized: Palatalized ‘mama ‘mother; mom més ‘we! “na “lady” sas he wil throw fm — this isa voiced dental continuant, articulated in the same position as d und t. Before velar consonants the nara Is Vela as in the English words pink, bank, ete, eg. Drang ‘dese, enki tive’, ee Unpalatalized: Patatalized ‘imas “house nino; ot? nvjas “new thé "becaee! ‘nde 'n0ae" opty ‘seven? 1 = thin is 8 tongue tl ted 1. As with the Halian r the tongue vibrates against the al ‘volar ridge, ‘The palatalzed + Ie dittcaltto pronounce for hhative “Americans and. great fare aust be fake to keep the tongue high at tho same time that it vibrates against the ale ‘volar tdge. The Lithoanan + Tea clear voled trllng with fut ny admixture of guttural ‘sounds (See Fig 10) Fame Unpalatalized: Palatalized ‘et to find at tora ogee seigh? iebwas “nut! fe The Silanes 4 —this isa volsles hissing alveolar spirant like the Bag- lish & English « before front vowels sounds palatalized to the Lithuanian ear, Thus, for example, see and seem tothe Lithie anlan to conten palatlized Unpalatalized: Palatalized sais ‘ary ‘ait to rage sake "tases" s8kt ta fllow" ‘sas “whole ‘il “al? 4 — Athi te a voiceless hashing speant similar to the sh in Finglish, The unpalatallzed fis more retracted than the English ‘ie usually, ut sounds somewhat like the sh in English shirk Sr the seh of German schon. The palataized F sounds somewhat Ike the sh in English sheep, but the paatalization o 'y! sound is eunger in Lithuanian Unpalatalizea: Palatalized Hat toshoot” Sanda “straw fale ountey" fais okt No danee! Sie such’ = — this isthe voiced counterpart of and is similar to the english = im 200 (unpalstalized) and eal (palatalized) ‘Unpalatalized: Palatalized ares (name of ety) eniae seni” 2udnyt “to babble Zebra seb! sulk are Boones ‘cea! £— thi ie the voiced counterpart of & Tn Lithuanian it oc: cure trequenty in initial position, whereas in English only ex- ‘cptionally in iltisl positon, ef. Bog. genre, although # cosars imesedal position or finl, ef Eng. manure, rouge, ete Unpalatatized Palatalized salt “damage™ ‘Blas “gray” alge aaer 221-10 grow (ot beard, grass ole pra Hoplis "dopey, joker" BF Atco: © and — this is actually 2 combination oft plus It similar to the ts of Eng. pants, but in Lithuanian it slo appears at the be: pisning of & word Unpalatalizea: Palatalized cera “sugar citar ‘eye ‘eukreiné "confectionary cept "to squeal ferns to suger oitisiejaeviliation MisleetPalataied: dzaibint "to walle with one head down’4 — thief a combination of ¢ plus & I Is somewhat lke the ‘oh of Bnglish church Unpalatalized Palatalized ay “to whip a here iisymar “whipping” kar "Cate? (arin ‘crardar™ BPkdt “to erackle! NB. The voled counterpart of 2 ie d#. Tho unpalatalized foom of {42g very rare and even native Lithuanlans tend to pronounce fick words ae dlgoas with» palatalized d® so that it sounds Like ‘ides ace Paltaized dE, however, oowurs quite frequent (edge to be hepry’ didnt "to hang wp for drying’, dBova to bereulesie’ te Bp, The cata Wand hy h— an aspirated sound; pronounced like English h, but only found in words of foreign origin. Unpalatalized: harmonije“har- mony’, homegenitkar *homogencous” Palstalized: herdjes "hero' ch — unvoloed velar spir- ant, Unpalatalized hie pro- Fovinced like the ch in German ‘Mache, but the sound ie only ound in woeds of foreign origi Unpalatalized: chérta ‘charter ‘haces ‘cha ‘horas ‘coin ‘The ch of German ich sounds like the palstalized Lithuanian oh ‘hamija ‘chomisty" ‘Shemilos ‘chemist ‘hirirga ‘surgeon! Oh The | 4j— this isa voiced palstal sound similar tothe yin English tyes, but the tongue is raged higher forthe Lithuanian j and the Hpression forthe English speaker is that of more emphasts ot fiction of the aie ge tr extated Tt the anly consonant in Lithuanian which occurs only In the polatlized variety: jéunes “young, jfoas ‘rain ute ‘ox otto ride horseback’. In words Ioerowed from foreign languages the j ig proneunced following the consonant: barjras‘barrler,objekta “abject edjinkiae “ade junet profesor, ete "The soquence of letters bi in Lithuanian denotes a palatlized 1 plus aj when ie serury before u, 0, a. (The same holds true for the sequence of pr which denotes palataliedp plus a} when iM oseurs before eu, ©, u), Ths inthis case ts used instead of {nthe following examples Une b and pate palatalized and followed hy j bigura ‘us’ put “to eu, spidut "to spit Attempts have heen made to institute the spellings pj, bj (and some Lithuanians the them); thus we sometimes find bjewris "ugly, pidutt Yo ut, Spats spit, but these spellings have not been universally opie Asian of Contnane ‘There is one basic mle for the consonant clusters of Lithue nian: the second or last consonant in a tequence determines the ‘character of the preceding one at regards palatlizaton, the tack ‘hereof or toling and the Teck there}, et Hone consonant of a cluster is palatlized then the immedi- ately preceding consonant will sso te platalized, eg. in néitan would carry’ both the é and the precoding 4 are paltaized (ot) 1h a consonant cluster a volced consonant wil cause anism mediately preceding consonant to be voleed so, eg in ndtdaven T used to earry” the orthographie £ is pronounced lke ¥ (ite voiced ‘cunterpart). On the other hand in ®2#t "o tansport’ the = is pronounced ike & (which is unvoiced) because of the following in bégi ‘to run’ theg is pronounced like the unvoleed counter art of g, because the ts, of course, unveieed Before & the #is pronounced asf, eg in péstas ‘on foot, pe- sksrian’ the orthograpie = Js pronounced &. Likewise = 18 pro- nounced like # when i occurs efore a, eg the gen plat of vabe- ie inset 18 vabsaiy, but it Is pronounced vabsdty AU final consonants are unvoiced (with the exception of 1 1, 1m; 7). Thus in final position daag "much, many’ Is pronounced ‘tk “Delind? is pronounced ie, ete I final poston all cone mente are pronnanced sithont ptatalizatin, Le ley are hard, ae ed “aga eon, bok “unt, tor, eeC SYLLABIFICATION. ‘The numberof syllables in @ word Is the same asthe number of voelic elements. By voralie element wo mean a single vowel tr diphthong. Here it must be remembered that diphthongs i= ithuanlen may have m, m1, oF ¢ as the final element. Therefor, 2 word like ii-tar “hundeed” has tro vocal elements oF sl Tables, ie and ve, es “bald” has the two veeale elements tnd ay rade ‘ink’ has three vocal elements, viz. the three Sts taiminges ‘lucky, fortunste’ has three veclle elements “Wi in- and ca Inthe previous examples the hypnen marks the Sable vison and it can be soon that in. general a consonant Between two vocalie elements is pronounced with the folowing Yocalie element, If there ls growp of two consonants between “plables, generally the firt syllable Ie eloeed by the lest con Senant of the group and the second syllable begins with the see- fond consonant of the 4toUp, eg goid-as ‘stork, plf-tas “finger, Teopubicke “republic” However, the syllable Avision s found At he boundary of prefixes, certain suffixes and the component ‘lements of compounds eg at-etti (at Yo, elt "to come, 1060, {Suimte “excepion’ lout, svi "hat which is eben plk-#ole ‘Greed’ (pik had” fol grate, In writing and typing one fallow the rules of syllable division when hyphenating words and tans {erring parte of words to another line TABLE OF VOWELS Front Vowels | Back Vowels Babidomiens | od TF |e] Mia vowels ° |e | Lowsmid vowels e ° | Low (open) vowels alia Long | Short* Short* | Long TABLE OF CONSONANTS tfriates vied apical tell: stra: 1 plata spiant:j IV, SOME COMMON EXPRESSIONS. Gneerins. 1. Labes rites! Good snoring. 2 Labi die! Good day. 8 Labas vakeros! Good evening 4 Labas! Hellot Hat 8 Sui) Goodbye 6. Iki pasimatymo, So long. 1 ada Thank you 8 Aaia lbet Thank you very mach, 9, Prafes You're weleome, 10, Latah! Good night CLASSROOM EXPRESSIONS. 1 Pras shat Please reed. 2 Stainite Read) 2. Proton erat. Please translate4. Prato rot 5 Prated démesio! 6 Prafod paket 1 Dar hafta. © Vii ket Tak vlakas, 10, Kas nértskatsti?. erring Acquatnrsp. 1. Prafa evipating. 2. Ciaponas Smith (or Smitas) 3. Agent Velo, Antanas Valse IAF ie dete nas Hood? ‘Taip, af est Gary Hood. Nb, if ee John Wilson. Kuh yra proftsorus Matéica? 7 8, Profésoriue Matéike yrt niversted 8, Labai mafoni suspect si Jamia 10, Lebat matoni ASKING FOR DIRECTIONS. 1. Ku pnd wniversittas? 2. Unioerstdtas pre koje midsto daly 3, Ke? yr pas? 4, Paltar yra miésto centr 5. Keip mén nuvetifon | 6, Vesidokiee autobus Nimeri pesktas, O ip eats fatomobitia? 8. Kokr jew axtomabita? 8. Mano eutomobitir naies 10, Gera, vasivokime jasy mobi, AB jim para su kia Please write Attention plese Repeat, please Once mere, All togethor (pleas) Thats all. Who wants to read? Please got acquainted ‘This bs Mr Seth Tam (Mir) Valys, Anthony Valve ‘Are you Me. Hood? ‘Yer, Tam Gary Hood. No, Lain John Wilson Where is Professor Mazelka? Prof, Mazeika is at the Its very nice to meet you. Tam very glad Whore ie the university? "The university isin the other part of the oy Where fe the post ffiee? The post office is in the center of the ety, How do Tgot to the theatre? Geo by bus. No. 5. And how (do I go) by car? What kind of car do you have? Ny car is new ‘OF, let's go by car (your ea) 2 it show you the ay. Pirmoji pamoka Lesson 1 MANO NAMAS ‘AG est studestas. Mano tévas yr mékytojas. Mano brélis ri tatp pit studestas, AY iP brdlis Game studesta Mino nimas yrh didelis P gealls, KuF yra mino nimas? Mino nmr ra 8 ‘Kas yr mino tEvas? Mano tas yeh mékytojas Kas. yx ‘ming bréls? "Mano brdlis yrh studentas. Kis més dome? 3165 frame studi, ‘Ku més einame vakaré? Més elname nan. Kéks yr mino mamas? Mino ndmnas yrb didlis, Mino nie VOCABULARY GRAMMAR, 1 There ane no articles in Lithuanian. Thus, studestar can seam student, the student, 4 student. au112 There are only two genders in Lithuanian nouns: mescaline and feminine. All nouns ending in az are mascline, 113 ‘The Present Tense of Bit to be’ and citi “tog! Tam arent SE eink 1 go, ete fhe she is fis, ft yd iis, fi eine we ore més frame mix ciname yousre jie tate Hs eine They aro ie, fie pra, Se tna ‘The second person singular te which corresponds to Bnglish thow is used to address cldren, rea frends, members of the Smmediate family and God. It ould correspond in uso to German Guor French ti ‘The second person plural Is used for polite Pltra, kuf ti eini? — Peter, where aro you going? ‘Pome Petri, but jl einate? — Mr, Petratis, where are you reine? ‘There is no progressive form im Lithuanian. Thus af ein can mean: I go, Lam going, T do go ‘Thore is no auxiliary to do to help to form questions: you hhave to indicate the question by the tone of our voice, or by patting the litle word af in front of « question which has 50 ‘ther incerngative sword it Thus Cl (yral* mino mamas, — Here is my house ‘Cid mono nmar? — Te my house here? ‘AF Gia mina naman? — Te my house here? excises A. Ancwer the following questions: 1. Kis 8 ect? 2. Kis yr mio tivas? 3. Kis yrat mano brilis? 4. Ruf pra mioy ndmas? 5. Kéks yri mano naimas? 6. Ruf ms finame? 1. Kas tnés same? 2 1 ming (brother) ra studeftas, 2 Mino nimat se large) {3 Mi'iname namo (in the evening) “2 Mas ine chome) 5. AE (am) siesta, ete 1 Ms Gsame student... 2, Mino brilis yr student... Mano tévar fra mokytoj——. 4 Mano amas yrb aidel AE ise 8. Keyed man vas? Translate into Lithuanian: 1 My brother is going home. 2. My father goes home, 3. My house large 4 My brother and Tare students. 5,1 am going home. 8. "yvtinme, 7. My brother goes home, CONVERSATION ‘cHeHINGS, oe 1 ies rites! (Or: Laba rita!) — Good morning! 2 haba diena? (Or: Lab digna!) — Good day! 1 abas vakeras! (Or: Lib vakarg!) — Good evening! 4 Keip gyiojate? — How are you? (Plural, politely) 5. Kaip gymioj” — How are you? (Familias) {i Abs, gerat O kelp fas? — Fine, thank you And you? 4. AP jas date pinas Valys? — Are you Mr. Valys! N. Ne, af ent Velde, Ptras Vain No, I am Valais, Pot. ras Valatis ie Grate studeitas? — Are you a student? 10, Taip, dé ea studestan, — Yes, Lam student NNR, Carn these sentences by earl! Do not try to figure out what the separate words mean: leara the whole phrase by heartAntroji pamoka Lesson 2 MANO. SEIMA [Ak tap pt tur viena seer, Mino seaué yr dir juni mer- pte, Ji dae ners stodestes Js you molinds di tna j mokSklq. Jt Mino mand yrk deisinlahe, Ji diche nami; isda plsrytua, iets, valarieng, vilo kambarius, Mee vis if label mflite, J} yr abar ger mdtin ‘Vahart nde visi dame namie. Mami sksito isikrat, tras io Liha, mds skatome hays, sy seeite RGU rudiia pat oka. Ms Gsume laa aiming VocABuLary ‘aay Bingo (ne 9) — teat note Belge ee ‘heats paar mines Piaget sce) to, te she) water tei ace se} stboa! ‘ee a) heTend rate angaty, mean (ce Mono Att tae Ing nm, nh ase) — BaP GRAMMAR, 124 The Prosnt Tense ofthe Verbs Most of the verbs in Lithuanian are “regular, The verbs in Lithwaniaa ate divided into 8 conjugations. The conjugation is Getermined by the ending of the third person, present tense. Ist Conjugation: Bra person ends in, Tin: didi Yo work’ ust "to prepsie’ i diya SS root ta air fru fis ditba a fis rudla Tin nis dirbame ame més rustiame lame ifs dire “ate je ruttate ate Bi dime Ca fe rutile a ‘nd Conjugation: i — Infin: mplt ‘to love! a8 mga és mflime ime a mg {or mflite “te iis mgt a jemi 2rd Conjugation: — niin skit “to read? més akaltome -ome jis akattote ote Be skallo —*0 M8 seitsa ou Sie seatlo “5 NB, 1) The Sed person singular and the 3rd person plural are a ways the same in all tenses in Lithuanian 2) Plural form can easily be formed by adding me or te respectively to the $rd parson form. 3) As one can ate, the pattern of accentuation in Lithuanian {sa complicated affair. For the Present tense, the following gen- ral rules could be draw’ 6 4) The Sed person singelar and all the parsons in the plural are stresed on the sem, never on the ending, 1b) The 1st and the 2nd person singular will both be stressed alike: elther both on the ending or both on the stem. (rom this lesson on, the forma of the Ist pers singular land Std prs. will be given with the infinitive. Later, other forms will be added) ©) For details, sce Grammer Appendix; for individual verbs, seo Lith-English vocabulary 22 Negation. The negative particle in Lithuanian is ne. It usually precedes tht word which t negates. When it precedes verbal form, then its written together withthe verb, Itt elso written together with adjectives and adverbs. It ix usually not connected with nouns, unles the particle ne gives the noun the opposite rmesning. Nérd snot ls contraction of né yrd. With a negative verb the direct abject must bein the. genitive, not in the accuse tive, as the case after « postive verbal form More om negation: ee 43. 23 Pososinn Adjectives and Prono Posesrive adjectives and pronouns are very easy to handle { Lithuanians foreach porson there is only one form for both the possessive adjective and the possessive pronoun, and they ee St Seclinable Personal Pronoun Possesive Adjective Postesive Pronoun aot smino—my ‘nino — mine fii—you, thou tvo—your, thy doo — yours jie—he ibis ks jake 00 — her jon here nde — we mds — our icy —ours ite you jas" your fim yous Sie —they tase) jf thee iq theirs oe they fom.) 98 — thee jim theirs With the exception of man and tivo, the rst of these forms are actully the genitives of the personal pronouns. Examples: ‘ano tas — my father ‘nano mama — my mother Sita nimas yré mano, — This hoase 8 mineprencises A. Questions: 4, Ks yr mano sesus? 2. AF ji jad (already) yr sudeste? 3 ‘Kiel méty? ow ld ls sho? Lit: How many years to her?) 2 Ria yrh mano mami? 8, Kur aisbe mano mama? 6. Ka sai ‘bed thwhat 7. Kut mas Grame vakaré? 8. Kadi més same Demig? (kad—-when) 0. Kj skaito mama? 10. Kg rafo mino tives? B, Give the present tense of: turétl (tui, she; walt (wala, ealgtt Conta, 180); viru (véedu, vérda)® Compete: 1. Hy) sud yr jnund mergilte 2. (My) ‘eas yeh snes. 8. (Oy) nami yr gerd Fl ‘minis, 4 Ms (very mach) rmilime, 8. Vakaré mes samo (at home) D. Translate into Lithuanian: 1. My brother Is @ student. 2. My Imother is a housekeeper. 3 Our sister goes to school. 4 She Is 1 pupil. 5. Where are we in the evening! CONVERSATION ASKING FOR DIRECTIONS uf yr pds? — Where is the post office? Ruf yo felefonas? — Where i the telephone? [Kut yr stot? — Whereis the station? ‘tots yra ideo centr. — Tho station it im the conor of the town, 5, [ailin, | kxire. — To the right. To the lett 8. Antramé eulite. — On the seeord floor. & ‘AF 2a qyvtna pias Valjs? — Does Me. Valys live here? ‘Kaip man nucuttiot | x64? — How do I get tothe sation? 8. AF jte mend suproitate? — Do you understand me? 10, Praia halbét pematir — Please speak slowly. ores = ‘Trevioji pamoka Lesson 3 MOS MIESTAS Mis eqviname didliané mit, J vadiasl Vian, Ta yea Liotuvds sting. Mista gitvés yr gos IF slaros. misty Atvatiioja dabg studenty studjiot}6 sonamé universitet. ‘AS vabiioju T universittg autobusi, Autobisul sunk va itt send gatve, nds yr Taba slau, Universitas yr mifsto contra, Universtéto pastata bat [Man patina skaltjtisenojd universitato biblitakoje. VOCABULARY etl ib en, Servis) —to 80g much many ledtiame ac ag. of ate targe) Must otiosi mss) — clay are weGRAMMAR 2A The Cate, ‘There are reven declensional cases in Lithuanian: 1. Nominative (Wardiniss) who, what? —Iee?® 2 Genitive CKilminiskas) whose, of what? — Ka? 5 Dative Qaudininkas) towhom? — Rim? 4 Accusative (Galina) whom, what? —ka? 5. Instrumental (nogininkas) with whom, with what? — kus? © Locative (VigUninkas) Where, in what? —kama, ku? Vocative (Sauksmlnias) (used for addressing, alin). LL THE NOMINATIVE ‘The nominative cae isthe ease ofthe subject of the sentence, or it may funetion at the ease ofthe predicate in some copulative 1) Mano bris yr studeitos, — My brother is stent, (Both the subject and the noun predicate are in the nomine- tive ease in tho preceding example.) 2) Mino namas yré dele, — My hows is big, (Both the subject and the predicate adjective are in the no. rinative ease nthe preveaing example) 3) Mama skaito lsikrafti, — Mother is reading a newspaper (The subject is in the nominative care, but the object, atk rat i in the actsative cate; sce bel.) 842 THE GewmTve ‘The genitive cate may be used to show possesion oF some type of relationship whieh is commonly expressed Bnglish by ‘of of Examples 1) brio stdlas — the brother's dese 2) mlésto gitode — the streets ofthe city 3) Lietuoss sésting — the capital of Lithuania Certain prepositions require the genitive ease. See Lesson 36. 4.13 THE DATIVE ‘The dative case i the eate of the indirect object of the vero, comple “is dioda bréliad knfgn. — He is giving [his] brother a book, Te may also funtion as the subject ofan impersonal eonsttuc: the, amples 1) Téoui ewnkit gyoént id, — IE is dificult for father to live 2) Autobiou sunkit eestor send gated. — I is dificult forthe tus to travel on (along) the old see, AA THE ACCUSATIVE "The accusative case functions asthe eas of the direct object of the verb. Examples: 11 Mama skaito tara], — Mother i reading the newspaper 21 Ji vrda pusrytiue.—~ She fe cooling breakfast. 3 Téeas vif Ute, — Father is writing a ltr. 41 AS tuna eng séeer, — I have one ster, ‘The accusative ease Is also used in certain time express, swe paragraphs 32 2-4, 82.6 and with certain preposition, seep espn 313, 3.15. THE INSTRUMENTAL ‘The instrumental case may denote the means by which, the instrument with which, something is done. Examples 1 dig rf lath peituki. — He a writing a eter with » pew ‘il (Note that pestis inthe Instrumental case te dew ‘means, but that no preporiton ie ssed with It) 2) AE vatiioju f universittg autobusi, — 1 am going to 1 University by bus ‘The instrumental case may denote the place along wh war something Is moving. Example He is driving slong the old strc,S48 THE LoCATIVE ‘The lative ease denotes the place where something i. Bxamplee 1) Més gysdname micstd. — We lve in the ety 2) Universitas yra midsto contré, — "The university is in the center of the ely {82 The Fit Dedenion of Noun, To the first declension belong all nouns ending ins, (gen. io), -ys. They are all masculine nouns: namas “hous “brother, arkige “horse N, nimes sas boil srkife ys Anima “3 ral a 1 nome 3a rain flu a Linamé“e brilyje je arklyjé“yje Viname! “e brat any! 1 B. The stress pattern varies: somtimes it remains on the samme syllable throughout singular and plural, sometimes it varies realy. Fora brief explanation, soo Lesson 8: fora fall and de {sled explanation see Append, paragraph 51 183 Second Decenion of Noun. ‘To this declension belong feminine nouns which end ina, -é and i dina "day, ve ‘street, marti "daughter law N. dient a give 8 mari G diene “Ss ites, “es maria os Di dignai “al gutvel “el. alata Adin “a pitve “ep mafelg ig 1 dient gave martian L. dlenoje -oje he martiofe “oie Vi dina! “a 2 aft NB, Whenever a combination of -Ha, ig, ti ty should 42,1 A fow sooond declension nouns such a dddé uncle, 8te “father” (a term of endesrment), ewidld “priest” Gin pagan mythology) and some sumames ate of the masculine gender They are modified by masculine adjectives (cf. Lesson 21) and have masculine pronominal reference 332 Some second declension nouns are of common gender, ie ‘hey can be either macline oF feminine depending Upon the individual referred to nendorama ‘mischietmaker’, "unruly ‘hil, maktibatda ‘one who roves about at night, wépla “gaping 114 ‘The preposition j ‘in, int, tot indicates destination, also di- scion, never location. It always governs the aewuzative, F midstg — into the ety, to the ety Frunerstarg — to the university 35 Vatldott plus instrumental: ‘to drive along ‘atidottgatee to deive along the street 16 To express I Tike, Lithuanian uses the Brd person of the verb patie to plese” pls dative: man patie® (ti pleases tothe) Dative forms tas ‘min mn patiiha—Tiike ‘how ta tix tu paritka—you lke he jie sim jampaniika— he kes seit ja abpatiika— she kes wwe mae ‘mois mis pattika— we lke You sie Jima jms patitka—you lke they — jie mass) ems lems ptika—they ike ‘ey (fem) jome omar patter —they ike Since patika isthe third person for both singuler and plural 'isvusd with singular, plural and infinitive subjects ‘in pata tas ndrnas — 1 ike that house ‘man pata 16 namat — 1 lke those houses nan patient ibliotekojes* ——Tlike to reed in the brary s[NBL In replacing the nouns with personal pronouns, one has to Keep in mind thot Lithuanian, just like many other Buropean Tangeagesstrely adheres to grammatical gender: English Lithnanian fhe city — it raider — jie (ase) thestreet — It fitve— jt fem) ‘There is really no it sa pertonal pronoun, Tat is used for such caves of general Florence a8 ‘Tai laa graf, — That (it) Is very beautiful erencises |A. Questions, 1, Kut mis gyvénsme? 2. KuF j05 gyvénate? 8 ‘Ratp vadinas! msg migtas? 4 Kas yr Lictuvés sting? 8. AF Imigsto gitwes ya shoe? 6 KuF atvadioja dalig studenty? 7 ‘ut Ab vasoju? 8 Kuo af vadlioju | universtég? 9. KuF ye universittas? 10. Kis min patie? 1B. Conjugate in the present tense: gyvénti, valet, etvaiieti stodijdat, pat. , Destine in singutar: mifata, éstné, gité, sudefitas, auto. Diss, eebtas, Lstuva D. Flt in: 1, Sis valli}. end gatve. 2. Mis gyviname mies. 3. Universtias yra miget. centr 4 J mldsig atvadidoja su ont 5. AE vadldo}. nam. 1, Translate into Lithuanian 1 He lives in a ely. 2. He tikes the tty. 3. He liker the university, 4, We ike the city. 5. We like the capital. 6. We go by bus. 7 The student goes by bus to the tnivertity @ The university is very ald 9. Villus 1s the capital tf Lithusa 10. We like to reed im the Library ‘CONVERSATION ‘VALGYKLOJE 1. Ki js nésite vilgyti? 2 Praia min dint pieno HF Alonos. 3, Tap pit HF pode Ravi Ko nére gis? Tai, Prated min otnéSi bite alas ‘Ar jos talp pit nérite srsubas? ‘Aba, no. AZ niuom2t nevalgaw sri. rota eiskaita, Pragaa, Vienas ders ‘ABS, Sudi(u). ‘A RESTAURANT ‘What do you wish to eat? Please give me some mille and bread. And 8 cup of coffe, too. Something to deel? ‘Yen. Pate bring me a botle of bee. Do you want [some] soup, too? No, thank you. T never eat s0Up. The bil, plese 9, Here you are. One dollar. 10, Thank you. Good bye. Notes: Gea obese co'a genie: te alee objec of @ negated ebKetvirtoji pamoka Lesson 4 uenis ‘Ugnis yr aba reikainga. BS ugnigs 2mogis nega gyvénth Lgnis padejo sukire ultra i cvs Mano namé yra kréenis, Krécnyje dpa wanie sf Hild mma. 1s krGentn AF megall gyvént savo name. Krésni yra tap pit label tlkalingn. Mano lerxnis yea nauja grad Ais aj, dante dai! — An eye for an eye and a tooth for 2 teotht, VOCABULARY PEE ean Bhan Seige tects Ekin itn a se m e Eee se) fon i ee xavvar ‘AA The Thi Declsion ofthe Nouns kis ‘ye’, dante “tooth? ”Singular atasculine “is dantis as ics dante ee fat Gene uh a ‘at 4 Sit dantint Smt sve ants ye de dancie! Te ‘Most nouns of te third declension are ofthe feminine gender, bout afew such as dant toot, vagis “thet” are masculine. Th trdet to distinguish third detension nouns (all of which save the nding isin the nutninative singular) from those frst declension ‘pouns with the nominative singular ending is, the genitive sin- {flee wll be given also, For example: pls, a. — knife (frst declension, mase) but iti, ler — note (fem) anti, ee — tooth (mase) 42 Cardinal numeral 1-10 ionas, wiend ‘oe (mae, fem.) aia two (ase fem) tis thoes (same fr both genders) Ketan, kétarios four Ymace, fem.) ‘pen, peikion eo ei, tétios eo "septs sepsnios fren fituoni, ations cant" Aevym, devynios nine - esime tem (same fr both genders) NB. AML these numerals, with the exception af défimt, are n= fleced, ie they are decined. Viena, viend are used with the hominctive singular of nouns which they precede, 2-9 are used {th the nominative plural” 10 8 used with the genitive plural For detils, see Lesson 24 43 Negation, ‘Az we have already brlefly mentioned, the nogative patile {in Lithuanian sme, I always precedes the word which it negates. His writen together with following verbs, adjectives and adverbs, Examples: 1. rdenye ga ugia.— A fre burning in the oven Eedngfealdege ui, A fre not burning in tho oven. 2, Upwey laa vetting — The fie is very necessary. Uppic ya lal nerelittnga The fire every unnecessary 3, Ugaie gral Feikaings, — The ire i very necessary. Upnis yd ela eeaing, The fie no ery eee [Note thet inthe preceding examples i i the word whieh is hegated which ts immediately preceded by the negative partile eT negative partic i not written together with a following youn, unless the noun funetions as & lexical compound, Le. has © “hparate dictionary meaning is yr studoitas. — He student Tis nb students, bet prafeorius, — He is not a student, but a prfesser. The negative pasticlo ne with the verbal form yra “i, are snakes 8 contraction nerds not, are no Upnis ner reketinga, — The fire i not necessary. Jie ner studestor,— He is not a student "The direct object of « negsted verb mast bo in the genitive rather than Ube accusative case: Ji trl kggg, — Te as a book “Tis neti’ lendgoe — He has no book.* Contrary to Bish wage the negative must be repested in cach adverb of time or place occuring in a sentence: Vis niehad nedirba, — He never works (uterally: He never does’t work) ‘Soe, nets ner mes heme, or tone rk Tam bo Sips ni eran, ot eas 35 0Jie niBhur nena, — He dosent go anywhere. (it: He doesnt ‘0 nowhere) Sis michal nigkur wiéko nedivo, — He doosn't ever do any thing anywhere, (it: He doesn" do nothing nowhere neve) Likewise nigko ‘nothing, the gonitive ease of nifkas, some: times translates English ‘snting’ Hf tis in a negative sentence ‘Thus Lithusnlon js nicko nedaro may be translated either a He doc nothing’ or "ie dssn't do anything’. Good English usage ieeps us from using the literal translation ‘He doesn't do nothing 1B. tn Lithusnlan, both no and not are expressed by the same Degative particle ne In the sense of mo, ne i et off by a comma: 12 jis nér studestas, — No, he i not a student eancises |A. Questions, 1, BS kb (without what) zmogis negli syeént? 2 ‘Ruf déga ugnis? 8. K§ Ugnis ldo? 4 Kis padéjo sokirt ultra IF eivilegig? 8. Kut yra kréaols? 6. Kas yra Tabal relkalings? B. Decline inthe singuar: ausis, nis, krsnis, vss ©. Change et! the pronouns and verde to plural: 1. AS rat lk. 2. Sis yeh namie 3 J saito keg, 4 AB ein amd. 5. Ji dba fami’ 6. Jt déga namés 7.1 Sido néma. Bt ugnids a8 negli 1D. Translate ino Lithuanien: 1. I connot ive without fre. 2 Fine Fa very necessary. 2, Hie cannot live without fre. 4. Tn my house there ira new stove, 5 My stove ls new. 6. Our stove is pretty. TTA fire fe burning in the stove. 8. We eannot live without ove. 9 We cannot live without fire, 10.1 lke the new stove ‘CONVERSATION KAS TAL YRA? 1, Kis ta yr? 2. Tal yeh ky 5. Kur gra stlas? 4 Stas yea Gl A. Kip pasakti "Good morning! Uetuilhal? 9, Lictiwiy kalba yea graf kal, 10. Af nesuprant dng, Af kai dk Metvitkal WHAT 1s THAT? 1. Whats that? 2. That ia book. 2 Where ls the table? 4. The table fe here 5 No, the table fs thee, 6. What is “lass” in Lithuanian? 7. What is "Mangas" In English? 8. How does ane say “Good morni 5 Lithuanians a beautiful Tenguage. 10, Tdo not understend Bogish I speak only Lithuanian NOTES: ar owe fb le NB i 3, yo i a chet mene ‘ot une Keygen stat? woes ate my bose. 1 tetova a teraliy mean “Liha nga Enc a Seer paPenktoji pamoka Lesson 5, Review VILNIUS Mano tGvas, méting, bel rmict@, a midstas vadinas Vil NMigsto centeb yea sas univers sesub iF AF gyviname senamé ur Jig yr Lietuva. sbstine 3s, kuriamé® studijioja dab studesiny Studetal suvadlieja Ga stadijoot 18 vigbe Listuvés* ‘Mes visi gyvéname eictinéje. Man viskas&% labs pati: it sénan universitet, iF ronan mistay, F gen gv, kur au tobnse vadoje link universitet. Kiekvieng 1Sta" AF vaaidoju {a autobust j universitet, ku 88 studio Ad studjdoja modicing, AB néria BOL gSéytoja? Mino bri tis stualjioja angly Kalba” i lteratira, nes is née vat | ‘Amérika | Anglia iF | Kanddp. Js talp pat stuijtoje amerkis- ff Mersey HF Amérikos storia. ‘Mano tévas dabaF dba biblet2koje. Mano mama yré namié wing ding" Jt tet labor dag ditbo. Vakeré més etna [ tata aan paat ata — emp he Rg aging. ete, i te IES "TSE, etre das: Ste ‘CONVERSATION 1. Vatiis: Libas rftst 2aljer Laas rts! Kap ayviojate? Veleitis: Ae, geral, O kp 037" Zelyer Gera, Uk ras dibs Valais: Tatp, perdadg snitgo, 2elys: Kur jis dabar ciate? Valais: AB cin nama. O J05? 2elyss xi namd, AE sou brélisstudeftas? Na. Sis yeh mékytojas. ub jis gyvtnat? Bis gyvena Vinivj. ‘Tat Inbal sas iF raids milstas ‘Tap, Viliave universetas (hlrtas 1579 (tGkstants pen Sim septyniadesimt devinals) metas. Petras: Kuk mami? Ritde Ji vatiavo f mise Petras: © uP tis? itor Tat nami. is skattoIsikralt 4 Brezje: AF iis nd pinas Kubilis? abit: Tap, tap. AH ext Jénas Kubiliv. Brasyst | Kut jOr dabat gyvénate? Kobitis: AB aba gyventr Amévioje, Bostone Brosyrs Ku? dabat cinate? ubitiur: Bini | banka Tieng 2th pt tt BT 5 Antines: Svekas, Jonai! KuF tsip skubi? Jonas. Tri graltl vesiiti namo. “Antanee: Kis gi ast? Jonas: Mano namas age ‘Antanas: Vistek jai nigh naga padarst Jonas: Nériu nérs gaisto paidireti-- Sulu! COMBINATION PRACTICE 1. Combine 10 make sentence: LT ike 4. our house 2 we like Bue sty 5 they Wke © the capital the university fe her house 2. Combine ro make sentences 1 Tive at home 2 they study ba ety 3 we cannot live fn the ety at the university at 8 universiey 3. Combine to mae sentences 1 Tread 2. we read 3. she reads 2 etter 4. Me Valys reads 2 boot 5. Mr. Valys and Me. 2ukas read é a newspaper the newspaper Petras and Jones read ‘They are rosing THE ACCENT CLASSES OF THE LITHUANIAN NOUNS Ist ACCENT CLASS Ts toptable nouns, the stress is always on the frst sy Table, Lem the ron and it always an aewte2, In polysyllable nouns, one ean have either the acute or the circumflex, not necessarily on the first sable, 18, Finally, the most important feature: the stress always remains ‘onthe came syllable inal he eases in the singular and plural. aie patter: Singular NN. wjras (aman) deta (noedle) _bitninkas (beckeeper) Gero ‘datos bitin D.vgrul ‘datas itininiess Agra data iin 1 vgra fasta bitninke L vgre Seatoie btininke V. wire Sate ‘itininke Plural N. sjrat bitin Gyr bitin D. vjrams Ditininkams Ayre bitininkae 1 vyreie bitin L vpracse Ditininose Vv. Yrat bikinis, srapyoz arePyex ee 2nd ACCENT CLASS: 1 All nouns of this clas have the circumflex or the short ia fonation, mostly on the second sylable from the end. 2, The circumflex or the short sttese remains constant, except 4) instrumental singular; ») accusative plural 3. Ie the noun ends in a, then in aiton tothe two eves above, the locative singular is ano stressed on the ending 4. the noun has-ain nom, sing. then thi is stressed Base patter: Singular tas wheel) rankd (arm) LetOvis (Lithuanian) Ho afer letivio Huu Tefal Metin Hig raf rate aneoje Vi lapel nt! abla! Plural radios make rabkome ranks aBomls —lietiviate rafkese—letivivewe Singular @ orl soe sr De el zl lst A= zl: ee tar : oe Loe : . . v A °tural Fepoez Sed ACCENT CLASS, 1. All twouyllable nouns of thie class have the acute intonation fn most singular eases on the intial syllable 2, The accusative singular and plural of the two-lable nouns fre always streed with an acute on the frst syllable: 8. In trbayllnbie and quadri-syllabie nouns the play of stress is ‘between the inital eyllable and the final syllable ordinarily. If the stress onthe inital pliable tthe sete these nouns are labeled | for tresllabie and 3! for quade-sylable- Ifthe stress on the Inital syllable is circumflex they are Iabeled 3° and 3° respee- tively. ‘Basie patter: Singular 1N. lmas stump) sands (son) bias (clover) itis (kettle) G: keimo fonais ak eto D: emus somal sbi ask A. ima sang bi rata 1 ktm finumi dba feu 1. Keli snwje dob ets Veale! Sonaut —aeilet, idtile: Plural N. Kelmat stinas atilat G. Keim sing watt D.kelmime ——snims auld A. elms snus ulus To kelmais ——sinumis au LL. Kelmioss——snuest attest V. elma sas! at « srePees srnpyox Singular rat 4th ACCENT CLASS 1, Nouns of the fourth accent class primarly have the flex intonation on the root (Irs spable), except 4) In the instrumental and locative singular tex 'b) in all eases of the plural, except when nominative plural, hana thon the nom: pl. ls stessed on the roa, but al other plural esses—on the ending Singular: I. vatkas (eit) Basic pattern: Saka (branch) aks Hal a Py eko}é ia!Plural: 1, valhat Bikos : - vali akg 2 Af Di vatkime Hake 2 Te valle flee cs orf 1 vatkats Eskomie ee ae E, valknos® Faken . S ¥. valet! kee! [NB, There are no poysyllabie nouns in the Ath accent class, For further details sxe paragraph 81 of the Appendix. SeXtoji pamoka Lesson 6 GRAZI DIENA Siahdion yra Inbar geafi diem, Dangis grfnas — nf debest- io, Profésorius Vitus ena pasvaikSio! Profsorius yr jad 3 ras Siogis. dis mégsta gett arbita ait crumi iF medumi, Ji fina pas sivo stay, duktara Vitky, Dr. Vitkus yea gfdytoies, ‘Munas iF gabhe imogis. Dr. Vitkus gyvane priemiestye, ku visuomdt gras dros, Te vas if stnis sad lauke iF géria arbita, Proféorius Vithus ne- ‘égsta alas, js ria tik arbata fF midy. Midis yrb nas ger mas. Sondveje letOviai darjdavo if gerdavo mid, Grazie dapat, af nb? — sso protesoius Pulls Sram ati stein etsy —atadko sins, Tuk kd peinede pet ridija vocasusty eee eer eee oye. greavo ~ wed to mas, mn $24 saint it itt Se mtg a he urog: a mtgta tx tig ke ch ea sit ja igen et apse, pean ee ree sett ate Sane ati Sea eer8 op ith te) — tet sen, tenn) — toe Pee gg. smn nt tay — 0 oo Cor Tiith a har — mee now, tery: out ot fata oh so iene bak ten wine) orn Tega Tenants aco pean dbs pret) — to an IB. Starting with the lesson, we will indicate the accent class of the nouns by potting a number in () affer each noun, See flo Lesson 5. GRAMMAR G1 Noun, The Fourth Deleon. AL nouns ending in -ur (also In -ius) belong fo the fourth Aclension. They sre all mareuline Singular X. rdnba -us(9)"4on! —profsorus us (1 ‘profesor © nwt Se Pretserins D. sat Profesor el rer Protea iy PS etcrtnt et sage roteorje ule ¥. mat Frotesrna! law 162, Present tense forms of the vor bitl (to be) may be omitted 8 dash may be weitten between two Bows: ‘Mano téoas —-mslytojs, My father isa teacher. ‘One may also say, however, Mino tar yré makytojas My father i teacher Toth sentence types eam Be used, But the sen- {ence without the verb isa itl Jee formal and more familar, "Tho word yr may meen ‘there it” oF “here are. Examples ‘Mino name yd dijon, — There is a radio in my home, ‘Ant tala yrd ela. Thore are glasses onthe table, 2 In subordinate clauses yr with the meaning ‘theres, there a’ may be omitted. Example: uF vinwomét gree drat. — ..., where there is aways ise weather ‘This cold lao be expresed by’ kuF viswomet yr géras ras. — ..., where there is ‘waye nie weather 63 Tho Tag Quetion "The “tag question” is not as frequently used in Lithuanian sit isin English. There are several Ways Of expressing thir “do you, don't you, have you, haven't you, will yu, won't you, arent Sout, ee, in Lithuanian 1) With « negative question af né?, attr positive statements Literally it means: is it not, was i nok, will not, et. This sed most frequently. Dr. Vitkus yr unas, af na? — De, Vita is young, isn't he? ‘is pulls Zmogis, ef na? — He is a fine man, int he? 2) With positive word-question ties? “rue, connect”, This word ean be used both after the postive statements and the ne tive statements 4s mamas gras, tesi? — is house is nice (good), is it not? 5is nidko neti, tesa? — He inows nothing, does he? 3) With a negative question af nd tsi? “ie that not 40?" Primarily, this tured ater positive statements, but smetmes it occurs afler negative sentences, oF clauses, i, pies prof 8 ese? — Ha ind pro ‘Tis yra nekoks mogis, af nd tiesd? — He is not a very fine ‘man is he? 64 _Mégtt versus patie In 26 we described the usage of patikth Méti can also be ‘used for the same purpose, expressing a Utle move permanent Iiking, a more intimate relationship, but this difference it acti ally very slim, very idiomati.1 tke Professor Vitus: 1) Mén patink profésoris, Vikas, 2) AE meget profeooriy Vieka. No, 1 would mean: I like him 28 a man, his appearance, et. No, 2 — I like him as @ professor, his way of lecturing, ete. Sometimes the choice of the word mégti or patikel depends upon the object. Thos Its better te say mam patiika Amérika le’ Ammeries’, mdm pain liter names “like this house’, mr patiika Sta mergdite "like thi ge than mégste Amérikg ‘Uke Emeric’, myst ita nGree'T ike this house, mggoey Sq mer= pig Tike thie gat Bt itis possible to say mégste fod dong “I lke black bread’ mégsta cata“ like fui mégst skit like to read’, ‘meget kelidul "like to travel” or mim pate juodd diona ‘T Tike black bread’, én patika vai "Tle Seu’, mén pata shai Like to esd, man poe ets Ike to teave prencises A. Question. 1, Koki yri tafidion din? 2. Kaks yra Slabdion| angus? 4. Ku eine profesoriue Videos? 4. Kg fis mégsta gor? Seis yrd janis? 6) Ku gyvdna dikteras Vis? 7. KUF 6 sedi? © is yeu midis? 0. Kas darfdavo senovije mid? 10. KA ko profisorus simul? 1B. Add af nd?, iend?, af ni tend? 1, De. Vitkus yr gidytoias, 2. Atsina lieth, ‘3. Mits yea seas ‘dimes, nn dis sina ps sive Bel Sie migata geet aly, Decline in singular: dani, midis, cers, ais, ets, moss D. Fill im 1 Ateina (ein) 2. AS geil (beer) 3. Mino tevas gUrie tik (tea) ‘4 Mino brits iigeria beer) 5. Mar gyvéname (in a Suburb) E, Translate into Lighvanian: 1. 1 am going for a walk. 2, My brother je aso golng for « walk. $. My father never goes for a walk 4 ike to go fora wall, 5, My brother al likes to go for aril 6. We si outside and drink beer 7. She never drinks beer, she ony drinks tea, The rain ss coming. 9. De. VICku> Je young san, 10, His father is» profesor. ” CONVERSATION AR JUS NE PONAS SARKIS? Vali Rimar AE isn’ pnas Sirkis? AB 66 Luk, Ne. AB ext Antinas Rimes, O 305? 1 2 Valys: 3. Jonas Valfs. AS esd advokita mas: 4. AB eat pista Valdinthas, Af diebu paith Vays: 5. AF teate wade? Tirite ima” Rimas: 6. Tip. Tur vieng sng iF vig dikter, Mano dukte yah waded, Vays: 7. 0 fey stinis? Rimes: 8 Mino sins yri indnirive Valys: 8. Bivo labat maton si jumiz paskalbti, Sud Rimes; 10, Sidley [ARE YOU NOT MR. SARKIS? Velys: 1. Are you not Mr. Sarkis? Ihave been waiting for him here, Rimes: 2. No. em Antanas Rimas, And you? Vays: 3. Jones Valys. Tam a lawyer. Rimes: 4. Tam a postal employee, T work at the pot office. Valye: 5. Are you married? Bo you have 2 family? Rimes: 6. Yes. T have a son and & daughter. My daughter isa student, Vaiys: 7. And your son? Rimas: 8 My son is an engineer. Vays: 9. Ttwas a pleasure to speak with you. Good-bye, Rimes: 10, Goodbye. iow oto et ea edn ee pao ee ee eee Poorisa inti ioe ete marae ieee *Septintoji pamoka Lesson 7 uO IR VANDUO AS tur gray Hinj. J6 vafdas Margie. Mino dradgas taip pt magsta Mang), ge susiiskame prié Upee, Margisbraldo van: ‘Mino sesué taip pit tri mila tin. Jis vadinasi Riis, Vis régsia Rij: jis lat gods 34d, Rds labat moqsta Eas t= Wij, Ba je Inbar bijo vandeds Jie nlekuomét nebiga pri Oper [AS aka vo sdsera: = Kut ti ini, Rata? = Bini mans, = Kak tive Radia? = is yea nami, nds fa bijo vandess — Geral Dabar elk nams iF viFk pitts — Bikime kart! Ts min tui pati PRIE VANDENS. érkue: Eikime méudytis, vandud Siafdien yr Inbal its. Jonditie: Atelite dit Vandenyj® mito didelis audénae ames, Norkus: Js manot, kid més gilime tf Skmen| pakili? Jonas: Diikite min tj Liedal Dabat af acini 1F gall Lx Norkus: AF tera JO jf gilte vandenyj matt? onaitis: Jel niet, pits gate matt Norkus; Dabat matad... Vandud its, eikime miudytis! omvocasuLaey 1 8 eB aay un — mer Might Gi Star Teuauy: putt Te ree pa, pe Hi25,oahe, yoy P. paseat pase pad, SERRE Scat ataneay — eo mote cw das — to inte ten an Se tesa = ee sind) — staat —, GRAMMAR, 111 The Fith Deleon of Noone "The numer of nouns belonging to thi delension isnot very large, and some are ivexular “io this declension belong feminine nouns in uo, ~, (gene) nd masculine noune i -uo (gen. -e). From now any this book twill slays Indicnte the genitive form of these nouns, so thatthe ‘dent may know their gender and dedlensonal pater. Masculine Feminine N, aku (9) 00 80 URES) G: skmeis sone re dktels ers D: aemenios “esas frist dkterist erin A. almen) “en i ikterh er) 1 dhmenia “ea ona dikteria “erin L akmongjd “enyje seseryi® -ergje dukteryi¢ -ervie V. shen! cenit Severe!) “ene duktere! -enie NB. ub (1) “dog irroguar: fu - Bais = Kano - Bin - Ka thor iregular nouns will be given later on, expecally in ‘he Lith-English Vocsbulary. 112 Rellein Var, “The reflexive verbs in Lithuanian can be divided into two groupe 1) simple reflexive verbs where the reflexive partile ef or # ie faded at the end 2) compound reflexive verbs where the reflexive particle si Is Inserted between the prefix and the verb proper. To thie ‘troup also belong al reflexive verbs in their negative forme ‘the nogative paticle ne fe treated in such cases as m prefix af Tenbiiog! T bow’, af nelle“ ao not bow In the latter group, the conjugation of the basle verb des not change at ell, nly the af ix inert rustic — ‘to meet each other’ tis derived feom futiet to meet (someone) futktl, in turn, is = compound of the simple veeb fikti ‘to fit, to agre, to happen’ and the pretix se which meane “wit util alo means “to agree" Present tense iSratnkd Test, Tagree’ —Afsusitnky "meet with sorasone? ‘sutinks ‘eswaitinid fivautie, sie esta ns sutikame ne ssitinkame sis suithate dssontinkate petite jie suite ism tle more difficult to learn the simple reflexive verbs [Certain changes occur both in the endings of these verbs and the selexive parte1st Conjugation Negative efit to bend” tei “to bow’ orig. 'to bend? Sflenkia A Tenkioss, ‘i nesienkid lenki ‘lenis, ta pesients Seleskia—jislesias Senet nda lefikame ms leks ne neste Mslesiiate ls eskias Ms neslekiate Meleakia ileal sresienkia 2nd Conjugation tikét to believe? tikéis‘to expect, to hope for aati as tikioss rath titikies disk petit tis ke rmastikimes istikte Hos tikiee ek Sis 3rd Conjugation smatit tose! smarts “to see each other, 1 eet socaly? mata Bmataast timate ‘mata Sismito jiemitest rmrmatome ‘ms mltomes| jhsmitote fsmatoues jiemstes, [NB., The reflexive particle ot is a short form of the fll reflexive ‘pronoin, ace. sg. and pl sav. Im plural forms whieh end in e, fevin the first and second plural, instead of s, only els edded, tnd the short finale of these forms is replaced by @ (long, very narrow é, se Introd, Lesion) ‘The first person singular endings and -iu are replaced by uo and ito respectively and the second person singular ending @ “i ls replaced by ie. The roflexive particle -x i then added to these expanded forms giving (Ist person) “wot, nos! and nd person) wes. The stress patomn isthe same a i the nonelexive verbs 28 Imperative ‘hore are thre basie forms of imperative in Lithuanian: nd person singular, 2nd person plural and let person plural. The frst fs use in eddressing elose frends, members of the family. chil> ddren and animals. The second is uted to addres a group of pesos (or animals}, or to address one person politely. The thled form ‘would render the English tet us ‘The formation of these forms Is not complicate: 2nd person singular: drop the -i from the infinitive, ak: arg > dar! ‘do; kalbst > kalbé-Hi! speak, 2nd person plural drop the from the Inhntve, add kite dargti > dong kite!; alleti > Kalb ite! At person plural: drop the -ti, add Kime: dari > dary imet "ete do’; Kalbst > Kalbé-kime! e's speak In reflexives, it follows this pater: onreflesice: reflexive rmatiti‘tosee! matjtis “toseecach other, satgle satghst to moot” rats! satglté! ratslame! atime! [NBL If the infinitive stm, after dropping of, ends in or +, then these are dropped and a ils ade: Digi torus’ baigth “toed? at “to shout ake bt seat aki baie! Ente! Dakine! baie sakime! ‘The sirens i Uhe sume a nthe fnfinitive.eareists A. Questions. Kis tri Sinj? 2, Kéks J6 vaNas? 9. Kis mégata Margi? 4 Ro ms susitiikame? 8. Kalp vadinasi mano ssefs $u0? 6. Koks Gus yri Ris? TKO (whet) Rdls bljo? & KUF Ji Dlckuomét nebéga? 9, Ki A ealead Rotal? 10, Kj i dito nanie? B. Give the three imperative forms of the following verbs: eit rmatiti, Zit, maudyts, eit, tet, pase ©. Complete: 1. A¥ mata (a stona) 2. Aloud yr (Un the water) 3. AS mflia sive (sister) “LM einame (into the water 5. Mino bral bio (water 8. Ms (meat) aE vane ets. 7 Sis wieaomét (lng) AY Gam ated vandois. 9 is (bates, swims) ‘upe id (Ga) ans D. Translate into Lithuanian: 1. My brother has a dog. 2. His dos is alld Rus. 3 He goes tothe river 4. He wants to sim inthe iver, 5. Mr, Sakaitis sees a stone in the river, The water i very warm. 7 Ho likes to pay inthe sttet, Go homie and read! 8° Let ur go home! 10, Jonai (voc. of Jones), ead the newspaper! CONVERSATION SUSIPAZININAS Vettes: Labi dion pdne Podrf! Kelp gyviojte? Podre: Aéka, eral. Léiskitesupatindinl jis si pont Joniiia, Veaitkus: Vaithus (shaking hands with Jones). Ls Jondtis: Jonéiti. Labst maton suspatins\... AF $0 brlis hegyvina Keune? Vaitkus: Talp, js gywéna Kaund. © kt 8 gyvénste? onoits: AS gyvenit Vilnluje. AS ext Surnatetas Podrys: Taip,taip... Ponse Jonitis ja seat la. drbe Valtkus: Man ja eikia ett, Bivo lebal malondsuspaint (Shaker hands with Jonails and Podtys) onaits: Min tap pit. Tet pasimitymo, Vaitkus: Tht pasimitymo, 5 ralond, a MEETING PEOPLE Veithus: Good day, Me, Podzys. How are you? Podrye!| Fine, thank you Allow me to fazeduce Mr. Jonaitis to you. Vaitkus: Vaitkos (shaking hands with Jonsii). Very pleased, Tonaits: Jonsiis. Ie is very nice to meet you. Doesnt your broth- fr live in Keonas? VVaikus: Yer, he lives in Kaunas. And where do you live? Jonaiis: Tiive in Vilas, Lam journalist. odroet Yes, yee... Me. Jonaitis has been working here for a Tong time. Vatu: Ihave to. Twas very nice meeting you. Aonaitis: For mo, too». $9 10mg Vaiss So long NorEs: % fei dna pnd de make yo spt with Me 25 1 Jetset ede rset tees An sein Dg the pata ‘Simulate the preset le epesnd by he preset tne Eth Stuy the poet praoive asa Bap” 10 ep! ew ig oa tar agaAgtuntoji pamoka Lesson 8 LAISKAS Brangis Antinal, ‘Vakarnoréjau ragti Tu lita, Bet neturjou latko, Turia daag dnbo. Biv gradi dien, tat dirbau lauke, Mino brdisdirbo arte. Js kise 28me, 6 af sodinad: med ‘Vakare a bua tere lu? mia nag drima. AE nleke- ds nomena komédijos,todél nau drama min patiko. Mano brie mista pera, Jam igi nepatinka komédie, ‘Mims Lebot patiko Tivo Usa, Pis mis oras dabat ies, sms dadnat einame miudyte f upp Ji gra gly iF je iim piss ‘Vakar bivo lab grafinakis, Pa teitro més visi Ajome pas ‘vihdeott Su mumis tip pit jo meg Fu0 Margis. MEs jf lab Trilime, ib jin mie Tabat nl ‘ProSoi’man vil grit parsift "Thve Patras VOCABULARY ‘hs sey ee "ay sn — eeGRAMMAR, A Post Tone Jn meaning the simple preterit in Lithuanian corresponds more or less to the simple past tense of English, ‘The past tense stem is formed by dropping the infinitive lending “ts if ay precedes the“, then final “pt ls dropped also, ‘Thus for drbt to work’ the past tente stem is dir; for raf, “to write” the past tense stem i ra 8.11 Fist Conjugation dirbt to work rut to prepare’ ‘worked! Singular Pturat 2) a dross aya dthome ome 2) th dirbal “al fis dirhote te 5) fis fidibo “> —_t,46s dbo -o "Tprepared’ 1) rutin au mas ruotome ome 2) farusel ceils Tuotete ete 5) in frais “eso rule 1812 Second Conjugation (mylét ‘to love?) “Teved Singular Plurat 8 yl mis mylijome -jome 2) mplejal Sis mylejote “ote 3) is jimylejo Jo iso mylBjo Jo 81,8 Third Conjugation (Eindt to know’; ral "to write’) "Tne" Singular Plural 1) A Hindjan Jau_—_-mésindjome ~jome 2) Wa Eindjal Jal fr Hindjote ote 8) is i Bndjo jo —_8 568 Findjo Jo a4 a » a ratiaa ime 2) th rate ate 3) Sis ji ate ce (skeieei‘to read’) ‘tread 1) Ab akaltiaa ins me aiteme -tme 2) sh skater) “el fp shatlete -ute 3) jis jskalte | joe skate “2 Remarks on the conjugations “There are exentally only two types of endings in the past tense (simple preterit): (1) -3u, i, 0, ome, ote (2) Sau, se, came, ce 1 fist conjugation verb has the present stom ending in Ustsing) =i, (led prs) a, then it usually will havea type (2) pact tense, Many verbs wth a presont stem Ust sing) ny (Grd ps) a have # type (1) past tense. But this i not always the cao; ey, méit "to cary’ and véstt"olead’ ete have type (2) endingr and are conjugated Ustsing)) nel= fi, veda (2nd sng.) mebe, ved, (Bed prs) nbd, d= First conjugation verbs with an infinitive stom in -uo or -au replace final uo of -o% by -c8 and type (1) endings are added ‘Thus dainiod "to sing’ and dalyodutt to participate’ are eon= nated (at sing) deinavad,dalyoav-aa, (2nd sng.) dainao- Giedalyeaot, Ord prs) deindi-a, dalyodvo, et. There are, Rowever, certain excoptions to he above mentioned rues For example, dot! 'to give” hat Use past tense dav-ai, dav- Sh dave, ee and gris “to thunder’ bas tho past tense ridoiow, grins, grid, ete ‘Second and third conjugation verbs with infinitive stoms in tor -0 drop the si, but = is inserted between the stem fd the ending, ef. paragraphs 81,2 and Eindd in 8.13. ‘The eonjogation verbe withthe Infinitive in yeh dzop the “yl and type (2) endings are added, ef 813 raljtt and saa °©) Its imposibe o tel from the infinitive what the past tense ‘onjogation will be, Therefore in the voesbulary following the infinitive the following four forms are listed: Ist sing pres, Std pre. pres, Srd ps. past tense (simple preterit) and Sed pr. future. Ifthe Sed pre past tense is ino then all fendings are of type (1; if the Srd pes past tense Is in -€ them all endings are of type (2). D) ‘There ie no distinction in the form of the third person sin- {gular and third person plural, the same form being used for Doth just asin the present fense. As in the present tense the endings -me and -tecan be added directly to the third petson in order to get the fist and second’ plural forms espetively 1B) The stress elther on the end In the first and second sin- {lar snd the stem elsewhere or constant on the stem 531- Ile Uhoughout the conjugation raiah, vale, ri, rtome, rsste Kenda, kindal, Kindo, kindome, kindote (Grom Rec “to bite). Te usually follows the stress pattern of, the present tense [NOPR: ‘more are many vet Lita whic Dave an te pat iin, Aienys eck he pena pasts of oe wt ite k= 182 Past tence of bit tobe" and et to go! ‘Those are the pat tenses of Batt and eit: bits tobe ft to got Asbuval "Twas! Esq T wont, 1 was going” ta buver tiga Ssbive isto ins bavomne dt gjome Misbivete iis gjote ibive Iie go IND, 1) In bat is long, but im bus, thew 6 short, even under the stress, 2) Im eit, els seplaced by & and i by J 153 Past Ten of the Relive Verbs ‘The past tense of the reflexive verbs is formed like tho past tense of the corresponding non-reflexves, and the reflexive par ticle i then added” Jet Conjugation 2nd Conjugation rd Conjugation skt\‘ioturs’ ——myléttolove’ seit “to ead? fktis"to rotate! mylétie"tolove salts "to reckon. cach othe? with” sokadst mle mau shaltiad skaiotst Sukaisd pleat myléjait shaltel—skaltest Sues! mylejo_mylejont_—skaite—Skatest Somés ryléjomés skatteme skaltemés kote ryléjotes shalite skaters, skost rmyléjosi skalte Skates, In compound reflexive verbs, where the reflexive particle is added botwoen the main verb and the peeix, the past tense Is {st Ike that of a now-reflexive verb uth to mest, to agree ust to meet eachother Ito meet with someone)" saute cnt uta sont suttko ‘sto sutlkome ‘stleome sutikote ‘untkote stika susie [NB 1) Whenever the vet i in the negative, the negative particle ‘ne le added tothe verb, and if the ver is reflexive, the ‘atti els Inserted between the ne- and the verb kasi buts nestsuk kai nesaukal seat hes Hkomes essere ketue nessa skost resis2) In the Ist and 2nd person plural, whenever the reflexive “tls added, thee is replaced by &= mpléjome, but: mylé= omes; sidote, bu: eukoté, et ‘84 The Decenon of the Persaal Pronouns Singular 1 (how), you he she N we iis B &. lave iy ie D. tie fim ist a ive a 8 1 taviea MO L tavyle Jame Joie Plurat we you they (mate) they fem.) Ni. me its Fe G.masy Hay a is D.mims jms ems Jems A. mie jis juss ies TL mumis jms jas omis L. mumysé—jumysé jose Soe 85 The Use of the Pesnal Pronoun. "The use ofthe personal pronouns e similar to that of Brglih (One mist remember, however, that the Srd_ person agrees with the word it refer o in number and gonder. Tho case of the pro noun is determined by Its use in the clause in which it occurs Examples 1) Sie stan yré naj. Jie yr mano kambaryié. This table Js new. It is in my Toom. Nota that fis, the mase nom, sing. pro hon Is translated by fe In Lithuanian the form jie agrees im fender and number sith stdlaz. Iti in the nominative cae be- 2) AK nuspirhad naga témpa, Be $08 negli deb‘ bought Hor myself] new lamp. Without tT eannot work” The pronoun {otis forminine singular because It refers to lompa. Tt isin the Genitive ease because Its the object of the prepesition be "withe {OW which requires the genitive case 6 Tw and fas Tu ‘thou’, the 2nd singular pronoun is a familar form which fs to be ured only with clowe frends, the closest members of the family, children and animals Je has fo be used whenever one Address one or several persons who are not members of the Above mentioned groups. Jie is, of eourse, used When addressing ‘more than one person familly. This usage is practically Iden teal with the use of tw and sos in French or du and Sle, he) in German, 1B. Whenever tit oF js, or any possessive pronouns derived from them, ie, vo, jy are deed in Ieter or desenibing con ‘creation or direct specs referring tothe pesson or persons, to whom the letter i addrrssd, thom all of thes words are fupitalized: Te, Jae, Tavo, Jey, Other forms of addeess used in Lithuanian: Térsta ‘you its “tho? (lit "you youtsel, Soeikas “thou Ui. “heallsy) evERCISES A. Questions. 1. Kad Petras norijo raft aka? 2, Koki vo fiona? 3, Ku Pitre dito? 4. Si dirbo? 5. Kuk jis Bivo va Kare? 6, Kat im tos patio? 7.9 masta jo ble? 8 Kok yr Gras dabat? @. Kokia'yri ms Upé? 10, Kokia bavo nakts, kal 1B Give the ful past tense of the folloming verbs ort (nn, née) plat (plat, plaskia) aot eas, sa) paral (paralad, paraioy soit eodin odin) ©. Replace words in parentheses sith personal pronount: 1. ( to tGvas) yeu sénas. 2 (JO brit) airbo lauké 8. (Naktis) ba abot grav 4. (RGtas) bio laf tes. 8 AE fat a (oli. 6. (Mino Drotii) nepatho komédlja 7 B& (nabjo sto) a8 ne. ait debt, ”1D. Turn all the verbs into the past tense: 1. AS elnt nam. 2. Ta cal students. JU dsete mano profésorius. 4 Mes diame lau- 4, 5. dis visuomét tun lako. 6. dis gyvéna prlé apes. 7. Mee ciname pasivikatiot. & Ponas 2alfsskalto Liha, 9. Vilnius yr gratis miestas, 2 Translate into Lithuanian: 1, Im reading a etter. 2.1 read (past tense) the letter, 3.1 read past tense) it 4. My brother went hhome. 5. He war going home, 8 Our river is pretty. 7 (the river) i prety 8 Please (I ask) weite me again soon. 9. They ‘were at te theatse lastnight lit yesterday evening). 10. We were seing home. CONVERSATION 2UKIENE IR RIMIENE Bukiené: 1, Labos eftat! Rimiené; 2, bas s$tas! Label malond, kbd widjte pis mand. 2ukiené: 8. Senlal notijau wheith ple jis, bet vie neturdju laiko. Rimienés 4. Kut jhsy vjrast 2ukiend: 6. dis disbe, Vikar fis bivo nami6 Rimiené: 6. Tigérkime pods avs! 2uliens: 7. ASG Inbal Mics Rimiené: 8, AF ginijote bi nérs nado? Zukiené: 9. Niko ypatingo. Vakar visg diéng buval nami emiene: 10. Bat AS girdéjau, kid MRS. 2UKAS AND MRS. RIMAS Mr, dukes: 1, Good morning Mrs, Rimas: 2. Good morning It is very nice of you to drop tn. Drs. Zuhae: 3. have been wanting to drop infor a long time, but T simply did not have time ‘Where is your husband? Fo is working. ie was at home yesterday Let's have a cup of eafee. Are, Rima dive. Zuko Mes, Rimes: 2 Mra Qukes: 7. Thank you. 11 be glad to Mra, Rimas: ® Hisvo you heard anything new? Mra, Zuker: 9, Nothing special. Twas at home al day yesterday. Dre Rimes: 10, But I have herd thet NoTEs Gitte pte mant — topped non mented b,c 10 98 atl genoa) — ew Ka nr male methng me Ustad ty wars ine Nake young — it mhing pei 2 ed nthe geno formDevintoji pamoka Lesson 9 SEKMADIENIS Tyt6j sekmidienis, Min nereikds ett [ univestite, Rytéj rs visi chime { boing, KuF mis molimeés IF gledisime. Jeigu bbe gratis dros, tat més pO pamela valldesime | Kila. Kéime dgyvena may sendlie HF seme. He ton gray Gk prit Nemo. Mx jude aplankjsime if sb Jae pasikalbésime, 30@ mime duds ‘lg hata, kur] mde parivedime | misty ytd) vakaré mas esime j midst pirka, Ruf bis grabs kon- ‘trian’ Mis aedisime puke {F Iausgeimer misikos, Bas grat) haktis, danguje pladks ménilis, més bisime Iabat aiming! [Naki kat winas Vilnius mies, mgs eisime nam send gated rb wniventata, pro kstedea, pro Gedimino kilns VOCABULARY st, aay Me amt tt) — fPhmreret "two haveto part (privet, pre put Sete y= eran ‘rates ne noe ase eee a eee Ce ew — toe 38 toa wih ge) ater ‘taunt Oras Kaeo, Nat) — mt (en an) trgous) a se rn vg %vi sohicl at pt, curing te ght ‘lst rors so) — asec kk wn sy pk reat) to he's tat lat “hg) Tatiana CSE) GRAMMAR, 9.1 The Feo Tene, Examples of the future tense are given below Airbit “to work’ (Lt conjugation) Singular Plurat 1) aS diehsia alu edrbsime time 2) thdiebst “st fs irbote site 3) ji jhdltbs 3 fie jes dibs ‘mylét to love’ (2nd conjugation) Singuter Plural » rylsiu su mésmylisime ime 2) eh mylést “St fis mylasite site 3) in jimyle ioe myles oe sit “to read? (Sed conjugation) Singular Plurat 1) a sknitfsiu sia meshaitfsime -sime 2) thsknitgst at fla shalfsit. site 3) Siu jamais s,s shaltfs |A) As can be seen from the above examples the future tense is formed by dropping the -t from the infinitive and adding the appreprite future tense endings. B) The stress is always on the same ayllable as in the infinitive, Tn the Sed person an acute (im ease of wand (at andi) replaced by a elzcurfle stress, (©) Some verbs with » monospllabie stom shorten the rot vowel inthe dr person, ei Dat tobe’ which has the fature come 6 jugation bisiv, basi, bis, ete. or digt ‘to germinate! which har the future conjugation digs, ge, igs ce, 'D) Certain consonantal contractions ste charscterstie of the fu: ture tone: Sse; SPH ZhS—8; PSE Beamples ‘neti “to throw ites to carry Singular Plural Singular Plural 1 mési << mectsiv mésime 1 néfi < nessa néime 2 mesi < mesisl mite 2 nesl ) a short duration of an action, oF ©) lack of intensity of the action (cf. the Appendix, seetion (on aspect erst to say" Decskate to read for awhile" Deedirbatt 4o work alittle bit 1.237 pre- may denote motion through or past something, the ‘ginning of an actin or the fact that © certain amount of raemidt Yo best Uarough Drecett “to pessby" Drackalbéti to begin to speake racb “to stay fora certain length of ime! M28 su- may denote gathering together or a coming-together swe ‘o come together to meet" ‘dart to form, to constitute sued “to put together" 11.290 ub may denote motion behind something oF motion going ‘up (like climbing up) eit to go behind! {MET ait at5g0)"ta elim up (onthe root” 142,10 The prefixes listed above have other meanings in adaition to those given. The student shold not try to create words fon the basis of his knowledge of the prefixes and the verbal "ools On the other hand he may more easily understand the {ormation of many of the verbs if he keeps the principle of ‘word foriation (prefix plus root) mind. For more detiled land more complete listing of verbal prefnes see Api, peragraph on Verbal Prefixes Consult the vocabulary every time you ae in doubt 10 earcises |A. Question 1. Kiek Viteutes yo at paris lls) Jeni? 2. AF ‘ino draugat yea tinginia? 3. Ras yea dabat lbal u2siomes? 4. ‘te ulmifia tivo geras biiaids? 5. Koks méty lakes (season) yea dabat? 6. Kokle yra mbazig Lipai? 7. Kokié yra mitkal? & Kg dro studeitet universitete? 9. KuF jie etna? 10. KuP dabat Ph tap Tabet gradi? 1B Give he plural declension of the following mowns:tévas, stu- ‘deta, Litas, lkrottie (gen. Taiko), migeas, universes, tas, tetas . Change alt the words i itaios into the plural: 1. AS jim raid Uéiskg. 2 Mino bréle gyvéna Villuje 3, Mano tenis gyvna pris NNémuno. 4. Médso lapal yx4 rod 5. Studostes sito taiika 6 Mino makytojae gyvina Vilnivje. 7. Mano a7eigar yr taip pat ftudetes, 8 Mes raiome piesa 9, Mano name yea dai am bari. 10, Mast miesté ge datg modi, D. Translate into Lithuanlan: 1. The students study st (in) the tuiversity. 2. We go (travel) to the university by buses. 3. The university buildings ave in the center of the city. 4. My friends live in the suburbs. 8. My brother reads many newspapers. ©. Our itardens are in the suburbs, 7. He already wrote me many liters [in our sity there are two theaters. 9. Inthe summer In our beautiful park there will be meny concerts 10. My parents live ina old house near the university ‘CONVERSATION avroBusy storie Putode: 1, Kad sing sutobisas Kaing? Putoys: 3. Tat edi, deity wilandg ‘Tornautojae: 4. Taip. 18 Villaus | Katng eina dag ntobisy ‘4a autobusal Kiekvieng vilanda Putnye: 5. -AF aS gait dir Rivti 5 (penkie)biletus? Mino tever IP mino di Belial taip pat vazluss sii mae‘Tarnautojas: 6, Dir gilima, Daba? nedaag kelvin vebioja de Limtie valande autobust Puteys: 1. ‘Kick hain 8 (penki) bietai? TTarnoutoja: Peni biletal kainioja 10 (4ézimt) lity i 10 cet i Puteys: 9. Prafad. (Putvys gives the money to the official fad takes tho tckste and change). KUP yr stor ‘Tarmautojas: 10, Restoréno Hite stoty}® nerd, bet yr tordnae ktojegatves piste AT THE BUS STATION Pateye: 1. When docs the bus leave for Kaunas? Office: 2, The next bus leaves in half an hour. Putoye: 3, That means atten celck Officio: 4, Yes, There are many buses running between Vilnius nd Kaunas: to buses every hot Putoyss 8. Can T stil get 5 tickets? My parents and my two brothers are also going with me Official: 6, Yes, 1 i sill possible. Not too many travelers take ‘he 10 lock bas now Pusoyes 1. How much do 5 tickets cost? Officia: 8, Five tickets cost 10 ltas and 10 cons Putope: 9. Here you are. Whereis the station restaurant? Official: 10, There is no restaurant i this sation, but there Is 4 goud resiaurant on the other side of the sree. ores 1 Mien — gp t,he tenes ing naar ees Penkioliktoji pamoka Lesson 15 REVIEW NEMUNAS Némunas yeh dldsiiuia iF igldusiat Lietwwde Spe. Ji ea bevéie po veg Lietuva i joka? | Bilios jeg netli Klaipétos, Pg Némuno grit datig seni missy, mien katy, Nemunas (aha pet lake iF mike: Katina, ors yra antraat) ictuvos taittay, yet gh pris Nemno, rit Kaiwo { Némuen {loka Nevis? niet Lictaves pe, kurt tlea pra Vili, Lictowte sting. ‘Kauné, lp Nemuno if Neve, yrb sends pigs guts Tj mong pill pastate didfeie Lecuvis units Kees, dns if ankstian ten yr jot bilvusi meding pie® ‘Nétmuna plaka gisaivisy Gilima nupladkts nub Klaipédos Tigh Alytaus? 2. Reka tows itaThe Neminat Ri PASAKA APIE LAIMINGA OKININK ‘Vienas neturtingasdkininkas visa dina skin dbo Inuké ‘ai labai pavargo, is alsigule aft pievos pets if ulmigo, ‘is aspnvo, ki fen pasrodeAngelst fj patvéking i tk —Wargingas tmogad, pra, ko* tive Sis trdklta — visa ius ‘Gkininkas Wsigendo, bet stp tap: pritre: Dannie painting, 6 tv tok val tatpadarfe tap, ve visa’, ka rank pallgsiu,paviFsty! aula

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