Pema in uniform, orzontal and wom cotand , |} ‘cow radial magnetic field of a sont pesmanent magnet in the shape Of a horseshoe. The iron core is spherical cil circular and is cylindrical if the col is rectangular. Due to iam core, the deflecting torque increases, Increasing the sensitivity ofthe instrament ‘The contelling torque is provided by Iwo phosphor bronze hae springs ‘The damping torque is provided by eddy current damping. [tis cbtained by ‘movement of the aluminium former, moving in the magnetic fel of the permanent ‘magnet. The pointer i eamied hy the spindle and it moves over a graduated scale. The thas light weight so that i ean delat rapidly. The miror is placed below the to get the accurate reading by removing the parallax. The weight of the nt f normally counter balancod by the weights situated dlametcally opposite and rigidly connected tot The scale markings of the basic dc. PMMC instruments fare usually linearly spaced ae the deflecting torque and hence the pointer deletion ae dirty proportional tothe curent pasting through the coi The top view of PMMC instrument Is shown In the Fig. 82. In a practical PMIMC instrument, 2 Y shaped momber is attached to the fied endl ‘of the front contol spring. An cecntnic pin through the instrument ease engages the Fig. 84 Construction of PMC Instrumentemai 8.2.2 Disadvantages ‘The various disadvantages of PMC instruments are, as Display Devices. 1) Suitable ford. measurements only. 2) Agcing of permanent magnet and the contol springs introduces the errors. 3) The cos is igh due to dolicate construction and accurate machining 4) The friction due to jewel pivot suspension. Moving Coil Instruments 8.3.1 Moving Iron Attraction Type Instruments To hasie working principle of these instruments is very simple that a sat ion Piece if brought near the magnet gets attract by the magnet “The construction ofthe attraction type instrament i shown inthe Fig. 83. Mooi [Unie Pantemer 6 Display Devices ‘The controling torque is provided by the springs but gravity canto! may also be ‘used for vertically mounted panel type instruments ‘The damping torque is provided by the air friction. A light aluminium piston is, attache tothe moving system. It moves in a fixed chamber. The chamber is closed at fone end. It can also be provided withthe help of vane attached to the mowing system. ‘The operating magnetic Reld in moving kon instruments i very weak. Hence fedy current damping isnot used since it requires a permanent magnet which would ect or distort the opersting ed 8.3.2 Moving Iron Repulsion Type Instrument ‘These instruments have two vanes inside the cal, the one Is fixed and other Is movable. When the curent lows inthe cil, both the vanes are magnetised with ike polarities induced on the same side. Hence due t0 the repulsion of like polarities, ‘hore is 4 foree of repulsion between the two vanes causing the movement of the ‘moving vane. The repulsion ‘ype Instruments ate the most commonly sed ‘struments ‘The two diferent designs of repulsion type instraments are 1) Radial vane type an i) Coastal vane type 183.21 Raa Vane Repusion Type Instrument“The two dilerent designs of vepulion We instruments are = 4) Radial vane type and 18) Coaxial vane type 1832.1 Rada Vane Repusion Type Instrument ‘The Fig. 84 shows the radial vane repulsion type instrument, Out of the other ‘mowing ron mechanisms, this s the most sensitive and has most linear scale Fig. 84 Radial vane repusion type instrument pectin LLB '8.3.3 Advantages “The various advantages of moving icon instruments are, 1) The instruments can be used for both ac. and dc, measurements 2) As the torque to weight ratio is high, errors due to the friction are very les, 5) A single type of moving element can cover the wide range hence these Instrumonts are cheaper than other types of instruments. 4) There are no current carrying parts in the moving system hence these meters are extremely rugged and reliable 15) These are capable of giving good accuracy. Modem moving iran instruments have a de ero of 2% oF less. 6) These can withstand lange loads and are not damaged even under severe overload conditions. 17) The range of instruments can be extended. 8.3.4 Disadvantages ‘The various disadvantages of moving lon instruments are, 1) The sale of the moving fon instruments is not uniform and i cramped at the lower end. Hence acurate readings are not posible at this end, 12) There are serious errors due to hysteresis, frequency changes and stray magnetic fields.83.4 Disadvantages The various disadvantages of moving eo instruments are, 1) The scale of the moving ion instruments is not uniform and is cramped atthe lower end. Hence accurate readings are not possible at this end 2) There are serious errors due to hysteresis, frequency changes and stray magnetic fll 53) The increase in temperature increases the resistance of coll, decreases stitfness ofthe springs, decreases the permeability and hence affect the reading severely. 44) Due to the non linearly of B-H curve, the deflecting torque is not exactly proportional to the square of the current. 15) There is a dllference between ac and de. calibrations on account of the effect of induetance ofthe meter. Hence these mets mus always be calibrated at the frequency at which they are to be used. The usual commercial moving iron Instrument may be used within its specified accuracy from 25 10 125 He frequency range 6) Power consumption ison higher side. 18.35 Entors in Moving Iron Instruments ‘The various errors in the moving iron instruments ae, 1) Hysteresis errom + Due to hysteresis effect, the flux density for the same current while asconding and descending valucs is diferent. While descending, the ux density is higher and while ascending it is lesser. So meter readseMar a9 Dleplay Devices higher for descending values of current ot voltage. So remedy for this o use smaller iron parts which ean demagnetise quickly or to work with lower fx sensi 2) Temperature error : The temperanie error arises due to the effect of temperature on the temperature coefficient of the spring. This error is of the order of 002% per ‘C change in temperature, Errors ean cause due to self heating of the coil and due to which change in resistance of the el. So cil and series resistance must have low temperature coefficient. Hence mangnin i ‘pnerally used forthe series resistances, 3) Stray magnetic fcld error : The operaing, magnetic Fld in ease of moving loon insmiments is very low, Hence effect of extemal Se. stay magnetic eld fan cause error. This effect depends on the direction of the stray magnetic field With respeet tothe operating fed ofthe instument. 4) Frequency eror : These are related to 2c. operation of the instrument. The change in frequency affects the reactance of the working col and also alfects ‘he magnitude of the eddy curent. This causes crrory i the instrument. 5) Eddy current erro : When instrument is sed for ae. measurements the eddy currents ate produced in the iron parts of the instrument. The eddy current ets the instrument current causing the change inthe deflecting torque. This produces the error in the meter reading. Az eddy currents are frequency pendent, frequency changes cause eddy current error. 8.4 Comparison of PMMC and Moving Coil Indicating Instruments,Eddy current error? When insrumen Is used for 8 messurements the eddy ‘cutents are prodiced in the iron parts of the instrament. The eddy current affects the instrument current causing the change in the deleting torque. This Produces the error in the meter reading. As eddy currents are frequency Alpendent, Frequency changes case eddy current errr. ‘84 Comparison of PMIMC and Moving Coil Indicating Instruments ‘The comparison of PMMC and moving isn type istruments i summarized in the table 8.1. ser Type | Contot | Damping | Sutabay ‘Arpleation mic | Seng | cay | 0c | Wsey unos tr ae cart a reed inode eeu won won | spina or] Avtcin | 01cm] Usd fe ah incon of cure] Sot Ke | anh vlog. ey ered br tl Inccabr ype esters on pont 8.5 Ammeter and Voltmeter ‘The meters which are connected in series with the circuit whose current is to be measured are called ammeters. The power loss in ammeter is TR, where R, is ammeter resistance. To have low power les, ammeter resistance must be very low.