Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Persian Grammer
Persian Grammer
aa
3a
The dij eters called an 20 have only one frm each,
denice but forthe dot. Those letters rst on the Hin of prinThey are sounded respectively d and 2.348 not the commanest
elles forthe sound tha shown in thea paragraph
ele tna wom gles dandon tooth
DAs? davon one sy lye mi mandi you show
lage midinad helsne knows dal dad Hash care
834i naruadand tay shoves i za mi dyad Halse coms
u
The disjoined letters re (sounded 7), 2¢ Gounded 2) and 26
(sounded, see 2/3), are identical but for ttr dots. They each
have one form ony, Which curves down sighty bel te ie of
print
Ati sight his group may seem to be similar othe 9d group
There is in fat no canusion; re and ear joined to the previous
letra he head, ad they ste nimedistely downward, wile
{Landa joined to the previous ater atthe ang, and the
whole ter ren onthe lie of writing
520s the commonest etter (out of thee possibe) used forthe
sls diva halshenas 49. dar doce
359 dos ti [> mara me
(25 sre boneath (Gp ita beaut
axSllabatir tampstade
aa
ad tie
The letters sin and Sin are joined letters. They repoesent
esp
Ivey the sounds ar (ae 2/3)The short and ul forms
8
reused in the name way a those ofthe Be group (1/5 above)
The sort fran reason the ine of pret, while the Dash ft
1 soaps below. cosine by far the committer out
the posse for wating te sound
eal ost hashes ony pas then
es ty (sam anor
poe back at torn 19 wash
13,
‘This group of four joined letters jim (sounded), ceo «im
ounded ©), he (Sounded h) and xe founded 8 See 2/3 for the
De group, 1/S above
{Chee the es common of 0 Ways of wring the sound A. Hk 8
found in words of Aric ogi, and sometimes calla he ot 10
ssinguih fom he commoner eter fo given in 1/15 below
i place Ee sare outside
Seb aja nese eee ie screw
shy a oe sebal, pai capital ty
+ aiwntten exceptionally with oe ys 1/7 ave
Am initia "oot (ee 1/5 above) ps
ot
ing one ofthese etre i
Syl \ Oud setrar vase
Inthe syllables Ib 38, 5 and, gb sot ond, the
Foal S caron towant hash» agb so xf ones!
‘page sordan to eat a ot wat1 wat
" SI tam
Jam is 2 joie ots, with no dots, Weis pronounced Li ull and
shor forms ate ase a are those ofthe be group, 1/5 above
This eters dtnc from Val, ine al is dsjoinedt and Lm is
yele) lebas sul (of clthes) gle jel aad
SUS sat magiaion alll aman Germany
‘Thecombination lm + lef special forms, one used when it is
pind to the previous etter, andl another when it snot. The forn
[Uisneverwed
{Dhl stim bam 3¥ lazem necossary
48. +42 ©
The joined eter called he he commoner ofthe two letters used
forthe Sound 1 fen called eA to Siting om
the les common fr ¢ given i 1/13 above ond variants all
rest on the fine, apart fromthe lower part ofthe forms andy
This eter ha our for
one used at the beginning of # wor or after a disjotned
+ two erative forme ed when the eta joined on both
Side gee
i + one ied heen word oF when the eter tnd
i alone
: har every Lay, pats tot
aleps\slege mebnan vest not nino
‘ly 70h ro “Ae toni stint
eh combination a [nb] is pronounced mb.
Silent ina +, After the unerten vou ete etter «atthe end
saci] dyande future nyo aide seen
dee house sey baste sod
Silent al» alo, exceptionally, found after the short unwsiten
over the expressions
When a word ending wih sent» extended with a suffi the
46 ane house Lasse ane houses
sa ame loner Uda name eters
dye ive tlt ages \ ile get\ ange
‘vehi ats
Alter this silent al »,any added gylabl beginnings written
witht own intndctry ale
‘lax jomie sortonco lala jomletasertonce
Atay site ret Gla rte roctile
tals are giver inthe discussion of ac sufi other ending as
In words sh a those shown above the fina ie 3 graphic device
ora genmmaticsl ending, In words with inal after whar the» ie
not an ending but part of the rota he word, the ns sounded
‘Such words ate not nimerous
My Bedeh ga deg motwajch ative
6 JSS
SS wx
Tee av the ined tos Ka proneed 8) and gf
romounced gst ao 2/3 fr both sounds). They stand on the
ne of writing their shor and full forms are ued inthe sae
vay as those ofthe be group (1/S.above). Jf has to possibleful forme, Sand
1S ke thauhen ——4S.ga mi tonadatane dos
Seg \ebtig peett doar Slpaw meat totionsh
SIS kar wor HS tatam caboage
PIS tetarscroon ass JF kat stag
ram vam Spa mi guvad hols says
AE sari sorotimes JS gol toner
OE soli pear J, gomrok costes
ws [es ai]
oe sad
‘The letters sl an 20 are joined letors. Their shoet and fall
ed a8 ae thote of hehe prop (1/5 above. The loop
rests on the li of pat, and the ours’ of he fll orm curves
below. These ters present respectively the sounds and ge
fs los common than Ge sh for (1/12 above) and ge 36 tase
commen than j2alfor2 (1/1 above). ye and y mostly occu
words taken from Arabic
ype surat tat bel ast onan
abt Jas person yep mous spect
“2b haser prosot, ready Lael onad signature
" ba
ba
Although the leters etd and 2 are joined betes, they hve
only one form each, which sande on the tine of print. They
bss common than
‘presen espctvely the sounds a
© te for (1/5 above) and Bis les common than 5
(1/11 above b nnd noetly cern wards taken Soon Arabic
2
saab ow manner way ed Sete doi
2 sone missy
1s. ¢| get on
Ele A/S oni
The ler called er and gen Hach bas fur
jin
forms
+b and Bare writen at the bepnning of a word or ater a
Asjined ltr
4+ aan are writ when the ltr joined on both ides.
+ Gand fae wrt
[tenor when the eter tad lone
at the end of a word afer a dioined
+ Gand gare writen atthe end of a word afte a joined
Yu will ee shat the closed forms are writen aftr joined keter
inthe same word, and the open frss when no joined leter
precedes inthe same word
Atte beginning
ride of atthe end of 2 word 3° (the “ttl stop’), Bue IIs
a word islet The formal sound of i the
sematimes deoppad; se 2/3,
The sound offs for which ee 2/3.
“pa ir ae atone Sebi t'aatay
(eee mou’ sublet e+ man’ provention
aE aise aon a gy change
Gp2 dong iotwnat) he mabiag aut
20 asi
55 os1 Wing
‘The two joined letters fe oounded and 3 gf wounded g, soe
2/3) forma group. Theirsdhort an ful forms are wed a ar those
ofthe be group (1/S above). All forms lie of the line of prt
‘excep ful-form g which swoops Below
(Si fotr ugha ofa, fle stupid
Sy barf snow GS tou iy
UF aaa gear eT engl vin
at bra ing ety ig bart eh
21, Doubled fetes
‘Two identical conzonanta with an intervening vowel are weiten
sepaatly
8 mannan gat
(short unwriten a between the to Jeter pm, long wrton 9 a
between the to ltrs)
Two ideal consonants with na intervening vowel are writen as
on consonant, but pronounced double when « we
ray
sap, ce cs les nai capeter
> hats ero (1/7 above for alg prone 2)
123 blow shows amen of indicating he doubled consonant
This goer eles Broken when to en! consonant om
together in the formation of a compound word; 11/2 and 3
ephin
The sound after T\ a or ya is writen with double «ye
eee \noge i his otbition the ist es ent aed merely
‘cians ata ink hetwen the two fng owes
lig mid wc SS Wl YON ay
Ina few word the combination dis writen with one ye 20 1/18,
1 Writing
22. Whole alphabet
‘ere isthe alphabet in its Pessian oer; see 2/0 for details of
pronunciation Ror the sounds, hand =the alterative leers
ace grad in rer of frequency. 1 indicates the mest cor:
Tees geaded 2 to 4a nally found in words take for Arabic.
‘The two letters pronounced ga of roughly equal frequency gs
Fours mainly in wondstaken from Arabic
eter Name Saun:inquony hinhtag —Refemame
CF alermadie tiv a ua
| aly Inte shows a0, 2 iteodaces
oo » 15
vo »
St 1"
Chetan) 2
ee) wa
on a wa
ems 32 a
eos 2
bow a wis
bu 23
em inline Middle orga" 1/19
£ on oa
15sk r 120
Sw 4
sw Fk 16
Sere)
Jom 1 via
pomim om W9
wy Ina » Middle oi, 04, (0) 2/8
Aller fen silent ws
he thanax} cbt fate ea sent 1/18
So Int y Mie, Pa eh ye1/77
ca\erater Nine yen) 1/7, 8
Chon a few words from Abi) 17
Tole mae ent vari of al whichis tft eter Bun
many dons al words being Tare sed before words
ornng!
The wor fonder pe oe he our died ates
ora of ter,
23. Nowalphabetal signs
Centin nonaphabetl igs, mst f than ly wed cx to
fntheronucaton ft word The min oer ar
wow (aed ft of cea, Game oe, ¢
(kasre or zir), after Vat the beginning of a word, or after a
EE seal ante baorg tas tighorse
B nou naw ‘ale ean porn
= 1 calla sal, wot above a consonant to show Ut
6
‘The signs shown above are rarely. ene
stispronounced double
soy bacce os
called sokun or jaz, weten above a consonant to
show that it ha8 0 yo
seal ash pose
ert
chaatbonks, One sgn which however, i aint always shown
She ave nig ced tin nd ween fproonee a
(ior) aera ononant:
“Gp morarases guy Ca taran aproxintly
Spnee me'min vty ls
A ait tun ak haga wy an
When this ending sade to word taken fom Arabic ra
fonan by telephone
ding ine + silent» fer 1/15 above) both these ase dropped
and replaced by
sae gt'ale me Gas ga’edatan asa nto
ocginal Arabic pling... The pronunciation ihe some, oa
(hizo) for Gigiohapigaan Cael) for Gaels a’ adzan
S10 7/2for more about the entings (an aad azn
«celle hase leer oot Hed nthe alpabe, Us never
iin to anything, It sver stands a the begining ofa wor, Is
bask form i as shown here, bat appears and sound diferenly
according to wether itis sed in Persian words on wont taken
name i Pesian words. Pesan wonds hamge say be writen
over silent final (1/18 above}, to represent ye (the enfe, see
Appendix I41b xaeye ian nsherthr house
151 yee ive tse tosh at
“Te hance presenting (the ef) sunny writen only when
este larity x wanted others it ote et ue
LEI A cinee itn
tage ive tae
We also encounter the foun {g (now litle sed) for ye, showing
the eater wordsendingin s
(ely igtel forggtely lite sandlize rahi easy oir
In older Pee
combination
ater dor
including some dictionaries, we find th
instead of yng (1/7, 8,21 above, for
lang ee en) ini ce
“eR ener SiR beg say
Tmodem alia -i-e7 atthe end of «wi
and. inetond
218 above)
eli (ert ae) jon a sentence
Sis lang otier Si yg) ve rang brown
(SVG an a sae you se ed
tna few words taken fom other languages the oh is uted to
3} aan June ran Fre in)
SEE gat We oh sel Cay gt eos oogat
hase in words taken fom Arabic in word taken fom Arabi,
ance may occu before or afer any ete inthe mile or at the
ed of word
+ inthe middle La'7a, 50°93 3
Gerke mo'esef S00) pal ts founciion
(gee momen deter “Ijaue mas’ response
| Alte \dlne ma'aefatae problem
utes fen
Aesbea motes, laa masate
1 the en it ie normally writ by itself sn is wsly
silent in Pei
5p joe pant
Some words writen with final Lean sil be found with
tei oiginal Arabic spling «The pronunciation isthe
Las! cbieda begining dormer las)
+ hace ust not
confused with shot form. (1/19 above)
whic it vinbly resembles
25, Galata mat’tig eript
The form af cit shown in 1/328 above ical
the script mie in newepapens, nics and masecinilted hooks
‘An older calligraphic script form, called laa mast’, 1s
often sed for fine printing, tes and posters In aats th Kine of
print ie mor or les ovl, wherein natal each jroup of tens
tends to “aseade’ above ita procession, 0: £7. This and
portant ferences in syle ore summarised blow
mas asta
‘Staaf
cascading’ gayhb frst Person we
ge oleage ste nan my Hands @f 99
tee ls seu sane
Be Mie sow
gs asf buco snot
SS sent wat
ew SIS targar woken fs1S bongah intuston
sus 2S held toy
US ot oer J
ay Yh pate avove ¥
eS setts class ve
toothor WB\S ge 8 thou 4
AAS BIS taf suticiont oe
ae ee ein &
he melt vaional é
Optionalaltemative forms
he ua neastan lost
Be er six
ina Lape, pesarht sons
snl DP har every
PUSS bahar shone
Snatjpinod a! le tubo
final gate any «gieyd cut tends
joined eter — lye ena iy
Nero, pom by lie a onary Or
lw one ey ad ge:
PU ee wh 5 SIGS
Bes St SAY
eel ae ole AE Se oe
PGR ee eed SS
hea
SPT obs Seg
Ji ses Grsuh
SNF Bed bIR
Ni $872 FE
ey
abate kre jah is,
cr ke nico hat, x at
(asl je bide G1 jlo sera “to wie)
ayy, thu at hunk wth no, begat
seated next cne wth wip cheeks, be oe
Thou might not bo - but snes how art, be gat
Andie Wine you dink, te Lip you ness,
End nthe Ntring t Tings end in- yes,
“Then fancy who Thou et, Thou at bat wha
“Thou shall be - Noting Thou sal not be less
he most important fentres of standard handwriting ae show
abelow. Many of tr rofl the aa nati scp shove in
1/25 above.
| ale, When not joined to a previous letter, | ale ts wt
lovevands, Following one eter, tis writen upwards
oly obi! arsan cheap (boa tn
Seo below forthe writing of alfater Jam ant aero ta
Dots. Two dots are writen Ikea hyphen =; Whee dots for
rough ing etn in ele diction convenient, 08-0)
ep Ss mete Ele cote
{Ete Letters of the @ Jn group ae en joined to the preceding
Inter a the upper sgt
left comce (Leathe beginning ofthe outline) n hardwriting. A
receding intl tooth i almost always inverted (ce 1/13 above
nce print, but always a the upper
Comper te fre
Ew rartrens NE clas agate ae
in. ter oie eter, p min sould be approached fran the
{ops and the ‘bea wren antilockwise GA preceding nt
is almost aways inverted ce 1/9 above
> bs dam mya gk nad stow
“This handwrten form effectively distinguishes mide ond ae
nin from middle joined sin, whichis always approsched from
below ane vrtn clockwise @
See Sane math welioown
Middle tooth. So 1/5. A middle tooth, Le oe joined on both
doe asa special aie handersttn form before p mim or 5\3
rele, arin the orm
free rate wet Jae 5 te
Fe pel lr too
Inia and middle dan sd have a toth afer hoe lop,
‘hie toth must not be onuted in Randwriting Ie bohawes ike a
mid
oth eae pmimorj\ ree
2 geen toni sete Re pa mes Cah
oid and. of Une ida 28 (re ieditly
above doz and
ave 8 tooth after he Hop, The lop
tan it te he pg
ob sake, cote hon SAW alk esa may
in and Sin, In al ot the most caefal handing, the
G7 cys dt ond tab oni
ot, ay iE alre tes Ay itar me
ANY tant, S00 1/14 above, In waiting tis combination,
Aletach the alef and write & downwvacds, ether vertically towards
the foot ofthe lm oat an ange to ts idle, Compare printed
sod handvien forme
UM wi ww YY BPyY w
(2 Phe rain nto (5) pS lee nesssey
Stay ana ga. Bomice te handsiten fom sown
below. The owatoke ween veal the eadtokes)
at. the forma wth lef and/o am, the cc writen
antiocvise ©, aproeching rom blow if the combination
isonet peeing ieee.
IISI E88 55h
KV EVE EK Y tae
2HB BIE ISAK ISIS 1
zi LL wavs.
Ke LYE WIG IF IL IS i, ta
Stam ne — S somos
IE wo
PAE cahisometnes estan ‘steak station, stop
CEE SS ttl tam 6 IS tts a
The form Wino wed in anit,
cpp cas bt: osm
1 he Te mide form seldom wed in handing the
plo it writen intend. Te Gal frm joined t he
pending tr pred avery fen simple in andi
Ho shen\shey carte
esd Ht
Fa bel seca Sf ts who
ded has fat seasonal
But afte other joined ater (ining (ae with is toot, seo
above) the junction i rounded ane yes both its carver
(MoS tami aio PY eel) rt sts
7 se to
27, s2nS.2Fekate handing
Many Iranian te so-called Sekar or" hart, frm
really simpliiad forthe wile but often very dict for the
2
inexperienced render. Sekoste alo drs some of forms fan
rasta, shown in 1/28 above. The forms shown below aze used
in adit to the simplifiaions Found a tandaed handoveting
Dots fn the toughest” fete many dots may be left out
lkogether Or they may tray sway om the outline to which they
belong: ocesinaly ene and two das on auccssve
4 be a
(@isjoined eters, Often, te eters 133.4 5.3.9 i princi
not joined to the following eter, are neverteles 0 joined in
{ela Common combinations
shad, shea wins
Jk JUS sia aginaton
pa pl Sat theme
Bap tts
gate
> sya ide soon
Lb i Pv sith rio 0
E45 “plo subs rat nasnetinas
Art Lay a5 sia much
Gy te ah she mana! mts
2p 0 ayy nd nbs mas
Ys fog Say pnt money
4 he. Tuo asta foros for thie leter ave used in tbat the
inal frm one oa previo eter ond the detached syllable UeNeg, tage bach eton
Modi fina tr. Some laters, he mos commen being
an have mesifed fa fomsin Skate
eo al eal ais eS 2g we matory
18 CE BU man teat ya ge ma
TS jg Sia tree 6 9 aA! in tan
28. Pessantransipion
The wanception of foi works (oly nae) often elects
the fact ot Prench was ence he moet whey taught Baropean
Ianguage in an, Whatever he source anguage, shot and ng
melee oe ot digit. Bamps
"Sows yunesto UNESCO ash pris Pass
GEA, satentor Wasnigton oA) lana Londen
3 Yenev Geneva Passed mort New York
AU fat on "1 Hpon Japan
ajei\Ke mekanize mechanised — uty; gazuil gascil, diesel
Teap onrit Asta Ute! aa ay
S30 ata Maaa Fras mason Moscon
‘Sat no Persian word can begin wi vo conn vi,
intervening vowel any sc foreign words be dap
eamsnaal Pecos a ea athe el roup acura
anlatrvening vowet
saul eskottand Scotland aeail b fords
Sayin eyo Na Yn tan exept oh re probably
Free
cate it socond later 62 sm-vowal
2. Pronunciation
1. Transcription
See 1/22-24 forthe transcription used in thie book for Persian
2, Long and short vowels; diphthongs (rowel-ombinations)
Tes important odisnguieh tween the te short vowels aud
thelr long counterparts, and between thse and the to vowel-
combination. Pronounce a follows
6 in Souther gli ba oe man
beeen gana isn Bagshot and it; Ja de! oat
Sida word Uke Pench ina’ ge three
1 between gand Uin English pot and put cond fast
Long: between he asin English a a "ak,
{fist deep sound which you produce
when the doctor lls you to soy'arah gf an that
i lin tng rai von a
we muintnlsn ni orn Geman Bus? I ta rg
Cambios einige mil don
he consonants tramsribed bp. tf ds 2 fe me ms ae
pronounced mach asin Engi The oer consonants meet ser
© ae chin Fgh re fe ie seo
1 es hin Beg howtispronoweed Je hi cron
Wherrerimsctbod even nthe yy per Ucad
te ratte nc ofthe word. ‘dat ten
1 avin Scot eo, Welh ba or
Seaman Boor linSpanh ap? gb nn tod
+ rz aun anor Spenh gy rte daysways prooounced whereverit occurs, 433 dur tar
rover dropped insome English gay dars lesson
speech
asin French out-or gin inghishWoasue oy vite special
5 as shin Engh she LE tom diner
1 always ight asin English at, sever
"dark as Eis Wal Yat cum
> always a consonant, an gh ear,
‘ever witha vowel sound asin Eagsh’miy (yd or
"be and The tranteiption epeesents the tal stop ea
cate in Te breath Te the sound heard in some spech of
Southestem Eagan or pat of Scotland: "Wo aloo for "what
‘lott. The tp spelt sometimes with » (hazel, sametimes
with: nd Pasion pronounce ony nthe mile oat
the end of word taken from ANabi and not alway then, Iisa
very weak sound barely audible in the perch of most rains
+ i the mil ofe word, when pel withthe stop usally
prone
a sa hor ae jom’e Fay
When spelt wih iti ther pronounced weakly of not at
ail The Arabic aplings for amu Bad ae food
often wth eats:
(Ginks\ ale monastefinetaaie soc
Wherein mayalemaste problem
SeaDoo question
‘cole mas'uyaumaulnar spony
at he end of word» or aera consonant 8s se,
though some people proninnce the fa sop:
foe pat ee oblate
but when an exafe (Appendix I sade to sucha werd,
the + oF § cemes to be final andi ws pronounced
Ghee ele Jose in abla pat of his amcunt
2%
28 wy ob eau: acguaner ol botoan
Fira aftera vowel found mostly in ode spalings and
‘a ilent final alter a vowel is uruly pronounced 38
stop:
Lessa exer exception (ormesy «tal
5 row nd, son
[No word bepns with + Aan a the bepinig ofa word i
pat or» member ake ar custom
44 Thissound athe volo orkard equivalent a shown above
is ent Europem equivalents Pechin Ma’ or Germain
‘et. Ths sound isthe evetyeaypronuncaton of beth and
Si aga goteman Nee abla arnt
Some people retain for some words the orginal Arabic
pronunciation of wich tht of pronounced ery dpi the
throat Since this happene in naw words, nd any eran
conf the wo sods yay i hel aterpt dere,
‘we will show the pronunciation theoughou, which aways
se kas to sounds:
+ befote 0, #08 ofa consonant i sounds ike om in
rg ok
1S kar wore See itonam 10
FS238 (aceite sate
+ sqywere ee, sounds ke bat alata thre
se 8 slight ysound afters we can imagine boing,
represented
¢f tam any ame hy ek pee} one
you know Russian nape pronouncing 4 Cypha)
sof, This simi o plained Persian
20ha to sounds
‘+ before 2, 0, ou oF a consonant it sounds like hard Qin
gl po
Som ist eS ge mi gtvam | say
“an bocorgtar bigger
+ anyone plaid ne se
SAE sora sereny natok Ses 105 10 doo
Sag bors boare| 0
you ino Raton, pn prong as
‘Ao tine prose Mea in Erg on
cane passat follows npr with no exceptions it
wnt be rn nthe reiton
nh Th combina prone mt
‘Se fan Sturdy
4, Doubled lettre
Doubled consonants (ie. two identical consonants with no
intervening, vowel, ee 1/21 and 23) are pronouaced double, hat
1s eld for Tanger than single consonants, when followed by 8
vowel in the same wor or phrase
sgy bazce chil (pronounce asf wanseribedbacce)
We sound doubled consonants inthis manner in few English
words for example rida, pronounced a if spelt miay
‘A doubled consonant not followed by vowel in he same word or
Phe i pronounced ng
Sol pp mohemm ast tsimparant
bout aga mahemtar for Imohermtar) mo mporant
(Ee haggan sontaty
Dat elit Je fag Sends or fag tents) atl
ea
the splings Nat) and -ll\l are pronounced a the
speling 9s \caats pronounced fin one iro word
‘ila: uoper eal gge midi you come
J, rasiqui rutvuness: a3 ov duty
Avoid the wrong pronunciation (3) for this doubled Inter, the
fist ye does more than mak the tani, and i silent. See
117, 8 and 2
In any word of more than one spl, we sess one of he
syns ve pronounce more tng hn te ret The putin
eft tra regula Persian nth aregrph ant ein
ther pins inthe Book we mark te vowel he arsed
syle wih nace
Verbs, See 6/1 for tho defini of» ver. Veibs and their
dents arsed slows
When the verb oe vera derivative has no prof it
stesed on the ln eal, dicount ay person
cncng Coop
Syne Owe ssi ind wor
i nev hha wrt 4295 nee wt
with
ula ram trove 3,8 gerétandWyook
Sat bite ltt6 psn ri we are
Tho ane cxpton ts atthe airy we of
She frre ene 6/2) sessed on the personal end
when the vee afimatve
3s gal tains sito
+ hen the vb
eal derivative has one prix oF more
theft o oly prox even when weil sparsely) takes
the ate:
aited ndnevetan | dot wo
US mara 1 have not
poles inevisam |te
eit ni nevica dont wate
eg bi! Comal 4243 maid lett be
“425 mdnevelie ct watenunritan
+ inthe fture tne the awry ver takes the stress ofthe
ole tess, following the als given in the preceding wo
ae a ohne ahr
SEP STE tam et hat tt
+ compo 6/9, teste wl va al
papain mete
TE ar hrm arom wt
1351 tr nm don a ng
Interections and conjunctions. Intejections, and many
‘onjuctions re teased on the fst yale:
sy bate yos “pod tier 0
SV gar ‘es a bat
Te cera why
ther words, Words other than verbs, interjctions oF
conjunctions ar sessed onthe lst syllable of the root (Lethe
word without any addons)
DLS tetin book ay ranged patter
gare bint ouside Le toms you
SES ating beaut 03i)y2 coizdsh wove
Suffies. The ses rules for sufies (lables add to words,
including any writen detached), and for pemoral endings of verbs
@
1+ The following are unstrased and have n eet on ses
= personal ering of vere an, iad, and),
hawever westen, other than tote of he fats auxiry
Inthe affimative an above)
+ the ecife-e andy Appenx , however writen
(Append I, however itn
Ij 1d (Appendix tV)
+ the posstsive nd pronoun-abect sufxes pox am
the dtsctebject
ea ati. G/N, 4/9)
see even wien aptly. The ain trend mines
+ all pla sulaes: We oki, gle -dn, Wain,
Sh, Oba (eit ge tmge tn
the adecive utes fuer, tain 9 10,
ba 6 6/0, lec\ger See (11/3), a6. the
abotat noun safes fh gS eg (11/2, together
planed in 1/2 on 173
+ the otis number tis pdm
oma 979).
tn Engi, the vowel of an astresd yable of srt
ype sos and ce eral xp ae thea
and the nou, In Prana the vaso a word,
inci thos in urtessd pals, hep tot pi sound
“The etl sod of ain Egle ds ot ext i Posi
Si bong biggest
Baya porch windows
Vocative stress of the noun, See:
The rule for stress given under ‘ther werds’ above applies to
‘uns when the noun i splenabout If we ates a person, the
a11. Arabic forms
Most Arabic words and expressions incorporated ito Persian are
pronounced ia Persian manner, These forme ate examined in
Chapter 10.
BieF taxa jamtd Personas
3. Nouns and Adjectives
1. Nouns - gener
‘noun ia wor denoting a portn, creature, plc, thing oF ea
The sous shown in the chapter ate most simple nouns se, not
erved from other pars of speech
‘np nouns ae wusly stressed onthe nt syllable (68 2/5):
SeLS tei book
“an ame ltr
‘5/20 a 1/2 forthe derivation of aouns fromm other parts of
speed and for compound nouns
nouns denit when ts idetty is known and infinite when
its identity is not known. Persian hae no definite article
cormpondingt English the. A Persian noun in is base forme
iter definite oe ndetiate, depending on the content:
abet tate} arson GUL siaban (to) stot
se oh (ne) monn WF lak (he) nt
ey jai) place sak, pare th) spade
4 “reo nowse 225 tat (be) stip
To make the noun cant indefinite (4, an." et), the sas
be added. This indefinite suffix does not affect the stress ofthe
After a consonant, the sufi i spel
rab Jaca penn, some parson
ULE sianan asrest
(Als mani amet ary mont
POS toa amat
+ Afters wowel Ja or git writen
ale sara poco
caink, paruia spade
aDo not pronounce this combination a5 [yl the Fst
later ye is ene
for shen Sina (ae 1/8) Is writen with a separate
wh
(slice eta nouse, any house
1+ Bora noun ending fas the base form, the indotinite
gS katt stip, te ship, a stip
Fie santa oa, ca, acai
When a series of nouns connected with 5 val ‘and is made
indefinite ony tt oun cis he indie sufi
(Silda 5 4216 kagaro mada a paper sod zona
(6252.9 py peso dostrt a son an (a ugh
‘or a boy and a
bt nan infinite series conc with 98, the indefinite
ulin orally ees
iy & ate cats an neuer day
eld gale melt 2 galami_ a pencil or (a) pon
The we fe lh fae sma in Appi
Se a 3/3 below.
Countable and uncountable, The indefinite sfx is added
mostly to indefinite nouns which are unl, Ae. denoting
ertons, things ec. which can exit in separate ws. I 9 aely
attached to anciunate nouns, which denote things, isos et
foun aly ina mass Compare
Sead cyl UF ay gaat has? Is here a pen?
(Countable, incefte ut)
with Secu QU) ay man hast? Is there any bread?
(uncountable, no suf)
Some Persian nouns can be used either ax countable oF
‘uncountable, depending tse meaning, One such se jit
as
qT
-Nouns and Adctvs
Jct Ue has Theis pacsteom.orcoatable)
cand le hast. Theresa plee (= vacancy, sal,
“ ‘count
The indefinite sui not used in the mile of an ele
construction (3/5 and 8 below).
23, Definite dcectabjet sits | nf
‘When a definite noun isthe diet object of a verb (ee 5/6) the
definite directoboc sux Ly rt added to the noun. Thi ux
is written delched fom ts noun. The sufi dos not affect the
££ 1, LS keira ere Hee took he book
sil ast 4a mame ri nvete ond
Thay have waiton tho Str.
To make the noun a thee sentence indie, we nod only
remove the definite dec abjet uti Ly
Lo5,S lS tei ert HlShe took book
Js 42352 aa nine nove amd They hav weiter a to.
which sentences ate correcta they saad. IC we then add the
indefinite 0/2 above)
HBS lS tei ert
th) lasts tne eet a
wre ta trong indefinite meaning HalSho tok soma book oF
ewer, Toy hve wren some st
When a ser fdr rou connected witha ‘and
the cinco sl | aed only ale th st ns
LoS she 5 JBLS taga ve med ger
Ho oak the paper nd parc
says 1) 89 9 xy pes 0 doar ra dana
Thay saw tha boy and get
“The lode sui
may be used together giving the meaning or implied manning ofthe
9
i and the definite dirctobjoct saegia conan. Compare
Bay Ib seal gland xdne beard
‘They want to buy a house at yet unknown)
and aii Las seal egg mt aahand xan ra bexarand
“Thay wan by the house (one knows oa
tna ay gla als ga mi athand wel a bearane
“Tey want te buy a (eran) Nous (one knows othe.
See 3/19 below fora sina structure having sade i and
etn irest-objet Ly together
in older Pessan we lz find the sui yr showing an indvect
ject. with the meaning ofthe gli Wc. This survives today
only in come st expressions the commonest of which i probaly
(Sz Ly ab andar for Thank God (Thanks 0 God?)
Colloguiat pronunciation. See 2/6. The diretabject eux L 6
pronounced colloquially «or or o> ale a consonant rafter &
past Ly sled curd oastie o»maidam.
Tri soe the professor.
he was ofthe sui yr are summarised in Append ¥.
4. Placa of nouns
In iterary Persian the plu! form (= more than one) of a noun
lnoting a person fe made by adding tothe singular form the
sul ld for the plural of» now not denoting a person the
uth Wun is added. Hoth sltces carry the stress of the
olay mehnin guest
“pail fer fica
able mann gost
olpil arin ofeas
“lS telihoy als etn hoys
BIB gore ropon—GE,I gosarath pons
Some Iranians sil observe this person/s person ditto, at
ee
east in pat, when forming the plural af «noun; but in modern
everyday Persian tere a tendancy to add U. also to many
nouns dean people:
Lage metrin quest ilagr shan quosts
il asin ctoor aa atari otones
BUT, aE canons vu aga Ladies and genteman
Then sie ae wrt and ht rm sometimes modi
ae tw
+ Whenever it i posbl jin tos ounin wring hs
‘scone though may abe wren ache
PAS tetartonk— oleS\UGLS ta ots
sy hoes eal, \aly rt oats
bot afer ie als, a8 aly to tached his
iba gewl pling eles 1/15
fe cet age bce ction
+ she talvay ned its unin wring whenever ths
ponibl
base mostsdemd mployoos
+ After Var 3m gle -dnbecomes Shim
UT ago gontanan QUT agayon gentemen
prtils danetv student glyaetils danesiuyan stadons
Heat final «plas gL. van becomes gS. -egan (18
rope:
satel nevtande weer 31S nevsandegan
ters
ssl) ranande ver — 18st rdmandegan vers
Collogulal pronunciation. See 2/6. The sul
pronounced sup in everyday spech,
x glen may be
Thute other plural forms borrowed from Arabic and used for
words taken fr Arabic, survive in ety syle and ae use or
afew words (es altermatives to plurls in gl-\ Un “ta in4 -Noun and Ades
everyday Pena
+ Gla si (tested). This isthe Arsbic so-called “sound.
fetninine’ plural It added to certain words ending
oneonaat and not denoting pereons
‘boer hevin anal UL heat nial
With words ending i sllent aus and Ss athe final
syllable is dropped before he plural suffix is ade:
Mids mole opard Glie%Le nolaheit pars
See heayarstory — OL Se hekivr stores
In iuitation of the Arabic, his wuts isa attached to
core mative Person words denting things an ending in
1+ set 4 The pel takes the frm las the #8
fometines kept in wilting, sometimes dropped. The
pronunciation frboth peligs sesame,
salijg) nnte newmpepae
obey, \leajg, uenaneiar newspapers
Cole agen lege ages mili ts)
+ peg ia tres) Tis the Arabic soaed
sound masculine’ plo. i added to ceiain oun
enoting mae persona, After consonant the as
i afer vt he lin an
pat moj orior
Gabe maori varios
sill snot
agian wma clits
+ the Arabic neler orsocaed ake’ pl in wh no
tulfix i aed ut he word ful changos ts shape
(sim Englh anno ous)
abe tos prion (elit tsa poses
eae Ip aaj waves
ES jas! soason Jab foul seasons
kane naval potom Jel Jsan marelmasiy!
rotons
neve Pes ame ft forms re ne i et
Lae ell one total
‘tortnadanfong waves
Dente and indefinite. The indefinite sui fas andthe
definite degen 18/2. 8 above) me wed with
phn none svt ingle oun
S4iT ohn) asap Ul dvd mein ase and?
sive any ts rivet
pte (Gp) ay baci dao) kin.
fs aback adda. wow he,
pee LU 9 Uy, per odrtarha ra ddan
Taha bye aed i
sh 18 Ly eS tara bod ord a.
Hees taken ebooks wh ai
Collective. ln an Bash sentence Hk "The baby eas ep we
not specifying one egg oF several eps merely the iden gg ia
ener, for which we use the sgl form of the noun, 88 &
collective noun. Porsan ues this device much more commonly
than Eni espocil for goer statements
AS gk Sie 4S gh an gre mus nei grad nem ie
‘That cat doos ale mice (meee),
seal gaye tla oma dary ast, ts allos (ae),
pls cangs GES pny in prs kis dad
“This boy thos ships.
Saha gs ce hm foratan? Do thoy sa apps?
+ ello prenencitin, se 2/6
Using © noun collectively tronsforms it from cnmle 10
mite (68 3/2 aba): hence we do nt atc the indefinite
sufi uv i toa collective, Compare the sentence given above(about he ca with
aS gis AS ol 8 grb asin gad no re
‘teat ror ca
Seam get ly! hpi ata Then are ere
in which the ject (La) an the verb (42a are pra. Bat
the word Pc STOW whic the compleent (5/6) othe verb
is collective and therefor singular in oem
Although trnsated with an Bnglih plural, the Persian noun
sfonde inthe basi singular form, dn this meaning it cen at
ether definite or indefinite, but genes, and ypiyg all Hs
ind
S$. LEI eife with nme
The suffix known as the skal aye, the writing and
promneton of which ae explained in Appendix I, uae to
connect wo sous in cen eatinehpa
Tossessive sructre The fit sch eltonship cn be called he
HES het books, 3S Sager pu
SUE gals keiibhiye Kigerd te pupits books
(he book fh pu)
AS tar won, chamtsls danesan sons
lmtile IF hire dination eens wore
116 sane no, pe moti tor:
“ple 61S singe modir he recorshouse
(ths haat he dtr)
aie sandal cat, 24 pari Pan
Bag lite sandal pare Par’ a
The ‘posested own Stand ft and cries the ef cuted t
3 the “ponestr’ aun lows, beerving the forma Te Books
ate pi
ta the examples given above the exe i shaw i bold type in
teancription it ever has any fc on the stress af the wor
The term ‘pottstve sr
is merely one of converienee- The
sesaction beeen the tv ns maybe something other than
IAS eld Key 39 dr door
139 el leider he ey No te door
SUS kargar worran, GS Yrkat company
2S, 81S haryare ferkat company workman
Ny riot 188 frateah air
agg ay rae fir
sae De gel, gS hokamat goverment
eso tag bute tina Wo goverment) get
alepntils dinar students, SSIs danesade acy
‘uSctile ghmtsla dinetusine danetade
theca stents
ponte nn ty be ang if (/2
nevetan tow, esd a Rous
Lasse Rs eet odadha he wing of bes
ah th ipo rod
The xe can be repeated in sing farther, any no in the
expression may have a demonstrative adjective (re 3/12 below}
aS angSo dye ee Rotana kei
‘he Kuwait Goverment) budget
oaSsls oul ob amtsls JF re dintiyae in daneiade
the wrk te tnt of this fact
AS ST dy raze an at te captain of at sin
Ina cafe construction, the nouns are usally Undertod 10 be
clint idee they sand depending on he cont. The
suf (2 above fnecsary, bu othe "posese nou since
this ay nt nore the ef
eaatils¢L name dines some students name
6LAELIA nomceye matin’ acarmumter
The:
af not soe expressions of measurements
of ugar, 'acup of tea ce 9/8 for these
Appositon. The socond use
ours which are in apes, i he sme i oy
the ex with noun tnk 0
SG LS sahane afer Hare Sroot
ea 44 Save gavin the ety of Qazvin
‘The commonest form of apposition is with il&\ UT daatxtom
ir Mrs, Mis an he perso's eo further il
ti Sle stnome muted Mra Nowshend
are GUT dye eras! Mr Beto
“poke ST aye sai Me Aebassacor
Ta ef also ccc person sven smn ad rly rae
bale yale athe hadian Abbas Hedan
‘The ezafe ts not nommally used with other titles oF professions
followed bythe name even though her ap
piled _ASs doktor homayun Or Hemayoun
ebb sleet onadrabataba Professor Tabataba
In using thse ties when speaking ote person, we use wee
Gabeoe tll por salin Saye manuel
Ura with the ete. The dies Ira 2/2 ove)
‘may not interrupt the e2afe construction. Ly ra appears once, at the
endef he expeson
Seltege Lele sal barddare abs ri mi sensi
Do you tnow Aas tote?
fos Lasanee atl ade snr eo
et ooaaver seen Me Sabor
Yan glsaca Uf aye gesehie hear ra
inde lf ave you read steno Hedaya?
*
Sal whe Ly
CEPT oF
raj eit masjede Ka)
Istana nam Wesquo King’ Masa
6. Adjectives» general
Am adjecuive 16 a word describing (the grammatical teem ts
qualifying) & noun (3/1 above) or & pronoun (4/1). Most ofthe
sjectives examined in this chapter are simple adjectives. not
erved from other pare of peech,
Simple adjcives ate normally stressed on the kt ellabe
Seo becék sat
Six bowie ig
See 5/20 anid 11/8 for the deriva
of adjectives fom other
parte of spaech, and for compound adjictives
Any adjective may be seas noun ifthe meaning penn i
“i fan o001 poor pesorimanwoman
lye Javan young o young porsordinanNouns Atv
7. Adjestive wae complement
Ce use fhe adectve i complemen (65/6) of ever
“uel Qe ay o¢! thpedar mebaban at Ts trains
Son ge 3 oe inka asa nis. Tis skis nt 0)
2 Gaus 295 (3) (sd mri tod. Spe qu boca it
alge gly ce gh Ae mr‘ il st be rar
nayad Tha posi seams very Sc
pet BY Ly ala ose ga man comin eg ed lzom
{omordam. | easiered such ammeasue necessay.
Ina sentence ofthis kind, the adjetive may qualify a noun or a
pronoun (a 4/1) sci an np ied pronoun
8. Abu adjectives
‘An adjective no used as complement (3/7 above) ea to
bectirut nthe English xpesion a god bot he adactve
Sood is wed alebutvely. An attsbulive adjective alway
quale nour pronoun ee 4/1) in gdh an atrbtiv
tive ural precede snowy in Pern it los abwaye
flows ts non. When the noun i sein is be form (Le
without endif. 8/2 bow) caries the sux
Caled the exe expen Appendix. amine
“2 GUS tebe na ae gon 0k
shal hehe ab a good Boks