الكيمياء العامة

110
110
? ?? ?
K
110
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
KK
110

W

W
J
K J
K J

KW

KW

-1-
110
Chemical Calculus
W

KE1-1F.SI
UNIT
KWE1-1F
QUANTITY
Kilogram
kg
meter
Length
Second
Time
mole
Mass
mol
Kelvin
Ampere
Candle
cd
Amount of matter
Temperature
Current intensity
Luminescence intensity
EF
KE1-2F
UNIT
Joule
KWE1-2F
2
J(kgm /s )
Pascal
Pa(kg/ms2)
Newton
N(kgm/s2)
Watt
W(J/s)
Volt
V(J/C)
QUANTITY
EF
Energy
Pressure
Force
Power
m3
Potential
Volume
-2-
110
K
K1
Kilo(k) = 103
Miga(M) =106
Giga(G) =109
Tetra(T) =1012
K 1 Mm1000,000m :

K36 Gs36,000,000,000s
K2
-3
Milli (m) =10

Micro () =10-6

Nano (n) =10-9
Pico (p) =10-12
K0.21g0.00000021g :

Decimeter (dm) = 0.1m

Centimeter(cm) = 0.01m
KK c.g.s
Ks g cm
E1-3FKergdyne
UNIT
Atmosphere
Millimeter Hg
bar
Liter
KWE1-3F
QUANTITY
atm
mm Hg =torr
bar
Pressure
Volume
-3-
110
Celecius
Minute
Temperature
min
Time
Hour
day
h
d
year
J
y
g/cm3
dyne
dyne
Force
erg
Energy
erg
L Density
1K = 1oC + 273.15
1L = 0.001 m3
1mm Hg = 1torr
1bar = 105 p
1atm =101.325kpa= 760 torr =760mm Hg
1year = 365.25 d
1day = 24 h
1h = 60 min
1min = 60 s
1J = 107 erg
1Newton = 105 dyne
W
W .1
EmF
CZ
KLmL
KEKKKKF
K
-4-
110
W .2
EPaF
DZ
EatmF
K
K1 cm2 76 cm
Kmm Hg
W .3
EJF
K1m1 m/s2EF1kg
CZ
EF
1cal = 4.184 JWKcal= calorie
WChemical Formulas
Structural Formula
mole
KEF
WEmpirical formula .1
100K
K
K
-5-
110
WW
{11.1% H , 88.9% O
W100-W
0.111 H + 0.889 = 1.00
0.111/1 : 0.889/16
0.111 : 0.0556
0.111/0.0556 : 0.0556/0.0566
1.996 : 1
2:1
K 1 2
KESubscriptFH2O
WMolecular formula .2
K K
H2/3O1/3 HO1/2K H8O4 H4O2 H2O

K
mass spectrograph
Kcolligative properties
KH2O18.003gW
ZK
2H + O = 2 1 + 1 16 = 18
KE18 = 18.003FH2O
H4O2
4H + 2 OZ
4 + 2 16 = 32
-6-
110
H4/2O2/2 = H2O:
WStructural formula .3
EF

C2H6OW1K
C2H6OW
KCH3CH2OH E F CH3OCH3
KK
KW2
NH3WNH3WW
H

K107oW
-7-
110
NN
H
H
H
H
KW3
C2H2O4.2H2OC2H6O6WW
WType of chemical compounds
W K
K K
F Ionic compounds
polar compounds KE
E F
non-polar compoundsK
KEF
electrolytes
K non-electrolytes
K
K
K W
polymersmacromolecules
K
-8-
110
K
E F E F
F
KE
WChemical equations
KEF
K
Kbalanced equation
KW1
.1
.2
K
.3
K
H2 , O2 , H2O
H2 + O2 H2O
H2 + O2 H2O
2H2 + O2 2H2O
J1
J2
J3
K2
-9-
110

F JW
KE
H2(g) + O2(g)
H2O()
W1
Kliquidgasg
C(graphite) + O2(g) CO2(g)W2
KEFgraphite

KEF
KEFW3
N2 + 3 H2
2NH3
Fe

KKW4
2Cl
Cl2
KhEF
irreversibleW
EF reversible

KEF
W
KE
KKEHF
- 10 -
110
W25W
H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(g) -57.8 kcal mol-1
-57.8 kcal mol-1

KE 1F 25oC
H2(g) + O2(g) + -57.8 kcal mol-1 H2O(g)
K W
EHF
KEF
WEHeFW
147 N 42 He178 O11 H
WNeutralization K
NaOHHClEFW1
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O +
KW2
NH3 + HCl NH4Cl +
WRedox reactions K
KK
2-
I2 + 2 S2O3
2-
2 I + S4O6
WW1
I2 +2e 2I- 11 -
110
2S2O32- S4O62- +2e
Na + HCl NaCl + H2
WW2

H + e H2
Na Na+ + e
WCombustion K
WW1
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) +2H2O(g) +

WW2
2Na + O2 Na2O +
WDecomposition K
W1
N=NCl
Cl
N2
W2
(CH2)2O + CH4 + CO
W K
K
W1
H2 + Cl2 + h 2HCl
W2
Na + Cl NaCl
- 12 -
110
WW3
C + 2H2 CH4
W K
FK
K E
KK
W1
C7H5O2Na + HCl C7H6O2 + NaCl
(C7H5O2)-Na+ + H+ + Cl- C7H6O + Na+ + Cl-
K
-
(C7H5O2) + H C7H6O
W2
Ag+ + Cl- AgCl
KE

WComplex formation K
Complexing agent
Complex forming
NH3 F- CN- K
- 13 -
110
CO H2O
KLigands
Cu(NH3)4SO4W1
CuSO4 + 4NH3 Cu (NH3)4SO4
(Fe(CN)6)3- W2
Fe3+
+ 6CN- (Fe(CN)6)3-
Substitution
Rearrangemen tPolymerizationAddition
DehydrogenationDehydrationEsterification
KDecarboxylation
W
KEFEF
K
:Gaseous reaction .1
WK
Pi = (ni/ni) Pt
ni i ni Pi
WSolution reaction .2
FEF
solventEFKE
Ksolute
KKconcentration
KW
- 14 -
110
E1-4FKEF
W
KBA
WB % =
W J
100WB/(WA+WB)
KAWABWB
100WB=W/VELF
Wm
m = 1000 WB/ WAMw,B
KBMw,B
WM
M = 1000 WB/VMw,B
KmlV
N = 1000 WB/V Ew,B
WN
KEw,B

XB=(WB/Mw,B)/ {(WB/Mw,B)+ (WA/Mw,A)}

KAMw,A
KWE1-4F
Unit
Symbol
g/g
W%
Weight percent
W/V%
Weight volume
percent
g/100cm
Mol/L
Concentration
Molarity
- 15 -
ELF
110
Mol/kg
molality
g-equivalent/L
Normality
Mol fraction
N = 10 percent density / Ew,B

M = 10 percent density / Mw,B
ELF W
K1.721g cm3 .80%EF
K80%ZW
100 cm3
172.1g (H)
100 cm3 0.8 172.1g ()
137.7%Z0.8172.1/100 ZELF
M = (10000.8172.1)/98100 =14.05mol L
H2SO4=2 + 32 +416 =98W
-1
N = 10000.8172.21)/49100 = 7.02 g equivalent L-1
m = E10000.8172.1)/ (172.10.298)=40mol kg-1

- 16 -
110
W .1
36000 m J0.000072 s J0.32000 g J

70300 m J0.000000003 kg J6000000 bytes J
KE4 calF .2
7.3%H58.5%C .3
K 4.5%H 35.8%C .4
KK
.5
K 28K 1:2
K25oC .6
K .7
(Mo) .8
K
K .9
10.5g .10
K80 ml
20% (H2SO4) .11

K1.213 gcm-3
K40% .12
120g 30.7g .13

K
- 17 -
110
W J1
36 kmE72sE320.00 mgE
70.3 km E 3 ngE
6 Mbyte E
cal = 4.184J J2
16.736Z4.184C44
J3
100
N % = 100 (58.5 +7.3 ) = 34.2 %

0.585 C : 0.073 H : 0.342 N
0.0487 C : 0.073 H : 0.0244 N

1.99 C :
2.99 H : 1 N
C2H3N W
J4
100
O% = 100 (35.8 + 4.5 ) = 48 %

0.358 C : 0.045 H : 0.48OW
0.029 C : 0.045 H : 0.029 O

1 C : 1.5 H: 1 O
:
CH3 COOC2H3O2
CH2 J5
28
KC2H4 =2(CH2)
KCH2=CH2W
25 J6
- 18 -
110
T K = 25+ 273 = 298 K

C(s) + 2H2(g) CH4(g)
2 NH3(g)
J7
W J8
N2(g) + 3H2(g)
J9
CH3COOH + KOH CH3COOK + H2O

M = 1000 WB /V Mw,B
J10
WMw,BWB
M = 1000 10.5 / 80 58.5 = 2.24 mol /l
J11
N = 10 P d / Ew
KEwdP
N = 10 20 1.213 /49
= 5.02 equivalent /L
J12
XB = (WB /WW,B) / {( WB / WW,B ) + (WA / WW,A)}

K B EF A
K18 WW,A 40 WW,B

K8020100
XB = (20 /40) /{( 20 /40 ) + (80 /18 )} = 0.10
m J13
m = 1000 WB / WA MW,B
KBA
m = 1000 30.7 / 120 85 = 4.41 mol kg-1

K85NaNO3
- 19 -
-1-
110
KW

W
K J
K J
K J
K J
K J
K J
K J

KW

KW

- 20 -
110

W
WAntoine Lavoisier J
1774
WJoseph Proust J
WJohn Dalton J
W J
2W1
W J
K
H
2
W 1W 1
WDalton and Berzelius J
KK

- 21 -
110
WEFAvogadro J
KK
WEF Max Plank J
KE2-1)
E x p e r im e n a t a l
C la s s ic t h e o r y

KE WE2-1F
FE?
KEQuantum
h = 6.620 10-34 J.s

(2-1)
Knh
E = n h ,
K
W
WNewton
K
W
- 22 -
110
WEinstein
cathode K
K
photons
electromagnetic spectrum
K
WThomson J
(e = 1.2610-8
K C/g)
KE 2-2
- +
+
- - +
+ +

KWE2-2F
WRutherford J
E2-3F
WK
- 23 -
110
rays
+++
+
Rutherford
atom
gold
film
KWE2-3F
WEMillikanF J
FK
KE9.1 10-28 g1.6 10-19C
W J
Mosely
1932 K
W
F
K E
- 24 -
110
WIsotopes J
H W K
KTD
Watomic number J
F Wmass number J
KE
W atomic weight J
K12
W
Absorption
KEmission
K
K
W
K
K
KE2-1F
KWE2-1F
n1 n2,...,
Lyman
n2 n3,...,
Palmer
n3 n4,...,
Paschen
- 25 -
110
n4 n5,...,
n5 n6,...,
Bracket

Pfund
WRhydberg
W R H ( 1 1 ) , RH = 109,677.6 cm-1
(2-2)
2
2
2
n
KW 1
E2-2FK( = 200 nm - 800 nm )

K
KWE2-2F
10-4
10-2
2000
4000 8000
10.000
0.1 cm
100 cm
monochromaticK
- 26 -
110
WE2-4F
W
W
K J
K (=3.14 ) h/2 J
E = h J
W(JEF
E = -2.18 10-18 (1/n2) ,
n = 1, 2, 3,...
(2-3)
En2n1
E = -2.18 10-18 ( 1/n22 1/n12 )
- 27 -
(2-4)
110
Wn2 = Kn2n1
E = 2.18 10-18 (1/n12)

(2-5)
Kn1E
WEF DeBroglie J
JW
E = mc
(2-6)
WEFKc m
E = h = h c/
(2-7)
h = m c2
(2-8)
= h /m c
:
:
(2-9)
Wcv
= h /m v
(2-10)
E2-5FK
K

KWE2-5F
Kn2r
n=2r
(2-11)
- 28 -
110
= 2r /n =h / mv
(2-12)
mvr = nh /2
K
W
.1
mv2 / r = e2 /r
(2-14)
EKEFHEPEFW(E) .2
E = PE + KE
(2-15)
2
2
2
= -e / r + mv = -e /2r
(2-16)
: .3
m v r = n h / 2
:E2-14Fv
r = n2 h2 /4 m e2
(2-18)
: E2-16Fr
E = -2 2 m e4 / n2 h2
= -2.18 10-18 ( 1/n2 )
(2-19)
(2-20)
W
E = 2.18 10-18 ( 1/n12 1/n22 )
(2-21)
Heisenberg uncertainty
principle
Wquantum mechanics

Schrodinger
K
F
KE
- 29 -
110
n = 1, 2, 3,...Wprinciple quantum number (n)
K
WAzimuthal quantum number ()
W
=0
=1
=2
=3
d
f
= n - 1
= n-1 = 0n = 1
Ks = 0
n = 3
= n-1 = 3-1 = 2
Ks, p, dK = 0, 1, 2
Wmagnetic quantum number (m)
K-,..., 0,..., +m = 2 + 1m
m = 2 2 + 1 = 5
= 2
K2, 1, 0, -1, -2W5

Wspin quantum number (ms)
ms
Kn, , m , msH J
E2-3F K 2
Wn = 4

- 30 -
110
KWE2-3F
ms
m
0
0
-1, 0, 1
0
-1, 0, 1
-2,-1,0,+1,+2
0
-1, 0, 1
-2,-1,0,+1,+2
-3,-2,-1,0,+1,+2,+3

1s
2s
2p
3s
3p
3d
4s
4p
4d
4f
0
0
1
0
1
2
0
1
2
3
n
1
2
3
Wn
--------3s ----------3p---------3d
--------2s ----------2p
--------1s
WEF
--------4s
---------3d
----------3p
-------------3s
----------2p
--------2s
--------1s
1s<2s<2p<3s<3p<4s<3d<4p<5s<4dW
Ks J
K, y, zCp J
Kd J
KdpsE2-6F

- 31 -
110
1s
2s
3s
px
py
pz
xz dxy dxz dyz

dz

KWE2-6F
2
W
W
Kn=2n=1 .1
Ems, m, , nF .2
KPauli exclusion principle
.3
KHunds rule
f d p s .4
.EnF
:EFEf, d, p, sF
- 32 -
110
H:
1s1
?s?EnF ?1?
K
K
paramagnetism and diamagnetism W
K parallel spin
Kopposite spin{

K
EFferromagnetism
KE F

KK
WW1
KW
He
He: 1s2
KW
KW
1, 0, 0, + WK1, 0, 0, - :
- 33 -
110
K
KK
Li
Li : 1s2 2s1
?s?n=1
K?s?n=2
K
K
Be
Be : 1s2 2s2
B
B : 1s2 2s2 2p1
E2pF E2sF
p K 6 p
K
C : 1s2 2s2 2p2

Kp
N : 1s2 2s2 2p3
- 34 -
110
O : 1s2 2s2 2p4

Kp
F
F : 1s2 2s2 2p5
Ne
Ne : 1s2 2s2 2p6
Kn=2
KK
W
KEF n K
K
W
K
K
- 35 -
110
H+ W1
K
EF H-
KK

W2
B3+, Be2+, Li+, He W
W 3
W4
NH3 N2
KNH2
KK
W5
O2-
KF-
Na
Na:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
- 36 -
110
Na+W
KK

Li+, Na+, W
K K+, Cs+, Rb+

E F
WK
Na:
[Ne] 3s1
Mg
Mg : [Ne] 3s2
Mg2+

KKBe+, Mg+, Ca+, Sr+, Ba+W
Al
Al: [Ne] 3s2 3p1

Al3+
Si
Si : [Ne] 3s2 3p2
P
P : [Ne] 3s2 3p3
S
S : [Ne] 3s2 3p3
Cl
- 37 -
110
Cl : [Ne] 3s2 3p5
Ar
Ar : [Ne] 3s2 3p6
d d, p, s W
K
K
K : [Ar] 3s2 3p6 4s1
3d 4s
K
Ca
Ca : [Ar] 3s2 3p6 4s2
K3d4s
Sc
Sc : [Ar] 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1
K 3d
dK
4p K 10
K? Kr ?
Kfd

- 38 -
110
K21 1014 Hz .1
K760 nm .2
3.5 10-10 J .3
K300 nm
K10-20 kg .4
.5
K
K .6
K .7
K .8
K .9
K2.5 106 m/s3 10-10 g .10

KEF .11
K= 5m .12
W .13
ms=1/2, m=-1, =1, n=3 Ems=-1/2 , = 4 , n=1 E= 1 , n=1En = 4E
W K14
a- Na
d- Cl
b- F
e- B
- 39 -
c- N
f- He
110

=3108 / 211014 = 143 10-9 m
= 143 nm
-34
E = 6.625 10 3 10 / 760 10
= 26.15 10-20 J
-9
.1
W .2
.3
E = nhc /
n= E h c
= 3.5 10-10 300 10-9 / 6.625 10-34 3 108
=52.8 107 photons
W .4
E = m c2
= 10-20 (3108 )2
= 910-4 J
W = 109667.6 (1/n21 1/n22)

=109667.6 ( 1/1 -1/ 42)
= 102813.378 cm-1
= 1/ W = 97.26 nm
W = 109667.6 (1/22 1/52)
= 23020.196 cm-1
= 1/W = 434.21 nm
.5
En1 =2F .6
En=5F .7
W = 10966.6 (1/52 -1/62)

= 1340.381 cm-1 = 100 1340 0381 m-1
= 1/ c = W c
=1340.381 3 108 102
=40.21 1012 Hz
.8
En1 =1F
W = 1/
E=h = hc/
- 40 -
110
E = h c (W)
= h c R (1/n21 1/n22)
=6.625 10-34 3108 109667.6 100 (1/1 1/42 )
E = 2.09 10-18J
.9
E = 2.18 10-18 (1/n21 1/n22)

= 2.18 10-18 (1/1 1/)
E = 2.18 10-18J
.10
= h / m v
= 6.625 10-34 / 3 10-10 10-3 2.5 106
= 8.83 10-27 m
= 3 n = E) .11
0 ,1 ,2 0, 1 , 2 ,.n-1
ps
d
m = 2 +1
m = 25+1 = 11
.12
- , ..,0, , +
-5 ,-4 ,-3 ,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,5
.13
9 J32 J
J6 J
a - F 1S2 2S2 2P5
b - Na 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S1
- 41 -
.14
F-
Na+
110
c - N1S2 2S2 2P3 N3- , N5+
d - Cl 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P5Cl-
3+
e B 1S2 2S2 2P1
He
f - He 1S2 2S2
- 42 -
110

KW

W
J
K
K J
K J

KW

KW

- 43 -
110
WPeriodic Table of Elements

W
K
WDobereiner .1
KKWtriads
WNewlands .2
octaves
KK
WMendeleyev-Mayer .3
E3-1FK
K
K RR2OK
K RO K
RO4K R2O7
- 44 -
110
KWE3-1F
Period I
R2O
1
H=1
2
Li=7
3
Na=23
4
K= 39
II
RO
III
R2O3
IV
RH4
RO2
Be=9.4
Mg=24
Ca=40
B=11
C=12
Al=27.3 Si=28
Ti=48
5
6
Cu=63
Rb=85
Zn=65
Sr=87
Y=88
7
8
9
10
Ag=108 Cd=112
Cs=133 Ba=137
11
12
Au=199 Hg=200
V
RH3
R2O5
VI
RH2
RO3
N=14
P=31
V=51
O=16
S=32
Cr=52
VII
RH
R2O7
VIII
RO4
In=113
Di=138
F=19
Cl=35.5
Mn=55 Fe=55, Co=59
Ni=59, Cu=63
As=75 Se=78 Br=80
Zr=90 Nb=94 Mo=96
Ru=104,
Rh=104
Sn=118 Sb=122 Te=125 I=127
Pd=106,
Ce=140
Ag=108
Er=178
La=180 Ta=182 W=184
Tl=204
Pb=207 Bi=208
Th=231
U=240
Os=195,
Ir=197
Pt=198,
Au=199
W .4
KE F
KEF EF
K
B EF A
E3-1F KE f dF
- 45 -
110
KWE3-1F
WA J
EF
WKK
Kn=3n=2n=1ns1W
n=3 n=2 ns2np5
n=1 ns2np6 K
K n=2
E F
KEF
KEH+, Li+, Na+, K+,FF
KF-, Cl-, Br- , I- :

WB J
E2A,3AF
K
- 46 -
110
EF 3dEScF
K3A E F 3d
d-block dE6 J4FB
elements
1B K
Zn, 2B EAg+,Cu+,Au+F
8 J6 KEZn2+,Cd2+,Au+F Hg, Cd,
Os, Ir, PtRu, Rh, PdFe, Co, Ni8B

Kf-block elements f d K
AcLaF
KE
K 14 f
Kf
W
EF
EF n .1
KELiNaFLiNa
K .2
F
EFKEn
K .3
K
s > p > d > fW
- 47 -
110
.4
K
WAtomic size
E3-2FK
K A
W K
Radius, A
0
0
10
15
20
Atomic Number

KWE3-2F
WIonization energy (I)
K En=1F
- 48 -
110
WK
Al(g) Al (g) + e ; I1 = 580 kJ/mol

Al+(g) Al++(g) + e ; I2 = 1815 kJ/mol
Al++(g) Al+++(g) + e ; I3 = 2740 kJ/mol
Al+++(g) Al++++(g)+ e ; I4 = 11,600 kJ/mol
(3-1)
(3-2)
(3-3)
(3-4)
Al3+
E3-2FKEF
WK
J2K J1
J3 K
J4K
J5KEF
KK
Ionization Energy, kJ mol
-1
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
10
15
20
25
Atomic Number
KWE3-3F
- 49 -
110
K
K
WElectron affinity

X (g) + e X (g)
(3-5)
K
E3-4F
K
Es F .1
F E F
KE
EBe, Mg, Ca, F .2
.3
- 50 -
110
Electron Affinity, kJ mol
-1
300
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
0
10
15
20
25
Atom ic N um ber

KWE3-4F
WElectronegativity
PoulingK
bond energy
W Ky-xx-y
x-y x-yZ
2DEy-yHx-xFZx-y
5
Electronegativity
Electronegativity
4
3
2
1
0
0
10
15
20
25
Atomic Number

KWE3-5F
- 51 -
110
E3-5FK
KK
-FE+F K
KE
KCl-Cl H-ClNa+ Cl J
:
K
W .1
B1A2A
W3A4A 5A
K J
KEF J
K J
K J
K J
KEF J
- 52 -
110
K J
W .2
E F
K
K{W
W
K J
K J
K J
E F J
KEF
W .3
As3+ Sb3+ Al3+ FK
AlO2-KEB3+Si4+
KB4O72-AsO32- SbO2-
K

- 53 -
110
J1
J2
J3
J4
J5
C , Be, F, Li, H W J6
N, O, B, Ne W J7
N, O, F, Mg W J8
F, N, Be, B W J9
H, Li, O, N, KW J10
Li, Ca, He, S, C W J11
Na, Ne, Al, P, Cl W J12
O, Cl, Ar, N, H W J13
K J14
K15 J15
J16
- 54 -
110
.1
.2
K
K
.3
K B A
K 1A,2A,3A,4A,5A,6A,7A
1B,
2B,
3B,
4B,
5B,
6B,
7B,
8B
KB
.4
.5
K
K
Li > Be > C >F > HW .6
Ne > N > O > BW .7
F > O >N> Mg W .8
F > N > B > Be .9
Li , K W .10
He , S , C
- 55 -
W .11
110
Al W .12
ArW .13
.14
{EF
2s .15
K2p
K+ , Na+ , Li + .16
- 56 -
110

KW

W
K J
K J
K J
K J

KW

KW

- 57 -
110
WChemical bonding
CH3Cl ECl-F ENa+F
E F
KE F
K
WIonic bond
7A,6A 1A,2A,3A

2Na + Cl2
Al + 3F
2Ca + O2
WK
2NaCl
AlF3
2CaO
(4-1)
(4-2)
(4-3)
Na Cl , Al (F ) 3 , Ca 2 O 2 :
K
EF
WKEF
Na Cl : Na : Cl :
Ne3S Ne3s 2 3p 5 Ne Ar
- 58 -
(4-4)
110
NeClNa
KAr
WK
E=2.31 10-19 (q+ q- / r)
(4-5)
q- q+nm r(J)E
K
K1. 81 0.95
r = 0.095 + 0.181 = 0.276 nm

q+ = 1 , q- = -1
E = 2.31 10-19 q+ q- / r
= 2.3110-19 (+1) (-1) /0.276
= -8.37 10-19 J
Lattice Energy
K Crystal lattice
Octahedral
KE4-1F
K

KWE4-1F
- 59 -
110
EF
Li+(g) + F-(g) LiF(s) + W
E= K q+ q- / r
W
(4-6)
K K E
Kq+ q-E
NaCl
MgCl
MgO
-789 kJ/mol
-2570 kJ/mol
-3890 kJ/mol
WW
WK
r = 0.196 nm-1047k J/mol
r = 0.276 nm-789 kj/mol
250 kJ/mol LiF W
154 kJ/mol 161 kJ/molE FEF

Li(s) F2 WLiF-328 kJ/mol
K-617 kJ/mol
WLiFW
Li(s) Li(g) + 161 kJ/mol
(i)
Li(g) Li+(g) + e + 520 kJ/mol (ii)
F2(g) F(g) + 77 kJ/mol
F(g) + e F-(g) -328 kJ/mol

F-(g) + Li+(g) LiF(s)
+ E
W J
W J
(iii) W J
(iv)
(v)
W J
W J
WLi(s)F2(g) LiF(s)
Li(g) +F(g) LiF(s) -617 kJ/mol
(vi)
KE Ei-viF
- 60 -
110
KE4-1FK
Kd
1+
Li+
Na+
KWE4-1F
2+
Be2+
Mg2+
K+
Ca2+
Kb+
Sr2+
Cs+
Be2+
3+
Al3+
3N3P3-
2O2S2-
1FCl-
Se2-
Br-
Te2-
I-
Cu+, Ag+, Au+ , Zn2+, Cd2+, Hg2+ , Ga3+, In3+ , Tl3+W
Pseudo-noble gas ns2 np6 nd10
Fe3+ , Mn2+ d Kconfiguration
W
Cr3+ , Cr2+ , Fe2+ , Ni2+ , Co2+ , Cu2+ , Sn2+ , Pb2+
WIonic size
K
WK
Al3+ < Al , Ca2+ < Ca , Na+ < Na , Li+ < Li
K S2- > S , O2- > O , Cl- > Cl , F- > F W
Li+ < Na+ < K+ < Cs+WK

KF- <Cl- <Br- < I-
Kisoelectronic ions
O2-, F-, Na+, Mg2+ , Al3+WK

O2- > F- > Na+ > Mg2+ > Al3+W
- 61 -
110
KEFEF .1
.2
.3
K .4
2Cl- Ca2+ Cl- CaCl2 W
2Al3+ SO42- Al3+ Al2(SO4)3 W
K3SO42-
SO42- NH4+ (NH4)2SO4 W
KSO42-2NH4+
KW
K 2P3+ 3Mg2+Mg2+ P3- W
(4-7)
2P + 3Mg Mg3P2
WPolyatomic ions
KE4-2F
- 62 -
110
KWE4-2F
Ion
NH4+
Ammonium
H3O+
Hydronium
CO32-
Carbonate
-
HCO3
Bicarbonate
NO2
Nitrite
NO3-
Nitrate
SO42-
Sulphate
S2-
Sulphite
-
ClO4
Perchlorate
-
CH3COO
Acetate
Cr2O72-
Dichromate
MnO4-
Permanganate

W covalent bond
pure covalent K
O2 H2
K Cl2
KHCl polar covalent
KE4-2FW
- 63 -
110

K
WE4-2F
(Potential Energy= PE)
K PE PE
K0.74
K
H2 K
WE4-3F
H
H2
KWE4-3F
H2 KH2 E
K
KH-H H-F H-Cl
- 64 -
Cl-ClW
110
(-)(+)K
H-H
H+-FH--Li+
C+-OH+-CN+-OC+-NCl-Cl
WK
K polar molecule

KKE4-4F
C-ON-OW
K 3.6 3.02.6W O, N, C
-F
-F
H+
-F
-F
H+
H+
H+

KWE4-4F
N-O K W
C-O K3.0 2.6 = 1.0. C-O 3.6 - 3.0 = 0.6
KN-O
- 65 -
110
K
WE4-5F
H2
HF
LiF

KWE4-5F
W Bond Energy
KEF
KK
W
CH4
.1652 kJ
C-H K1652 kJ
413 K1652/4 = 413 kJ C-H
C-H kJ
4-F K

- 66 -
KE3
110
Bond
H-H
C-C
Cl-Cl
N-N
O-O
N-Cl
E/kJ mol
432
347
239
160
146
200
-1
Bond
H-C
H-Cl
H-N
H-O
N=N
KWE4-3F
E/kJ mol-1
413
431
386
459
418
Bond
C=C
CC
NN
O=O
C-O
C-N
E/kJ mol-1
614
839
941
495
358
705
KHClW
WW
H2(g) + Cl2(g) HCl(g)

(4-8)
Cl-Cl H-Cl
KH-H
JZEHF
H = E (H-H) + E (Cl-Cl) E (H-Cl)

= (432+239) - 431 = -95.45 kJ
CH 2 CH 2 ( g )
(4-9)
W2
H 2 CH 3CH 3( g )
(4-10)
FH-HC=C4(C-H)EFC-C6(C-H)
KE
EFHEFZEHF
H = -6E(C-H) - E (C-C) + E (C=C) + 4E (C-H) + (H-H)
(4-11)
=-6413 - 347 + 614 + 4 413 + 432 = -127 kJ
Single bond
K triple bond double bond
KH-H H-C
C=C
C=O
C-OW
N=N
NN CC
- 67 -
110
EF
K
NN < N=N < N-N
CC < C=C < C-C
WCovalent bonding theories
Molecular EF
Localized electron theory orbital theory

KValence bond theory
Molecular orbital
K KAtomic orbital
K
K
Lone Pairs
KBonding pairs
WK
Lewis
Kstructure
K
W K
KOctet ruleK
K
KKH:HH HW
- 68 -
110
KCl:Cl Cl00ClW2
KEF8
WKW3
H
4H
H C
(4-12)
WKW2
2H
H O H
(4-13)
4H 4W K
KNe 8Z
KW5
H + N
(4-14)
KNe 8Z6H2W
W
K
WK
WOdd-electron molecules J
NO2 NO K
WClO2
- 69 -
110
NO2
K
K
WIncomplete Octet J
EF
electronic deficient
WBF3 K
F
Wexpandedoctet J
EF
W I3- SF6
WResonance
Resonance forms
K
EFK
KN-ON=OW
- 70 -
110
N
O
N
O
O
A
O
B
N
O
KWE4-6F
A KE4-6F
A KB
E F B
KECFN-O
KW
E4-7F B A W
KC
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
A
B

KWE4-7F
WGeometry of molecules
EF
Valence Shell Electron Pair K
KRepulsion
K
K
K
.H-ClH-HEFLinear

- 71 -
110
WTwo bonding pairs J

K
Cl-Be-ClW
E F
K Linear180o Cl-Be-Cl

180o
Be Cl
Cl
KWE4-8F
W Three bonding pairs J
KEF
BF3 W
Ktrigonal planar 120o

120o
B
F
F
F
KWE4-9F
WFour bonding pairs J
EF
K109.5o tetrahedral
EparaffinsF CH4 W
K
- 72 -
110
109.5o
C
H
KWE4-10F
:EH3F J
K 3
tetradedral NH3W
Ktrigonal pyramid
E107o F
lone pair
CN
H
H
H
107o
NN
H
H
H

KWE4-11F
- 73 -
110
:EHF J
H2O W
FKbent
KE104o
lone pair
O
H
H
104.5o
lone pair
O
H
H
KWE4-12F
W Hybridization of orbitals
C-HK
K2p2s
2p+2sK
F Hybridization
K E
KEF

- 74 -
110
W J
EF
2p 2ssp3
Ksp3
KEE4-13FF1s
1 0 9 .5 o
H y b rid iz a tio n
+ 3
2s
4sp3
2p
1s
1 0 9 .5 o
C
C
H
H
H
HH
m e th a n e

KWE4-13F
CH 3CH 3 W
EF W
sp3
KE4-14F
- 75 -
110
KWE4-14F
W J
K CH 2 CH 2 WKsp2 E
K2s , 2px, 2py
EF sp z
E F
KEE4-15FF

- 76 -
110
120o
Hybridization
+4
2s
3sp2
2p
4
1s
H
H
H
ethylene

KWE4-15F
W J
2s
sp K sp 2p
. 2p z 2p y
CHCH
KEE4-16F
- 77 -
110
180o
Hybridization
+2
2s
2sp
2p
2
1s
acetylene
KWE4-16F

- 78 -
110
LiF K1
K 0.6A 1.36A
W K2
K J
K K , H , Na , Li K3
Na+ , Mg2+ , F- , O2-
K4
K K5
N-H C=O K6
K2,12,533,5W
W K7
CH 2 CHCH 3 H 2 CH 3 CH 2 CH 3
614432413WC-C C=C H-H C-H

KEkJ/molF347
PO4- , ClO2 , CH3-CH3 , NF3 W K8

H2S , BrF3 , POCl3 W K9
BF3 , CO , O2 , N2 , NH3 , H2O W K10
CF3 CHCH CH3CH3W K11

W K12
B- , Ar , C , Cl-W
CCl4 , NO2 , H2NNH2 , CCl3H W
K13
K14
- 79 -
110
W K1
E=2.13 10-19 q+ q- / r
q+ q- nm r
E = 2.31 10-19 (1) (-1) / (0.06 +0.136) = -11.79 10-19 J
W K2

Ca NO3
Na2S
(NH4)2SO4
KHCO3
CH3COONa
K+ > Na+ > Li+ > H+W K3
O2- > F- > Na+ > Mg2+W K4
F- , O2- , N3- , Na+ W K5
K6
N H = 3.0 -2.1 =0.9
C = O = 3.5 -2.5 =1.0
KC=O
K7
WEF
H = -8( C-H ) - 2( C-C ) + ( H-H ) + 6( C-H ) + (C-C) + (C=C)

= -2(C-H) - (C-C) + ( H-H ) + ( C= C )
= -2413- 347 + 432 + 614 = -127 kJ mol-1
W K8
- -
F
F- N
F
H H
H C C H
H H
O P
O
O Cl
W K9
- 80 -
110
Cl
O- P Cl
F Br F
Cl
H S H
W K10
F
O=O
N
O
H
H
HH H
bent trigonal pyramidal
F B F
linear
linear
linear
trigonal planar

Ksp3spsp3W K11
W K12

N
O
N
O
Cl
O
Cl
CH3
CH
CH
CH3
S
O
S
O
S
CH2
O
O
CH2
O
S
S
O
Ar , Cl-W K13
W K14
W J
W J
W J
W J
- 81 -
- 57 -
110

KW

W
K J
K J
K J
K J
K J
K J

KW

KW

- 82 -
110
FEF K
KEFE1:2
W
K
K
W K1
W
K K
E5-1FKK
K
- 83 -
110
Wgas laws
:boyles law J
EVF K
W KET)EPF
P 1/V
(T,n)
P = k1 /V
(T,n)
(5-1)
:
(5-2)
Kk1
: Charles law J
KEPFETFEVF
V T
V = k2 T
(P, n)
(P, n)
(5-3)
(5-4)
Kk2
WAvogadros Hypothesis J
Vn
V = K3 n
WKEPFETF
(T,P)
(T,P)
(5-5)
(5-5)
WKk3
P T (V,n )
(5-7)
(T,V)
(5-8)
Pn
(P ,V)
(5-9)
T n
:
(5-10)
PV = n R T
KR
ideal gas law universal gas law
KE
- 84 -
110

KWE5-1F
atm
mm Hg
Atmosphere
Millimeter Hg
L
cm3
K
o
C
mol
Liter
Cubic centimeter
Kelvin
Centigrade
mole
Pressure
Volume
Temperature
Number of
moles
:R
R = PV/nT
(5-11)
Z F 22.414 L
:KE273.16 K1atm
R = (122.414 )/(1273.16) = 0.082 atm L /K mol
(5-12)
WDaltons law J

H2 N2 O2 K
WEPtF P(H2) P(N2) P(O2)W
Pt = P(H2) + P(N2) + P(O2)

F(5-10)P n
PO2 = {(nO2) / (nO2 + nN2 + nH2)} Pt
WE
W
WGrahams law of diffusion J
WK
K
- 85 -
110
(5-15)
C 1/d
WKCd
1/2
d = w/V
n = w /M
(5-16)
(5-17)
WKMw
PV =
(w/M)RT
d = (P/RT) M
C 1/M1/2
(5-18)
:(5-16),(5-18)
(5-19)
W(5-19),(5-15)
(5-20)
W B A
CA/CB = (MB/MA)1/2 = (dB/dA)1/2 = tB/tA (5-21)

B A tB tA
K
KtB tA
: J
K
K
van der Waal
K
W
.1

K .2
- 86 -
110
K .3
K .4
W J
(V- nb) V K
KEF b n
EF K
P P + P
K
W
P (n/V) (n/v)
P = a n2/V2
(5-22)
(5-23)
Ka
WEFK
PV = nRT
(5-24)
(P+ an2/V2) (V nb) = nRT
WEF
(5-25)
K(5-24) (5-25)

b a
K J
K K J
critical
critical pressure, Pc, temperature, tc,

- 87 -
110
critical volume, Vc,
Vv Pc Tc K
E F K
F
KE
L atm W
oC K mol
W K2
EFK
KEF
W J
KEF
WViscosity J
L1
Viscosity coefficient K1
Kpoise (
=f/Av
(5-26)
2
v cm Acmdynef
WKcm/s
- 88 -
110
W .1
=r Pt/8V
(5-27)
r (cm)t (s)V (cm3)
KP (dyne cm-2) (cm)

W .2
= d1 t1 / d2 t2
(5-28)
t2 t1 d2 d1 1
K
Wsurface tension () J
K

Kdyne/cm 1
F
KE
W J
K EF
KEF
E3-1F contact angle (
- 89 -
110
KEF
Gas
Gas
Liquid
Solid
Liquid
Solid
KWE5-1F
: J
KE3-2F capillary rise method
KEFEF
KWE5-2F
CZEF1F
F1 = 2 r cos (5-29)
ZEF2F
F2 = r2 h d g
(5-30)
Kg d h r
ZW
K0 W
= rhdg
(5-31)
E F
- 90 -
110
KEF
W J
EF W J
Latent heat of boiling
W J

W .3

K K
K
KEF
Miller
Kindices
W
W .1
EF .
K

- 91 -
110
W .2
.tetrahedral
W .3
EF
W .4
K
W .5
K
KEF
W .6

KE3-3F
- 92 -
110
WE5-3F
K
- 93 -
110
0 735 24 K{793 .1
38,734 500 .2
K 39,135 24 1
K 0,893 80 0,452 .3
10 5 .4
KK69
27 .5
27
K325,6
.6
K 8,5 3
K2
3,5 85 .7
Ka= 0.15 L3 atm mol-2 , b= 0.012 Lmol-1W
20 .8
1,0004
K30,792
0,2 .9
K31,0177,3
- 94 -
110
K
PV / T = PoVo /To
:E P=1 atm, T= 273K)Po,Vo, ToP,V, T
V = (PoVo / To) (T / P)
= ( 735 /760 0.763) / ( 24 +273 ) 273/1 = 0.678 L
PV = nRT
= W/M RT
W = W2 W1 = 39.313 -38.7340
= 0.579 g
M = W /PVRT = 0.579 / 10.5 0.082 ( 24 + 273 )

= 28.2 g
PV / T = PV /T
V = PV / T * T /P
= 0.893 0.452 273 / 297 1 = 0.371 L
P1V1 = n1RT K
P2V2 = n2RT
P1V1 + P2V2 =(n1 +n2 ) RT

P ( V1 +V2 ) = (n1 +n2 ) RT
P ( V1 +V2 ) = P1V1 + P2V2

P = P1V1 + P2V2 / (V1 +V2 )
= 5 9 + 10 6 / (5+10) = 7.0atm
K
PV = n RT

P = P(H2) + P(H2O)
1atm = P(H2) + 27/760
P(H2) = 1- 27 /760 = 0.964 atm
n = PH2V / RT
= 0.964 0.0256 / 0.082 300 = 0.001 mol
- 95 -
110
W K
( MMethan / MHydrogen )1/2 = t2 /t1
MMethan = (t2 /t1)2 MHydrogen
= ( 8.5 /3 ) 2 = 16 g
2
(P +an /v ) ( V- nb ) = nRT
P = ( nRT/ V nb) - (an2 /v2)
= [ 20.08 358 / (3.5 -2 0.12) ] - [ 15 22 / (3.5)2]
= 13.11 atm
/water = d t / (d t ) Water
= water d t / dWater t Water
= 0.010002 0.792 20 / 1.0000 480
= 0.000307 poise
W K
= rhdg
= 0.5 0.02 7.3 1.017 980
= 72.76 dyne/cm
- 96 -
110

KW

W
K J
K J
K J

KW

KW

- 97 -
110
WChemical equilibrium
W
aA + bB
yY + zZ
(6-1)
a,b,y,z Y,Z A,B
K
K
WK
VfEF
WVbEF
Vf = Kf [A]a [B]b
Vb = Kb [Y]y [Z]z
(6-2)
(6-3)
KE6-3, 6-2F
K??
Vf = Vb WE6-1F
K = Kf/Kb = [Y]y [Z]z./[A]a [B]z

(6-4)
WKKK
WK K
Kirreversible reaction
KK
aB + bB yY
+zZ
(6-5)
WK = 0 K K
WK
aA + bB
yY + zZ
(6-6)
yY + zZ aA + bB
- 98 -
(6-7)
110
EFK
KE6-1Freversible reaction
E6-1F
concentration (C)
K[]
KKC
KKpartial pressure (P)

W
P/RT = 1/V = C
(6-8)
KV TR
W
WKPE6-1F
KP =PyY Pzz / PaA PbB

(6-9)
KY,Z,A,B PY,PZ,PA,PB
WE6-4FK(6-8)KCKP
(PY / RT)y (PZ/RT)z /(PA /RT)a (PB/RT)b (6-10)

{PyY PzZ / PAa PbB } {1/RT}(y+z) (a+b)
(6-11)
(y+z) (a+b)
KP {1/RT}
(6-12)
n
Kc (RT)
(6-13)
n Kn = (y+z) - (a+b)
KC =
=
=
KP =
EF
WLe Chatelier Principal
E F ?
K?
WE
- 99 -
110
A + B
C + heat
heat
K
A + B + heat
heat
K
N2(g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 + 22 kcal
WNH3W1
(6-14)
KNH3
EF NH3 N2 + 3H2
KNH3
WNOW2
N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO -43.2kcal

(6-15)
NO
KK
W
W K
Wn = 0Ei
I2(g) + H2(g) 2HI(g)

a - x b-x
2x
(6-16)
KH2I2a,bHIx
WEF
P(H2) = {(b-x)/(a+b)} Pt
P(I2) = {(a-x)/(a+ b)} Pt
P(HI) = {2x /(a+b)} Pt
(6-17)
(6-18)
(6-19)
W
a - x + b-x +2x = a+b
WKP
- 100 -
110
KP = P2(HI) / P(I2) P(H2)
(6-20)
W PHI, PI2, PHI(6-20)
KP = 4x2 / (a-x)(b-x)
(6-21)
NO2Wn 0Eii
N2O4(g) 2NO2(g)
a-x
2x
PN2O2 = { (a - x ) / (a+x) } Pt
PNO2 = {2x / (a+x) } pt
Kp
= p2NO2 / PN2O4
(6-22)
(6-23)
(6-24)
(6-25)
KP = 4x2 Pt /{(a +x) (a-x)}
(6-26)
NO2
KKP
WW K
CH3COOH + C2H5OH } CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

a-x /V
b-x/V
x/V
x/V
KC = [CH3COOC2H5][H2O]/[CH3COOH][C2H5OH]
= x2/V2 /(a-x/V) (b-x/V)
= x2 /(a-x)(b-x)
(6-27)
(6-28)
(6-29)
(6-30)
KEF
WHeterogeneous reactions K
WK
CaCO3(s) } CaO(s) +CO2(g)
(6-31)
W
Kp = P(CaO) P(CO2) /P(Ca CO3)
K
(6-32)
KP = P(CO2)
(6-33)

KCaCO3
- 101 -
110
:KPKC J1
PCl5(g) } PCl3(g) + Cl2(g) +15 kcal
K
WKC J2
N2(g) + 3H2(g) } 2NH3(g)

KKP = 1.4410-5500 K
9.3 cm3H28.1cm3 450 K J3
KKPKCK13.6 cm3HI
Na2SO4.10H2O(s) } Na2SO4(g) +10H2O(g)
J4
K 410-26. atm KP
K6 mm Hg

- 102 -
110
EFEF J1
KP = KC RT n = 2-1 =1 KP = KC (RT)n
KP = PPCl3 PCl2 / PPCl5

KC =KP /RT = PPCl3 PCl2 / RT PPCl5
15 kcal
n= 2-4 = -2 J2
KP = KC (RT)n
KC = KP (RT)-n
= 1.44 10-5(0.082 500)-(-2)
= 0.0242
J3
KC = KP
KP =4x /( a- x) ( b-x)
x ab
a = 8.0cm3
b = 9.3cm3
x = 13.5/2 = 6.6cm3
KC = 46.6 / (8.1 - 6.6 )(9.3 - 6.6) =6.52
KP = 6.52
J4
n =10- 0 =10
Kp =P10(H2O)
P(H2O) = ( 410-25)0.1 = 0.00363 atm = 0.00363 / 760 = 4.8 mmHg
6 mm Hg
4.8 mm HgK
- 103 -
- 95 -
110

KW

W
K J
K J
K J
K J
K J
K J
K J

KW

KW

- 104 -
110
W Electrolytes
KElectrolysis K
K
K ions
Kanionscations
cathode
KE7-1Fanode
anode
cathode
cation anion

KWE7-1F
W Electrolytic conductance
KE F

Scm-1 conductivity () K
1cm2EF
ERF K1cm
W
R=/A
(7-1)
0cm2 A cm cm
0 = 1/ W
Wequivalent conductance ()
1000/ C
(7
- 105 -
110
S cm2 equi-1 equivalent /L C
K
WEFCC
W J1
= +
(7-3)
K
WKCl W
(KCl) = (K+) + (Cl-)

(7-4)
WNa2SO4W2
(Na2SO2) = (Na+) + (SO42-)
(7-5)
KEF
W J2
K K
KEF
W
1 EF
K K
KNH3
WIonic product of water
H2O } H + OH
1-
(7-6)
- 106 -
110
EF
:0E1-F
K = [H ] [OH ] / [ H2O] = 2 /1-
(7-7)
W[H2O]
K [H2O] =Kw = [H+] [OH-] = 2

(7-8)
E F K Kw
+
W
=
(7-9)
-7
2
-1
97.210 S cm equi
K18 oC
KE7-9FK= 540 S cm2 equi-1 E7-3F
10-14 Kw K = 10-7
-14
+ 2
:KE7-8F
- 2
Kw = 10 = [H ] [OH ] = [H ] = [OH ]
(7-11)
+
-7
[H ] >10 EF
0[H+] <10-7E F
WpHKEpHFEF
pH = -log [H+]
(7-12)
K
KpH =7pH>7 pH<7
EF
W.0.0001M HClpHW1
pH = -log 10 = 4
(7-13)

-4
- 107 -
110
:KOHK0.01M KOHpH W2
pH = -log [H+] =-log ( Kw/ [OH-] )
(7-14)
= -log 10-14 /10-2 =12
W
??acid
baseKproton donor
proton acceptor??
alkalinity KE F
E F K
EF K
EFKEF
KE7-1F
K
Glass electrode
W0.01N WE7-1F
EF
0.93
HCl
0.96
H2SO4
0.126
CH3COOH
0.001
HCN
WOstwalds dilution law
Mono protic acids J
HAEVF
+
HA H + A
1-/V /V
/V
+
Ka = [H ] [A ]/ [HA]
= (/V) (/V)/(1-)/V
- 108 -
(7-15)
(7-16)
(7-17)
110
Ka = 2 /(1-) V
Ka = 2C / (1-)
(7-18)
(7-19)
E7-18FKL C Ka
EVF
E7-16FE7-18F E << 1F K Ka
Ka= 2/V = 2C
(7-20)
= (Ka /C )1/2
(7-21)
WABB,A
A /B = [(Ka)A /(Ka )B]1/2
(7-22)
K Ka
VBOH
BOH B+ + OH 1-/V
/V
/V
+
Kb = [B ] [OH ] / [BOH]
= (/V) (/V) / (1-/ V)
Kb = 2 / (1- ) V
Kb = 2 C/ (1- )
(7-23)
(7-24)
(7-25)
(7-26)
(7-27)
0E7-27FE7-26F
Poly-protic acids J
H3PO4H2SO4K
KK
+
W.
H3PO4 > H + H2PO4

K1 = [H+ ] [ H2PO4-] / [ H3PO4]
H2PO4- } H+ + HPO42K2 = [H+ ] [ H2PO42-] / [ H2PO4-]

2-
HPO4 } H + PO
3-
(7-28)
(7-29)
(7-30)
(7-31)
(7-32)
- 109 -
110
K3 = [H+] [ PO43-] / [HPO2-4]

K1 = 7.610
-3
, K2 = 6.2 10-8 ,
K3 = 10-12
KK3,K2K1K
E7-19FE7-29F
W
[H+ ] = C = (Ka C)1/2

(7-34)
K0.1M JW
JW
E7-34FKa= K1
[H+] = (7.6 10-3 0.1) 1/2 = 0.027 g-ion /L

pH =-log (0.027) = 1.5 WpH
Ca(OH)2 K
KAl(OH)3
K
WHydrolysis of Salts
EF
K
K
JW
CH3 COONa + HOH } CH3COOH + NaOH

-
CH3COOH } CH3COO +H
NaOH Na+ + OH -
- 110 -
(7-35)
(7-36)
(7-37)
110
OH-
H+OH-0
KpH > 7KEF

W2
NH4Cl + HOH } NH4OH + HCl

+
HCl H + Cl
NH4 OH } NH+4 + OH-
(7-38)
(7-39)
(7-40)
OH- H+
KpH < 7
W
CH3 COONa W
Kh = [CH3COOH] [NaOH] / [CH3COONa] [H2O] (7-41)

KHydrolysis constant Kh KE7-35F
Kh = [CH3COOH] [OH-] / [CH3COO-] [H2O]
(7-42)
WK[OH ]=[NaOH]
-
0 [CH3COONa] = [ CH3COO-]
Kh = [ NH4 OH][HCl] / [ NH4Cl] [H2O]
NH4ClW
(7-43)
Kh = [ NH4 OH] [H+] / [ NH4Cl] [H2O]

(7-44)
V
KE7-42, 7-44F Kh
K = (/V) (/V) / (1-/V)

= 2 / (1-)V
K = 2 C / (1- )
(7-45)
(7-46)
(7-47)
- 111 -
110
KKhE7-47F
WpH
pH pH
WE7-42FW J
Kh = [CH3COOH] [OH-] / [CH3COO-]

= [CH3COOH] Kw / [CH3COO-] [H+]
(7-48)
Kh = Kw / Ka
Kh KKw = [H+ ] [OH-]:
KKa Kw
-
Kh = [CH3COOH] [OH ] /[CH3COO ]

= [OH-] / [CH3COO-]
= Kw / [H2]2 [CH3COO-]
(7-49)
WE7-49FE7-48F
[H+] = (Kw/Ka / [CH3COO-])1/2
= (Kw Ka / [ salt] )1/2
(7-50)
(7-51)
pH = -log [H+] = -log ( kw ka / [salt ])1/2
(7-52)
EF JW J
+
pH = -log [H ] = -log (kw [salt] /kb )
1/2
:
(7-53)
W
W
F
WEH
CH3COOH } CH3COO- + H+
(7-54)
+
CH3COONa CH3COO + Na
(7-55)
KKa
Ka = [CH3COO-] [ H+] / [CH3COOH]
- 112 -
(7-56)
110
H+ CH3COO- Ka
KCH3COO- CH3COONa
KECH3COO- F
K
K JW1
KEF
JW2
F JW
KE
W Buffer solutions
ECH3COOHHCH3COONaF .1
E NH4 OH + NH4Cl F .2
EH3PO3 + Na2B2O7F .3
EH2S + Na2SFH .4
K pH
KpH
- 113 -
110
CO2 pH HCO3- pH
HCl K

KpHK
OH- NaOH
H3COO- OH-
W Hendersons equation
W
Ka = [CH3COO-] [H+ ] / [CH3COOH](7-57)
[H+] = ka [CH3COOH] / [CH3COO-]
[H+ ] = ka [acid] / [salt]
(7-58)
(7-59)
pH = pka - log [Acid] /[Salt]

(7-60)
K(7-60)K-logp
pH = pkw - pkb + log [base]/[salt]

(7-61)
KNH4Cl+ NH4 OH W
WSolubility of Electrolytes
AgCl
g-ion/L KCuS BaSO4
K?S?
- 114 -
110
AgCl(s) } AgCl(aq) Ag+ + Cl+

(7-62)
AgCl(aq) AgCl(s)
Solubility product KCl- Ag+

Ks
KKs
= [AgCl(aq) ] / [AgCl(s)]
= [Ag+] [ Cl-]
= S2
(7-63)
(7-64)
Ks
(7-65)
0 [AgCl(s)] =1
0KsCl -Ag+"S"
Mg(OH)2Ks JW1
Mg(OH)2 } Mg2+ + 2OH(7-66)

2+
- 2
2
3
Ks = [Mg ] [OH ] = S . (2S) = 4S
(7-67)
Ca3(PO4)2 Ks JW2
Ca3(po4)2 } 3Ca2+ + 2PO3-4
Ks = [Ca2+]3 [PO3-4]2
= (3S)3 . (2S)2 = 108 S5
(7-68)
(7-69)
(7-70)
W Salting out
0S = 10-5g-ion/L25K
K0.1M
WW
Ks = [Ag ] [Cl ]
(7-71)
+ 2
- 2
-5 2
-10
= [Ag ] =[Cl ] = (10 ) =10
(7-73)
:0.1 M NaCl
Ks = [Ag+] 0.1
[Ag+] = 10-10 /10-1 = 10-9 g-ion /l
(7-74)
(7-75)
EF
K0.1M NaCl

- 115 -
110
F K
KE
W Theory of acid-base indicators
0 K
10
K0.1
ph. ph.W
HIn In- + H+
(7-76)
KIn- HIn
:E7-59F
pH = pKa + log[In]/[HIn]
(7-77)
pH=8.5Kpka = 9.5 Ka
pH = K 0.1 [In]/[HIn]
ph. K 10[In] /[HIn]10.5
pH 8.5 -10.5 ph.
K(Ka 1) (Ka 1)
K pH 7
pH = 3-5
pH = (M.O.)
pH = 7 K 8-10
KM.O.ph .ph.
- 116 -
110
WAcid base ( alkali) titrationEF
FEF
Ktitration E
conical flask
Purette
Pipette
Conical flask
KWE7-2F
KE7-2F M.O. ph. ph.
KE50Fburette
K pipette
K
K
KE7-3F
F (strong acid vs strong base) .1

K M.O. ph. ph.EE.P.
(week acid vs strong base) .2

KM.O.ph. Ph.ph. ph.
(strong acid vs week base) .3

KM.O. ph.ph.M.O.
- 117 -
110
pHK(week acid vs week base) .4
3 2
.
KWE7-3F
- 118 -
110
0.5 cm2 .1
K700 2.5 cm
K0.037 S cm-10.1M KCl .2

.3
Kb = 10-50. 1NH4OH J10-3M HCl J
0.01M H2SO4 J Ka = 10-5 0.1CH3COOH
0.5M CH3COONa 0.1M CH3COOH .4

KKa = 10-5
310-2g/LAg2CrO4 .5
10-5ka0.1M .6
ka0.1M .7
K10-5
Kb0.02M NH4OH0.1NH4Cl .8
K10-5
- 119 -
110
(Scm-1) J1
=1/ = /R A
K(cm2)AEcmF E) R
= 2.5/7000.5 = 7.14 mS cm-1
J2
= 1000 /C
(Scm-1)(g- equi L-1)C
= 0.037 10000/ 1000= 0.37 cm2 S equi-1
W J3
HCl J
pH = -log [ H+] = -log [a cid]

= -log [0.001] = 3
Kb = 2CNH4OH J
KbC
= ( Kb / c)1/2 = ( 10-5 /0.1)1/2 = 0.01

[OH-] = C
[OH-] =0.01 0.1 =0.001
Kw =[OH-] [ H+]
WKw
[ H+] = Kw / [OH-]
= 10-14/ 10-3 =10-11
pH = -log 10-11 =11
= (Ka /c)1/2 = (10-5 / 10-1)1/2

[ H+] = C = 0.01 0.1 =0.001
pH = -log [ H+] = -log [ 10-3] = 3
Ka = 2CE
WE
pH = -log [ H+] = -log [0.01 2] = 1.69
J4
pH = pka - log [Acid] / [Salt]

pH = 5 - log ( 0.1 /0.5) = 4.3
Ag2CrO4(s) 2Ag+(aq) + CrO42-(aq)

Ks = (2S)2 S = 4S3
- 120 -
J5
110
KSKs
-2 3
Ks = 4 ( 3 10 ) = 108 10-6
J6
Kh = 2 C /1-
kh
<< 1 Kh =Kw /KaW
Kh = Kw/Ka = 2C
=( Kw / Ka C )1/2 =( 10-14/(10-5 0.1)) 1/2 = 10-4
J7
pH = -log [ H+]
= -log (Kw Ka / Csalt)1/2
= -log (10-14 10-5/ 0.1)1/2 = 9.0
J8
pH = pKw pKb + log [Base]/[Salt]

=14 -5 +log ( 0.02 /0.1) = 8.3
- 121 -
110
E1F
30nm J1
En=2F J2
W J3
O
EClEMgENeE
F , C, Li, O, HW J4
W J5

m =-2 , n=4 E =2 , n=3E
ms =1/2 , m = 2, =2 , n=5Ems =-1/2 , =2 ,n=4 E
N , O , Li , H , FW J6
W J7
3H2 + N2 2NH3
K432160386H-H, N-N , N-H
W J8
CH CHEBF3ECH4ENO2E
KW J9
K J10
- 122 -
110
E2F
K J1
700nm J2
K7.3 10-12
N , O, B , Li, CW J3
Li+ , H+, K+, Na+W J4

K J5
Li+ , O2- , Be , Ne- W J6

W J7
SO3EI3-ENO3-E
J8
CCl4ECH2CH2E
CH3CH3ECCl4E
W J9
E
E

- 123 -
110
E3F
6000 m/s 3g J1
0.03 g J2
F ,Be ,N ,C W J3
F- , O2- , Mg2+, Na+
W J4
W J5
ClEBEMgENE
CH3CH3C-H J6
103.3, 83, 20.24 kcal mol - H-HC-C
K1
W J7
H3O+ENH+4ESO42-EPOCl3E
W J8
CH2 =CH2EH2OENH3ECH4E
0EF J9
W J10
mEnE
msEE
- 124 -
110
= c/W J1
.c
3108/ 320 10-9 = 9.41014 Hz
n2=4n1=2 J2
1/ W = 1 / 109667.6 (1/4 -1/16)

= 4.86 10-5 cm
: J3
Ne
1S2 2S2 2P6
Mg 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2

Cl 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P5
O 1S2 2S2 2P4
Li > C > O > F > H: J4
J5
Z J
Z J
Z J
Z J
F > O > N > H > LiW J6
H J7
H = -3(N-H) +1/2 (N N) +3/2(H-H)
= -3 386 +1/2 160 + 3/2 432 = 430 kJ/mol
: J8
O-N=O
F B F
H C H
H-C
C-H
: J9
W
- 125 -
J10
110
K J
K J
CH4W
J1
H
W
J2
4sp3
J3
H
H C
- 126 -
110
n=3 J1
0,1,2=3
m =2 +1= 0 + 1 = 1W
m = 2 +1 = 2 1 + 1 = 3
m = 22+1 = 5
m =1+3+5=9:
E = nh : J2
nhE
n= E/hc
= 7.310-12 700 10-9 / 6.625 10-34 8 108
= 9.64106 photons
N > O > C > B > LiW J3
K+ > Na+ > Li+ > H+W J4
n=2 J5
E = -2.18 10-18 (1/ -1/n22 )
= 2.18 10-18 /4 = 0.55 10-18 J
W J6
Li+ 1S2
O2- 1S2 2S2 2P6
Be 1S2 2S2
Ne- 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S1
W J7
O
N
O
[I I
I]
sp3Esp3Esp3E
- 127 -
J8
sp2E
110
W J J9
K
W J
KW J

- 128 -
110
FEvFEmFEF J1
= 6.625 10-34
= h / m vWE
/ 3 10-3 6000 = 3.68 10-35 m
J2
E = m c2
= 0.03 10-6 (3 108 )2 = 2.7 10-9 J
F > N > C > Be: J3
O2- > F- > Na+ > Mg2+W J4
W J5
N3- , N5+
N 1S2 2S2 2P3
Mg 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2
Mg2+
B = 1S2 2S2 2P1
B3+
ClCl 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P5
CH3CH3C-H J6
:H
2C +3H2 CH3CH3
H = -6 (C-H ) (C-C) + 3(H-H)
W
(C-H) = (-20.24 J83 H 3 103.3)/6 = H 34.3 kcal mol-1
W J7
W J8
WW
WW J
W = 4 J9
m = 2 + 1 = 2 4 + 1= 9
- 129 -
110
: J10
:(n) J
W() J
W:(m) J
:(ms) J
- 130 -
110
c 2.998 10 8 m/s
m/s2
EF
c/mol
g 9.806
F 96485
R 8 . 314 J / K . mol
R 1 . 987 cal / K . mol
R 0 . 082 l . atm / K . mol
k 1.38 10 23 J / K
Boltzman
N 6.022 10 23 mol 1
Avogadro
e 1.602 10 19 C
EF
10
esu
34
J .s
Planck
u 1.66 10 27 kg
e 4.803 10
h 6.626 10
me 9.109 10 31 kg
m p 1.673 10 27 kg
m n 1.675 10 27 kg
e =2.71828182846
e EF
3 .1415926535 9
- 131 -
110

1K=1C+273.16
1 atm = 760 mm Hg
= 760 Torr
= 101.325 kPa
1 bar = 105 Pa
1 l =103 cm3
= 1000 ml
1 N = 105 dyne
1 J = 107 erg
1 cal = 4.184 J
1 year = 365.25 days(d)
1 day = 24 hours (h)
1 hour = 60 minutes (min)
1 minute = 60 second(s)
1 C = 3 109 esu
- 132 -
110
m
Kg
S
N
J
w
mol
cd
A
Pa
Cm
g
s
Dyne
Erg
V
C
L
atm
K
meter
SI
kilogram
Newton
second
Joule
Watt
Candle
Pascal
Ampere
Centimeter
cgs
gram
dyne
second
erg
Volt
Ohm
Litre
Coloumb
atmosphere
Kelvin
- 133 -
110
10-15
10-12
10
-9
10
-6
10-3
10-2
10-1
femto
pico
nano
micro
milli
centi
deci
10
10
109
1012
kilo
mega
giga
tetra
1 m = 10 dm = 100 cm =106 m
- 134 -
110
- 135 -
110
EN
EA
kJ mol-1
IE
kJ mol-1
2.2
-72
1312
0.37
21
2373
0.5
4.003
He
1.0
-58
520
1.52
6.939
Li
1.6
250
899
1.11
9.012
Be
2.0
-23
801
0.88
10.811
2.6
-122
1086
0.77
12.011
3.0
-503
1402
0.70
14.007
3.4
-141
1314
0.66
15.999
4.0
-333
1681
0.64
18.998
29
2080
0.70
20.183
10
Ne
0.9
-53
496
1.86
22.99
11
Na
1.3
230
738
1.60
24.31
12
Mg
1.6
-44
578
1.43
26.98
13
Al
1.9
-135
786
1.17
28.09
14
Si
2.2
-74
1012
1.10
30.97
15
2.6
-200
1000
1.09
32.06
16
3.2
-348
1251
0.99
35.45
17
34
1527
0.94
39.95
18
Ar
0.8
-48
419
2.31
39.10
19
1.0
154
590
1.97
40.08
20
Ca
1.6
-64
653
1.28
52.00
24
Cr
1.5
<0
717
1.27
54.94
25
Mn
1.008
- 136 -
110
1.8
-24
759
1.26
55.85
26
Fe
1.9
-67
758
1.25
58.93
27
Co
1.9
-111
737
1.24
58.71
28
Ni
1.9
-118
745
1.28
63.54
29
Cu
1.6
~0
906
1.34
65.37
30
Zn
2.2
-77
947
1.21
74.92
33
As
3.0
-324
1140
1.14
79.91
35
Br
39
1356
1.09
83.80
36
Kr
0.9
120
549
2.15
87.62
38
1.9
-126
731
1.44
107.87
47
Sr
Ag
1.7
<0
868
1.49
112.40
48
Cd
2.0
-121
709
1.40
118.69
50
Sn
2.1
-101
869
1.41
121.75
51
Sb
2.7
-295
1008
1.33
126.90
53
40
1176
1.30
131.30
54
Xe
0.9
52
503
2.17
137.34
56
Ba
1.7
-58
770
1.39
183.85
74
2.2
-205
870
1.38
195.09
78
Pt
2.0
-223
890
1.44
169.97
79
Au
1.9
<0
1007
1.51
200.59
80
Hg
2.3
-101
716
1.75
207.19
82
Pb
2.0
-100
703
1.46
208.98
83
Bi
rZ{ENZ{EAZ{IEZ
- 137 -
110
25
Ka
k1 4.3 10 7 , k 2 5.6 10 11
H2CO3
HCN
4.8 1010
1.8 10 5
CH3COOH
1.8 10 4
HCOOH
6.3 10 5
C6H5COOH
H3BO3
7.2 10 10
107
HCl
10 9
HBr
1011
HI
k1 5.6 10 2 , k 2 5.1 10 5
k1 6.9 10 3 , k 2 6.2 10 8 ,
k 3 4.8 10
(COOH)2
H3PO4
13
5.9 10 9
H3BO3
H2S
k1 8.9 10 8 , k 2 1.2 1013
Kb
1.7 10 5
4.1 10 10
5 10 4
1.7 10 9
NH4OH
C6H5NH2
CH3NH2
C5H5N
- 138 -
EF
EF
110
25
Ks
3.7 10 15
Al(OH)3
5.5 10-6
Ca(OH)2
1.2 10 11
Mg(OH)2
5 10-3
Ba(OH)2
2.2 10-20
Cu(OH)2
1.0 10 10
AgCl
1.5 10 16
AgI
7.7 10 13
AgBr
9.0 10 12
Ag2CrO4
8.5 10 45
CuS
10
-47
Hg2S
7 10 29
PbS
10-97
Bi2S3
6.3 10-50
Ag2S
1.1 10 10
BaSO4
9.1 10
-6
CaSO4
2.8 10
-6
CaCO3
5.110-6
BaCO3
2 10 10
ZnCO3
- 139 -
110
EF
EF
ph.ph
EF
M.O
EF
Lithmus
Fluorescein
EDTA
Murexide
EDTA
EBT
EDTA
EF
EF
EF
Mohr
Fajan
EDTA PVC

- 140 -
110
K25
349.8
38.69
Li+
50.11
Na+
73.52
K+
73.4
NH4
+
Ba
2
Pb+
+
Zn
2
59.5
63.6
71.0
52.8
198.0
OH
75.23
Cl
78.1
Br
76.80
40.9
CH3COO
79.8
69.3
- 141 -
2
2
Ca
SO42
CO32
110
Ho
C6H6
-57.08
-98.35
-270.53
-217.92
-288.73
-51.20
-30.38
-23.80
-14.93
-23.52
-26.42
CH4
-94.05
CCl4
54.19
-66.41
-68.32
25EHo /kcal mol-1F

o
H
11.72
-33.25
C2H3
-17.89
H2O
-20.24
NaCO3
19.82
NaCl
-24.82
SiO2
-48.08
CuCO3
CO
CO2
CH4
C2H2
CH3CH3
C3H8
C6H6
CH3OH
-56.63
C2H5OH
AgCl
-11.04
NH3
AgI
-8.66
PbO
-57.80
AgBr
-22.06
PbS
6.2
-70.96
-94.45
12.50
-116
H2O
HCl
HBr
HI
SO2
SO3
C2H4
HCOH
KF2,Br2,Cl2,O2,N2,H2 J
- 142 -
110
KEF

323
305
358
259
485
339
276
240
272
200
243
799
1072
607
887
941
HSi
CN
CO
CS
CF
CCl
CBr
CI
NF
NCl
NBr
CO
CO
NO
CN
NN
432
146
160
154
239
193
347
614
839
418
495
413
427
467
391
363
347
HH
OO
NN
FF
Cl Cl
BrBr
CC
CC
CC
NN
OO
HC
HCl
HO
HN
HBr
HS
- 143 -
110
{ EpowerFEbaseF
Klog10 K1
Klne = 2.71828 K2
K34.67W1
log 34.67= 1.5399

ln 34.67 = 3.546
1.67 W 2
K3.76
Anti log (3.76) =

5754.3993
Anti ln (-1.76) = 0.1720
log A + log B log (A+B)

G
G
log A J log B log (A JB)
Log A + log B = log (AB)
Log A - log B = log (A/B)
B log A = log (A )
1
A
- log A = log ( )
log 10 =1 ; ln e = 1
log 0 = ln 0 = -
log 1 = ln 1 = 0
ln A = 2.303 log A
KloglnG
W
- 144 -
110
ax2+ bx+ c = 0
Wxc,b,a

x (b b 2 4ac ) 2a
Kx

WxW
x 2 2x 4
WW
ax2 + bx + c = 0
x + 2x - 4 = 0
Wx

x (b b 2 4ac ) 2a
(2 4 4 1 4 ) 2 1
x = -3.236 x = 1.236
KScientific notation
{EF
K
K
35.7 10 8 3570000000 W1
35.7 109 3.57 1010 0.000000000357W2
K 357 108

- 145 -
110
W
A10a +B10a = (A+B)10a
K1
A10a -B10a = (A-B)10a
K2
10a10b = 10(a+b
K3
K4
10a/10b = 10(a-b)
K5
1/10a = 10-a
100 = 1
10 =
0a = 0
K0.0037 ,0.00081W1
WW
37104 8.1104
37 8.1104 45.1104 0.00451
K 8 105 ,7.1103 W2
8 105 7.1 103 8 7.1 1053 65.8 102 6580
- 146 -
110

Wa, nExF K1
en
a
1
x
1
ax
a x 2
ax
xn
ln x
adx
nx n 1
dx
x
e x dx
0
dx
x2
dx
W(xF K2
x2
xn
1
x n 1
n 1
ex
ex
1
x
ln x
1
ax

- 147 -
ax
ln a x
110
Scientific Idioms
A.C .
EF
Ability
Abscissa
EF
Absolute
E100F
Absorbance
EF
Absorption
EF
Abstract
Acceptor
Activation
Activity
Adapter
Adduct
Adherent
EF
EF
Adhesive
Adiabatic
Admittance
Adsorbate
Adsorbent
Adsorption
Aeration
EF
Affinity
Against
Aliphatic
Alkali
Alkaline
- 148 -
110
Alkaloid
Alkylation
Alternatively
Amplifier
EF
Analogue
EF
Analysis
Analyst
Analyze
Analyzer
EF
Angle
Angular
EF
Anion
EF
Anode
Apparatus
Appendix, Appendices
Approach
Approximate ,-ly
EF
Aprotic
EF
Aqueous
Arc
EF
E1
F
Arctan
Aromatic
EF
Association
Assumption
Asymmetric
Athermal
Atmosphere
- 149 -
110
Atom atomic
EF
Atomize , atomizer
Attraction
Auxiliary
Average
EF
Axial
Axis axes
Balance
Barometer
Base , basic
Basis
Beaker
Beam
Bend
Binary
Boiling
Bond
Boundary
EF
Buffer
Burette
- 150 -
110
Ca
Calculation
Calculator
Calorie
EF
Capacitance
Capacity
Capillary
EF
Cartesian
Catabolism
Catalysis
EF
Catalyst
Cathode
EF
Cation
EF
Cavity
Cell cellular
Cement
Centrifuge
Certain
Characteristic
EF
Circle circular
Circuit
Circumference
Co axial
Coagulation
Coherent
Coincident
- 151 -
110
Concave
Concept
Conclusion
Configuration
Consist of
Constant
EF
Constituent
Container
Convection
EF
Converge
Convex
Coordinates
EF
Correction
Corrosion
EF
Counter
Daily
Degree
Dehydration
Dehydrogenation
Derivation
Deviation
Determination
Dissolution
Division
Divisor
Ductile
Dye
- 152 -
110
Dynamics
Dynamo
Determinant
EF
Denominator
EF
Density dense
Definition
Details
Deliquescent
Decimal
D.C.
Diameter
Diagonal
Distance
Distribution
Displacement
EF
Differentiation
Differential
Divide by
Diffusion
Dissociation
Disintegration
Dialysis
Distillation
Diagram
Distractive
Distortion
Discussion

- 153 -
110
Diaphragm
EF
Domain
EF
Di
Drop let
Donor
Double
Doctrine
Document
Dozen
12EF
Dot dotted
Device
Discrete
Disc disk
Dispersion
Effervescence
EF
Efficiency
Electrode
Electricity
Electrolyte
EF
Elevation
Ellipse
EF
Electrolysis
Emulsion
Emulsifier
Entropy
Deduce
Effect
- 154 -
110
Elasticity
Eutectic
Even
EF
Erratum errata
Excess
Exceed
Exothermic
External
Extract
Extra
Exponent
EF
Equation
Equilibrium
Equilibria
Extensive
energy energetic
EF
Equation
Equipment
Essay
Essential test
Evaporation
Evolution
Exact
Experimental
Ect.
Factor
Factorial
EF
- 155 -
110
Faraday
Fast
Field
Finite
Flame
Flask
Fluid
Fluorescence
EF
Flux
Focus
Force
EF
Fraction
EF
Friction
EF
Frequency
EF
Freedom
Fugacity
Fundamental
Galvanic
Galvanostatic
J
EF
Gap
Gas gaseous
Generator
Geometry
Geometrical
Giga
Gradient
EF
Graph graphical
- 156 -
110
Gravity
Height
Hepta
EF
Heterogeneous
Hexagonal
Hint
Homogeneous
Homologous
Humidity
Hump
Hexa
Hybrid
Hybridization
Hydrolysis
Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
Hypothesis
Ice
Group
Halogenation
Ideal
Identical
Identify
Idioms
Illustration
EF
Immersion
EF
- 157 -
110
Immiscible
EF
Impedance
Induction
EF
Infinite, -smal
Inflection point
EF
Influence
Infra red
EF
Instrument
Integer, integral
Integration
EF
Intensive property
Intercept
EF
Interest
Internal
Intersection point
Introduction
Investigation
Ion
EF
Irreversible
EF
Isobare
Isobares
Isotopes
EF
Isotones
Isochore
Isoelectric point
Isotherm
Isotonic

- 158 -
110
Isomorphism
Jar
Joint
Lamina
EF

EF
Lattice
Length
Lenses
Level
Liberation
Lime
Liquefaction
Liquid
List
Macro -
Joule
L.H.S.
Magnet magnetic
Magnetize
Magnification
Magnify
Mantissa
EF
Match
Material
Mathematical
EF
Matrix matrices

- 159 -
110
Matter
Maximum
Mean
EF
Measurement
Mechanics
Mechanism
Medium media
Melting
Membrane
Meniscus
Meso
Method
Micro -
Migration
Mineral
Minimum
Minus
EF
Miscibility
Miscible
Mixture
Mobile mobility
Model
Molality
Mole
Molecule molecular
Moment of
KKK
Momentum

- 160 -
110
Monoclinic
Multiplication
Nano
Neutral
Neutralization
Nomenclature
Normal ity
Nucleation
Nucleus nuclei
Numerator
Octa
Monotonic
N. B.
Odd number
EF
EF

Ohm
Operation operator
Optimum
Orbit orbital
Order
Ordinate
Ore
Organic
Orientation
Orifice
Original
Oscillation oscillator

- 161 -
110
Osmosis
Oxidant oxidation
Ozonolysis
P. m .
P.S.
Parabola
EF
Parachor
Paragraph
Parallel
Partial
Particle
Partition
Paste
Peak
Pentagon
Peptide
Percent percentage
Perfect
Period periodic
Permanent
Permittivity
EF
Permutations
EF
Perpendicular to
Phase
Phenomenon, phenomena
()
Phosphorescence
Photolysis
- 162 -
110
Photosynthesis
Physics physical
Plot
Plus
EF
Polar ity
Polarization
Pole
Poly
Portion
Positive positivity
Potential
Practical
Precaution
Preceding
Precipitate ( ppt )
Precipitation
Precise precision
Predominate
Preparation
Pressure
Principle
Printed matter
Prior
Prism
Probability
Problem
Product
- 163 -
110
Profile
Progressions
EF
Proof
Property
Proportional to
Protic
Pseudo -
Pump
Pure purity
Purify purification
Pyramid
Pyrolysis
Quadratic equation
EF
Qualitative
Quantitative
Quantum ( quanta )
EF
Quart
Quarter
Question
Quiescent
Quotient
R.H.S.
Program
Quadrant
Racemic mixture
EF
EF
- 164 -
110
Radical
Radius radii
Rate
Ratio
Reactance
EF
Reactant
Reciprocal
EF
Rectangle
EF
Reductant
Reduction
Reference
Reflection
Refractive index
Region
Regular
Reject ion
JEF J
Relation
Repulsion
Resistance
EF
Respectively
Results
Reversible
EF
Right angle
Role
Root
Rule
Saccharides
S
- 165 -
110
Salting out
Saponification
Secondary
Sector
Sequence
Series serial
Set
EF
Sigmoid
Sign
Similar ity
Simultaneous ly
Sine
Single
Slope
EF
Soft softness
Solar
EF
Solvation solvent
Sonics
Sound
Source
Species
Specimen
Spectrograph
Spectroscopy
Spontaneous - ly
Square
Stability
- 166 -
110
Stagnant
Standard
Standardization
Statics
Statistics
Stimulation
Stimulus stimuli
Stock solution
Structure
Sub
Sublimation
Subscript
Subset
EF
Substance
Summary
Substituent
Sum Jsummation
Supper
J EF
Surfactant
Surroundings
Survey
Susceptibility
Tangent
( tan )
Temporary
Tendency
Tension
- 167 -
110
Tertiary
Thermodynamics
Toxic
Transition - al
Translation
Triangle
Triple , triply
Type typical
Ultra
J
J

Uncertainty principle
Union
Vacuum
Therm, - al
Ultimate , -ly
Valence
EF
EF
Valid
Vapor
Vaporization
Variable
EF
Variation
Various
Vector
EF
Velocity
Versus ( vs. )
Vibrator - al
Viscosity
- 168 -
110
Viscous
volume, volumetric
W
Wax
Weight
Welding
EF
Work
Yield
Zigzag line
Voltage
Yeast
Zinc
EF

Zone
Zymo -, zym-
- 169 -
110

W
J1
K1996
K1982 J2
J3
K1998
J J4
K1993
1- Ralph H. Petruccii and William S. Harwood, General Chemistry, Principle and

Modern Applications, Prentice-Hall, New Gersey, 1997.
2- James E. Brady and John R. Holum, Chemistry, The study of Matter and its
Changes, Wiley, New York, 1993.
3- Petter Atkins and Loretta Jones, Chemistry, Matter and Change, 3rd Edition, W.H.
Freedman and Co., New York, 1997.
4- James E. Brady, General Chemistry, Principles and Structure, 5th Edition, Wiley, New
York, 1990.
5- David E. Goldberg, Schaums Outline Series, Theory and Problems of
Chemistry Foundations, International Editions, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1991.
6- James E. Brady and John R. Holum, Fundamentals of Chemistry, 3rd Edition, Wiley,
New York, 1988.
7- Raymond Chang, Chemistry, 5th Edition, International Edition, McGraw-Hill, New
York, 1994.
8- R. Abu-Etta, Y. Essa and A. El-Ansary, General Chemistry, Cairo University Press,
1998.
8- P.W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry, Oxford Press, Oxford, UK, 1982.
9- G.M. Barrow, Physical Chemistry, MacGraw-Hill, New York, USA, 1996.
10- Maurice Wahba, Hanna A. Rizk, Introduction to Physical Chemistry, AngloEgyptian, 1978.
11- Robert A. Alberty and Robert J. Silby, Physical Chemistry, Wiley, New York, 1992.
- 170 -
110

J2 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K Chemical Calculus
J17 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
J18 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
J21 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
J44 J K K K K K K K K WPeriodic Table of Elements
J58 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WChemical bonding

J83 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W
J98 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K WChemical equilibrium

J105 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W Electrolytes
J122 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E1F
J123 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E2F
J124 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K E3F
J125 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
J131 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
110
J132 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 1K=1C+273.16
J132 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
J134 J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

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110

Milli (m) =10

Decimeter (dm) = 0.1m

1atm =101.325kpa= 760 torr =760mm Hg

1Newton = 105 dyne

0.111 H + 0.889 = 1.00

H2/3O1/3 HO1/2K H8O4 H4O2 H2O

WType of chemical compounds

C(graphite) + O2(g) CO2(g)W2

H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(g) -57.8 kcal mol-1

-57.8 kcal mol-1

2S2O32- S4O62- +2e

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) +2H2O(g) +

C7H5O2Na + HCl C7H6O2 + NaCl

(C7H5O2)-Na+ + H+ + Cl- C7H6O + Na+ + Cl-

Ag+ + Cl- AgCl

m = 1000 WB/ WAMw,B

XB=(WB/Mw,B)/ {(WB/Mw,B)+ (WA/Mw,A)}

N = 10 percent density / Ew,B

K1.721g cm3 .80%EF

100 cm3 0.8 172.1g ()

N = 10000.8172.21)/49100 = 7.02 g equivalent L-1

m = E10000.8172.1)/ (172.10.298)=40mol kg-1

36000 m J0.000072 s J0.32000 g J

20% (H2SO4) .11

120g 30.7g .13

N % = 100 (58.5 +7.3 ) = 34.2 %

0.0487 C : 0.073 H : 0.0244 N

O% = 100 (35.8 + 4.5 ) = 48 %

0.029 C : 0.045 H : 0.029 O

T K = 25+ 273 = 298 K

CH3COOH + KOH CH3COOK + H2O

XB = (WB /WW,B) / {( WB / WW,B ) + (WA / WW,A)}

K18 WW,A 40 WW,B

m = 1000 30.7 / 120 85 = 4.41 mol kg-1

WDalton and Berzelius J

WEF Max Plank J

h = 6.620 10-34 J.s

E2-2FK( = 200 nm - 800 nm )

E = 2.18 10-18 (1/n12)

n = 1, 2, 3,...Wprinciple quantum number (n)

Wmagnetic quantum number (m)

K2, 1, 0, -1, -2W5

xz dxy dxz dyz

paramagnetism and diamagnetism W

C : 1s2 2s2 2p2

N : 1s2 2s2 2p3

O : 1s2 2s2 2p4

B3+, Be2+, Li+, He W

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

K K+, Cs+, Rb+

Al: [Ne] 3s2 3p1

Cl : [Ne] 3s2 3p5

K2.5 106 m/s3 10-10 g .10

ms=1/2, m=-1, =1, n=3 Ems=-1/2 , = 4 , n=1 E= 1 , n=1En = 4E

W = 109667.6 (1/n21 1/n22)

W = 10966.6 (1/52 -1/62)

E = 2.18 10-18 (1/n21 1/n22)

a - F 1S2 2S2 2P5

b - Na 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S1

c - N1S2 2S2 2P3 N3- , N5+

d - Cl 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P5Cl-

e B 1S2 2S2 2P1

WPeriodic Table of Elements