:

 :
Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding
Atomic Structure
Electron Configuration
Periodic Table

Primary Bonding

Ionic
Covalent

Metallic

Secondary Bonding or van der

Waals Bonding

Three types of Dipole Bonding

Molecules


= ) + (
NUCLEUS

BONDING

:
~ 1.67 x 10-27 kg :
9.11 x 10-31 kg :

() 1.60 x 10-19 C :

) :atomic mass (A +
( ~ )Atomic mass ( )Atomic weight
) : (Z
.
14C and 12C
6
6
1H , 2H , 3H
: AXZ
1
1
1

 amu mole
)atomic mass unit (amu
1 amu 1/12 12

)(12C6

12C6 12 Carbon= 6 protons (Z=6) + 6 neutrons (N=6 :

Mproton ~ Mneutron = 1.67 x 10-24 g = 1 amu

= Z + N

.
amu (
12 )
) :Nav (Avogadro number Nav = 6.023 1023

Nav = 1 gram/1 amu

:
= 55.85 amu/atom = 55.85 gr/mol


n d M

Atomic Structure

:
(1
(2
(3
(4

Chemical
Electrical
Thermal
Optical

Atomic Models
Towards the end of 19th century physicists realized Newtonian
physics has serious difficulty in explaining many phenomena
involving electrons => quantum mechanics
Bohr atomic model
Electrons assume very well defined orbits around the nucleus (protons
+ neutrons)
Electrons in each shell orbit assumes the same energy level
Severe issues when considering events involving electrons such as
emission spectra and photoelectrons(
See figure 2.1 in Callister page 18 (page 13 for 6th ed.)

Wave mechanical model

Electrons in an atom or molecule are permitted to have only specific
values of energy, energy is quantized
Electrons do not move in circular orbits but in fuzzy orbits. At any
given time we can only talk about the probability of finding an electron
at a radius from the orbit.
Every electron is characterized by four quantum numbers. The size,
shape, spatial orientation of an electrons probability density are
specified by these numbers

Bohr
orbital electrons:
n = principal
quantum number
1
2
n=3

)Nucleus( : Z = ) protons(
= 1 for hydrogen to 94 for plutonium

N = ( neutrons)

(Atomic mass) A Z + N
2

 Orbits


.......
.
.

Quantum Numbers

(I)

n, l , ml , ms
n principal quantum number, distance of an
electron from the nucleus
l subshell, describes the shape of the subshell
ml number of energy states in a subshell
ms spin moment

:)Paulis exclusion principle(

.

 )(II

ms =

ml

 )(III

( n l
) .
1s, 2s, 2p,
3s,3p,4s,3d,4p,5s,4d,5p,6s,4f,5d,.

=<

.
.


.
.
Electron configuration
1s1
1s2
)(stable
1s22s1
1s22s2
1s22s22p1
1s22s22p2
...
1s22s22p6
)(stable
1s22s22p63s1
1s22s22p63s2
1s22s22p63s23p1
...
1s22s22p63s23p6
)(stable
...
1s22s22p63s23p63d10 4s246
)(stable


....
s p .
.


:
.
.

.

: ( )2s 2 2p 2

1s 2

:

6

ELECTRONEGATIVITY

0.7 4.0
!

Fe3+

Fe3+ 1s22s22p63s23p63d5

S2-

1s22s22p63s23p6

S2-

) Fe 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2 (2-2
)(2-2

1s22s22p63s23p4

FN = FA +FR
r = r0

FN = 0

A=
=

Atomic Bonding in Solids

 )(I

Ionic Bonding

+ ( ) .
.
.

Na+ Cl-

MgO :
1s2 2s2 2p4

O2- 1s2 2s2 2p6

][Ne

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2

[Ne] 3s2

Mg

Mg2+ 1s2 2s2 2p6

][Ne

 )(II

Ionic Bonding

.
.
2 5 eV/atom,molecule,ion

: .
8

 ()III

Ionic Bonding

Attractive Repulsive

B
rn

A
r

ER

r
EN

EA

= EN = EA + ER

 ()IIII

Ionic Bonding

:
NaCl
MgO
CaF 2
CsCl

 )(I

Covalent Bonding

.
CH4 :
C
H

10

 )Covalent Bonding (II

(
)sp3

10

.
.
: ( ) 8-N
( = N )
Si SiC ....

.

sp2

sp

(X A -X B )2

4
1e

) x (100%

XA XB A B .

XMg
= 1.3
XO = 3.5

MgO

x (100%) 70.2% ionic

)( 3.5-1.3

4
% ionic character 1 - e

)Covalent Bonding (III

....

10


column IVA

F2
He
-

Cl2

H2O

Ne
-

F
4.0

Ar
Kr
-

Cl
3.0
Br
2.8

Xe
-

I
2.5

Rn
-

At
2.2

O
2.0

)C(diamond
SiC

C
2.5

Si
1.8
As
2.0

Ge
1.8

Ga
1.6

Zn
1.8

Ni
1.8

Fe
1.8

Sn
1.8
Pb
1.8

GaAs

11

H2

( )
( ) IVA

Cr
1.6

Ti
1.5

Be
1.5

H
2.1
Li
1.0

Mg
1.2

Na
0.9

Ca
1.0

K
0.8

Sr
1.0

Rb
0.8

Ba
0.9

Cs
0.7

Ra
0.9

Fr
0.7

Metallic Bonding

( 2 1 3 ) .



.


.

.

12

Secondary Bonding

( ( Ar , Cl2 , H2

H2 :

H2

H2
H H

H H

( ( NH3 , HF , HCl , H2O

HCl :

H Cl

H Cl

) (ceramics

( semiconductors

(polymer chains

Ionic

-
-

Covalent

( )Metals

-
-

Metallic

( () )

Secondary

 ( Tm :( Properties From Bonding

r

Tm

ro

Eo

Tm

Tm
Eo

Tm

unstretched length
ro

= Eo

E :( Properties From Bonding(

E

Elastic modulus
F
L
=E
Ao
Lo

E ~

Energy
unstretched length
ro

(ro )

Eo

smaller Elastic Modulus

larger Elastic Modulus
16

a :( Properties From Bonding (

a

(Coefficient of thermal expansion)

length,Lo
unheated, T 1

Lo

heated, T 2

Eo

unstretched length

Eo

= a(T2 -T1)

r
a
a

~ (ro )
Eo



Tm
E
a

Tm
E
a


Tm
E
a

Ceramics

): (

Metals
): (

Polymers

): (

 :
5-2
7-2
10-2
13-2
15-2
16-2
17-2
18-2
19-2
23-2