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Introduction To Flight: John D. Anderson, JR
Introduction To Flight: John D. Anderson, JR
Sixth Edition
Professor Emeritus
University of Maryland
Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA Madison, Wl New York San Francisco St. Louis
Bangkok Bogota Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City
Milan Montreal New Delhi Santiago Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto
CONTENTS
iii
2.2
Chapter 1
The First Aeronautical Engineers
2.3
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Introduction 1
Very Early Developments 3
Sir George Cayley (1773-1857)
The True Inventor of the Airplane 6
1.4 The InterregnumFrom 1853 to 1891 13
1.5 Otto Lilienthal (1848-1896)
The Glider Man 17
1.6 Percy Pilcher (1867-1899)
Extending the Glider Tradition 19
1.7 Aeronautics Comes to America 20
1.8 Wilbur (1867-1912) and Orville
(1871-1948) WrightInventors of the
First Practical Airplane 27
1.9 The Aeronautical TriangleLangley, the
Wrights, and Glenn Curtiss 36
1.10 The Problem of Propulsion 45
1.11 Faster and Higher 46
1.12 Summary 49
Bibliography 50
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
Chapter 3
The Standard Atmosphere
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
Chapter 2
Fundamental Thoughts
2.1
3.6
52
2.1.2 Density 57
2.1.3 Temperature 58
2.1.4 Flow Velocity and
Streamlines 59
The Source of All Aerodynamic
Forces 61
Equation of State for a
Perfect Gas 63
Discussion of Units 65
Specific Volume 70
Anatomy of the Airplane 79
Anatomy of a Space Vehicle 89
Historical Note: The NACA
and NASA 98
Summary 101
Bibliography 101
Problems 102
3.7
105
Chapter 4
Basic Aerodynamics
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
4.22
4.23
4.24
126
Introduction 256
Airfoil Nomenclature 258
Lift, Drag, and Moment Coefficients 262
Airfoil Data 268
Infinite Versus Finite Wings 279
Pressure Coefficient 280
Obtaining Lift Coefficient from Cp 286
Compressibility Correction for Lift
Coefficient 290
Critical Mach Number and Critical
Pressure Coefficient 291
Drag-Divergence Mach Number 303
Wave Drag (at Supersonic Speeds) 311
Summary of Airfoil Drag 319
Finite Wings 321
Calculation of Induced Drag 324
Change in the Lift Slope 332
Swept Wings 340
FlapsA Mechanism for High Lift 353
Aerodynamics of Cylinders and
Spheres 359
How Lift Is ProducedSome Alternative
Explanations 363
Historical Note: Airfoils and Wings 373
5.20.1 The Wright Brothers 374*
5.20.2 British and U.S. Airfoils
(1910-1920) 374
Contents
6.14
6.15
6.16
6.17
6.18
6.19
6.20
6.21
396
6.22
6.23
6.24
6.25
6.26
6.27
Chapter 7
Principles of Stability and Control
529
Contents
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
7.14
7.15
7.16
7.17
7.18
7.19
7.20
7.21
7.22
7.23
Chapter 8
Space Flight (Astronautics)
8.1
8.2
Introduction 589
Differential Equations
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11
8.12
8.13
8.14
8.15
8.16
8.17
8.18
8.19
8.20
8.21
8.22
589
596
8.23
Contents
Chapter 9
Propulsion
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10
9.11
9.12
9.13
9.14
9.15
9.16
9.17
9.18
690
Introduction 690
Propeller 693
Reciprocating Engine 701
Jet PropulsionThe Thrust
Equation 711
Turbojet Engine 714
9.5.7 Thrust Buildup for a Turbojet
Engine 719
Turbofan Engine 721
Ramjet Engine 724
Rocket Engine 728
Rocket PropellantsSome
Considerations 735
9.9.7 Liquid Propellants 735
9.9.2 Solid Propellants 738
9.9.3 A Comment 740
Rocket Equation 741
Rocket Staging 742
Propellant Requirements for Spacecraft
Trajectory Maneuvers 746
Electric Propulsion 749
9.13.1 Electron-Ion Thruster 750
9.13.2 Magnetoplasmadynamic
Thruster 751
9.13.3 Arc-Jet Thruster 751
9.13.4 A Comment 751
Historical Note: Early Propeller
Development 752
Historical Note: Early Development of the
Internal Combustion Engine
for Aviation 755
Historical Note: Inventors of Early Jet
Engines 757
Historical Note: Early History of Rocket
Engines 760
Summary 766
Bibliography 767
Problems 767
Chapter 1 0
Flight Vehicle Structures
and Materials 770
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
Introduction 770
Some Physics of Solid Materials 771
70.2.7 Stress 771
10.2.2 Strain 773
10.2.3 Other Cases 774
10.2.4 Stress-Strain Diagram 775
Some Elements of an Aircraft
Structure 778
10.3.1 Beams 781
10.3.2 Box Structures 786
Materials 789
Fatigue 793
Some Comments 794
Historical Note: Evolution of Flight
Structures 794
Bibliography 805
Problems 806
Chapter 11
Hypersonic Vehicles
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
807
Introduction 807
Physical Aspects of Hypersonic
Flow 811
77.2.7 Thin Shock Layers 811
11.2.2 Entropy Layer 812
11.2.3 Viscous Interaction 813
11.2.4 High-Temperature Effects 814
11.2.5 Low-Density Flow 815
11.2.6 Recapitulation 819
Newtonian Law for Hypersonic
Flow 819
Some Comments about Hypersonic
Airplanes 825
Summary 834
Bibliography 834
Problems 834
XI
xii
Contents
855