HC VIN K THUT QUN S

L VIT SN
KHA 7
H O TO DI HN

N TT NGHIP I HC
NGNH IN - IN T
M S: 5252020109

NGHIN CU CNG NGH LTE-ADVANCED TRONG

THNG TIN DI NG

Cn b hng dn khoa hc: i y, GVC TS . V VN

NM 2013

MC LC

Mc lc
Li m u...................................................................................................1
CHNG I H THNG THNG TIN DI NG V CNG NGH
LTE ADVANCED.....................................................................................2
1.1. C s nghin cu ................................................................................2
1.2. H thng thng tin di ng..................................................................3
1.3. Qu trnh pht trin ca h thng thng tin di ng............................5
1.4. H thng thng tin di ng 4G v cng ngh LTE-Advanced............8
1.4.1. H thng thng tin di ng 4G......................................................8
1.4.2. Cc dch v h thng di ng 4G cung cp................................10
1.4.3. Cng ngh LTE-Advanced..........................................................17
1.5. Kt lun chng 1.............................................................................18
CHNG II CNG NGH LTE............................................................19
2.1. Tng quan v cng ngh LTE...........................................................19
......................................................................................................................
2.1.1. Gii thiu v cng ngh LTE......................................................19
2.1.2. Tim nng cng ngh..................................................................20
2.1.3. Hiu sut h thng.......................................................................21
2.1.4. Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn.......................................................22
2.2. Kin trc mng LTE..........................................................................23
2.3. Truy nhp v tuyn trong LTE..........................................................24
2.3.1. Cc ch truy nhp v tuyn....................................................24
2.3.2. Bng tn truyn dn....................................................................25

2.3.3. K thut a truy nhp..................................................................25

2.3.4. K thut a anten MIMO............................................................28
2.4. Lp vt l LTE..................................................................................31
2.4.1. iu ch......................................................................................31
2.4.2. Truyn ti d liu ngi s dng hng ln...............................33
2.4.3. Truyn ti d liu ngi s dng hng xung..........................39
2.5. Cc th tc truy nhp LTE................................................................44
2.5.1. D tm t bo...............................................................................44
2.5.2. Truy nhp ngu nhin..................................................................45
2.6. Kt lun chng 2.............................................................................47
CHNG III CNG NGH LTE-ADVANCED TRONG THNG
TIN DI NG...........................................................................................48
3.1. LTE-Advanced..................................................................................48
3.2. Nhng cng ngh xut cho LTE-Advanced.................................49
3.2.1. Bng thng v ph tn................................................................49
3.2.2. Gii php a anten.......................................................................50
3.2.3. Truyn dn a im phi hp......................................................50
3.2.4. Cc b lp v chuyn tip...........................................................51
3.2.5. MCMC CDMA...........................................................................53
3.3. Kho st tnh hnh trin khai TLE-Advanced trn th gii v Vit
Nam..........................................................................................................65
3.3.1. Tnh hnh trin khai LTE-Advanced trn th gii.......................65
3.3.2. Kh nng trin khai LTE-Advanced Vit Nam........................66
3.4. Kt lun chng 3.............................................................................68
Kt lun......................................................................................................69

LI M U

Thng tin di ng ngy nay tr thnh mt ngnh cng nghip pht

trin v cng nhanh chng. Mc d cc h thng thng tin di ng th h
3G hay 3.5G vn ang pht trin khng ngng nhng nhng nh khai thc
vin thng trn th gii tin hnh trin khai mt chun di ng th h
mi l h ng thng tin di ng th h th t.
Xut pht t vn trn em la chn ti tt nghip ca mnh
l: Nghin cu cng ngh LTE Advanced trong thng tin di ng. Mc
tiu c bn ca n l nu ra nhng hot ng c bn ca h thng LTEAdvanced, tm hiu nhng cng ngh mi, nhng ci tin v cht lng
dch v m bo p ng c yu cu ngy cng cao ca ngi dng
i vi mng di ng.
ti ca em bao gm 3 chng :
Chng 1 : H thng thng tin di ng v cng ngh LTE
Advanced.
Chng 2 : Cng ngh LTE trong thng tin di ng.
Chng 3 : Cng ngh LTE Advanced trong thng tin di ng.

Tuy nhin do LTE Advanced l cng ngh cn mi, ang c

hon thin cng nh do gii hn v kin thc v thi gian nn n kh
trnh khi thiu st. Rt mong c s ng gp kin ca thy c.

CHNG I. H THNG THNG TIN DI NG V

CNG NGH LTE-ADVANCED

1.1.

C s nghin cu
X hi ang ngy cng pht trin, iu kin sng ca con ngi

c nng cao dn n nhu cu trong vic trao i d liu, s dng cc loi

dch v cng nhu cu gii tr trn cc thit b di ng ngy cng tng.
Trc cc nhu cu , cc h thng thng tin di ng th h u khng p
ng cc yu cu cn phc v, do chun cc h thng thng tin di
ng 3.5G, 3.9G, 4G c nghin cu, pht trin v ng dng.
Nm 2006, Nht Bn, hng vin thng NTT DoCoMo trin khai
thnh cng v a vo khai thc h thng thng tin di ng 3.5G HSDPA.
Ngy 14 thng 12 nm 2009 dch v LTE (3.9G) u tin c hng
TeliaSonera khai trng Oslo v Stockholm [7]. Vi cc th nghim u
tin ca h thng di ng 4G, n s cho tc 5Gbps mi trng trong
nh v tc 100Mbps mi trng ngoi tri trn i tng chuyn ng
vi tc cao (250km/h). Vi s bng n v tc , h thng 4G s c
ng dng rng tri trn rt nhiu lnh vc trong cuc sng nh: dch v
chm sc sc khe, dch v t hng di ng, thng mi di ng
Hin nay, nc ta ang tn ti ng thi nhiu th h ca h thng
thng tin di ng (2G, 2.5G, 3G). Tuy vic trin khai h thng di ng 4G
vn l vn trong tng lai, nhng trc xu th pht trin chung ca cng
ngh vin thng c bit l cng ngh thng tin di ng, th vic nghin
cu, tm hiu h thng di ng 4G l cp thit.

1.2.

H thng thng tin di ng

Cho n nay, h thng thng tin di ng tri qua nhiu bc pht

trin quan trng. T h thng thng tin di ng tng t th h th nht

n h thng thng tin di ng s th h th hai. Nhng nm u th k 21
h thng thng tin di ng bng rng th h th ba v ang c trin
khai v ng dng rng ri phc v i sng con ngi. H thng thng tin
di ng th h th t c cc hng vin thng ln nh: lin minh vin
thng quc t ITU (International Telecommunication Union) nghin cu v
chun ha. Hin nay, h thng thng tin di ng th h th 4 c a
vo khai thc thng mi ti mt s ni trn th gii. Dch v ch yu ca
h thng thng tin di ng th h th nht v th hai l thoi cn dch v
ca th h th ba v sau s pht trin theo hng dch v d liu v a
phng tin.
Cc h thng thng tin di ng t bo s hin nay ang giai on
th th th hai cng (2.5G), th h th ba (3G) v th h th ba cng
(3.5G). p ng nhu cu ngy cng tng ca cc dch v thng tin di
ng nn ngay t u nhng nm 90 ngi ta tin hnh nghin cu h
thng thng tin di ng th h th ba. Lin minh vin thng quc t b
phn v tuyn (ITU-R) thc hin tiu chun ha cho h thng thng tin
di ng ton cu IMT-2000. chu u, Vin tiu chun Vin Thng Chu
u (ETSI) thc hin tiu chun ha phin bn ca h thng ny vi tn
gi l UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System: H thng
vin thng di ng ton cu). H thng ny lm vic di tn 2GHz v
cung cp nhiu loi dch v bao gm t cc dch v thoi, s liu tc
thp hin c n cc dch v s liu tc cao, video v truyn thanh. Tc
cc i ca ngi s dng c th ln ti 2Mbps. Tc cc i ny ch
c trong cc pico trong nh, cn cc dch v vi tc 14,4Kbps s c

m bo cho thng tin di ng thng thng cc macro. Ngi ta cng

nghin cu cc h thng thng tin di ng th h th t c tc cho
ngi s dng khong 2Gbps. h thng di ng bng rng (MBS ) th
cc sng mang c s dng cc bc sng mm, rng bng tn l
64MHz v d kin s tng tc ca ngi s dng n STM-1 [1].
Hin nay, hu ht cc quc gia trn th gii trin khai h thng
thng tin di ng 3G. Theo thng k ca hai hng Informa Telecom &
Media v WCIS and 3G America, hin nay c 181 hng cng cp dch v
trn 77 quc gia a vo khai thc dch v cc mng di ng th h th
ba ca mnh. Vi h thng di ng 3.5G (HSDPA) th c n 135 hng
cung cp dch v trn 63 quc gia cung cp cc dch v ca h thng di
ng 3.5G. H thng tin 4G (Pre-4G) l WiMax cng c trin khai
v a vo khai thc dch v mt s thnh ph nh London, NewYork
vo qu 2 nm 2007.
nc ta, cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca thng tin lin lc ni
chung, nhng nm gn y thng tin di ng ra i nh mt tt yu khch
quan nhm p ng nhu cu trao i thng tin trong thi k i mi ca
t nc. Vo thi k ban u, xut hin mt s mng thng tin di ng
nh mng nhn tin ABC, mng nhn tin ton qucc tnh cht th
nghim cho cng ngh thng tin di ng. Sau nm 1993, mng in
thoi di ng MobiFone s dng k thut s GSM c trin khai v
chnh thc a vo hot ng vi cc thit b ca hng ALCATEL. Nm
1996 mng Vinaphone ra i, n nm 2003 mng S-Fone s dng cng
ngh CDMA ca Saigon Postel i vo khai thc. Nm 2004 mng GSM ca
Viettel cng chnh thc i vo hot ng. Ngoi ra, EVN Telecom, H Ni
Telecom cng i vo khai thc mng di ng th h th ba.

1.3.

Qu trnh pht trin ca h thng thng tin di ng

Khi mi trin khai, h thng di ng 1G mi ch cung cp cho ngi

s dng dch v thoi, nhng nhu cu v truyn s liu tng ln i hi cc

nh khai thc mng phi nng cp rt nhiu tnh nng mi cho mng v
cung cp cc dch v gi tr gia tng trn c s khai thc mng hin c. T
cc nh khai thc trin khai h thng di ng 2G, 2.5G cung cp
dch v truyn s liu tc cao hn. Cng vi Internet, Intranet tr
thnh mt trong nhng hot ng kinh doanh ngy cng quan trng, mt
trong s l xy dng cc cng s v tuyn kt ni cc cn b di
ng vi x nghip hoc cng s ca h. Ngoi ra, tim nng to ln i
vi cc cng ngh mi l cung cp trc tip tin tc v cc thng tin khc
cho cc thit b v tuyn s to ra ngun li nhun mi cho nh khai thc.
Do vy, p ng c cc dch v mi v truyn thng my tnh v hnh
nh, ng thi m bo tnh kinh t th h thng di ng th h th hai
tng bc chuyn i sang h thng thng tin di ng th h th ba. Khi
m nhu cu v cc dch v a phng tin cht lng cao tng mnh, m
tc ca h thng 3G hin ti khng p ng c th cc t chc vin
thng trn th gii nghin cu v chun ha h thng di ng 4G.

Hnh 1.1 Qu trnh pht trin ca thng tin di ng [1]

Qu trnh pht trin ca h thng thng tin di ng c m t
hnh 1.1, trong :
+ TASC (Total Access Communication System): H thng thng tin truy
nhp tng th.
+ NMT900 (Nordic Mobile Telephone 900): H thng in thoi Bc u
bng tn 900MHz.
+ AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service): Dch v in thoi di ng
tin tin.
+ SMR (Specialized Mobile Radio): V tuyn di ng chuyn dng.
+ GSM 900 (Global System for Mobile): H thng thng tin di ng ton
cu bng tn 900MHz.
+ GSM 1800: H thng GSM bng tn 1800 MHz.
+ GSM 1900: H thng GSM bng tn 1900 MHz.
+ IS-136 TDMA (Interim Standard- 136): Tiu chun thng tin di ng
TDMA ci tin do AT&T xut.
+ IS-95 CDMA: Tiu chun thng tin di ng CDMA ci tin ca M.
+ GPRS (General Packet Radio System): H thng v tuyn gi chung.
+ EDGE (Enhaned Data Rates for GSM Evolution): Nhng tc s liu
tng cng pht trin GSM.
+ CDMA 2000 1x: H thng CDMA 2000 giai on 1.
+ WCDMA (Wideband CDMA): H thng CDMA bng rng.
+ CDMA 2000 Mx: H thng CDMA 2000 giai on 2 [2].
+ HSPA (High Speed Packet Access): H thng truy nhp gi tc cao.
H thng HSPA c chia thnh 3 cng ngh sau:
- HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access): H thng truy nhp
gi ng xung tc cao.
- HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access): H thng truy nhp
gi ng ln tc cao.

- HSODPA (High Speed OFDM Packet Access): H thng truy nhp

gi OFDM tc cao.
+Pre-4G: Cc h thng tin 4G gm WiMax v WiBro (Mobile Wimax).
+ WiMax: Wordwide Interoperabilily for Microwave Access.
+ WiBro: Wiless Broadband System: H thng bng rng khng dy.
T qu trnh pht trin ca h thng thng tin di ng t khi ra i
n nay tao c th tng kt cc th h thng tin di ng qua bng sau:
Bng 1.1. Tng kt cc th h thng tin di ng.

1.4.

H thng thng tin di ng 4G v cng ngh LTE-Advanced.

1.4.1. H thng thng tin di ng 4G.

H thng thng tin di ng 4G c a vo khai thc v s dng
ti mt s quc gia pht trin trn th gii t nm 2012. Vi s t ph v
dung lng, h thng di ng 4G cung cp nhng dch v phc v su hn
vo i sng sinh hot thng nht, cng vic cng nh c s tc ng ln
n li sng ca chng ta trong tng lai gn. C th trong cc kha cnh
ca cuc sng c trnh by di y :
- Trong gio dc, ngh thut, khoa hc
Nh c s u vit ca h thng 4G, s tin tin ca thit b u cui,
hc sinh, sinh vin, cc nh nghin cu khoa hc c th trao i thng tin,
hnh nh cn thit cho vic hc tp nghin cu m khng c ro cn no v
mt khong cch cng nh ngn ng. Thit b u cui di ng ca h
thng 4G (in thoi , ng h eo tay) c tch hp camera c chc nng
thng dch ngn ng t ng gip trao i thng tin trc tip .
- Gii tr
H thng di ng 4G cho php s dng h thng tr chi, m nhc,
video v cc ni dung lin quan. Nhng tr chi hnh nh c th c truy
nhp bt c ni no vi nhng ni dung cc k phong ph a dng.
- Truyn thng hnh nh
H thng di ng 4G cng c ng dng trong vic trao i thng
tin gia cc im cch xa nhau. Mt on phim ca mt s kin th thao c
th c gi bi mt my quay gn trn mt my thu pht cm tay v c
gi tc thi n bt c u d trong hay ngoi nc.

- Thng mi di ng
H thng di ng 4G c ng dng trong trao i v tha thun
mua bn hng ha. Ch bng thit b di ng cm tay ngi s dng c th
thu c cc cc thng tin v sn phm, t hng, thanh ton bng ti
khon thng qua thit b di ng.
- Cuc sng thng nht
Cng ngh xc thc c nhn tin tin cho php ngi s dng mua
nhng hng ha t tin mt cch an ton v thanh ton bng ti khon
thng qua mng di ng. D liu c ti t cc thit b di ng c th s
dng nh l cc th thanh ton, th ra vo, th thnh vin. Cc dch v di
ng cng c s dng trong cuc sng nh: ti cc chng trnh tivi trn
cc my ch t ti gia nh ln thit b di ng v xem chng khi i ra
ngoi hoc s dng thit b cm tay di ng iu khin robot t xa.
- Y t v chm sc sc khe
Nhng d liu v sc khe c th t ng gi n bnh vin theo
thi gian thc t cc thit b mang trn ngi ca bnh nhn, nh cc
bc s c th thc hin vic kim tra sc khe hoc x l tc th cc tnh
trng khn cp.
- iu tr trong cc tnh trng khn cp
Phng tin truyn thng di ng c s dng cho cp cu khn
cp ngay sau khi tai nn giao thng xy ra. V tr ca v tai nn s c
thng bo t ng bng cch s dng thng tin nh v, khi bc s ti
trung tm y t a ra cc ch dn s cu cho bnh nhn thng qua vic
quan st bnh nhn trn mn hnh. Cc d liu y t cng c truyn ngay
lp tc ti cc xe cu thng hoc bnh vin thng qua mng di ng.

10

- ng dng trong thm ha thin tai

H thng thng tin di ng ng vai tr l thit b thng tin quan
trng trong trng hp xy ra thm ha thin tai, cho php truyn i hnh
nh thc trng ca cc khu vc xy ra thm ha. Do ti nhng ni thm
ha khng xy ra tt c cc lnh o chnh ph, phng tin truyn thng
i chng v ngi dn ni chung c th chia s thng tin [3].
1.4.2. Cc dch v h thng di ng 4G cung cp
- Dch v cung cp thng tin y t

Hnh 1.2. Dch v thng tin y t [4]

Dch v cung cp thng tin y t s cung cp cho khch hng nhng
thng tin chnh xc v y v tnh trng sc khe. Khch hng s nhn
c ch dn, n thuc ca bc s khi c s thay i v tnh trng sc
khe t trung tm chm sc y t trn thit b di ng ca mnh. ng thi
khch hng c th truy nhp thng tin v sc khe ca mnh trn thit b di
ng [4]. Thm ch trong dch v ny vi cng ngh iu tr gen tin tin,
khch hng c th ti nhng thng tin v gen ca h ngay lp tc c
nhng bin php iu tr thch hp.

11

- Dch v cung cp ni dung tin tin

Ngi dng c th dng li thoi tm kim (t kha khng nht
thit phi chnh xc) v la chn video yu thch trn thit b di ng u
cui bt c u, bt c ni no. Nu ngi dng mun xem phim rp
chiu phim th c th t trc hoc mua v in t. Nhng video cng c
th c trnh chiu trn tu thm ch trn mt thit b knh eo mt c kh
nng hin th hnh nh.

Hnh 1.3. H thng cung cp ni dung tin tin [4]

Trong :
+ Movie dilivery: phn pht phim.
+ Movie info. seach: tm kim thng tin phim.
+ Ambigous seach by voice: tm kim thng tin phim bng li ni.
+ Ticket Purchase: th dch v.
+ Content streaming delivery: cung cp lung ni dung.
+ Movie distributor: nh cung cp phim .
+ Real media content distribution by compact high-density dise memory
card : phn phi ni dung bng th nh a nn mt cao.

12

+ Content server: my ch ni dung

+ Service provicer: nh cung cp dch v.
+ Speed analysis: khi phn tch thoi.
+ Search server: my ch tm kim.
+ Member DB: c s d liu thnh vin.
- H thng nh v

Hnh 1.4. H thng nh v

Trong :
+ Monthly: ph dch v hng thng.
+ Location info: thng tin v tr.
+ Vehicle info: thng tin xe c.
+ Entertainment: gii tr
+ Emergency info: thng tin khn cp.
+ Logistics info: thng tin hu cn.
+ Right hold: ngi gi bn quyn
+ Content charge: ph ni dung.
Ngi dng c th truy nhp cc dch v thng tin t bn trong mt
chic xe ang chuyn ng. Nhng thng tin ny s c cung cp mt

13

cch hp l ph thuc vo thi gian a im v tnh cht ngi s dng.

Bao gm:
+ Dch v thng tin nh v: nh v, ch dn tuyn ng, thng tin giao
thng
+ Dch v thng tin xe c: thng tin xe, thng tin iu chnh ng c
+ Dch v gii tr: radio, chng trnh truyn hnh
+ Dch v iu khin: iu khin xe trong trng hp thin tai.
+ Dch v khn cp: ti nn, m au bt ng
- Dch v t hng di ng

Hnh 1.5. H thng t hng di ng [4]

Trong :
+ Inquiry purchase application: yu cu mua ng dng.
+ Product info/Ads: thng tin sn phm/qung co
+ Product/delivery charge: ph sn xut/phn phi.
+ Commission: hoa hng.
+ Application info: thng tin ng dng.
+ Product info: thng tin sn phm.
+ Platform provider: nh cung cp nn tng.

14

+ Ad cost: chi ph qung co.

+ Server utilization fee: ph s dng server.
+ Manufacturer: nh sn xut.
Dch v t hng di ng cho php t mua cc sn phm hay thu
thp thng tin v sn phm mt cch d dng nh thit b u cui thng
qua tp ch, sch bo hay cc hnh nh.
Thng tin lin quan ti sn phm (video, c tnh k thut) s c
t ng gi ti mt thit b u cui di ng t trung tm sn phm, v
c hin th di dng hnh nh ba chiu (3D). Ngi s dng c th t
hng sn phm ngay lp tc, vic thanh ton bng ti khon c thc hin
qua thit b u cui di ng ca h. Vic s dng chng thc bng vng
mc gip cho vic t mua sn phm c gi tr tr nn n gin an ton.
- Qun l thc phm

Hnh 1.6. H thng qun l thc phm [4]

Trong :
+ Service register/enry fee: ph ng k dch v.
+ Food purchase charge: ph mua thc phm.
+ Billing for purchase: ha n bn hng.
+ Payment: thanh ton.

15

+ User membership DS: c s d liu thnh vin.

+ Order placement: sp xp t hng.
Dch v h tr cho ngi s dng c th truy nhp ti t lnh ca gia
nh bng thit b u cui di ng t bn ngoi, thy thc phm no ht
thc phm no vn cn. Nh hnh nh hin th ngi dng c th bit c
hn s dng ca thc phm. Ngi s dng cng c th tm c cc cng
thc ca thc n h s nu s dng cc thc phm c sn trong t lnh,
thc phm no thiu s c hin ra trn mn hnh v nu t hng chng
s c gi v nh .
- Dch v bo him ri ro
Khi mt ai b kt trong ng nt trong mt trn ng t quy
m ln, kh nng ca mng in thoi di ng c th cung cp chnh xc
thng tin nh v tr ca ngi - thit b u cui lun c kt ni
internet tr khi n b hng v lun sn sng hot ng gii cu mt cch
nhanh chng.

Hnh 1.7. H thng bo him ri ro [4]

16

Trong :
+ Rescue, pramedics: cu h, cu h y t.
+ Disaster site (user): khu vc xy ra thin tai.
+ Displays curent location and destination: hin th v tr hin ti.
+ Designate wanted area thru pen input: ch nh vng cn kim sot
bng bt cm ng.
+ Terminal location is indicated in blinks: v tr thit b u cui
c ch ra tc thi.
+ Contact family using personal info: lin lc vi gia nh nh thng
tin c nhn.
+ Obtain medical record from home doctor using personal info: c
c bo co y t t bc s nh thng tin c nhn.
+ Disaster insurance premium: ph bo him thin tai.
+ Notifies location by ring tone : thng bo v tr bng nhc chung.
Dch v hnh chnh qun l di ng .

Hnh 1.8. H thng qun l di ng [4]

17

Khch hng c th truy nhp thng tin v nhn c nhiu dch v

hnh chnh khc nhau t chnh quyn quc gia/a phng trn mt thit b
u cui di ng ti nh hoc ti cng s.
ng dng cho cc ti liu/vn bng khc nhau.
Tr thu, a ra thu thu nhp.
Pht hnh sch chm sc sc khe cho sn ph, a ra bo co v
sinh sn, ng dng cho kim tra sc khe ca tr, v cc dch v sc
khe khc.
B phiu bu c.
1.4.3. Cng ngh LTE Advanced
LTEAdvanced (Long Term EvolutionAdvanced) l mt chun
truyn thng di ng, chnh thc tr thnh mt ng c vin cho h thng
thng tin di ng 4G vo cui nm 2009, c ph duyt bi ITU v
c hon thnh bi 3GPP (d n i tc th h th ba) v thng 3 nm
2011. Thc s l mt cng ngh truyn thng di ng 4G, LTE-Advenced
c y cc c im tnh nng cng nh ng dng ca h thng di ng
4G nu trn.
LTE Advanced, nh tn gi ca n, thc cht ch l bn nng cp
ca LTE nhm hng n tha mn cc yu cu ca IMT Advanced. Vic
nng cp ny c th hin ch cc cng ngh c s dng trong
LTE th vn s dng trong LTE th vn c s dng trong LTE Advaned
(OFDMA, SC FDMA, MIMO, AMC, Hybrid ARQ). Tuy nhin c mt
s ci tin pht huy ti a hiu qu ca chng nh: MIMO tng cng,
vi cu hnh cao hn (8x8 MIMO) ng thi LTE Advanced cn ng
dng thm nhiu k thut mi nng cao c tnh ca h thng nh :
1. Carrier Aggregation (tng hp sng mang)
2. Multi antenna Enhancements (a ng ten ci tin)

18

3. Relays (trm chuyn tip)

4. Heterogeneous Network (mng khng ng nht)
5. Coordinated Multipoint CoMp (phi hp a im)
Bng vic p dng nhiu gii php k thut cng ngh mi nh trn,
LTE Advaned c cc c tnh cao hn hn so vi LTE v nhiu mt (tc
, bng thng, hiu sut s dng ph, tr x l) [0]. Bng so snh s
cho ta thy iu ny:
Bng 1.2. Bng so snh LTE vi LTE Advanced [6]

1.5.

Kt lun chng 1
Cho n nay h thng thng tin di ng tr thnh mt phn khng

th thiu i vi mi ngi trn khp th gii, n c ng dng trn mi

mt ca cuc sng. Tuy nhin h thng thng tin di ng hin ti vn cha
p ng mt cch ton din nhu cu ca con ngi. tin ti cc ng
dng v dch v tng i y nh nu trn, h thng thng tin di
ng th h th t phi chun b nhng g, chng ta cng tm hiu v
ngh LTE, cng ngh tin cng 4G.

19

CHNG II. CNG NGH LTE

2.1.

Tng quan v cng ngh LTE

2.1.1. Gii thiu v cng ngh LTE

LTE (Long Term Evolution) l mt chun truyn thng di ng do
3GPP pht trin t chun UMTS. UMST th h th ba da trn WCDMA
c trin khai trn ton th gii. m bo tnh cnh tranh cho h
thng ny trong tng lai, thng 11/2004 3GPP bt u d n nhm xc
nh bc pht trin v lu di cho cng ngh di ng UMTS vi tn gi
Long Term Evolution (LTE). 3GPP t ra yu cu cao cho LTE bao gm
gim chi ph cho mi bit thng tin, cung cp dch v tt hn, s dng linh
hot cc bang tn hin c v bng tn mi, n gin ha kin trc mng vi
cc giao tip m v gim ng k nng lng tiu th thit b u cui.
Mc tiu ca LTE lc l [3]:
- Tc nh tc thi vi bng thng 20MHz:
Ti xung: 100Mbps; Ti ln: 50Mbps
- Dung lng d liu truyn ti trung bnh ca mt ngi dng
trn 1MHz so vi mng HSDPA Rel.6:
Ti xung: gp 3 n 4 ln; Ti ln: gp 2 n 3 ln.
- Hot ng ti u vi tc di chuyn ca thu bao l 015km/h. Vn duy tr hot ng khi thu bao di chuyn vi tc
t 120-350 km/h (thm ch 500km/h ty bng tn).
- Cc ch tiu trn phi m bo trong bn knh vng ph trng
5km, gim cht t trong phm vi n 30km. T 30-100km th
khng hn ch.

20

- di bng thng linh hot: c th hot ng vi cc bng

1.25MHz, 1.6MHz, 2.5MHz, 5MHz, 10MHz, 15MHz,
20MHz c chiu ln v xung.
t c mc tiu ny, s c rt nhiu k thut mi c p dng
trong ni bt l k thut v tuyn OFDMA, k thut anten MIMO.
Ngoi ra h thng ny s chy hon ton trn nn IP (all-IPnetwork), v h
tr c 2 ch FDD v TDD.

Hnh 2.1- Kin trc ca mng LTE.

2.1.2. Tim nng cng ngh
Yu cu c t ra vic t tc gi liu nh cho ng xung l
100Mbps v ng ln l 50Mbps, khi hot ng trong phn b ph
20MHz. Khi m phn b ph hp hn th tc d liu nh cng s t l
theo. Do , iu kin t ra l c th biu din c 5 bit/s/Hz cho ng
xung v 2.5 bit/s/Hz cho ng ln. Nh ni trn LTE h tr c ch
FDD v TDD, xt trng hp TDD do truyn dn ng ln v ng

21

xung khng xut hin ng thi nn yu cu tc d liu nh cng

khng th trng nhau ng thi. i vi trng hp FDD, c tnh ca
LTE cho php qu trnh pht v thu ng thi t c tc d liu nh
theo phn l thuyt trn.
2.1.3. Hiu sut h thng
Yu cu lu lng ngi dng c nh r theo hai im: ti s
phn b ngi dng trung bnh v ti s phn b ngi dng phn v th
nm (khi m 95% ngi dng c c cht lng tt hn). Mc tiu hiu
sut ph cng c ch r, v trong thuc tnh ny th hiu sut ph c
nh ngha l lu lng h thng theo t bo tnh theo bit/s/MHz/cell.
Nhng mc tiu thit k ny c tng hp trong bng [5]:
Bng 2.1- Cc yu cu v hiu sut ph v lu lng ngi dng
Phng php o hiu
sut
Lu lng ngi dng
trung bnh (trn 1MHz)
Lu lng ngi dng
ti bin t bo (trn
1MHz phn v th 5)
Hiu
sut
ph
bit/s/Hz/cell

Mc tiu ng xung Mc tiu ng ln so

so vi c bn
vi c bn
3 ln 4 ln
2 ln 3 ln
2 ln 3 ln

2 ln 3 ln

3 ln 4 ln

2 ln 3 ln

Yu cu v linh ng ch yu tp trung vo tc di chuyn ca

cc thit b u cui di ng. Ti tc thp, 0 15 km/h th hiu sut t
c l ti a, v cho php gim i mt t vi tc cao hn. Tc ti a
c th qun l i vi mt h thng LTE c th thit lp ln n 350 km/h
(thm ch ln n 500km/h ty vo bng tn).
Yu cu v vng ph sng tp trung ch yu vo phm vi t bo,
ngha l khong cch ti a t vng t bo (cell site ) n thit b u cui

22

di ng trong cell. i vi phm vi t bo ln n 5km th nhng yu cu

v lu lng ngi dng, hiu sut ph v linh ng vn c m bo
trong gii hn khng b nh hng bi nhiu. i vi nhng t bo c
phm vi ln n 30km lu lng ngi dng xut hin s gim nh, hiu
sut ph gim mt cch ng k nhng vn c th chp nhn, yu cu v
di ng vn c p ng.
Nhng yu cu MBMS nng cao xc nh c hai ch : broadcast
(qung b) v unicast. Yu cu i vi trng hp broadcast l hiu sut
ph 1bit/s/Hz, tng ng vi khong 16 knh TV di ng bng cch s
dng khong 300kbit/s trong mi phn b ph tn 5MHz. Hn na, n c
th cung cp dch v MBMS vi ch mt dch v trn mt sng mang, cng
nh kt hp vi cc dch v non- MBMS khc.
2.1.4. Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn
Nhng yu cu v qun l ti nguyn v tuyn c chia ra nh sau:
h tr nng cao cho QoS end to end, h tr hiu qu cho truyn dn lp
cao hn, v h tr cho vic chia s ti nguyn cng nh qun l chnh sch
thng qua cc cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn khc nhau.
Vic h tr nng cao cho QoS end to end yu cu ci thin s thch
ng gia dch v, ng dng v cc iu kin v giao thc.
Vic h tr hiu qu cho truyn dn lp cao hn i hi LTE phi
c kh nng cung cp c cu h tr truyn dn hiu sut cao v hot
ng ca cc giao thc lp cao hn qua giao tip v tuyn.
Vic h tr chia s ti nguyn v qun l chnh sch thng qua cc
cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn khc nhau i hi phi xem xt n vic la
chn li cc c cu nh hng cc thit b u cui theo cc dng cng

23

ngh truy nhp v tuyn thch hp cng nh h tr QoS end to end trong
qu trnh chuyn giao gia cc cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn.
2.2.

Kin trc mng LTE

Nhiu cc mc tiu ng rng mt kin trc phng l cn thit, kin

trc phng vi t nt tham gia s lm gim tr v ci thin hiu sut. Bt

u t phin bn 7, 3GPP pht trin tng ng hm trc tip cho
php mt phng ngi dng b qua SGSN [5].

- - - - - - - - mt phng iu khin
mt phng ngi dng
Hnh 2.2 Pht trin kin trc 3GPP hng ti kin trc phng hn
Kin trc mng LTE c thit k vi mc tiu h tr lu lng
chuyn mch gi vi tnh di ng linh hot, cht lng dch v (QoS) v
tr ti thiu. Mt phng php chuyn mch gi cho php h tr tt c
cc dch v bao gm c thoi thng qua cc kt ni gi. Kt qu l trong
mt kin trc phng hn, rt n gin ch vi 2 loi nt c th l nt B pht
trin (eNB) v phn t qun l di ng/cng (MME/GW). iu ny hon
ton tri ngc vi nhiu nt mng trong kin trc mng phn cp hin

24

hnh ca h thng 3G. Mt thay i ln na l phn iu khin mng v

tuyn (RNC) c loi b khi ng d liu v chc nng ca n hin
nay c thnh lp eNB. Mt s ch li ca mt nt duy nht trong mng
truy nhp l gim tr v phn phi ca vic x l ti RNC vo nhiu
eNB. Vic loi b RNC ra khi mng truy nhp c th mt phn do h
thng LTE khng h tr chuyn giao mm.
2.3.

Truy nhp v tuyn trong LTE

2.3.1. Cc ch truy nhp v tuyn

Giao din khng gian LTE h tr c hai ch l song cng phn
chia theo tn s (FDD) v song cng phn chia theo thi gian (TDD), mi
ch c mt cu trc khung ring. Ch bn song cng FDD cho php
chia s phn cng gia ng ln v ng xung v ng ln v ng
xung khng bao gi s dng ng thi. K thut ny c s dng trong
mt s di tn v cng cho php tit kim chi ph trong khi gim mt na
kh nng truyn d liu.
Giao din khng gian LTE cng h tr pht a phng tin v cc
dch v pht qung b a im (MBMS). Mt cng ngh tng i mi
cho ni dung pht sng nh truyn hnh k thut s ti UE bng cch s
dng cc kt ni im-a im. Cc thng s k thut 3GPP cho MBMS
u tin c xut hin trong UMTS phin bn 6. LTE xc nh l mt cp
cao hn dch v eMBMS, m n s hot ng qua mt mng n tn s
pht qung b/a im (MBSFN), bng cch s dng mt dng sng ng
b thi gian chung m c th truyn ti a trong mt khong thi gian
nht nh. MBSFN cho php kt hp qua v tuyn ca truyn a ti UE,
s dng tin t vng (CP) bo v cc s sai khc do tr khi truyn ti,
cc UE truyn ti nh l t mt t bo ln duy nht. Cng ngh ny gip
cho LTE c hiu sut cao cho truyn ti MBMS.

25

2.3.2. Bng tn truyn dn

LTE phi h tr th trng khng dy quc t, cc quy nh v ph
tn trong khu vc v ph tn sn c. t c iu ny cc thng s k
thut bao gm bng thng knh bin i c th la chn t 1,4 ti 20MHz.
Vi khong cch gia cc sng mang con l 15kHz. Nu eMBMS mi
c s dng, cng c th khong cch gia cc sng mang con l 7,5kHz.
Khong cch gia cc sng mang con l mt hng s v n khng ph
thuc vo bng thng ca knh. 3GPP xc nh giao din v tuyn ca
LTE l bng thng khng th bit, n cho php giao din v tuyn thch
ng vi bng thng knh khc nhau vi nh hng nh nht vo hot ng
ca h thng.
Gi tr nh nht ca ti nguyn c th c phn b ng ln v
ng xung c gi l mt khi ti nguyn (RB). Mt RB c rng l
180kHz v ko di trong mt khe thi gian l 0,5ms. Vi LTE tiu chun
th mt RB bao gm 12 sng mang con vi khong cch gia cc sng
mang con l 15kHz, v cho eMBMS vi ty chn khong cch gia cc
sng mang con l 7,5kHz v mt RB gm 24 sng mang con cho 0,5ms.
2.3.3. K thut a truy nhp.
K hoch truyn dn ng xung cho E-UTRAN ch FDD v
TDD c da trn k thut OFDM truyn thng. Trong h thng OFDM
ph tn c sn c chia thnh nhiu sng mang, c gi l cc sng
mang con. Mi sng mang con c iu ch c lp bi mt dng d liu
tc thp. Tuy nhin, vic truyn OFDMA phi chu mt t l cng sut
nh-n-trung bnh (PAPR) cao, iu ny c th dn n nhng h qu
tiu cc i vi vic thit k mt b pht sng nhng trong UE. l, khi
truyn d liu t UE n mng, cn c mt b khuch i cng sut
nng tn hiu n ln mt mc cao mng thu c. B khuch i

26

cng sut l mt trong nhng thnh phn tiu th nng lng ln nht trong
mt thit b, v v th nn hiu qu cng sut cng cao cng tt lm tng
tui th pin ca my. 3GPP tm mt phng n truyn dn khc cho
hng ln LTE. SC-FDMA c chn bi v n kt hp cc k thut vi
PAPR thp ca cc h thng truyn dn n sng mang, nh GSM v
CDMA, vi kh nng chng c a ng v cp pht tn s linh hot
ca OFDMA.
Mt s so snh gia OFDMA v SC-FDMA c th hin nh trong
hnh 2.3, v d ny ch s dng bn (M) sng mang con trong hai chu k k
hiu vi d liu ti trng c biu din bi iu ch kha dch pha cu
phng (QPSK). Cc tn hiu LTE c cp pht trong cc n v ca 12
sng mang con ln cn. Bn tri hnh 2.4, M cc sng mang con 15kHz lin
k c t vo a im mong mun trong bng thng knh v mi
sng mang con c iu ch vi chu k k hiu OFDMA l 66,7s bi
mt k hiu d liu QPSK. Trong v d ny, bn sng mang con, bn k
hiu c a ra song song. y l cc k hiu d liu QPSK do ch c
pha ca mi sng mang con l c iu ch v cng sut ca sng mang
con vn gi khng i gia cc k hiu. Sau mt chu k k hiu OFDMA
tri qua, cc CP c chn vo v bn k hiu tip theo c truyn i
song song. cho hnh nh nhn c r dng nn cc CP c hin th
nh mt khong trng, tuy nhin, n thc s c lp y vi mt bn sao
ca s kt thc ca k hiu tip theo, c ngha l cng sut truyn dn l
lin tc nhng c mt s gin on pha bin ca k hiu. to ra tn
hiu truyn i, mt IFFT c thc hin trn mi sng mang con to ra
M tn hiu min thi gian. Chng ln lt l vector tng hp to ra dng
sng min thi gian cui cng c s dng truyn dn.

27

Hnh 2.3 OFDMA v SC-FDMA truyn mt chui k hiu d liu QPSK

S to thnh tn hiu SC-FDMA c bt u vi mt qui trnh c
bit ri sau n cng tip tc mt cch tng t nh OFDMA. Tuy nhin
trc ht ta s xem hnh bn phi ca hnh 2.3. S khc bit r rng nht l
OFDMA truyn bn k hiu d liu QPSK song song trn mi sng mang
con, trong khi SC-FDMA truyn bn k hiu d liu QPSK trong lot bn
ln, vi mi k hiu d liu chim M15kHz bng thng.
Nhn mt cch trc quan, tn hiu OFDMA r dng l a sng mang
vi mt k hiu d liu trn mi sng mang con, nhng tn hiu SC-FDMA
xut hin nh nhiu hn mt sng mang n (v th m c SC trong tn
SC-FDMA) vi mi k hiu d liu c biu din bng mt lot tn hiu.
Lu rng chiu di k hiu OFDMA v SC-FDMA l nh nhau vi
66,7s, tuy nhin, k hiu SC-FDMA c cha M cc k hiu con m biu
din cho d liu iu ch. l vic truyn ti song song ca nhiu cc k
hiu to ra PAPR cao khng mong mun vi OFDMA. Bng cch truyn
M cc k hiu d liu trong dy vo M thi im, SC-FDMA chim bng

28

thng cng nh a sng mang OFDMA nhng ch yu l PAPR tng t

nh c s dng cho cc k hiu d liu gc. Thm vo cng nhau nhiu
dng sng QPSK bng hp trong OFDMA s lun to ra cc nh cao hn
c th thy trong bng thng rng hn, dng sng QPSK n sng mang
SC-FDMA.
2.3.4. K thut a anten MIMO
Trung tm ca LTE l tng ca k thut a anten, c s dng
tng vng ph sng v kh nng ca lp vt l. Thm vo nhiu anten
hn vi mt h thng v tuyn cho php kh nng ci thin hiu sut bi v
cc tn hiu pht ra s c cc ng dn vt l khc nhau. C ba loi chnh
ca k thut a anten. u tin n gip s dng trc tip s phn tp
ng dn trong mt s bc x ng dn c th b mt mt do fading
v mt ci khc c th khng. Th hai l vic s dng k thut hng bp
sng(beamforming) bng cch iu khin mi tng quan pha ca cc tn
hiu in pht ra vo cc anten vi nng lng truyn li theo t nhin.
Loi th ba s dng s phn tch khng gian ( s khc bit ng dn
bng cch tch bit cc anten ) thng qua vic s dng ghp knh theo
khng gian v s to chm tia, cn c gi l k thut a u vo, a u
ra (MIMO ).
Hnh 2.4 cho thy, c 4 cch thc hin vic s dng knh v
tuyn. n gin cc v d c miu t ch s dng mt hoc hai anten.

29

Hnh 2.4 Cc ch truy nhp knh v tuyn

Bao gm :
- n u vo n u ra (SISO)
- n u vo a u ra (SIMO)
- a u vo n u ra (MISO)
- a u vo a u ra (MIMO)
LTE s dng k thut a anten MIMO, ta tp trung tm hiu v k
thut ny. T hnh 2.4, ta c th thy MIMO yu cu 2 hoc nhiu my
pht v hai hoc nhiu my thu. MIMO lm tng cng sut ph bng cch
pht nhiu lung d liu cng mt lc trong cng mt tn s v thi gian,
tn dng y cc li th ca cc ng dn khc nhau trong knh v
tuyn. i vi mt h thng c m t nh MIMO, n phi c t nht l
nhiu my thu vi nhiu lung pht. S lng cc lung pht khng c
nhm ln vi s lng cc ng ten pht. Hy xem xt trng hp phn tp
pht (MISO) trong c hai my pht nhng ch c mt dng d liu.
Thm na s phn tp thu (SIMO) khng chuyn cu hnh ny vo MIMO,

30

mc d hin ti c hai anten pht v hai anten thu c lin quan. Ni cch
khc SIMO+MISO # MIMO. Nu N lung d liu c truyn t t hn N
anten, d liu c th khng c gii xo trn mt cch y bi bt k
my thu no t to ra s chng cho cc lung m khng c s b sung
ca phn tp theo khng gian th ch to ra nhiu. Tuy nhin v mt khng
gian vic tch bit N cc lung qua ti thiu N anten, N my thu s c th
ti to li y d liu ban u v nhiu trong knh v tuyn l thp.
Mt yu t quan trng cho hot ng MIMO l vic truyn t mi anten
phi l duy nht mi my thu c th xc nh c ci g m n nhn
c. Vic nhn dng ny thng c thc hin vi cc tn hiu ch o,
trong s dng cc mu trc giao cho mi anten. S phn tp khng gian
ca knh v tuyn ngha l MIMO c kh nng lm tng tc d liu.
Hnh thc c bn nht ca MIMO l gn mt dng d liu cho mi
anten v c th hin nh trong hnh 2.5:

Hnh 2.5 MIMO 2x2 khng c tin m ha

Trong dng ny, mt lung d liu duy nht c gn cho mt anten
v c bit n nh nh x trc tip. Sau chng c trn ln vi nhau
trn knh, mi anten thu s nhn mt s kt hp ca cc lung. Bn thu s
s dng mt b lc nghch o v tng hp cc lung nhn c ri ti
to li d liu gc. Mt dng tin tin hn ca MIMO l tin m ha c

31

bit ph hp vi vic truyn dn ch c bit ca knh. Kt qu

ny ti u trong mi lung c lan truyn qua nhiu hn mt anten pht.
Vi k thut ny lm vic hiu qu my pht phi c s hiu bit v cc
iu kin knh truyn, v trong trng hp FDD cc iu kin ny phi
c cung cp trong thi gian thc bi thng tin phn hi t UE. Nh vy
n s lm phc tp thm mt cch ng k cho vic ti u ha nhng h
thng c th lm vic vi hiu sut cao hn. Tin m ha vi h thng
TDD khng yu cu nhn phn hi bi v my pht s xc nh mt cch
c lp cc iu kin ca knh truyn bi vic phn tch cc tn hiu nhn
c trn cng mt tn s.
Nhng li ch v mt l thuyt ca MIMO l chc nng ca s lng
cc anten truyn v nhn, cc iu kin lan truyn v tuyn, SNR v kh
nng ca my pht thch nghi vi cc iu kin thay i. Trng hp l
tng l mt trong cc ng dn trong knh truyn v tuyn l hon ton
khng tng quan, nh th ring bit, cc kt ni cp vt l khng c
xuyn m gia my pht v my thu. iu kin nh vy gn nh l khng
t c trong khng gian t do. Cc gii hn trn ca MIMO t c
trong cc iu kin l tng l d dng xc nh, v cho mt h thng 22
vi hai lung d liu ng thi lm tng gp i cng sut v tc d
liu l c th. MIMO hot ng tt nht trong cc iu kin SNR cao vi
ng tm nhn cc tiu. Kt qu l, MIMO c bit ph hp vi mi
trng trong nh, c th to ra mt mc cao ca a ng v tm nhn
cc tiu.
2.4.

Lp vt l LTE

2.4.1. iu ch
Trong iu ch hng ln s dng b iu ch truyn thng l iu
ch bin cu phng (QAM). Trong cc phng php iu ch c sn

32

(cho d liu ngi dng) l kha dch pha vung gc (QPSK), 16QAM v
24 QAM. Trong QPSK v 16QAM l c sn trong tt c cc thit b,
trong khi vic h tr cho 64QAM theo hng ng ln l mt kh
nng ca UE. Cc chm im iu ch khc nhau c th hin nh trong
hnh 2.6:

Hnh 2.6 Cc chm im iu ch trong LTE

iu ch PRACH l iu ch pha v cc chui c s dng l c
to ra t cc chui ZadoffChu vi nhng s khc bit v pha gia cc k
hiu khc nhau ca cc chui. Ty thuc vo chui c chn dn n t l
nh- trung bnh (PAR) hoc hn na gi tr Metric khi (CM) thc t l c
phn thp hn hoc cao hn so vi gi tr ca QPSK.
S dng iu ch QPSK cho php hiu qu cng sut pht tt khi
vn hnh ti ch cng sut truyn ti y cng nh iu ch s quyt
nh kt qu ca CM (i vi SC-FDMA) v do n cng yu cu thit b
khuych i ch truyn. Cc thit b s s dng cng sut pht ti a
thp hn khi vn hnh vi iu ch 16QAM hoc 64QAM.
Trong hng ng xung, cc phng php iu ch cho d liu
ngi s dng cng tng t nh trong hng ln. Theo l thuyt th h
thng OFDM c th s dng cc iu ch khc nhau cho mi sng mang
con. c knh thng tin cht lng (v bo hiu) vi chi tit nh vy

33

l s khng th kh thi do dn n chi ph qu mc. Nu iu ch ring

tng sng mang con s c qu nhiu bt trong hng ng xung dnh
cho bo nhn trong cc tham s ca mi sng mang con v trong hng
ng ln phn hi ch th cht lng knh (CQI) s cn phi qu chi tit
t c mc chi tit cc sng mang con c th thch ng.
Ngoi ra kha dch pha nh phn(BPSK) c xc nh cho cc
knh iu khin, trong s dng hoc l BPSK hoc l QPSK cho truyn
dn cc thng tin iu khin.
2.4.2. Truyn ti d liu ngi s dng hng ln
D liu ngi s dng trong hng ln c mang trn PUSCH,
trong mt cu trc khung 10ms v c da trn s cp pht ti nguyn
min thi gian v min tn s vi 1ms v khong chia 180kHz. Vic phn
b ti nguyn i km t mt b lp biu c t ti eNodeB, c minh
ha trong hnh 2.7:

Hnh 2.7 Cp pht ti nguyn hng ln c iu khin bi b lp

biu eNodeB

34

Do khng c s c nh cc ngun ti nguyn cho cc thit b, v

cng khng cn tn hiu trc t eNodeB cc ngun ti nguyn ch cn truy
nhp ngu nhin l c th c s dng. i vi mc ch ny cc thit b
c nhu cu cn phi cung cp thng tin cho cc b lp lch biu ng ln
ca cc yu cu truyn dn (b m trng thi) n c cng nh da trn cc
ngun ti nguyn cng sut truyn ti hin sn c.
Cu trc khung thng qua cu trc khe 0,5ms v s dng 2 khe (1
khung con) thi gian c cp pht. Chu k cp pht ngn hn 0,5ms c
th c c qua cng tn hiu nht l vi mt s lng ln ngi s
dng. Cu trc khung 10ms c minh ha trong hnh 2.8. Cu trc khung
v c bn l ph hp cho c hai ch FDD v TDD, nhng ch TDD
c cc phn b sung cho cc im chuyn tip ng ln/ng xung
trong khung.

Hnh 2.8 Cu trc khung LTE FDD

Trong khe 0,5ms c c cc k hiu tham chiu v cc k hiu d liu
ngi s dng. Tc d liu ca ngi dng l tm thi do nhng s
thay i nh l mt chc nng ca phn b ti nguyn ng ln ty thuc
vo bng thng tm thi c cp pht. Bng thng c th c cp pht
gia 0 v 20MHz trong cc bc ca 180kHz. Cp pht l lin tc nh
truyn dn ng ln l FDMA c iu ch ch vi mt k hiu c

35

truyn ti mt thi im. Bng thng khe c iu chnh gia cc TTI

lin tip c minh ha nh trong hnh 2.9. Ni m tng gp i tc d
liu kt qu l tng gp i bng thng c s dng. Cc k hiu tham
chiu lun chim cng mt khng gian trong min thi gian v do tc
d liu cao hn kt qu l s tng tng ng vi tc d liu k hiu
tham chiu.

Hnh 2.9 Tc d liu gia cc TTI theo hng ln

Tin t vng(Cyclic Prefix) s dng trong ng ln c hai gi tr c
th ph thuc vo vic mt tin t vng l ngn hoc di c p dng.
Cc thng s khc l khng thay i v do khe 0,5ms c th cha c 6
hoc 7 k hiu nh c ch ra trong hnh 2.10. Cc ti trng d liu b
gim bt nu mt tin t vng m rng c s dng. Nhng n khng
c s dng thng xuyn thng l c li v hiu sut v c 7 k hiu
ln hn nhiu so vi s suy gim c th c t nhiu lin k t do s tr ca
knh di hn so vi tin t vng.

36

Hnh 2.10 Cu trc khe ng ln vi tin t vng ngn v di

Kt qu l tc d liu hng ln tc thi trn mt khung con 1ms
l mt chc nng ca iu ch, s lng cc khi ti nguyn c cp pht,
v tng s chi ph cho thng tin iu khin cng nh l tc m ha knh
c p dng. Phm vi ca tc d liu nh hng ln tc thi khi c
tnh ton t cc ngun ti nguyn lp vt l l trong khong t 700kbps ti
86Mbps. Khng c a anten cho truyn ti hng ln c xc nh trong
phin bn 8. Tc d liu tc thi cho mt UE ph thuc vo cc c
im ng ln LTE t cc yu t sau:
- Phng thc iu ch c p dng: vi 2, 4 hoc 6 bits trn k
hiu iu ch ty thuc vo trnh t iu ch vi QPSK, 16QAM
v 64QAM tng ng.
- Bng thng c p dng: i vi 1,4MHz c chi ph l ln nht
do c cc knh chung v cc tn hiu ng b. Bng thng tm
thi ca knh c th bin i gia s cp pht ti thiu l 12 sng
mang con (mt khi ti nguyn l 180kHz) v bng thng ca h
thng ln n 1200 sng mang con vi bng thng 20MHz.
- Tc m ha knh c p dng.
- Tc d liu trung bnh ph thuc vo thi gian phn b ti
nguyn min.
Cc hoc cc khu vc c th, nng sut d liu ti a c th c
tng ln vi MIMO o (V-MIMO). Trong V-MIMO th eNodeB s x l

37

truyn t hai UE khc nhau (vi mi mt ngten pht n) nh l mt kiu

truyn dn MIMO. V-MIMO khng gp phn vo tc d liu ti a cho
ngi dng n l.

Hnh 2.11 Chui m ha knh PUSCH

Chui m ha knh cho ng ln c th hin nh trong hnh
2.11, ni m d liu v cc thng tin iu khin c m ha ring v sau
c nh x ti cc k hiu ring truyn. Thng tin iu khin c a
im ring quanh cc k hiu tham chiu, thng tin iu khin lp vt l
c m ha ring bit v c t vo mt tp cc k hiu iu ch c
xc nh trc.

38

M ha knh c chn cho d liu ngi dng LTE l m turbo.

M ha l m chp ghp song song (PCCC) b m ha kiu turbo. M
turbo an xen ca WCDMA c sa i ph hp hn vi c tnh ca
LTE, cu trc khe v cng cho php s linh hot hn thc hin vic s
l tn hiu song song vi tc d liu tng ln.
LTE cng s dng kt hp vi s pht li lp vt l, thng c gi
l yu cu lp li thch ng hn hp (HARQ). Trong khi vn hnh lp vt
l HARQ cng nhn lu tr cc gi tin khi vic kim tra CRC tht bi v
kt hp gi tin nhn c khi nhn c mt s truyn li.
D liu v thng tin iu khin c ghp theo thi gian mc
thnh phn ti nguyn. D liu c iu khin mt cch c lp vi cc
thng tin iu khin, nhng thi gian iu ch trong mt 1ms TTI l nh
nhau.

Hnh 2.12 Ghp knh ca thng tin iu khin v d liu

39

2.4.3. Truyn ti d liu ngi s dng hng xung

D liu ngi dng hng xung c mang trn knh chia s
ng xung vt l (PDSCH). Tng t vic phn b ti nguyn 1ms cng
l hp l trn ng xung. Cc sng mang con c cp pht cc n v
ti nguyn ca 12 sng mang con dn n cc n v cp pht l 180kHz
(khi ti nguyn vt l, PRBs). Vi PDSCH, a truy nhp l OFDMA, mi
sng mang con c truyn i song song vi 15kHz v do tc d liu
ca ngi s dng ph thuc vo s lng cc sng mang con c cp
pht (hoc cc khi ti nguyn trong thc t) cho mt ngi dng nht
nh. eNodeB cp pht khi ti nguyn da trn ch s cht lng knh
(CQI) t thit b u cui. Tng t nh ng ln, cc khi ti nguyn
c cp pht trong min thi gian v min tn s, c minh ha nh
trong hnh 2.13:

Hnh 2.13 Cp pht ti nguyn ng xung ti eNodeB

40

Knh iu khin ng xung vt l (PDCCH) thng bo cho thit

b cc khi ti nguyn c cp pht cho n, t ng vi chi tit cp
pht l 1ms. D liu PDSCH s chim gi t 3 n 6 k hiu trn mi khe
0,5ms ty thuc vo vic cp pht cho PDCCH v n cng ph thuc xem
liu mt tin t vng c s dng l ngn hay di. Trong mt khung con
1ms, ch c khe 0,5ms u tin cha PDCCH trong khi khe 0,5ms th 2 l
hon ton cho d liu (cho PDSCH) . i vi mt tin t vng di th 6 k
hiu s c gn trong khe 0,5ms. Trong khi vi mt tin t vng ngn th
7 k hiu c th c gn vo. V d nh trong hnh 2.14, gi s c 3 k
hiu cho PDCCH nhng iu ny c th thay i gia 1 v 3. Vi bng
thng nh nht l 1,4MHz s cc k hiu thay i gia 2 v 4 cho php c
dung lng truyn tn hiu v cc bit cho php m ha knh
tt trong cc trng hp quan trng.

Hnh 2.14 Cu trc khe ng xung cho bng thng 1.4 MHz

41

\
Hnh 2.15 Chui m ha knh DL-SCH
Ngoi cc k hiu iu khin cho PDCCH, khng gian d liu ca
ngi s dng c b gim bt do cc tn hiu chun, cc tn hiu ng b v
d liu qung b. Do c lng knh l c li khi cc tn hiu chun
c phn b u trong min thi gian v min tn s. iu ny lm gim
bt cc chi ph cn thit, nhng n yu cu mt s quy tc phi c xc
nh c hai my thu v my pht hiu c nh x ti nguyn mt
cch ging nhau. T tng khng gian cp pht ti nguyn vi mt nhu cu
vn chuyn ton b vo ti khon cho cc knh chung nh PBCH, c th
tiu tn khng gian ti nguyn ca ring h. Mt v d v PDCCH v vic
cp pht ti nguyn PDSCH c th hin trong hnh 2.16:

42

Hnh 2.16 V d v chia s ti nguyn ng xung gia

PDCCH & PDSCH
M ha knh cho d liu ngi dng theo ng xung l s dng
m turbo 1/3 nh trong hng ng ln. Kch thc ti a cho khi m
ha turbo c gii hn trong 6144 bit gim bt gnh nng x l, cc
cp pht cao hn sau s c phn on n cc khi m ha a. Bn
cnh vic m ha turbo, ng xung cng c lp vt l HARQ vi cc
phng php kt hp tng t nh trong hng ln. Cc loi thit b cng
phn nh s lng b nh m c sn kt hp pht li. Chui m ha
ng xung c minh ha nh trong hnh 2.16. Khng c ghp knh cc
ngun ti nguyn lp vt l vi PDCCH khi chng c ngun ti nguyn
ring ca mnh trong khung con 1ms.
Mt khi d liu c m ha, cc t m c cung cp v sau
cho cc chc nng iu ch v xo trn. nh x iu ch c p dng cc
iu ch mong mun (QPSK, 16QAM hoc 64QAM) v sao cc k hiu

43

c np cho lp nh x trc khi m ha. i vi vic truyn dn a

anten (2 hoc 4) th cc d liu ny sau c chia thnh nhiu lung
khc nhau v sau c nh x iu chnh cc thnh phn ti nguyn
sn c cho PDSCH v sau tn hiu OFDMA thc t c to ra, c
th hin trong hnh 2.17 vi v d l truyn dn 2 anten. Nu ch c mt
anten pht l sn c, th r dng l cc chc nng ca lp nh x v trc
m ha l khng c vi tr trong truyn dn tn hiu.

Hnh 2.17 S to thnh tn hiu hng xung

Hiu qu ca tc d liu hng xung tc thi ph thuc vo :
- iu ch, vi phng php tng t c th nh hng ng ln.
- Cp pht s lng cc sng mang con. Lu rng trong ng
xung cc khi ti nguyn l khng cn thit phi cp pht lin tc
trong min tn s. Phm vi ca vic cp pht bng thng l tng t
nh hng ng ln t 12 sng mang con (180kHz) ti 1200 sng
mang con.
- Tc m ha knh.
- S lng anten pht (cc lung c lp) vi s hot ng ca
MIMO.

44

Tc d liu nh tc thi cho ng xung (gi s tt c cc ti

nguyn l cho mt ngi dng duy nht v ch tnh cc ngun ti nguyn
vt l c sn) l khong t 0,7Mbps ti 170Mbps. Thm ch c th l
300Mbps hoc c th cao hn nu s dng cu hnh MIMO 4 4 anten.
Khng c gii hn v tc d liu nh nht, v cn c cc n v cp
pht nh nht (1 khi ti nguyn) l qu cao th khong m c th c p
dng.
2.5.

Cc th tc truy nhp LTE

2.5.1. D tm t bo
D tm cell l th tc m theo thit b u cui tm thy mt cell
c kh nng kt ni ti. Nh l mt phn ca th tc d tm cell, thit b
u cui thu c nhn dng cell v c tnh nh thi khung ca cell c
xc nh. Hn na, th tc d tm cell cng cung cp s nh gi cc thng
s cn thit cho vic thu nhn thng tin ca h thng trn knh qung b,
c cha cc thng s cn li cn thit cho vic truy nhp vo h thng.
trnh vic lp k hoch cell phc tp, s lng cc nhn dng cell
lp vt l phi c ln. LTE h tr 510 nhn dng khc nhau, c chia
thnh 170 nhm nhn dng cell .
gim s phc tm trong vic d tm cell, d tm cell trong LTE
thng c thc hin trong mt vi bc, tng t nh th tc d tm
ba bc trong WCDMA. h tr thit b u cui trong th tc ny, LTE
cung cp mt tn hiu ng b s cp v mt tn hiu ng b th cp trn
ng xung. Cc tn hiu ng b s cp v th cp l cc chui ring,
c chn vo hai k hiu OFDM cui cng trong khe u tin ca khung
ph (subframe) 0 v 5. Ngoi cc tn hiu ng b, th tc d tm cell cng
c th li dng cc tn hiu tham chiu nh l mt phn hot ng ca n.

45

2.5.2. Truy nhp ngu nhin

Mt yu cu c bn cho bt k mt h thng di ng t bo no l
kh nng cho thit b u cui yu cu thit lp mt kt ni. iu ny
thng c gi l truy nhp ngu nhin v ph v hai mc ch chnh ca
LTE, l thit lp ng b hng ln v thit lp mt nhn dng thit b
u cui duy nht, C-RNTI, c bit n c h thng mng v thit b
u cui. Do , truy nhp ngu nhin c s dng khng ch cho truy
nhp ban u, khi chuyn giao t LTE_DETACHED (LTE_tch bit) hoc
LTE_IDLE (LTE_rnh ri) ti LTE_ACTIVE (LTE_tch cc), m cn sau
nhng giai on ca tnh trng khng tch cc ng ln khi ng b
ng ln b mt trong LTE_ACTIVE.
Tng quan v truy nhp ngu nhin c th hin nh trong hnh
2.18, n bao gm bn bc:
-

Bc u tin bao gm truyn dn phn m u truy nhp ngu

nhin, cho php eNodeB c tnh s nh thi truyn ti ca thit b
u cui. ng b hng ln l cn thit nu khng th thit b u
cui khng th truyn c bt k d liu no hng ln.

- Bc th hai bao gm: mng s truyn mt lnh nh thi sm n

iu chnh s nh thi truyn ca thit b u cui, da trn php
o nh thi trong bc u tin. Ngoi vic thit lp ng b hng
ln, bc hai cng ch nh cc ngun ti nguyn hng ln cho thit
b u cui c s dng trong bc th ba trong cc th tc truy
nhp ngu nhin.
- Bc th ba bao gm truyn dn s nhn dng thit b u cui di
ng bng cch s dng UL-SCH tng t nh d liu c hoch
nh thng thng. Ni dung chnh xc ca tn hiu ny ph thuc

46

vo trng thi ca thit b u cui, d n trc y c bit n mng

hay khng.
- Bc th t v cng l bc cui cng bao gm truyn dn thng
ip phn gii tranh chp t mng ti thit b u cui trn knh
DL-SCH. Bc ny cng gii quyt mi tranh chp do c nhiu thit
b u cui ang c gng truy nhp vo h thng bng cch s
dng cng ti nguyn truy nhp h thng

Hnh 2.18 Th tc truy nhp ngu nhin

47

2.6.

Kt lun chng 2
Qua chng trn chng ta tm hiu v kin trc, lp vt l v cc

th tc truy nhp trong LTE. Tuy nhin,

LTE mi ch c gi vi ci

tn khng chnh thc l 3,9G n vn cha p ng yu cu ca mt h

thng thng tin di ng th t. LTE s dng k thut truy nhp phn
chia theo tn s trc giao OFDMA ng xung. Trong khi ng
ln LTE s dng k thut a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s n sng
mang SC FDMA. Vy chnh thc c gi l h thng thng tin di
ng th h th t TLE cn c thm nhng g, ta cng tm hiu v cng
ngh LTE Advanced.

48

CHNG III. CNG NGH LTE ADVANCED TRONG

THNG TIN DI NG

3.1. LTE-Advanced
LTE-Advanced (Long Term Evolution-Advanced) l s tin ha ca
cng ngh LTE, cng ngh da trn OFDMA ny c chun ha bi
3GPP trong phin bn (Release) 8 v 9. LTE-Advanced, d n c nghin
cu v chun ha bi 3GPP vo nm 2009 vi cc c t c mong i
hon thnh vo qu 2 nm 2010 nh l mt phn ca Release 10 nhm p
ng hoc vt hn so vi nhng yu cu ca th h cng ngh v tuyn di
ng th 4 (4G) IMT-Advance c thit lp bi ITU. LTE Advance s
tng thch ngc v thun vi LTE, ngha l cc thit b LTE s hot ng
c mng LTE-Advance mi v cc mng LTE c. ITU a ra cc yu
cu cho IMT-Advance nhm to ra nh ngha chnh thc v 4G. Thut ng
4G s p dng trn cc mng tun theo cc yu cu ca IMT-Advance xoay
quanh bo co ITU-R M.2134. Mt s yu cu then cht bao gm:
- H tr rng bng tn ln n v bao gm 40Mhz.
- Khuyn khch h tr cc rng bng tn rng hn.
- Hiu qu s dng ph tn nh ng xung ti thiu l 15 b/s/Hz
(gi s s dng MIMO 4x4).
- Hiu qu s dng ph tn nh ng ln ti thiu l 6,75 b/s/Hz
(gi s s dng MIMO 4x4).
- Tc thng lng l thuyt l 1,5 Gb/s.
3.2. Nhng cng ngh xut cho LTE-Advanced

49

3.2.1. Bng thng v ph tn

Mc tiu tc s liu nh ca LTE-Advance rt cao v ch c th
c tha mn mt cch va phi bng cch tng rng bng truyn dn
hn na so vi nhng g c cung cp Release u tin ca LTE v
rng bng truyn dn ln n 100Mhz c tho lun trong ni dung ca
LTE-Advance. Vic m rng rng ca bng s c thc hin trong khi
vn duy tr c tnh tng thch ph. iu ny c th t c bng cch
s dng khi tp kt sng mang, trong nhiu sng mang thnh phn
LTE c kt hp trn lp vt l cung cp rng bng cn thit. i
vi thit b u cui LTE, mi sng mang thnh phn s xut hin nh l
mt sng mang LTE trong khi mt thit b u cui LTE-Advanced c th
khai thc ton b rng bng khi kt tp.
Hnh 3.1 minh ha trng hp cc sng mang thnh phn lin tip
nhau mc d kha cnh bng gc, iu ny khng phi l iu kin tin
quyt. Truy nhp n mt lng ln ph lin tc bc 100Mhz khng th
c thng xuyn. Do , LTE-Advanced c th cho php kt tp cc sng
mang thnh phn khng lin k x l cc tnh hung trong mt khi
lng ln ph lin tip nhau khng sn c. Tuy nhin, nn lu rng s kt
tp ph khng lin k nhau ang l thch thc t kha cnh thc thi.V vy,
mc d khi kt tp ph c h tr bi cc c t c bn th s kt tp
ph phn tn ch c cung cp bi cc thit b u cui cp cao nht. Truy
nhp trn cc rng bng tn truyn dn cao hn khng ch hu ch t
kha cnh tc nh m quan trng hn l cng c cho vic m rng
ph sng vi cc tc s liu trung bnh.

50

Hnh 3.1 V d v khi tp kt sng mang

3.2.2. Gii php a anten
Cc cng ngh a anten, bao gm nh dng chm v ghp knh theo
khng gian l cc thnh phn cng ngh then cht vn c ca LTE v chc
chn s tip tc ng vai tr quan trng hn trong LTE-Advanced. Thit k
a anten hin ti cung cp ln n bn cng anten vi cc tn hiu tham
chiu c th tng ng ng xung, kt hp vi s tin m ha da
trn s m. Cu trc ny cung cp c s ghp theo khng gian ln n bn
lp, a n tc bit nh l 300Mbit/s cng nh l nh dng chm (da
trn s m). Kt hp vi nhau trn rng bng ton phn l 100 Mhz, s
ghp khng gian LTE hin ti s t c tc nh l 1,5Gb/s vt xa
so vi yu cu ca LTE-Advanced. C th thy trc rng h tr ghp knh
theo khng gian ng ln s l mt phn ca LTE-Advance. Vic tng s
lp truyn dn ng xung vt xa con s bn l c kh nng v c th
c s dng nh l phn b sung i vi s tng tc nh thng qua s
m rng bng tn.
3.2.3 Truyn dn a im phi hp
Mc tiu v s liu nh ca LTE-Advance yu cu s ci thin ng
k v t l tn hiu trn tp m v can nhiu SINR thit b u cui. nh
dng chm l mt cch. cc mng hin ti, nhiu anten nm phn tn v
mt a l kt ni n mt n v x l bng gc trung tm c s dng
nhm em li hiu qu v chi ph. M hnh trin khai thu/pht a im phi

51

hp vi qu trnh x l bng gc mt nt n c m t hnh trn.

ng xung, n ch ra s phi hp truyn dn t a im truyn dn.

Hnh 3.2 Truyn dn a im phi hp

3.2.4. Cc b lp v chuyn tip
T vic xem xt qu ng truyn, vic trin khai cc gii php
chuyn tip khc nhau nhm gim khong cch my pht v my thu xung
v cho php tng tc s liu. Cc b lp n gin s khuch i v
chuyn i cc tn hiu tng t thu c. Khi c ci t, cc b lp lin
tc chuyn i tn hiu thu c m khng quan tm n c thit b u cui
trong vng ph sng ca n hay khng. Nhng b lp nh vy khng hin
th i vi c cc thit b u cui v trm gc. Tuy nhin, c th xem xt
cc cu trc b lp cao cp hn, chng hn s trong mng c th iu
khin cng sut truyn ca b lp, chng hn, ch tch cc b lp khi ngi
s dng hin din trong khu vc c iu khin bi b lp nhm tng tc
s liu cung cp trong khu vc. Cc bo co o c b sung t cc thit
b u cui c th cng c xem xt nh l phng tin hng dn mng
m trong cc b lp c bt ln. Tuy nhin, vic iu khin ti truyn

52

dn v lp biu thng nm trm gc v v vy, cc b lp thng trong

sut t kha cnh di ng.
Nt trung gian cng c th gii m v ti ha bt k s liu thu c,
u tin chuyn tip n n ngi s dng c phc v. y thng c
xem l chuyn tip gii m ha v truyn tip. Khi nt trung gian gii m
ha v ti m ha khi s liu thu c th to ra tr ng k, lu hn
di khung con LTE 1ms. Tuy nhin, cc nt chuyn tip khng truyn tip
cc tp m v s thch nghi tc c th c thc hin mt cch ring r
cho mi kt ni.
i vi cc b lp, tn ti nhiu ty chn khc nhau ph thuc vo
cc tnh nng c h tr nhng mc cao, c th phn bit hai tng khc
nhau, da trn vic truyn tip c thc hin lp 2 (chuyn tip lp 2)
hay lp 3 (chuyn tip lp 3). Mc d ging nhau nhiu im c bn (tr,
khng khuch i tp m), gii php self backhauling khng yu cu bt k
nt, giao thc hoc giao din mi no chun ha bi v cc gii php
ang tn ti c ti s dng v do c th c a chung hn trn cc
k thut cng chc nng L2 ca chng.

Hnh 3.3 Chuyn tip trong LTE-Advanced

53

3.2.5 MCMC CDMA

Song song vi cc gii php trn th mt xut cng ang c a
ra l MCMC CDMA (Multicode Multicarrier Code Division Multiple
Access) nhm cung cp nhiu loi tc khc nhau c truyn i trn
nhiu song mang con.
A. H thng Multicarrier CDMA
H thng MC-CDMA c xem nh l s kt hp ni tip ca
CDMA v OFDM. S kt hp ny c hai u im chnh, th nht n k
tha kh nng lm chm tc k t trn mi sng mang ph c
c mt s nhn tn hiu gn ng b (quasi-synchronous). u im th
hai l n c th kt hp mt cch hiu qu nng lng tn hiu b phn
tn trong min tn s. c bit trong nhng trng hp truyn dn tc
cao khi mt b thu DS-CDMA c th thy 20 ng trong p ng xung
tc thi, mt b kt hp RAKE 20 ng l iu khng th thc hin cho
b thu DS-CDMA, trong khi mt b thu MC-CDMA l c th thc hin
c mc d n s tiu tn nng lng tn hiu nhn trong nhng khong
bo v. B pht MC-CDMA tri lung d liu ban u ln cc sng mang
ph khc nhau bng cch s dng mt m tri rng trong min tn s. Ni
mt cch khc, phn k t tng ng vi mt chip ca m tri rng s
c truyn trn mt sng mang ph. Hnh 3.4 cho ta khi nim v s to
tn hiu MC-CDMA cho mt ngi dng. Tng t nh trong h thng
CDMA, mt ngi dng c th chim ton b bng thng cho s truyn
dn ca mt k t d liu. S phn bit cc tn hiu ca nhng ngi dng
khc nhau c thc hin trong min m. Mi k t d liu c sao chp
ln cc lung ph trc khi nhn n vi chip ca m tri rng, iu ny cho
thy mt h thng MC-CDMA thc hin s tri rng theo hng tn s v

54

nh vy lm tng thm tnh linh ng khi so snh vi mt h thng

CDMA. S nh x cc chip theo hng tn s cho php s nhn dng tn
hiu c th c thc hin bng nhiu phng php n gin.

Hnh 3.4 S to tn hiu MC-CDMA cho mt ngi dng

S to tn hiu tri ph a sng mang s dng OFDM cho mt ngi
dung c minh ha hnh 3.4. Khng mt tnh tng qu, s to tn hiu
MC-CDMA c miu t cho mt k t i vi mi ngi dng, v vy ch
s k t d liu khng cn ghi r. Trong b pht, k t d liu gi tr phc
ca ngi dng th k c nhn vi m tri ph :
=
C chiu di L =

=
=

(3.1)

. Chui gi tr phc thu c sau b tri ph :

=

(3.2)

55

Hnh 3.5 Nguyn tc to tn hiu MC- CDMA

Tn hiu ng xung (downlink):

56

tuyn xung ng b, cc tn hiu tri ph ca K user c cng

vi nhau trc khi thc hin phng php OFDM (hnh 3.3). Kt qu xp
chng K user vi nhau to ra tn hiu tri ph :
(3.3)
Kt qu ny c th vit di dng ma trn
S=C.d

(3.4)

Trong
d=

(3.5)

l vector gm cc k hiu pht ca K user tch cc, cn C l ma trn

m ct th k l m tri ph c trng cho user th k:
C=

(3.6)

Hnh 3.6 My pht MC-CDMA tuyn xung

Tn hiu MC-CDMA tuyn xung l kt qu ca qu trnh x l tn
hiu s bng khi OFDM theo phng trnh (3.3). Gi s rng khong d
phng l di, vector thu sau khi thc hin bin i ngc OFDM v loi
b cc khong tn s tha s c xc nh bi:

57

r = H.s + n =

(3.7)

trong H l ma trn LxL c trng cho knh truyn v n l vector tn hiu

nhiu chiu di L. Vector r s c a vo b pht hin d liu c
lng (bng phng php cng hoc mm) d liu pht. Khi m t k thut
pht hin a user, vector r s c biu din di dng:
r = A.s + n =

(3.8)

vi A l ma trn h thng xc nh bi:

A= H.C

(3.9)

Tn hiu ng ln (uplink)
tuyn ln, tn hiu MC-CDMA c c mt cch trc tip sau khi
x l chui

ca user th k bng khi OFDM. Sau khi thc hin qu trnh

bin i ngc OFDM v loi b cc khong tn s tha my thu th

vector thu ng vi chui pht

s l:
+n=

trong

(3.10)

bao gm cc h s ca knh truyn ph ng vi user th k.

Tuyn ln phi c ng b phng php OFDM t hiu sut s dng

ph cao nht. Vector r ny s c a vo b pht hin c lng d
liu pht bng phng php cng hoc mm. Ma trn h thng A ca tuyn
ln c nh ngha bi:
A= (

(3.11)

58

B. H thng Multicode CDMA

H thng Multi-code CDMA cung cp nhiu loi tc khc nhau
bng cch n nh cho mi ngi dng mt tp gm M chui m, kch
thc M ca tp m s thay i theo tc yu cu. Ty thuc vo cch
thc nh x cc bit d liu vo cc chui m m ta c cc h thng
Multi-code CDMA khc nhau.
H thng Multi-code CDMA kiu truyn song song
Trong h thng Multi-code CDMA kiu truyn song song khi mt
ngi dng cn truyn mt lung d liu c tc ln hn tc c bn
M ln th h thng s chuyn lung d liu ny thnh M lung d liu con
song song (s dng b chuyn i ni tip sang song song), M lung d
liu con ny c xem nh l ca M ngi dng c lp, mi lung s
c tri ph (m ha) bng mt m khc nhau trong tp v c cng li
trc khi chuyn ln truyn dn cao tn. Hnh 3.7 miu t s khi b
pht trong h thng Multi-code CDMA kiu truyn song song.

Hnh 3.7 S khi b pht Multi-code CDMA kiu truyn song song

59

B thu ca h thng Multi-code CDMA c xem nh tng ng

vi M b thu ca h thng DS-CDMA. Hnh 3.8 miu t s khi ca b
thu h thng Multi-code CDMA kiu truyn song song.

Hnh 3.8 S khi b thu Multi-code CDMA kiu truyn song song
gim s t xuyn nhiu (self-interference) m mt ngi dng s
dng nhiu m c th gp phi th cc m ca cng ngi dng nn trc
giao ln nhau.
H thng Multi-code CDMA kiu truyn M-ary
Trong h thng Multi-code CDMA kiu truyn M-ary mi ngi
dng cng c gn mt tp gm M chui m. Cc tc d liu khc
nhau ca ngi dng s c h tr bng cch thay i kch thc M ca
tp chui m. Ngi dng truyn d liu bng cch chn mt chui m t
tp chui ca h v truyn n qua knh chung, bng cch ny
d liu c truyn trong mt chu k k t d liu.

(M ) bit

60

Qu trnh to m cho mt ngi dng cho mt h thng Multi-code

CDMA kiu truyn M-ary cng tng t nh qu trnh to m trong h
thng Multi-code CDMA kiu truyn song song. Mi ngi dng c gn
mt m c trng cho ngi dng

(n) , mt tp m {

(n)|1 m M}

c gi l tp m thng tin c dng chung cho tt c ngi dng. Tp

m cho ngi dng th k l:
={
={

(n)|1 m M}
(n)

(n)|1 m M}

(3.12)

Vi cch to m ny th b nh x cc k t d liu M-ary vo cc

chui

(n), b gii m (b lc tng hp) v khi quyt nh l ging

nhau cho tt c ngi dng. M hnh b pht v b thu h thng Multicode CDMA kiu truyn Mary c miu t trn Hnh 3.9:

61

Hnh 3.9 M hnh b pht v thu h thng Multi-code CDMA kiu

truyn M-ary
Ti b pht, mt trong s M chui m thng tin

(n) c chn ty

thuc vo k t d liu M-ary. Chui m ny s c nhn vi chui m

c trng cho ngi dng v mt h s bin

, php nhn gia hai

chui m c thc hin theo kiu chip-nhn-chip. Chui kt qu c

iu ch v truyn ra ngoi knh truyn.

62

Ti b thu, tn hiu thu c gii iu ch, nhn vi chui c trng

cho ngi dng v c a qua b gii m l mt bng cc b lc tng
hp cho cc chui thng tin

(n) vi 1 m M . Mt n v quyt nh

s xc nh chui no c gi (d tm cc i) v cho ra k t d liu

M-ary tng ng.
M hnh Multi-code CDMA tng qut

Hnh 3.10 M hnh Multi-code CDMA tng qut

Nh ta c th thy cc phn trc, mt h thng DS-CDMA gn
cho mi ngi dng mt m tri ph, cc h thng Multi-code CDMA kiu
truyn song song v kiu truyn M-ary gn cho mt ngi dng mt tp
gm M chui m. Trong cc h thng ny, ch mt phn hay ton b cc
chui m ca ngi dng c s dng truyn tin trong mt chu k k

63

t d liu. M hnh Multi-code CDMA tng qut ny c miu t nh

hnh 3.10.
ng vi m hnh Multi-code CDMA kiu truyn song song, mi
ngi dng c gn M chui m, M chui m ny c s dng ng
thi tri rng M lung d liu khc nhau c c sau khi chuyn i
ni tip sang song song. Tuy nhin, ng vi m hnh Multi-code CDMA
kiu truyn la chn (m hnh Multi-code CDMA kiu truyn M-ary l mt
trng hp c bit ca m hnh ny) ch mt tp con gm M' m (M M
') l c truyn trong mt chu k k t, tp con M' m ny tng trng
cho mt t m trong khng gian t m c hnh thnh do s kt hp cc
kh nng c th c ca M' chui m (c tnh n cc chui m tri du). V
vy, M' m c th hnh thnh nn mt khng gian t m vi W =

t m khc nhau, mi t m tng trng cho mt khi d liu

c th vi H = [

= W] bit, trong

( ) biu th s t hp chn n

t m phn t v [x] l s nguyn ln nht khng vt qu x . Nh vy:

-

Khi M = M' = 1, m hnh tng qut tng ng vi m hnh h thng

DS-CDMA vi tc d liu c bn l R.
- Khi 1 M ' M, m hnh tng qut tng ng vi m hnh h thng
Multi-code CDMA kiu truyn la chn vi tc d liu l HR .
- Khi M = M ' > 1, m hnh tng qut tng ng vi m hnh h
thng Multi-code CDMA kiu truyn song song vi tc d liu l
MR.
C. H thng MCMC CDMA
H thng PMC-MC CDMA

64

H thng PMC-MC-CDMA (Parallel Multicode Multicarrier

CDMA) c xem nh l s kt hp ca h thng Multi-code CDMA kiu
truyn song song v h thng MC-CDMA. Khi mt ngi dng cn truyn
mt lung d liu c tc ln hn tc c bn M ln th h thng s
chuyn lung d liu ny thnh M lung d liu con, mi lung d liu con
by gi c xem nh l ca tng ngi dng ring bit. Mi lung d liu
con s c a qua b m ha knh truyn, b trn v c nhn vi m
tri rng c chiu di L. Mi lung d liu con sau s c iu ch a
sng mang v pht ra ngoi knh truyn.

Hnh 3.11 S to tn hiu ri rc PMC-MC-CDMA

Hnh 3.11 miu t s to tn hiu ri rc cho h thng PMC-MCCDMA ng vi ngi dng k. Lung d liu k t
tc gp
/

vi

ca ngi dng k c

ln tc c bn, tc ca lung d liu k t

l khong thi gian ca mt k t tc c bn.

ny l

65

n gin khi phn tch trong cc phn tip theo s khng xt n

cc b m ha knh v cc b trn, ta c s rt gn s to tn hiu ri
rc PMC-MCCDMA cho ngi dng k nh Hnh 3.12. Trong mi khong
thi gian

s c

k t d liu ca ngi dng k c truyn, khng

mt tnh tng qut s to tn hiu PMC-MC-CDMA s c m t cho

k t d liu ca ngi dng tch cc k ,

k t d liu ca ngi dng

k c biu din di dng vector ct:

=

(3.13)

Hnh 3.12 S rt gn cho s to tn hiu ri rc PMC-MC-CDMA

Ta c th thy s khc nhau c bn gia s to tn hiu PMCMCCDMA v MC-CDMA nm b tri ph. Trong h thng PMC-MCCDMA, b tri ph s to ra
t d liu

m tri rng. B tri ph s nhn vector k

vi ma trn m tri rng ca ngi dng k

=

(3.14)

66

trong

(m =1,,

) l vector ct c chiu di L =

biu din

mt m tri rng trong tp m tri rng ca ngi dng th k . B tri ph

c dng :
=

(3.15)

H thng MMC-MC-CDMA
H thng MMC-MC-CDMA (M-ary Multicode MC-CDMA) l s
kt hp ni tip ca h thng Multi-code CDMA kiu truyn M-ary v h
thng MC-CDMA. Trong h thng ny mi ngi dng c mt m
(chiu di L) c trng cho ngi dng v mt tp m {

(n)|1 m M }

chung cho tt c ngi dng (chiu di ca mi m trong tp m chung l

N). [6]

Hnh 3.13 S to tn hiu ri rc MMC-MC-CDMA

Hnh 3.13 miu t s to tn hiu MMC-MC-CDMA ri rc cho
ngi dng k s dng s iu ch BPSK. Khi ngi dng k c tc d
liu gp

) ln tc d liu c bn (1/ ) th trong mi khong

67

thi gian
(

khi chn lc s nh x mt k t M-ary tng ng vi

) bit thng tin vo mt trong s

m ca tp m chung, tp

ny c gi l tp m thng tin cho ngi dng k. Chiu di N ca chui

m trong tp m chung l c nh vi cc gi tr khc nhau ca

, v vy

s thay i tc k t d liu khng lm thay i chiu di N ca chui

m hay tc ca lung bit i vo b tri ph (N/ ) nhng n lm thay
i kch thc

ca tp m thng tin.

Khng mt tnh tng qut ta s kho st trong mt khong thi gian

cho ngi dng tch cc k, gi s k t M-ary dk tng ng vi
) bit thng tin trong khong thi gian ny c nh x vo m
bit ca m

(
(n), N

(n) sau s ln lt i qua b tri ph. Vi mi bit

(bit th n ca m

; n =1, 2, ..., N) i vo b tri ph th ti ng ra b tri

ph ta c mt chui c chiu di L

=
Chui L gi tr phc ni tip

(3.16)
qua b chuyn i S/P chuyn

thnh L gi tr song song i vo khi OFDM. Ng ra khi OFDM s c

68

a qua khi D/A, chuyn ln tn s sng mang cao tn v pht ra ngoi

knh truyn.
3.3. Kho st tnh hnh trin khai LTE Advanced trn th gii v
Vit Nam
3.3.1 Tnh hnh trin khai LTE Advanced trn th gii
Thng 3 nm 2011, nh khai thc mng vin thng ca Nht l NTT
Docomo thc hin th nghim cc cng ngh chnh ca LTE-Advanced.
Docomo thc hin th nghim lin quan n kt hp bng tn, s dng 5
knh 20MHz cho ng xung v 2 knh 20MHz cho ng ln. Thm
na, th nghim cng bao gm c vic s dng cng ngh a anten u vo
v u ra cho c ng xung v ng ln. Th nghim m phng ny
ca NTT Docomo t c kt qu tc 1Gbps cho ng xung vi
vic s dng 4 ngten ti trm gc v 2 ngten trn mi thit b di ng (s
dng 2 thit b di ng) v 200Mbps cho ng ln vi vic s dng 2
anten pht v 2 anten thu kt hp vi kt hp sng mang.
Thng 6 nm 2010, Alcatel-Lucent thc hin th nghim cng
ngh truyn dn a im phi hp ca LTE-Advanced. Mc ch ca cuc
th nghim l nhm m rng hiu qu ph tn bin . Tn hiu ng ln
t mt ngui s dng c nhn bi nhiu . S kt hp nht qun ca
cc tn hiu ng ln c tp trung mt n v trung tm, gi l Nt B
pht trin LTE x l trung tm. Thng tin gia cc trm c trao i thng
qua giao din X2.
3.3.2 Kh nng trin khai LTE Advanced Vit Nam
Nn tng cho s pht trin cc h thng 2G/3G ln 4G l s pht
trin cc mng li ca h thng thng tin di ng ti cc nh khai thc
mng Vit Nam.

69

Hu ht cc nh khai thc mng ln Vit Nam nh VinaPhone,

MobiFone, Viettel ang dn dn pht trin thnh phn mng li ca mnh
tr thnh nhng mng hon ton dng IP. Hin nay giao thc IP c s
dng n tn trm pht sng, Node B c cu hnh hon ton IP (all
IPnetwork). Hnh 4.1 m t mt kt ni hon ton IP thuc mng li ca
mt h thng mng di ng.

Hnh 4.1 Kt ni mng li cho tng i MSS/TSS mng VinaPhone

Tuy nhin cc mng di ng ti Vit Nam pht trin ln 4G, c
bit l LTE-Advanced th cn phi c mt chng ng thay i v pht
trin rt di. Hin ti c hai con ng pht trin ln h thng di ng 4G,
th nht l pht trin h thng thng tin di ng 3G/HSPA+ hin ti ln
mng LTE pht hnh 8 v 9, vi t cch l h thng tim cn 4G nhng
cng c nhng pht trin rt ln v tc d liu cao. Mng LTE ang ha
hn m ra mt c hi tng lu lng thng qua cc ng dng di ng

70

mi.Theo k vng th LTE s t tc trung bnh t 50-100Mb/s. y l

mt s gia tng ng k so vi cc h thng 2G/3G v xa hn na l gip
tng cng dung lng truyn ti vi gi thnh thp hn t tng hiu
qu truyn ti. Hng pht trin th hai l tin thng ln h thng 4G
LTE-Advanced b qua qu trnh pht trin ln LTE pht hnh 8 v 9 vi
nhng s thay i ng k c v thit b ln cng ngh.

Kt lun chng 3:
Qua nhng cng ngh c s dng cng cc yu cu then cht
t c nh nu chng 3, ta nhn thy LTE Advanced chnh thc
l mt chun ca h thng thng tin di ng th h th t. Vi kh nng
truyn ti cao s dng bng tn ln n p ng c phn no nhu cu
ca con ngi v cc ng dng ca thng tin di ng. Vic p dng cng
ngh LTE Advanced l tt yu v cp bch ca cc nh khai thc vin
thng.

71

KT LUN

Cng ngh LTE Advanced l mt cng ngh cn kh mi, v

ang c trin khai trn ton th gii. Tuy nhin, vi kh nng truyn ti
tc cao s dng bng tn hiu qu, cng vi nhng yu cu ngy cng
tng v cht lng v s a dng dch v ngy cng tr nn r rng nhm
cung cp nhng dch v tt nht, thun tin nht cho khch hng. Nhu cu
s dng cc dch v truy cp Internet tc cao dnh cho cc thit b di
ng s ngy cng pht trin. V vy nghin cu v LTE Advanced s l
mt i hi thit yu, l c s cho vic trin khai thc t.
Vit Nam vi s pht trin nhanh chng v nhu cu v truyn ti
tc cao ca h thng thng tin di ng, vic nm bt cng ngh LTE
Advanced l ht sc cn thit, n ng vai tr quyt nh cho bc pht
trin tip theo ca cc nh mng ti Vit Nam.

72

Ti liu tham kho

[1] Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall, Johan Skold and Per Beming, 3G
Evolution HSPA and LTE Mobile Broadband, Academic Press, 2007.
[2] Harri Holma, Antti Toskala (2009) , LTE for UMTS OFDMA and
SC-FDMA Based Radio Access, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
[3]Agilent Technologies (2009), 3GPP Long Term Evolution: System
Overview, Product Development,and Test Challenges.
[4] Farooq Khan (2009), LTE for 4G Mobile Broadband: Air Interface
Technologies and Performance, Cambridge University Press.
[5] C.Gessner (2008), UMTS Long Term Evolution (LTE) Technology
Introduction, Rohde-Schwarz.
[6] Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall and Johan Skold, LTE/LTE
Advanced for mobile broadband..
[7] Cc website tham kho :
www.vntelecom.org
www.dientucong nghe.net
www.wikipedia.org
www.3gpp.org
www.ieee.org