Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Free Space Seminar Rev 2
Free Space Seminar Rev 2
0HDVXUHPHQW6HPLQDU
-XQH
,QWKHPLGV$JLOHQW7HFKQRORJLHVGHYHORSHGVHYHUDOSURGXFWVWKDWPHDVXUH
WKHHOHFWURPDJQHWLFSURSHUWLHVRIPDWHULDOVDPSOHV$WWKDWWLPH$JLOHQW
7HFKQRORJLHVZDVDSDUWRIWKH+HZOHWW3DFNDUG&RPSDQ\7KHVHSURGXFWVZHUH
GHYHORSHGWRPHHWWKHQHHGVRXUFXVWRPHUVLQYROYHGLQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI
HOHFWURQLFFRPSRQHQWVFLUFXLWVDQGV\VWHPVDVZHOODVE\'HSDUWPHQWRI'HIHQVH
FRQWUDFWRUVLQYROYHGLQWKHGHVLJQDQGGHYHORSPHQWRIORZREVHUYDEOHVUDGRPH
DQGDEVRUELQJPDWHULDOV6LQFHWKHQPDQ\DGYDQFHPHQWVKDYHEHHQPDGH
7RGD\VVHPLQDUZLOOKLJKOLJKWVRPHRIWKHP
6HPLQDU2XWOLQH
(OHFWURPDJQHWLF3URSHUWLHVRIPDWHULDOV
0HDVXUHPHQW7HFKQLTXHV
)UHHVSDFH0HDVXUHPHQW&DOLEUDWLRQ
)UHHVSDFH0HDVXUHPHQW0RGHOV
$GGLWLRQDO)UHHVSDFH0HDVXUHPHQWV
0D[ZHOOV(TXDWLRQV
E = B
t
H = D + J
t
D =
B = 0
-DPHV&OHUN0D[ZHOO
(YHU\WKLQJZHDUHJRLQJWRWDONDERXWWRGD\VWDUWVKHUH,PVXUH\RXDOO
UHFRJQL]H0D[ZHOODQGKLVIDPRXVHTXDWLRQV:HZRQWJRLQWRGHWDLOEXWGXH
GLOLJHQFHGHPDQGVZHDWOHDVWJLYHPHQWLRQ
7KHVROXWLRQRI0D[ZHOOVHTXDWLRQVGHWHUPLQHVKRZPLFURZDYHHQHUJ\
SURSDJDWHVWKURXJKDPDWHULDO0D[ZHOOVHTXDWLRQVFDQEHH[SUHVVHGLQPDQ\
HTXLYDOHQWIRUPV,WVPRVWJHQHUDOIRUPLVOLVWHGKHUH
:KHUH
-LVWKHFXUUHQWGHQVLW\
(LVWKHHOHFWULFILHOGLQWHQVLW\
'LVWKHHOHFWULFIOX[GHQVLW\
+LVWKHPDJQHWLFLQWHQVLW\ILHOG
%LVWKHPDJQHWLFIOX[GHQVLW\
SLVWKHFKDUJHGHQVLW\
7KHVHHTXDWLRQVDUHEDVHGRQ)DUDGD\VODZDQG$PSHUHVODZ7KHVHHTXDWLRQV
DUHDOZD\VVDWLVILHG
&RQVWLWXWLYH5HODWLRQV
D= E
B= H
J = E
2WKHUIDFWRUVWKDWPDNHWKHVROXWLRQXQLTXHWRDSDUWLFXODUVLWXDWLRQDUHWKH
ERXQGDU\FRQGLWLRQVDQGWKHVDWLVIDFWLRQRIWKHIROORZLQJFRQVWLWXWLYHUHODWLRQVH
XDQGV DUHUHVSHFWLYHO\WKHSHUPLWWLYLW\SHUPHDELOLW\DQGFRQGXFWLYLW\RIWKH
PHGLD7KHVHDUHFRPPRQO\UHIHUUHGWRDVWKHHOHFWURPDJQHWLFSURSHUWLHVRIWKH
PDWHULDO0DQ\PDWHULDOVDUHQRQPDJQHWLF7KHFRQVHTXHQFHRIWKLVLVWKDW LV
NQRZQ$WKLJKIUHTXHQFLHVWKHHIIHFWRI FDQEHLJQRUHG7KLVLVEHFDXVHLWV
HIIHFWYDULHVLQYHUVHO\ZLWKIUHTXHQF\7KLVLVWUXHIRUPRVWQRQFRQGXFWLYH
PDWHUDOV7KHH[FHSWLRQLVIRUPHWDOV
3HUPLWWLYLW\DQG3HUPHDELOLW\'HILQLWLRQV
3HUPHDELOLW\
3HUPLWWLYLW\
'LHOHFWULF&RQVWDQW
= r = r j r"
0
= r jr"
0
LQWHUDFWLRQRIDPDWHULDO
LQWKHSUHVHQFHRIDQ
H[WHUQDOPDJQHWLFILHOG
LQWHUDFWLRQRIDPDWHULDO
LQWKHSUHVHQFHRIDQ
H[WHUQDOHOHFWULFILHOG
,WVIXQGDPHQWDOGLPHQVLRQVDUH7 4 0 / ZKHUH740DQG/DUHWLPHFKDUJH
PDVVDQGOHQJWKUHVSHFWLYHO\1RUPDOO\WKLVLVH[SUHVVHGDVIDUDGSHUPHWHU
FDSDFLWDQFHSHUGLVWDQFH
'LHOHFWULF&RQVWDQWLVQRWFRQVWDQWRYHUIUHTXHQF\RUWHPSHUDWXUH
7KHFRPSOH[SHUPHDELOLW\FRQVLVWVRIDUHDOSDUWWKDWUHSUHVHQWVWKHHQHUJ\
VWRUDJHDQGDDQLPDJLQDU\SDUWWKDWUHSUHVHQWVWKHHQHUJ\ORVVWHUP
5HODWLYHSHUPHDELOLW\ULVWKHDEVROXWHSHUPHDELOLW\UHODWLYHWRWKH
SHUPHDELOLW\RIIUHHVSDFH6RPHPDWHULDOVVXFKDVLURQIHUULWHVFREDOW
QLFNHODQGWKHLUDOOR\VKDYHDSSUHFLDEOHPDJQHWLFSURSHUWLHVKRZHYHUPDQ\
PDWHULDOVDUHQRQPDJQHWLF$OOPDWHULDOVRQWKHRWKHUKDQGKDYHGLHOHFWULF
SURSHUWLHV
(OHFWURPDJQHWLF)LHOG,QWHUDFWLRQ
(OHFWULF
)LHOGV
3HUPLWWLYLW\
r = r j r"
6725$*(
0DJQHWLF
)LHOGV
/266
3HUPHDELOLW\
087
r = r jr"
6725$*(
/266
'LHOHFWULF&RQVWDQW
:KHQHOHFWULFDQGPDJQHWLFILHOGVSDVVWKURXJKDPDWHULDOHDFKFDQLQWHUDFWZLWK
WKDWPDWHULDOLQWZRZD\V
6WRUDJH (QHUJ\PD\EHH[FKDQJHGEHWZHHQWKHILHOGDQGWKHPDWHULDOLQ DEL
GLUHFWLRQDOORVVOHVVPDQQHU
/RVV (QHUJ\PD\EHSHUPDQHQWO\ORVWIURPWKHILHOGDQGDEVRUEHGLQ WKHPDWHULDO
XVXDOO\DVKHDW
7KHHOHFWULFLQWHUDFWLRQVDUHTXDQWLILHGE\SHUPLWWLYLW\H DOVRFDOOHGGLHOHFWULF
FRQVWDQWN7KHPDJQHWLFSURSHUWLHVDUHGHVFULEHGE\SHUPHDELOLW\P 7KHVH
DUHFRPSOH[QXPEHUVZLWKUHDODQGLPDJLQDU\SDUWV
U
5HDO3DUW 5HSUHVHQWVVWRUDJHWHUPGHQRWHGZLWK
,PDJLQDU\3DUW UHSUHVHQWVORVVWHUPGHQRWHGZLWK
7KLVSUHVHQWDWLRQIRFXVHVRQSHUPLWWLYLW\VLQFHPRVWRIWKHFRPPRQPDWHULDOVDUH
FRPSOHWHO\QRQPDJQHWLF
/RVV7DQJHQW
r
tan =
r
tan = D =
r" "
=
r
1
Energy Lost per Cycle
=
Q Energy Stored per Cycle
'LVVLSDWLRQ)DFWRU
4XDOLW\)DFWRU
$QRWKHUWHUPZLOOWDONDERXWLVORVVWDQJHQW:KHQFRPSOH[SHUPLWWLYLW\LVGUDZQ
DVDVLPSOHYHFWRUGLDJUDPWKHUHDODQGLPDJLQDU\FRPSRQHQWVDUHR RXWRI
SKDVH7KHYHFWRUVXPIRUPVDQDQJOHGZLWKWKHUHDOD[LVHU7KHUHODWLYH
ORVVLQHVVRIDPDWHULDOLVWKHUDWLRRIWKHHQHUJ\ORVWWRWKHHQHUJ\VWRUHG
+HUHWDQG ORVVWDQJHQW WDQGHOWD WDQJHQWORVV GLVVLSDWLRQIDFWRU
,QVRPHFDVHVLVXVHGWKHWHUPTXDOLW\IDFWRURU4IDFWRUZLWKUHVSHFWWRDQ
HOHFWURQLFPLFURZDYHPDWHULDO
(OHFWURPDJQHWLF)LHOG,QWHUDFWLRQ
RU=
Z =
7(0
$LU
087
RU=LVWKHIUHHVSDFH
LPSHGDQFHZKLFKLV
,PSHGDQFHORZHU
:DYHOHQJWKVKRUWHU
9HORFLW\VORZHU
0DJQLWXGHDWWHQXDWHG
Z=
0
= 120
0
d =
0
r
v=
/HWVXVHWKHRSWLFDOYLHZRIGLHOHFWULFEHKDYLRU&RQVLGHUD IODWVODERIPDWHULDO
LQVSDFHZLWKDZDYHLQFLGHQWRQLWVVXUIDFH:HZLOOKDYHLQFLGHQWUHIOHFWHGDQG
WUDQVPLWWHGZDYHV6LQFHWKHLPSHGDQFHRIWKHZDYHLQWKHPDWHULDOLVGLIIHUHQW
ORZHUIURPWKHIUHHVSDFHLPSHGDQFHWKHUHZLOOEHLPSHGDQFHPLVPDWFKDQG
WKLVZLOOFUHDWHWKHUHIOHFWHGZDYH3DUWRIWKHHQHUJ\ZLOOSHQHWUDWHWKHVDPSOH
2QFHLQWKHVODEWKHZDYHYHORFLW\LVVORZHUDQGWKHZDYHOHQJWK LVVKRUWHU
DFFRUGLQJWKHHTXDWLRQVDERYH6LQFHWKHPDWHULDOZLOODOZD\VKDYHVRPHORVV
WKHUHZLOOEHDWWHQXDWLRQRULQVHUWLRQORVV)RUVLPSOLFLW\WKH PLVPDWFKRQWKH
VHFRQGERUGHULVQRWFRQVLGHUHG
6HPLQDU2XWOLQH
(OHFWURPDJQHWLF3URSHUWLHVRIPDWHULDOV
0HDVXUHPHQW7HFKQLTXHV
)UHHVSDFH0HDVXUHPHQW&DOLEUDWLRQ
)UHHVSDFH0HDVXUHPHQW0RGHOV
$GGLWLRQDO)UHHVSDFH0HDVXUHPHQWV
0HDVXUHPHQW7HFKQLTXHV
&DSDFLWDQFH
&RD[LDO
3UREH
7UDQVPLVVLRQ
/LQH
5HVRQDQW
&DYLW\
+HUHVDTXLFNORRNDWVRPHPHWKRGVDQGIL[WXULQJ XVHGWRPHDVXUHGLHOHFWULF
SURSHUWLHVRIPDWHULDOV&ORFNZLVHIURPWKHXSSHUOHIW
&DSDFLWDQFH8VHVDSDUDOOHOSODWHFDSDFLWRUZLWKWKHPDWHULDO VDQGZLFKHG
EHWZHHQ7KLVPHWKRGXVHVDQLPSHGDQFHDQDO\]HU,WLVW\SLFDOO\XVHGDWWKH
ORZHUIUHTXHQFLHVEHORZ*+]
&RD[LDOSUREH7KLVPHWKRGXVHVDQRSHQHQGHGFRD[LDOSUREHXVXDOO\ZLWKD
QHWZRUNDQDO\]HU,WLVWKHHDVLHVWPHWKRGWRXVHIRUOLTXLGVRUVRIWVHPL
VROLGVDOWKRXJKYHU\IODWKDUGVROLGVFDQEHPHDVXUHGDVZHOO $JLOHQWRIIHUV
SUREHVLQWKH5)WRPLFURZDYHIUHTXHQFLHV0+]WR*+]
5HVRQDQW&DYLW\7KLVPHWKRGXVHVDUHVRQDQWFDYLW\IRUWKHVDPSOHKROGHU
DQGDQHWZRUNDQDO\]HUWRPHDVXUHWKHUHVRQDQWIUHTXHQF\DQG4RIWKH
FDYLW\ERWKHPSW\DQGZLWKWKHVDPSOHSUHVHQW)URPWKLVSHUPLWWLYLW\FDQEH
FDOFXODWHG7KLVPHWKRGKDVWKHEHVWORVVIDFWRUUHVROXWLRQ
7UDQVPLVVLRQ/LQH7KLVPHWKRGFDQXVHDYDULHW\WUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHV IRU
VDPSOHKROGHUVZLWKDQHWZRUNDQDO\]HU/LQHVFDQEHFRD[LDOZDYHJXLGHDQG
HYHQIUHHVSDFHLVFRQVLGHUHGDWUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHWHFKQLTXH,WLVXVHIXO IRUD
EURDGIUHTXHQF\UDQJHIURPWKHORZPLFURZDYHUHJLRQWRPPZDYH
1HWZRUN$QDO\]HU%ORFN'LDJUDP
)L[WXUH
,QFLGHQW
7UDQVPLWWHG
087
6285&(
5HIOHFWHG
6,*1$/
6(3$5$7,21
,1&,'(17
5
5()/(&7('
$
75$160,77('
%
5(&(,9(5'(7(&725
352&(6625',63/$<
+HUHLVDJHQHUDOL]HGEORFNGLDJUDPRIDQHWZRUNDQDO\]HUVKRZLQJWKHPDMRU
VLJQDOSURFHVVLQJVHFWLRQV,QRUGHUWRPHDVXUHWKHLQFLGHQWUHIOHFWHG DQG
WUDQVPLWWHGVLJQDOIRXUVHFWLRQVDUHUHTXLUHG
0LFURZDYHVLJQDOVRXUFHIRUVWLPXOXV
6LJQDOVHSDUDWLRQGHYLFHV
5HFHLYHUVWKDWGRZQFRQYHUWDQGGHWHFWWKHVLJQDOV
3URFHVVRUGLVSOD\IRUFDOFXODWLQJDQGUHYLHZLQJWKHUHVXOWV
$UHIOHFWLRQPHDVXUHPHQWLVWKHUDWLRRIWKH5HIOHFWHGVLJQDOGHWHFWHGDW$RYHU
WKH,QFLGHQWVLJQDOGHWHFWHGDW5$WUDQVPLVVLRQPHDVXUHPHQWLVWKHUDWLRRIWKH
7UDQVPLWWHGVLJQDOGHWHFWHGDW%RYHUWKH,QFLGHQWVLJQDOGHWHFWHGDW55DWLRHG
PHDVXUHPHQWVUHGXFHHUURUVFDXVHGE\LPSHUIHFWLRQVLQWKHVRXUFH(UURUV
FDXVHGE\GLIIHUHQFHVLQWKHVHVLJQDOSDWKVRUDQ\OHDNDJHVLJQDOVZLWKLQWKH
QHWZRUNDQDO\]HUFDQEHFDOLEUDWHGRXWE\WKHXVHUEHIRUHPHDVXUHPHQWVDUH
PDGH&DOLEUDWLRQLVW\SLFDOO\DVLPSOHSURFHGXUHZKHUHWKUHHNQRZQVWDQGDUGV
DUHPHDVXUHG
&RD[LDO3UREH6\VWHP
&RPSXWHU
QRWUHTXLUHGIRU31$
1HWZRUN$QDO\]HU
RU($,PSHGDQFH$QDO\]HU
*3,%
(
'LHOHFWULF3UREH
(6RIWZDUH
,QFOXGHGZLWKSUREHNLW
$W\SLFDOFRD[LDOSUREHV\VWHPFRQVLVWVRIDYHFWRUQHWZRUNDQDO\]HUDFRD[LDO
SUREHDQH[WHUQDOFRPSXWHUZLWK+3,%FDUGDQGVRIWZDUH)RUWKH31$VHULHV
QHWZRUNDQDO\]HUVDFRPSXWHULVQRWUHTXLUHGEHFDXVHWKHVRIWZDUHFDQEHUXQ
GLUHFWO\RQWKHLQVWUXPHQW
&RD[LDO3UREH7HFKQLTXH
7ZR3UREH'HVLJQV
+LJK7HPSHUDWXUH3UREH
*+]
:LWKVWDQGVWRGHJUHHV&
6XUYLYHVFRUURVLYHFKHPLFDOV
)ODQJHGGHVLJQDOORZVPHDVXULQJIODW
VXUIDFHGVROLGVLQDGGLWLRQWROLTXLGV
DQGVHPLVROLGV
6OLP)RUP3UREH
*+]
)LWVLQWLJKWVSDFHVVPDOOHUVDPSOH
VL]HV
/RZFRVWFRQVXPDEOHGHVLJQ
)RUOLTXLGVDQGVRIWVHPLVROLGVRQO\
7KHFRD[LDOSUREHWHFKQLTXHLVEHVWIRUOLTXLGVDQGVHPLVROLGPDWHULDOV)RUKDUG
VROLGPDWHULDOVRQHIODWVXUIDFHLVUHTXLUHG6SHFLDOSUHFDXWLRQVVKRXOGEHWDNHQ
WRDYRLGDLUJDSVEHWZHHQWKHVDPSOHDQGWKHSUREHWKLVPD\EHDLUEXEEOHLQWKH
FDVHRIOLTXLG6LQFHRQO\WKHV SDUDPHWHULVPHDVXUHGRQO\WKHGLHOHFWULF
SURSHUWLHVFDQEHFDOFXODWHGDQGWKH087VKRXOGEHQRQPDJQHWLF7KH
XQGHUO\LQJWKHRU\SUHVXPHVLQILQLWHVDPSOH,QUHDOLW\WKHVDPSOHVKRXOGEHWKLFN
HQRXJK7KHPHWKRGLVVLPSOHFRQYHQLHQWQRQGHVWUXFWLYHQRVSHFLDOVDPSOHLV
QHHGHGLQPRVWRIWKHFDVHVDQGZLWKRQHPHDVXUHPHQWZHFDQVZHHSXSWR
*+]7KHGLVDGYDQWDJHVRIWKHPHWKRGDUHWKHOLPLWHGDFFXUDF\FRPSDUHGZLWK
RWKHUPHWKRGVWUDQVPLVVLRQPHWKRG(UHVRQDWRUPHWKRGVDQGWKH
OLPLWDWLRQRIWKHWKLFNQHVVRIWKHVDPSOH
&RD[LDO3UREH7HFKQLTXH
6WUHQJWKV
/LPLWDWLRQV
1RQGHVWUXFWLYHIRUPDQ\
PDWHULDOV
5HTXLUHVVDPSOHWKLFNQHVVRI!
FPW\SLFDO
%URDGIUHTXHQF\UDQJH
*+]
6DPSOHPXVWEHKRPRJHQRXVDQG
LVRWURSLF
,GHDOIRUOLTXLGVRUVHPLVROLGV
6ROLGVPXVWKDYHDIODWVXUIDFH
&RQYHQLHQWHDV\WRXVH
5HVRQDWHFDYLW\WHFKQLTXHEHWWHU
IRUH[WUHPHO\ORZORVV
PHDVXUHPHQWV
7KHFRD[LDOSUREHPHWKRGLVFRQYHQLHQWDQGRSHUDWHVRYHUDZLGH 0+]WR
*+]IUHTXHQF\UDQJH,WLVQRWZHOOVXLWHGWRORZORVVPDWHULDOVPDJQHWLF
PDWHULDOVRUZKHUHKLJKDFFXUDF\LVGHVLUHG
5HVRQDQW&DYLW\6\VWHP
&RPSXWHU
QRWUHTXLUHGIRU31$
1HWZRUN$QDO\]HU
*3,%
,(6RIWZDUH
&RPLQJ6RRQ
5HVRQDQW&DYLW\ZLWKVDPSOH
FRQQHFWHGEHWZHHQSRUWV
7KHUHVRQDQWFDYLW\V\VWHPFRQVLVWVRIDUHVRQDQWFDYLW\FRQQHFWHGEHWZHHQWZR
SRUWVRIDQHWZRUNDQDO\]HUZLWKFRD[FDEOHV7KHGLHOHFWULFSURSHUWLHVFDQEH
FDOFXODWHGIURPWKHWUDQVPLVVLRQUHVSRQVHRIWKHFDYLW\PHDVXUHGHPSW\DQG
WKHQZLWKWKHVDPSOH7KHFDOFXODWLRQFDQEHSHUIRUPHGPDQXDOO\RUIURPXVHU
ZULWWHQVRIWZDUHFRQWUROOLQJWKHQHWZRUNDQDO\]HURYHU/$1RU*3,%
5HVRQDQW&DYLW\
)UHHVSDFHPHDVXUHPHQWVRIIHUDPHDQVRIPDNLQJSHUPLWWLYLW\PHDVXUHPHQWV
ZLWKRXWFRQWDFWLQJWKHPDWHULDOVDPSOH7KHVDPSOHLVSODFHGEHWZHHQWZR
DQWHQQDV7KLVSLFWXUHVKRZVDFOHDUVKHHWRISODVWLFDSSUR[LPDWHO\WK LQFK
WKLFNEHLQJPHDVXUHG
7UDQVPLVVLRQ/LQH6\VWHP
&RPSXWHU
QRWUHTXLUHGIRU31$
1HWZRUN$QDO\]HU
*3,%
,(6RIWZDUH
6DPSOHKROGHU
FRQQHFWHGEHWZHHQFRD[FDEOHV
$W\SLFDOWUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHV\VWHPFRQVLVWVRIDYHFWRUQHWZRUNDQDO\]HUDQGD
VDPSOHKROGHUFRQQHFWHGEHWZHHQWKHWZRQHWZRUNDQDO]\HU SRUWV$JLOHQW
SURYLGHVVRIWZDUHWKDWFRQYHUWVWKHUHIOHFWLRQDQGWUDQVPLVVLRQFRHIILFLHQWVWR
GLHOHFWULFSURSHUWLHV)RUWKH31$VHULHVQHWZRUNDQDO\]HUVD FRPSXWHULVQRW
UHTXLUHGDVWKHVRIWZDUHFDQEHUXQGLUHFWO\RQWKHLQVWUXPHQW )RUDOORWKHU
QHWZRUNDQDO\]HUVDQH[WHUQDOFRPSXWHUZLWK+3,%FDUGLVUHTXLUHG
7UDQVPLVVLRQ/LQH6DPSOH+ROGHUV
&RD[LDO
:DYHJXLGH
7KHRSHQHQGHGFRD[LDOOLQHRIIHUVDFRQYHQLHQWQRQGHVWUXFWLYHPHDQVRI
PHDVXULQJSHUPLWWLYLW\RYHUDEURDGIUHTXHQF\UDQJH,WLVZHOO VXLWHGIRUOLTXLGV
VHPLVROLGVDQGSRZGHUV,WFDQDOVREHXVHGWRPHDVXUHVROLGVDVORQJDVWKH
VROLGKDVDIODWVXUIDFH3UHFDXWLRQVKRXOGEHWDNHQWRDYRLGDLUJDSVEHWZHHQWKH
VDPSOHDQGWKHSUREHWKLVPD\EHDLUEXEEOHLQWKHFDVHRIOLTXLG7KHXQGHUO\LQJ
WKHRU\SUHVXPHVLQILQLWHVDPSOH,QUHDOLW\WKHVDPSOHVKRXOGEHWKLFNHQRXJK
7UDQVPLVVLRQ/LQH7HFKQLTXH
6WUHQJWKV
/LPLWDWLRQV
:LGHO\DYDLODEOHFRD[RU
ZDYHJXLGHIL[WXUHV
3UHFLVHVDPSOHVKDSHUHTXLUHG
XVXDOO\GHVWUXFWLYH
%URDGIUHTXHQF\UDQJHWR
*+]
1HHGVODUJHVDPSOHVIRUORZ
IUHTXHQFLHVVPDOOVDPSOHVIRU
KLJKIUHTXHQFLHV
*RRGVROXWLRQIRUKDUGVROLG
PDWHULDOV
/LTXLGVSRZGHUVDQGJDVHVPXVW
EHFRQWDLQHG
&DQPHDVXUHPDJQHWLFPDWHULDOV
5HVRQDWHFDYLW\WHFKQLTXHEHWWHU
IRUH[WUHPHO\ORZORVV
PHDVXUHPHQWV
7KHWUDQVPLVVLRQOLQHPHWKRGLVEHVWIRUVROLGPDWHULDOVWKDWFDQEHSUHFLVHO\
PDFKLQHGWRILWLQVLGHDFRD[LDORUZDYHJXLGHDLUOLQH$OWKRXJK LWLVPRUHDFFXUDWH
WKDWWKHFRD[LDOSUREHWHFKQLTXHLWLVVWLOOVRPHZKDWOLPLWHGLQUHVROXWLRQIRUORZ
ORVVPDWHULDOV
)UHHVSDFH 6\VWHP
&RPSXWHU
QRWUHTXLUHGIRU31$
1HWZRUN$QDO\]HU
*3,%
,(6RIWZDUHUXQVRQ
3&RU31$
6DPSOHKROGHU
IL[WXUHG EHWZHHQWZRDQWHQQDH
$W\SLFDOIUHHVSDFH V\VWHPFRQVLVWVRIDYHFWRUQHWZRUNDQDO\]HUWZRDQWHQQDH
IDFLQJHDFKRWKHUZLWKDVDPSOHKROGHUEHWZHHQWKHP$JLOHQWSURYLGHVVRIWZDUH
WKDWFRQYHUWVWKHUHIOHFWLRQDQGWUDQVPLVVLRQFRHIILFLHQWVWRGLHOHFWULFSURSHUWLHV
)RUWKH31$VHULHVQHWZRUNDQDO\]HUVDFRPSXWHULVQRWUHTXLUHG DVWKHVRIWZDUH
FDQEHUXQGLUHFWO\RQWKHLQVWUXPHQW)RUDOORWKHUQHWZRUNDQDO\]HUVDQH[WHUQDO
FRPSXWHUZLWK+3,%FDUGLVUHTXLUHG
)UHH6SDFH7UDQVPLVVLRQ6\VWHP
0DWHULDOV
0HDVXUHPHQW6RIWZDUH
31$1HWZRUN$QDO\]HU
+RUQ
$QWHQQDH
)L[WXUHWRKROG
VDPSOH
$QGWKHIRFXVRIRXUWDONWRGD\)UHHVSDFHPHDVXUHPHQWVRIIHUDPHDQVRI
PDNLQJSHUPLWWLYLW\PHDVXUHPHQWVZLWKRXWFRQWDFWLQJWKHPDWHULDO VDPSOH7KH
VDPSOHLVSODFHGEHWZHHQWZRDQWHQQDV(LWKHUWKHWUDQVPLVVLRQWKUXDQGRUWKH
UHIOHFWLRQRIIWKHVDPSOHLVXVHGWRFDOFXODWHWKHSHUPLWWLYLW\
7KHEDVLFIUHHVSDFHPDWHULDOVPHDVXUHPHQWV\VWHPLVVLPSOH$QHWZRUN
DQDO\]HULQWKLVFDVHDQ$JLOHQW31$QHWZRUNDQDO\]HU7ZRDQWHQQDHDQGD
IL[WXUHWRKROGWKHVDPSOHEHWZHHQWKHP$OVRXVHIXOLVVRPHVRIWZDUHWR
FDOFXODWHWKHGLHOHFWULFSURSHUWLHVIURPWKHQHWZRUNDQDO\]HUV6 SDUDPHWHUGDWD
:KHQXVLQJD31$WKHVRIWZDUHFDQEHUXQRQWKHER[LWVHOIHOLPLQDWLQJWKH
QHHGIRUDQH[WHUQDOFRPSXWHUDQGLQWHUIDFHFDUGVXFKDV/$1RU *3,%
)UHHVSDFH;%DQG6\VWHP
+HUHLVDSLFWXUHRIDYHU\VLPSOHDQGLQH[SHQVLYH;EDQGWR*+]IUHH
VSDFHV\VWHP7KHIL[WXUHLVPDGHIURPDVKHOYLQJXQLWSXUFKDVHGDWDQRIILFH
VXSSO\VWRUH7KHDQWHQQDHDUHKHOGLQSODFHRQWKHWRSDQGERWWRPVKHOI7KH
PLGGOHVKHOIKDGDKROHFXWRXWWRVHUYHDVDVDPSOHKROGHU1HZFDOLEUDWLRQ
WHFKQLTXHVZHZLOOGLVFXVVODWHUFRUUHFWIRUWKHUHIOHFWLRQVRIWKHIL[WXUHDQWHQQD
DQGVXUURXQGLQJDUHDDQGIDLUO\UHDVRQDEOHUHVXOWVZHUHREWDLQHG&DUHKDGWREH
WDNHQKRZHYHUQRWWREXPSRUPRYHWKHV\VWHPDIWHUFDOLEUDWLRQDVLWZDVQRW
YHU\ULJLG
)UHH6SDFH:EDQG6\VWHP
+HUHLVDSKRWRRID:EDQG*+]PHDVXUHPHQWV\VWHP<RXFDQVHHWKH
31$PPZDYHV\VWHPLQFOXGHVDQGWZRPPZDYHKHDGVWRPXOWLSO\WKH
IUHTXHQF\DQGDQDGGLWLRQDOER[WRFRQWUROWKHKHDGV
7KHVHZEDQGVWGJDLQKRUQVZHUHSXUFKDVHGIRUOHVVWKDQ86DQGWKH
VDPSOHKROGHULVPDGHRXWRIDIHZSLHFHVRIVFUDSSODVWLFKHOGWRJHWKHUZLWK
VRPHSODVWLFVFUHZVDQGSLQNUXEEHUEDQGV,WVFODPSHGWRWKH WDEOHZLWK&
FODPSVVRLWGRHVQWPRYH
)UHH6SDFH:EDQG6\VWHP
+HUHLVDFORVHUORRNDWWKHKRUQVDQGVDPSOHKROGHU2EYLRXVO\ PRUHUREXVW
IL[WXULQJ FDQEHPDGHIRULQGXVWULDOXVHEXWHYHQZLWKWKHVHHDVLO\PDGHVLPSOH
IL[WXUHVUHDVRQDEOHUHVXOWVZHUHREWDLQHGZKLFK\RXZLOOVHHODWHULQWKLV
SUHVHQWDWLRQ
)UHH6SDFH4XDVL2SWLFDO6\VWHP
+HUHVDORRNDWDQRWKHU:EDQGVHWXSWKLVWLPHXVLQJPLUURUVWRUHVKDSHDQG
UHGLUHFWWKHEHDP0RUHDFFXUDWHUHVXOWVIRUHFDQEHDFKLHYHG
)UHH6SDFH4XDVL2SWLFDO6\VWHP
+HUHVDORRNDWDQRWKHU:EDQGVHWXSWKLVWLPHXVLQJPLUURUVWRUHVKDSHDQG
UHGLUHFWWKHEHDP0RUHDFFXUDWHUHVXOWVIRUHFDQEHDFKLHYHG
)UHHVSDFH 7HFKQLTXH
6WUHQJWKV
/LPLWDWLRQV
1RQFRQWDFWLQJDQGQRQ
GHVWUXFWLYHIRUPDQ\PDWHULDOV
,GHDOIRUUHPRWHVHQVLQJ
%URDGIUHTXHQF\UDQJHWR*K]
UDQJHVHWE\DQWHQQDHDQG
QHWZRUNDQDO\]HU
,GHDOIRUKLJKWHPSHUDWXUH
DSSOLFDWLRQV
6DPSOHVQHHGIODWSDUDOOHOIDFHV
9HU\ODUJHVDPSOHVQHHGHGDWORZ
IUHTXHQFLHV
5HVRQDWHFDYLW\WHFKQLTXHEHWWHU
IRUORZORVVPHDVXUHPHQWV
$JLOHQW*5/FDOLEUDWLRQWHFKQLTXH
HOLPLQDWHVQHHGIRUH[SHQVLYH
IL[WXULQJ
7KHIUHHVSDFH WHFKQLTXHZRUNVZHOOIRUVKHHWPDWHULDOVSRZGHUVRUOLTXLGV
6LQFHLWLVDQRQFRQWDFWLQJWHFKQLTXHLWLVLGHDOIRUUHPRWHVHQVLQJDQGKLJK
WHPSHUDWXUHDSSOLFDWLRQV6SHFLDORYHQVFDQEHSXUFKDVHGZLWKPLFURZDYH
ZLQGRZV7KHVDPSOHLVSODFHGLQVLGHDQGWKHWHVWHTXLSPHQWFDQUHPDLQ VDIH
RXWVLGH$JLOHQWV *5/*DWHG5HIOHFW/LQHFDOLEUDWLRQWHFKQLTXHHOLPLQDWHVWKH
QHHGIRUH[SHQVLYHIL[WXULQJ QHHGHGZLWKRWKHUFDOLEUDWLRQWHFKQLTXHV
6HPLQDU2XWOLQH
(OHFWURPDJQHWLF3URSHUWLHVRIPDWHULDOV
6XPPDU\RI0HDVXUHPHQW7HFKQLTXHV
)UHHVSDFH0HDVXUHPHQW&DOLEUDWLRQ
)UHHVSDFH0HDVXUHPHQW0RGHOV
$GGLWLRQDO)UHHVSDFH0HDVXUHPHQWV
%HIRUHD0HDVXUHPHQW&DQEH0DGH
6\VWHPHUURUVPXVWEHFRUUHFWHGIRUEHIRUHDPHDVXUHPHQWLVPDGH
7ZR3RUW(UURU&RUUHFWLRQ
)RUZDUGPRGHO
3RUW
D
('
E
(6
( 57
('
(6
( 57
( '
( 6
( 57
IZGGLUHFWLYLW\
IZGVRXUFHPDWFK
IZGUHIOHFWLRQWUDFNLQJ
UHYGLUHFWLYLW\
UHYVRXUFHPDWFK
UHYUHIOHFWLRQWUDFNLQJ
(;
( 77
6 $
3RUW
(/
E
D
6
D
( /
E
IZGORDGPDWFK
IZGWUDQVPLVVLRQWUDFNLQJ
IZGLVRODWLRQ
UHYORDGPDWFK
UHYWUDQVPLVVLRQWUDFNLQJ
UHYLVRODWLRQ
(DFKDFWXDO6SDUDPHWHULVD
IXQFWLRQRIDOOIRXUPHDVXUHG6
SDUDPHWHUV
O $QDO\]HUPXVWPDNHIRUZDUGDQG
UHYHUVHVZHHSWRXSGDWHDQ\RQH
6SDUDPHWHU
6 $
( 57
E
6 $
( 6
( '
( ;
S11a =
S11m E D
S 22 m E D
S 21m E X S12 m E X
(
)(1 +
)(
)
E S ) E L (
E RT
E RT
E TT
E TT
S11m E D
S 22 m E D
S 21m E X S12 m E X
(1 +
)(
)
E S )(1 +
E S ) E L E L (
E RT
E RT
E TT
E TT
S 21a =
S21m E X
S22 m E D
(
)(1 +
( E S E L ))
E TT
E RT
S 22 m E D
S
ED
S 21m E X S12 m E X
(1 + 11m
)(
)
E S ) E L E L (
E S )(1 +
E RT
E RT
E TT
E TT
S12 a =
(1 +
S22 a =
6 $
( 77
6 $
(/
( 77
(;
( /
( 77
( ;
5HYHUVHPRGHO
3RUW
6 $
6 $
3RUW
S11m E D
E RT
S
EX
S
ED
( 12 m
)(1 + 11m
( E S E L ))
E TT
E RT
S 22m E D
S 21m E X S12 m E X
)(
)
E S )(1 +
E S ) E L E L (
E TT
E RT
E TT
S 21m E X S12m E X
S 22 m E D
S11m E D
(
)( 1 +
)(
)
E S ) E L (
E TT
E TT
E RT
E RT
S11m E D
S 22 m E D
S 21m E X S12m E X
(1 +
)(
)
E S )(1 +
E S ) E L E L (
E RT
E RT
E TT
E TT
7ZRSRUWHUURUFRUUHFWLRQLVWKHPRVWDFFXUDWHIRUPRIHUURUFRUUHFWLRQVLQFHLW
DFFRXQWVIRUDOORIWKHPDMRUVRXUFHVRIV\VWHPDWLFHUURU7KHHUURUPRGHOIRUDWZR
SRUWGHYLFHLVVKRZQDERYH6KRZQEHORZDUHWKHHTXDWLRQVWRGHULYHWKHDFWXDO
GHYLFH6SDUDPHWHUVIURPWKHPHDVXUHG6SDUDPHWHUVRQFHWKHV\VWHPDWLFHUURU
WHUPVKDYHEHHQFKDUDFWHUL]HG1RWLFHWKDWHDFKDFWXDO6SDUDPHWHULVDIXQFWLRQRI
DOOIRXUPHDVXUHG6SDUDPHWHUV7KHQHWZRUNDQDO\]HUPXVWPDNHDIRUZDUGDQG
UHYHUVHVZHHSWRXSGDWHDQ\RQH6SDUDPHWHU
,WORRNVFRPSOLFDWHGEXWZLWKPRGHUQQHWZRUNDQDO\]HUVLWLVDVHDV\DV
FRQQHFWLQJFDOLEUDWLRQVWDQGDUGVDQGSUHVVLQJDEXWWRQ
750&DOLEUDWLRQ
7KUX
5HIOHFW
0DWFK
+DUGWRJHW
EURDGEDQG
DEVRUEHUVIRU
PDWFK
2QHZLGHO\XVHWHFKQLTXHKDVEHHQ7507KLVWHFKQLTXHXVHVDWKUXUHIOHFW
VWDQGDUGDQGPDWFKHGORDGVWDQGDUGVWRFDOFXODWHWKHHUURUFRHIILFLHQWV3UREOHP
LVILQGLQJDKLJKEURDGEDQGDEVRUELQJPDWHULDOIRUWKHPDWFKVWDQGDUG
,PSHUIHFWLRQVLQWKHPDWFKVWDQGDUGFDXVHUHVLGXDOHUURUVDIWHUFDOLEUDWLRQ
75/&DOLEUDWLRQ
7KUX
5HIOHFW
/LQH
3UHFLVH
SRVLWLRQLQJ
IL[WXUHVDUH
H[SHQVLYH
$VHFRQGZLGHO\XVHGWHFKQLTXHLV75/75/XVHVDWKUXUHIOHFW DQGOLQHVWDQGDUG
WRGHWHUPLQHWKHHUURUFRHILFLHQWV+RZHYHUWRPHDVXUHWKHUHIOHFWWKHSRUWWZR
DQWHQQDPXVWEHPRYHGEDFNE\WKHWKLFNQHVVRIWKHPHWDOSODWH 7KHOLQH
VWDQGDUGLVWKHQUHDOL]HGE\SUHFLVHO\PRYLQJWKHSRUWWZRDQWHQQDEDFNDJDLQ
$IWHUWKHFDOLEUDWLRQWKHDQWHQQDQHHGVWREHSUHFLVHO\PRYHGEDFNWRLWVRUJLQDO
SRVLWLRQ,QRUGHUWRGRWKLVDFFXUDWHO\HQRXJKWRJHWDJRRGFDOLEUDWLRQ
H[SHQVLYHSRVLWLRQLQJIL[WXULQJ LVUHTXLUHG
7ZRSRUWFDOLEUDWLRQDWZDYHJXLGHRUFRD[LQSXWLQWRDQWHQQDV
UHPRYHVHUURUVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKQHWZRUNDQDO\]HUDQGFDEOHV
(&DO62/7RU75/&DO
GRQHKHUH
5HFHQWO\$JLOHQWLQWURGXFHGDQHZIUHHVSDFHFDOLEUDWLRQWHFKQLTXHWKDW
RYHUFRPHVWKHZHDNQHVVHVRIWKHWZRSUHYLRXVO\GLVFXVVHGWHFKQLTXHV,WLVD
VLPSOHWZRVWHSSURFHVV7KHVWDQGDUGVDUHHDVLO\REWDLQHGDQGLWLVFRPSOHWHO\
DXWRPDWHG
7ZRVWHS&DOLEUDWLRQSURFHVV
7ZRSRUWFDOLEUDWLRQDWWKHZDYHJXLGHRUFRD[LQSXWLQWRWKHDQWHQQDHXVLQJ
(&DO75/RU62/7FDOLEUDWLRQSURFHVVHV
*DWHG5HIOHFW/LQH*5/&DOLEUDWLRQ
(DV\7ZR6WHS3URFHVV
7ZRDGGLWLRQDOIUHHVSDFHFDOLEUDWLRQVWDQGDUGVUHPRYHHUURUVIURP
DQWHQQDVDQGIL[WXUH
/LQH
HPSW\IL[WXUH
5HIOHFW
PHWDOSODWHRI
NQRZQWKLFNQHVV
6WHS
7ZRVLPSOHVWDQGDUGV$WKUXDQGDPHWDOSODWHFRPSOHWHWKHFDOLEUDWLRQE\
UHPRYLQJWKHHUURUVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHDQWHQQDVDQGIL[WXULQJ
*5/&DO +RZLWZRUNV
*5/&DO(UURU0RGHOIRUZDUGRQO\
SRUW&DO7HUPV
'
SRUW&DO7HUPV
087
6
0V
*5/(UURU
$GDSWHU
7U
6
7W
6
*5/(UURU
$GDSWHU
0O
6
&RD[RU:DYHJXLGHSRUW&DOFRUUHFWVHUURUVIURPHQGRIFDEOHEDFNLQWRWKH
LQVWUXPHQW
(UURUVIURP$QWHQQDVDQG)L[WXUHFDQEHWKRXJKWRIDVEHLQJOXPSHGLQWRD*5/HUURU
DGDSWHU
7KH*5/HUURUDGDSWHULVTXDQWLILHGE\PHDVXUHPHQWVRIUHIOHFWDQGOLQHVWDQGDUGV
7KHRULJLQDOSRUW&DOLVPRGLILHGWRFRUUHFWIRUWKHHUURUDGDSWHU
*DWHG5HIOHFW/LQH&DOLEUDWLRQ
+HUHLVKRZLWZRUNV7KH*5/WHFKQLTXHUHTXLUHVWKDWDFDOLEUDWLRQEHSHUIRUPHG
DWWKHHQGVRIWKHFDEOHVWKDWFRQQHFWWRWKHDQWHQQDV7KH*5/ WHFKQLTXH
PRGLILHVWKLVFDOLEUDWLRQVXFKWKDWWKHUHIHUHQFHSODQHLVWUDQVIRUPHGIURPWKH
HQGRIWKHFDEOHVWRWKHVXUIDFHRIWKHPHWDOSODWHXVHGIRUFDOLEUDWLRQ:KHQ
WKHFDOLEUDWLRQLVFRPSOHWHWKHHPSW\IL[WXUHPHDVXUHVDVDVOLFHRIDLUWKH
WKLFNQHVVRIWKHPHWDOSODWH%HIRUHWKHPRGLILFDWLRQWKHIL[WXUHFDQEH
WKRXJKWRIDVWZRHUURUDGDSWHUVEHWZHHQWKHHQGRIWKHFDEOHVDQGWKHVSDFH
WKDWWKHPHWDOSODWHRFFXSLHV
087DQG*5/(UURU$GDSWHUV
$IWHU3RUW&DOLEUDWLRQ
087
2
2
2
2
6
6
7
6
7
6
7
7
6L[8QNQRZQV
2
7 7
2
7
2
7
+HUHLVDVLJQDOIORZJUDSKVKRZLQJMXVWWKH*5/DGDSWHUVDQGD0877KH2[[
SDUDPHWHUVUHIHUWRSRUWDQGWKH7[[ UHIHUVWRSRUW7KHJRDOLVWRGHWHUPLQHDOO
WKH2[[V DQG7[[V DQGHPEHGLQJ WKHPLQWRWKHRUJLQDO FDOLEUDWLRQ(DFKRIWKH
HUURUDGDSWHUVFDQEHPRGHOHGE\WKHLUIRXUVSDUDPHWHUV%HFDXVHRIWKHSDVVLYH
QDWXUHRIWKHVHHUURUDGDSWHUV2 2DQG7 77KLVOHDYHVVL[
XQNQRZQV
*5/&DO +RZLWZRUNV
7LPH'RPDLQRI(PSW\)UHH6SDFH)L[WXUH
JDWH
7UDQVPLWWLQJ
$QWHQQD
5HFHLYLQJ
$QWHQQD
$LU
$ERYHLVDWLPHGRPDLQ6JUDSKRIWKHPHDVXUHGIL[WXUHZKHQWKHIL[WXUHLV
HPSW\
1RWHWKDW\RXFDQLGHQWLI\WKHYDULRXVUHVSRQVHVDVWKHUHIOHFWLRQDVVRFLDWHGWR
WKHWUDQVPLWWLQJDQWHQQDIROORZHGE\WKHORZUHIOHFWLRQRIDLUDQGWKHQWKH
UHIOHFWLRQDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHUHFHLYLQJDQWHQQDDQGLWVDVVRFLDWHGVXSSRUWLQJ
VWUXFWXUH7KH*5/SODFHVWLPHGRPDLQJDWHVDURXQGWKHUHVSRQVHV
DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHWUDQVPLWWLQJDQWHQQD7KHIUHTXHQF\GRPDLQRIWKLVJDWHG
PHDVXUHPHQWLV2RIWKHSRUWRQHHUURUDGDSWHU7KHVDPHDSSURDFKFDQEH
XVHGWRGHWHUPLQH7RIWKHSRUWHUURUDGDSWHU7KHVHWHUPV FDQEHWKHQ
HPEHGGHGLQWRWKHRULJLQDOSRUWFDOLEUDWLRQ
8VLQJWKLVQHZFDOLEUDWLRQVHWWKHRWKHUWHUPVRIWKHHUURUDGDSWHUVFDQEH
FDOFXODWHGIURPWKHVSDUDPHWHUPHDVXUHPHQWVRIWKH7KUXHPSW\IL[WXUHRU
DLUDQGWKH5HIOHFWPHWDOSODWHVWDQGDUGV
087DQG*5/(UURU$GDSWHUV
$IWHU2DQG7DUHHPEHGGHGLQWRWKHRULJLQDO3RUW
FDOLEUDWLRQ
087
2
6
2
6
2
7
6
7
6
7
)RXU8QNQRZQV
2 2
7 7
2
7
2QFH2DQG7DUHHPEHGGHGLQWRWKHRULJLQDOSRUWFDOLEUDWLRQWKHVLJQDO
IORZJUDSKORRNVOLNHWKLVZLWKIRXUUHPDLQLQJWHUPVLQWKHHUURUDGDSWHU7KH\
ZLOOEHUHPRYHGE\PHDVXULQJWZRDGGLWLRQDOVWDQGDUGVWKH7KUX DQG5HIOHFW
*5/0HWDO3ODWH6WDQGDUG
3 3
087
2
3 3
2
2
plate_1 =
O 21O12
1 + O 22
plate_2 =
T21T12
1 + T22
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7KHSODWHVWDQGDUGLVWKHPHWDOSODWHRINQRZWKLFNQHVV,QDSHUIHFWIUHHVSDFH
V\VWHPWKHPHWDOSODWHZLOOUHIOHFWDOOHQHUJ\EDFNVR3DQG 3DUHVHWWR
PLQXVRQH6LQFHDOOHQHUJ\LVUHIOHFWHGQRHQHUJ\SDVVHVWKURXJKVR3DQG
3DUHVHWWR]HUR
8VLQJ0DVRQVUXOHWKH6SDUDPHWHUVRIWKHSRUWRQHDQGWZRSODWHVWDQGDUGVDUH
HVWDEOLVKHG
*5/7KUX6WDQGDUG$LU
$ $
$ $
j ud
IUHTXHQF\
SHUPLWWLYLW\RIDLU
SHUPHDELOLW\RIDLU
WKLFNQHVVRIWKHPHWDOSODWH
air_1 =
air_2 =
A 21A12T21T12 O 22
1 T22O 22
2
2
2
087
6
6 6
6
7
7
7
7KH7KUXVWDQGDUGLVWKHHPSW\IL[WXUHRUDLUDQGGHVLJQDWHGKHUHE\$6LQFHLQD
SHUIHFWIUHHVSDFHV\VWHP6RUDLURU$KHUHZRXOGVHHQR UHIOHFWLRQEDFN
$DQG$DUHVHWWR]HUR
$DQG$DUHHTXDOWRWKHH[SUHVVLRQDERYH
2QFHDJDLQXVLQJ0DVRQVORRSUXOHZHFDQHVWDEOLVKH[SUHVVLRQVIRUWKH6
SDUDPHWHUVRIWKHSRUWRQHDQGWZRDLUVWDQGDUGV:LWKWKHVHIRXUHTXDWLRQVWKH
WZRKHUHDQGWKHRQWKHSUHYLRXVVOLGHWKHIRXUUHPDLQLQJFRHIILFLHQWVRIWKHHUURU
DGDSWHUVFDQEHVROYHGIRU7KHVHDUHWKHQHPEHGGHGLQWRWKHRULJLQDOFDOLEUDWLRQ
7KHUHVXOWLVDIXOOWZRSRUWFDOLEUDWLRQZLWKWKHUHIHUHQFHSODQHVDWWKHVXUIDFHRI
WKHPHWDOSODWH
7KHWZRHTXDWLRQVRQWKHSUHYLRXVVOLGHDQGWKHVHHTXDWLRQVDUHXVHGWRVROYHIRU
WKHUHPDLQLQJFRHIILFLHQWVRIWKHHUURUDGDSWHUV7KHVHWHUPVDUHWKHQHPEHGGHG
LQWRWKHRULJLQDOFDOLEUDWLRQ7KHUHVXOWLVDIXOOWZRSRUWFDOLEUDWLRQZLWKWKH
UHIHUHQFHSODQHVDWWKHVXUIDFHRIWKHPHWDOSODWH
*5/&DO 6\VWHP&RQVLGHUDWLRQV
'HWHUPLQH6DPSOH3RVLWLRQ
)L[WXUHZLWK0HWDO3ODWH
'HWHUPLQH6DPSOH6L]H
&KRRVH0HWDO3ODWH
0HWDO3ODWH
7KHUHDUHVHYHUDOFRQVLGHUDWLRQVZKHQVHWWLQJXSDV\VWHPWRSHUIRUPLQJD*5/
FDO
'LVWDQFHWR6DPSOH
7KHGLVWDQFHIURPWKHDQWHQQDWRWKHVDPSOHFDQEHGHWHUPLQHGE\ ORRNLQJDWWKH
WLPHGRPDLQUHVSRQVHRIWKHPHWDOSODWHPHDVXUHPHQW7KHUHVKRXOGEHDORZ
UHIOHFWLRQVSDQRIWLPHEHWZHHQWKHODVWUHVSRQVHRIWKHDQWHQQD DQGWKH
PHWDOSODWH
6DPSOH6L]H
7KHVL]HRIWKHVDPSOHDQGWKHGLVWDQFHWKHVDPSOHQHHGVWREHIURPWKHDQWHQQD
FDQEHGHWHUPLQHGE\DQDO\]LQJ\RXUIL[WXUHXVLQJWLPHGRPDLQ7KHDQWHQQDV
XVHGGHWHUPLQHWKHPLQLPXPVDPSOHVL]H)LUVWORFDWHWKHSRVLWLRQRIWKH
PHWDOSODWHLQWLPH:KHQWKHSODWHLVUHPRYHGWKHGLIIHUHQFHLQWKHUHVSRQVH
VKRXOGEHODUJH<RXVKRXOGQRWEHDEOHWRVHHWKHIL[WXUH
VVXSSRUWLQJ
VWUXFWXUH$WOHDVWG%7KHJUHDWHUWKHEHWWHU7KHVDPSOHKHLJKWDQG
ZLGWKVKRXOGEHODUJHHQRXJKWKDWWKHEHDPILWVLQVLGH7KLVFDQEHHDVLO\
FKHFNHGE\VOLGLQJWKHPHWDOSODWHLQIURPWKHVLGHDQGVHHLQJZKHQLWVWDUWV
WRVKRZLQWLPHGRPDLQ
0HWDO3ODWH
$QRWKHUFRQVLGHUDWLRQLVWKHVHOHFWLRQRIWKHPHWDOSODWH,GHDOO\WKHPHWDOSODWH
VKRXOGDSSUR[LPDWHO\WKHVDPHWKLFNQHVVDVWKHVDPSOHWREHPHDVXUHG
7KLVSXWVWKHPHDVXUHPHQWUHIHUHQFHSODQHVDWWKHVXUIDFHRIWKH VDPSOH
:KLOHWKLVLVLGHDODQ\WKLFNQHVVGLIIHUHQFHVDUHDFFRXQWHGPDWKHPDWLFDOO\E\
WKHVDPSOHKROGHUGHVFULSWLRQHQWULHVRIWKH(
*5/&DO &RQVLGHUDWLRQV
&KRRVH1XPEHURISRLQWVWR
$YRLG$OLDVLQJ
(PSW\)L[WXUH
0LQXPXP 1XPEHURI3RLQWV
5DQJH
6WRS)UHTXHQF\ 6WDUW
)UHTXHQF\
:KHUH5DQJHLVWKHQHHGHGDOLDV
IUHHUDQJHLQ6HFRQGV
5HFHLYLQJ
$QWHQQD
7UDQVPLWWLQJ
$QWHQQD
Q6
1XPEHURIPHDVXUHPHQWSRLQWV
7LPHGRPDLQLVXVHGWRLVRODWHWKHUHIOHFWLRQVRIIHDFKRIWKHWZRDQWHQQDV
%HFDXVHRIWKLVDOLDVLQJPXVWEHFRQVLGHUHG7KHDOLDVIUHHUDQJHFDQEH
FDOFXODWHGDVVKRZQ
5DQJH QXPEHURISRLQWVVWRSIUHTXHQF\ VWDUWIUHTXHQF\
,WLVLPSRUWDQWWKDWWKHDOLDVIUHHUDQJHEHJUHDWHUWKDQWKHOHQJWKRIWKHIUHHVSDFH
IL[WXUH7KLVLQFOXGHVDOOSDWKVXQWLOWKHVLJQDOLVDWWHQXDWHGWRDQLQVLJQLILFDQW
OHYHO%HORZLVDSORWRI6RIWKHHPSW\IL[WXUHZLWKDFDOLEUDWLRQ
FRD[LDOZDYHJXLGHFDOLEUDWLRQWXUQHGRQ
,QWKHSORWDERYHWKHILUVWVHULHVRIUHIOHFWLRQVDIWHUW LVWKHUHIOHFWLRQV
DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHDQWHQQD1H[WZHVHHWKHUHIOHFWLRQVRIIWKHUHFHLYLQJ
DQWHQQDDQGWKHVXSSRUWLQJVWUXFWXUH7KHUHVSRQVHWKHQUHGXFHV WR
DSSUR[LPDWHO\]HURDWDERXWQVHF6LQFHWKHPHDVXUHPHQWZDVPDGHRYHU
[EDQG*+]WKHPLQLPXPQXPEHURISRLQWVFDQEHFDOFXODWHGDV
1XPEHURISRLQWV 5DQJH
VWRSIUHTXHQF\ VWDUWIUHTXHQF\ H
H H
%DVHGRQWKHUHTXLUHGUDQJHWKHPLQLPXPQXPEHURISRLQWVUHTXLUHVLV,Q
JHQHUDOWKHPRUHSRLQWVWKHEHWWHUWRLQVXUHWKDWDVOLWWOHDOLDVLQJRFFXUVDV
SRVVLEOH7KHVDPHDQDO\VLVVKRXOGEHSHUIRUPHGRQ6
*5/&DO &RQVLGHUDWLRQV
&KRRVH7LPH'RPDLQ
3DUDPHWHUV
(PSW\)L[WXUH
$LUDWQ6
)L[WXUHZLWK0HWDO3ODWH
0HWDO3ODWH
DWQ6
7LPHGRPDLQSDUDPHWHUV
$IWHUWKHLQLWLDOSRUWFDOLEUDWLRQLVSHUIRUPHGWKHORFDWLRQRIWKHPHWDOSODWHLQ
WLPHPXVWEHGHWHUPLQHG$ERYHLVDSORWRIWKHHPSW\IL[WXUHDQGDSORWRI
WKHIL[WXUHZLWKWKHPHWDOSODWH
%\FRPSDULQJWKHWZRSORWVWKHWLPHSRVLWLRQRIWKHSODWHIDOOEHWZHHQDQG
QVHF7KHH[DFWSRVLWLRQLVQRWLPSRUWDQWDVORQJDV\RXVSHFLI\WLPHVZKHUH
QRRWKHUUHIOHFWLRQKDVDODUJHUDPSOLWXGHWKDQWKHUHIOHFWLRQRIIWKHSODWH
7KLVFDQRFFXUZKHQWKHUHIOHFWLRQRIIWKHDQWHQQDLVODUJHUWKDQWKHSODWH
7KHILQDOSDUDPHWHUVWRVHWDUHWKHJDWHVKDSHDQGWKHJDWHVSDQ7KHVH
SDUDPHWHUVDUHXVHGGXULQJWKHJDWHGUHVSRQVHLVRODWLRQSRUWLRQRIWKH
FDOLEUDWLRQ7KLVFDOLEUDWLRQLVVHSDUDWHIURPWKH*5/FDODQGLVXVHGWR
UHGXFHDQ\UHVLGXDOHUURUV7KH*5/FRUUHFWHGPHDVXUHPHQWVRIWKHHPSW\
IL[WXUHDQGWKHIL[WXUHZLWKWKHPHWDOSODWHDUHJDWHGDQGXVHGDVDVHSDUDWH
UHVSRQVHLVRODWLRQFDOLEUDWLRQ7KHVHWHUPVDUHDSSOLHGLQWKH VRIWZDUH7KH
JDWHVSDQVKRXOGEHVHWZLGHHQRXJKWRLQFOXGHWKHHQWLUHUHVSRQVHRIWKH
UHIOHFWLRQRIIWKHSODWHRUWKHWUDQVPLVVLRQRIWKHHPSW\IL[WXUHEXWQDUURZ
HQRXJKWRPLQLPL]HWKHXQZDQWHGUHVSRQVHV
PP:DYH)UHH6SDFH5HVXOWV
5H[ROLWH
H[SHFWHGYDOXH
H
+HUHLVVRPHPHDVXUHPHQWUHVXOWVXVLQJWKHVLPSOH:EDQGV\VWHP\RXVDZ
HDUOLHU
$UH[ROLWH VDPSOHLVXVHGDVDYHULILFDWLRQVWDQGDUGEHFDXVHLWKDVZHOONQRZQ
GLHOHFWULFSURSHUWLHVLQWRWKHKXQGUHGVRI*+]3XEOLVKHGYDOXHIRUUH[ROLWH
HSVLORQSULPHLV<RXFDQVHHWKHPDUNHGIUHTXHQF\SRLQWLVDOPRVWH[DFW
5HVXOWVRYHUWKH*K]UDQJHZHUHZLWKLQSHUFHQW
2QFHWKHV\VWHPZDVPHDVXUHGWKH087RULQWKLVFDVH$FU\OLFVKHHWZDV
PHDVXUHG$FWXDOYDOXHRIWKLVVDPSOHZDVXQNQRZQEXWH[SHFWHG UHVXOWVDUH
VRPHZKHUHEHWZHHQWR
PP:DYH)UHH6SDFH5HVXOWV
6HPLQDU2XWOLQH
(OHFWURPDJQHWLF3URSHUWLHVRIPDWHULDOV
6XPPDU\RI0HDVXUHPHQW7HFKQLTXHV
)UHHVSDFH0HDVXUHPHQW&DOLEUDWLRQ
)UHHVSDFH0HDVXUHPHQW0RGHOV
$GGLWLRQDO)UHHVSDFH0HDVXUHPHQWV
46
5HODWLRQVKLS%HWZHHQ6SDUDPHWHUVDQG
0DWHULDO3URSHUWLHV
,QFLGHQW
7UDQVPLWWHG
T (1 2 )
1 2T 2
(1 T 2 )
S 11 = S 22 =
1 2T 2
0
= 0
, 0 =
0 + 0
c
S 21 = S 12 =
5HIOHFWHG
5HIOHFWLRQ
6
7UDQVPLVVLRQ
6
T = e L , =
r r
7KHVHHTXDWLRQVLOOXVWUDWHWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHPHDVXUHG IUHHVSDFHV
SDUDPHWHUVDQGWKHVDPSOHWKLFNQHVVPHDVXUHPHQWIUHTXHQF\SHUPLWWLYLW\DQG
SHUPHDELOLW\7(0SURSDJDWLRQLVDVVXPHG
47
)UHHVSDFH0HDVXUHPHQW0RGHOV
1LFROVRQ 5RVV0RGHO
1,670RGHO
7UDQVPLVVLRQ0RGHO
7KHUHDUHWKUHHDOJRULWKPVWKDWDUHFRPPRQO\XVHGWRFDOFXODWHSHUPLWWLYLW\DQG
SHUPHDELOLW\:HUHIHUWRWKHVHDOJRULWKPVDVPRGHOV(DFKDUH EDVHGRQWKH
HTXDWLRQVJLYHQRQWKHSUHYLRXVVOLGH:HZLOOQRZGLVFXVVKRZHDFKGLIIHUVDQG
ZK\\RXPLJKWZDQWWRFKRRVHRQHRYHUDQRWKHU
48
1LFROVRQ5RVV0RGHO
7HFKQLTXHLVEDVHGRQVROYLQJWKHWZRHTXDWLRQV
EHORZIRUWKHWZRXQNQRZQV
00 6 I,6 I,,
00 6 I, 6 I,
$01LFROVRQ DQG*)5RVV0HDVXUHPHQWRIWKHLQWULQVLFSURSHUWLHVRIPDWHULDOVE\
WLPHGRPDLQWHFKQLTXHV,(((7UDQV,QVWUXP0HDV,0SS
7KH1LFROVRQ5RVVPRGHOVROYHVIRUERWKSHUPLWWLYLW\DQGSHUPHDELOLW\E\PDNLQJ
WUDQVPLVVLRQDQGUHIOHFWLRQFRHIILFLHQWPHDVXUHPHQWVRQDVLQJOH VDPSOHRIWKH
PDWHULDO7KH0[[ LQWKHHTXDWLRQVDERYHUHIHUVWRWKHPHDVXUHGYDOXHVRIWKHV
SDUDPHWHUVZKLOH6[[ UHIHUVWRWKHYDOXHVFDOFXODWHGIURPWKHSUHYLRXVO\
PHQWLRQHGHTXDWLRQV1LFROVRQ DQG5RVVVKRZHGE\WDNLQJWKHVXPDQG
GLIIHUHQFHRIWUDQVPLVVLRQDQGUHIOHFWLRQFRHIILFLHQWVWKHYDOXHVIRUXDQGHFDQEH
GHWHUPLQHG
49
3UREOHPVZLWK150RGHO
7KLVVHWRIHTXDWLRQVEHFRPHXQVWDEOHZKHQ0LV
HTXDOWR]HUR2QHHTXDWLRQWZRXQNQRZQV
7KHGHULYDWLRQLQYROYHVWDNLQJWKHORJRIDFRPSOH[
QXPEHU7KHORJRIDFRPSOH[QXPEHULVQRWDVLQJOH
YDOXHGIXQFWLRQ
50
([DPSOHRI150HDVXUHPHQWV
7KHVHWZRSORWVVKRZPHDVXUHPHQWVPDGHRQDVDPSOHRI7HIORQ,QWKHILUVW
FDVHWKHPHDVXUHGYDOXHRI6 QHYHUDSSURDFKHV]HUR,QWKHVHFRQGFDVH
EHFDXVHRIWKHORQJHUOHQJWKRIWKHVDPSOHWKHPHDVXUHGYDOXHRI6
DSSURDFKHV]HURDWVHYHUDOIUHTXHQFLHV6LQFHWKHHTXDWLRQVXVHGWRVROYHIRUX
DQGHDUHLOOFRQGLWLRQHGWKHFRPSXWHGUHVXOWVDUHLQHUURU
51
1,670RGHO
7HFKQLTXHXVHVDOOIRXUPHDVXUHGVSDUDPHWHUVWRFDOFXODWH
SHUPLWWLYLW\7KLVHOLPLQDWHVWKHQHHGWRNQRZWKHSRVLWLRQRI
WKHVDPSOHLQWKHVDPSOHKROGHU7KHVDPSOHLVDVVXPHGWR
EHQRQPDJQHWLF
6RPHWLPHVKDVDSUREOHPFRQYHUJLQJWRDQDQVZHUZKHQ
WKHPHDVXUHPHQWHUURUVLQ6 DQG6 LVODUJH
-%DNHU-DUYLV(9DQ]XUD:.LVVLFN,PSURYHG7HFKQLTXHIRU'HWHUPLQLQJ&RPSOH[
3HUPLWWLYLW\ZLWKWKH7UDQVPLVVLRQ5HIOHFWLRQ0HWKRG,(((7UDQVDFWLRQVRQ0LFURZDYH
7KHRU\DQG7HFKQLTXHVYRO QRSS$XJXVW
52
+HUHLVDQH[DPSOHRIXVLQJWKH1,67PRGHOWRFDOFXODWHWKHYDOXHRISHUPLWWLYLW\
IRUD7HIORQVDPSOH
53
7UDQVPLVVLRQ0RGHO
7KLVWHFKQLTXHPLQLPL]HVWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKH
PHDVXUHGDQGFDOFXODWHGYDOXHVRI67KHVDPSOHLV
DVVXPHGWREHQRQPDJQHWLF
2IWHQFRQYHUJHVWRDVROXWLRQZKHQWKH1,67PRGHOIDLOV
7KLVLVEHFDXVHLWGRHVQWGHSHQGRQ67KHHUURULQ
PHDVXULQJ6 LVRIWHQDRUGHURIPDJQLWXGHZRUVWWKDQZKHQ
PHDVXULQJ6
7KHWUDQVPLVVLRQPRGHOLVEDVHGRQPLQLPL]LQJWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKH
PHDVXUHGYDOXHRIWKHWUDQVPLVVLRQFRHIILFLHQWDQGWKHFRPSXWHGYDOXH,W
DVVXPHVWKDWWKHPDWHULDOLVQRQPDJQHWLF,WLVDQLWHUDWLYHPHWKRGWKDWVWDUWV
ZLWKDQLQLWLDOJXHVVIRUSHUPLWWLYLW\XVXDOO\MDQGLPSURYHVWKHJXHVVXQWLO
WKHGLIIHUHQFHLVQHDU]HUR
54
+HUHLVWKHFRPSXWHGYDOXHRISHUPLWWLYLW\IRUD7HIORQVDPSOH ,WLVYLUWXDOO\
LGHQWLFDOWRWKHYDOXHVFRPSXWHGE\WKH1,67PRGHO
55
:HDNQHVVRIERWKWKH1,67DQG7UDQVPLVVLRQ
0RGHOV
%RWKPRGHOVFRPSXWHVWKHZURQJVROXWLRQZKHQWKHSKDVH
VKLIWRI6LVJUHDWHUWKDQGHJUHHVDWWKHILUVW
PHDVXUHPHQWIUHTXHQF\
7KLVFDQRIWHQEHRYHUFRPHE\FRPSXWLQJWKHJURXSGHOD\
DQGFRPSXWLQJDQHVWLPDWHRIWKHSHUPLWWLYLW\
$QDOWHUQDWLYHLVWRSURYLGHWKHPRGHOZLWKDQDSSUR[LPDWH
YDOXHRIWKHSHUPLWWLYLW\
%RWKPRGHOVFDQEHFRPHFRQIXVHGZKHQWKHOHQJWKRIWKHVDPSOHLVORQJ
FRPSDUHGWRWKHZDYHOHQJWKRIWKHPHDVXUHPHQWIUHTXHQF\7KHUHDUHVHYHUDO
YDOXHVRISHUPLWWLYLW\WKDWVDWLVILHVWKHPHDVXUHPHQWV7KLVSUREOHPFDQEH
RYHUFRPHE\HLWKHUPDNLQJDVKRUWHUVDPSOHORZHULQJWKHILUVWPHDVXUHPHQW
IUHTXHQF\RUSURYLGLQJDGGLWLRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQVXFKDVJURXSGHOD\RUDQLQLWLDO
JXHVVRISHUPLWWLYLW\
56
6HPLQDU2XWOLQH
(OHFWURPDJQHWLF3URSHUWLHVRIPDWHULDOV
6XPPDU\RI0HDVXUHPHQW7HFKQLTXHV
)UHHVSDFH0HDVXUHPHQW&DOLEUDWLRQ
)UHHVSDFH0HDVXUHPHQW0RGHOV
$GGLWLRQDO)UHHVSDFH0HDVXUHPHQWV
57
$GGLWLRQDO)UHHVSDFH0HDVXUHPHQWV
6KHHW,PSHGDQFH
5HIOHFWLYLW\
,WLVRIWHQGHVLUHGWRNQRZWKHVKHHWLPSHGDQFHRIWKHPDWHULDORUWKHUHIOHFWLYLW\
RIDPDWHULDOVDPSOH
58
6KHHW,PSHGDQFH
9L
9U
9W
=6
9L 9U 9W
6 6
6 6
6KHHWLPSHGDQFHPHDVXUHGLQRKPVRURKPVVTXDUHDVVXPHVWKDWD VDPSOHRI
PDWHULDOLVVXIILFLHQWO\WKLQVRLWFDQEHFRQVLGHUHGDOXPSHGHOHPHQW%DVHGRQ
WKLVWKHYROWDJHVVOLJKWO\WRWKHOHIWRI=VLVHTXDOWRWKHYROWDJHVOLJKWO\WRWKH
ULJKW%HFDXVHRIWKLVWKHYROWDJHUHODWLRQVKLSVKRZQKROGV,IZHGLYLGHERWK
VLGHVRIWKLVUHODWLRQVKLSE\WKHLQFLGHQWYROWDJH9LZHJHWWKH6 6
5HDUUDQJLQJWLV H[SUHVVLRQZHFDQREWDLQWKDW 6 67KLVH[SUHVVLRQLV
XVHIXOLQGHWHUPLQLQJLIDPDWHULDOPHHWVWKHOXPSHGHOHPHQWDVVXPSWLRQ7KH\
DOVRDOORZXVWRFDOFXODWHWKHYDOXHRI=VIURPHLWKHUDPHDVXUHGYDOXHRI6 RU
68VXDOO\6 LVXVHGEHFDXVHWKHHUURUDVVRFLDWHGZLWKLWVPHDVXUHPHQWLV
DOPRVWDOZD\VOHVVWKDWWKDWDVVRFLDWHGZLWK6
59
$SSOLFDWLRQRI6KHHW,PSHGDQFH
7KLVVOLGHLOOXVWUDWHDQLPSRUWDQWDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKHVKHHWLPSHGDQFHFRQFHSW:H
FDQOD\HUWZRPDWHULDOVDQGGHWHUPLQHWKHVKHHWLPSHGDQFHRIWKH FRPELQDWLRQE\
XVLQJOXPSHGHOHPHQWFLUFXLWWKHRU\
60
5HIOHFWLYLW\
$QRWKHUIUHHVSDFHPHDVXUHPHQWRILQWHUHVWLVUHIOHFWLYLW\,WLVRIWHQGHVLUHGWR
NQRZWKHUHIOHFWLYLW\DWDJLYHQDQJOH7KHPDWHULDORILQWHUHVWPD\EHDQDEVRUEHU
DVLOOXVWUDWHGRIDPDWHULDOLQWHQGHGWREHDSSOLHGWRDPHWDOVXUIDFH
61
15/$UFK
5HIOHFWLYLW\PHDVXUHPHQWVDUHRIWHQPHDVXUHGXVD15/1DYDO5HVHDUFK
/DERUDWRU\$UFK7KHDUFKDOORZVWKHXVHUWRDGMXVWWKHDQJOHRIWKHDQWHQQDV
EHLQJXVHGZKLOHPDLQWDLQLQJDFRQVWDQWGLVWDQFHWRWKHVDPSOH 7KHPDWHULDO
EHLQJPHDVXUHGLVSODFHGRQWKHWDEOH3ULRUWRPDNLQJDPHDVXUHPHQWWKH
V\VWHPLVFDOLEUDWHG7KHPRVWFRPPRQO\XVHGFDOLEUDWLRQLVDQLVRODWLRQ
UHVSRQVHFDO7LPHGRPDLQJDWHVDUHRIWHQHPSOR\HGWRHOLPLQDWHXQZDQWHG
WUDQVPLVVLRQSDWKV
62
+HUHLVDQH[DPSOHPHDVXUHPHQW
63
)RU0RUH,QIRUPDWLRQ
&KHFNRXWRXUZHEVLWHDW
ZZZDJLOHQWFRPILQGPDWHULDOV
&DOOXVDW
(PDLOXVDW
PDWHULDOV#DJLOHQWFRP
7KDQN\RXIRUDWWHQGLQJWKLVVHPLQDU,I\RXQHHGDGGLWLRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKLVRU
RWKHUDSSOLFDWLRQVSOHDVHFRQWDFW\RXUXVRU\RXUORFDO$JLOHQW)LHOG(QJLQHHU
64
Agilent Direct
www.agilent.com/find/agilentdirect
Quickly choose and use your test equipment solutions with confidence.
www.agilent.com
Agilent Technologies Test and Measurement Support, Services, and Assistance
Agilent Technologies aims to maximize the value you receive, while minimizing your
risk and problems. We strive to ensure that you get the test and measurement
capabilities you paid for and obtain the support you need. Our extensive support
resources and services can help you choose the right Agilent products for your
applications and apply them successfully. Every instrument and system we sell
has a global warranty. Two concepts underlie Agilents overall support policy: Our
Promise and Your Advantage.
Our Promise
Our Promise means your Agilent test and measurement equipment will meet
its advertised performance and functionality. When you are choosing new
equipment, we will help you with product information, including realistic performance specifications and practical recommendations from experienced test engineers. When you receive your new Agilent equipment, we can help verify that it
works properly and help with initial product operation.
Your Advantage
Your Advantage means that Agilent offers a wide range of additional expert test
and measurement services, which you can purchase according to your unique technical and business needs. Solve problems efficiently and gain a competitive edge
by contracting with us for calibration, extra-cost upgrades, out-of-warranty repairs,
and onsite education and training, as well as design, system integration, project
management, and other professional engineering services. Experienced Agilent
engineers and technicians worldwide can help you maximize your productivity, optimize the return on investment of your Agilent instruments and systems, and obtain
dependable measurement accuracy for the life of those products.
Agilent Open
www.agilent.com/find/open
Agilent Open simplifies the process of connecting and programming test systems
to help engineers design, validate and manufacture electronic products. Agilent
offers open connectivity for a broad range of system-ready instruments, open
industry software, PC-standard I/O and global support, which are combined to
more easily integrate test system development.
United States:
(tel) 800 829 4444
(fax) 800 829 4433
Canada:
(tel) 877 894 4414
(fax) 800 746 4866
China:
(tel) 800 810 0189
(fax) 800 820 2816
Europe:
(tel) 31 20 547 2111
Japan:
(tel) (81) 426 56 7832
(fax) (81) 426 56 7840
Korea:
(tel) (080) 769 0800
(fax) (080)769 0900
Latin America:
(tel) (305) 269 7500
Taiwan:
(tel) 0800 047 866
(fax) 0800 286 331
Other Asia Pacific
Countries:
(tel) (65) 6375 8100
(fax) (65) 6755 0042
Email: tm_ap@agilent.com
Contacts revised: 05/27/05
www.agilent.com/find/contactus
Product specifications and descriptions in this document subject to change
without notice.
Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2005
Printed in USA, July 29, 2005