RESCUE LIGHT

NOR SYAFIQAH BINTI ABU YAZID

NOOR AZRIN BINTI ISHAK
NADIATUL AMIRA IZZATY BINTI JAMIL

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

POLITEKNIK UNGKU OMAR

2016

RESCUE LIGHT

NOR SYAFIQAH BINTI ABU YAZID

01DKA14F1047
NOOR AZRIN BINTI ISHAK
01DKA14F1040
NADIATUL AMIRA IZZATY BINTI JAMIL
01DKA14F1045

Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements

For the diploma of Civil Engineering

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

POLITEKNIK UNGKU OMAR

2016

AUTHOR DECLARATION

I declare that the work in this report was carried out in accordance with
the regulations of Ungku Omar Polytechnic. It is original and is the
results of my own work, unless otherwise indicated or acknowledged as
referenced work. In the event that my report be found to violate the
conditions mentioned above, I voluntarily waive the right of conferment
of my diploma and agree be subjected to the disciplinary rules and
regulations of Ungku Omar Polytechnic.

Name of Candidate : Nor Syafiqah Binti Abu Yazid

Signature of candidate: .

Name of Candidate : Noor Azrin Bin Ishak

Signature of Candidate : ..

Name of Candidate : Nadiatul Amira Izzaty Binti Jamil

Signature of Candidate : ...

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We want to wish thanks a lot to the important individual that help us to

complete the final project. A big thanks to our lecturer Pn Seri Bunian
Binti Mokhtar for giving us guidance throughout this final project.
Besides we also grateful and appreciate the effort of lecturer for
providing advice that is useful in completing this project. Next, thanks to
our parents for giving us support and encouragement throughout the
completion of project. Last but not least, thanks to our classmate for
.giving a great cooperation in completing the project

ABSTRACT

This project presents new innovation to reduce the number of accidents

night hour. The purpose of this project is to create a occur during the
portable, economic yet trivial equipment to solve the problems regarding
an accident during night especially for the rear end cases. The overall aim
of this study is to increase the awareness of other road user to take cautious on preventing
the accident and their attitudes to road safety and road safety measures, especially during
night driving. By analysis the data of statistic from news and data from
Royal Malaysian Police (RMP), this statistical data is collected as a
reference to create equipment and directly can solve this problems. By
referring Royal Malaysian Police (RMP) statistical data, it recorded that
the figure of accident increase in numbers of death due to road accident
from 6,286 deaths in 2003 to 6,917 in 2012. This shows that the number
of accident rose gradually due to many kind of problems especially
during night hour. Therefore, this idea may be apply for the convenience
.of users in highway to decrease the number of accident

TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CONTENTS
LIST TABLES
LIST FIGURE
APPENDIKS

CHAPTER I INTRODUTION
1.0

Background of study

1.1

Problem statement

1.2

Research Framework

1.3

Aim of study
1.3.1 Objective

1.4

Significant of study

1.5

Limitation

1.6

Definition

CHAPTER II LITERATURE VIEW

2.0

Introduction

2.1
2.2
2.2.1
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.4

Previous study

2.5

Conclusion

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

3

Introduction

3.2

Research design

3.3

Population and sampling procedure

3.4

Research Instrument
3.4.1

3.5

Validity and reliability

3.6

Data collection Procedure

3.7

Data Analysis

3.8

Conclusion

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.0

BACKGROUND OF STUDY

In 2004, road traffic injuries were the ninth most frequent cause of
death .Over 1.2 million people die on the road each year, with 20
to 50 million suffering from non-fatal injuries. Malaysia, as one of
the developing countries, has acknowledged road safety as a
critical problem that should be addressed. In the 80s, Malaysia
recorded an average of 4% annual increment of road traffic
fatalities, followed by 5% in the 90s. However, the figure increased
at a slower rate of 2% in more recent years (20002009). Even
though the trend for the last 30 years is moving in a positive
direction, where smaller increments have been recorded over the
last nine-year period, the real number of fatalities is increasing. In
2010 alone, 6,872 fatalities were recorded (Royal Malaysian Police
2009), a 1.8% increase from the previous year (2009: 6,745).

1.1

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Nowadays, the number of accident rose dramatically especially

during night hour due to poor sightseeing. In Malaysia, a lot of
concern is directed towards road accident statistics which rises
alarmingly high especially during the festive breaks. Statistics in
Malaysia was collected from RMP (Royal Malaysian Polices) that
recorded the increase in numbers of death due to road accident
from 6,286 deaths in 2003 to 6,917 in 2012. Of this, motorcyclists
have been identified as the most vulnerable road user because
they contribute to about 50 per cent of the total deaths.
Motorcyclists account for a large percentage of all fatalities .One of
the main reasons motorcyclists are killed in crashes is the relatively
exposed nature of motorcycles. The crash of motorcycle also occur
due to the condition of the vehicle that is broken down so that they
park their vehicle side of the road which is did not noticed by others
road user due to poor sightseeing. Motorcycles offer very little
protection to the rider in a crash.

1.2

RESEARCH FRAMEWORK

Nowadays, an accident involving vehicle has been increasing rapidly. Most of the
accidents occurred during night time. The main factor that causes the accident
occurs is the low visibility level of the road user during night riding. During night
driving, other road users, especially lorry drivers are not alert of the presence of the
other vehicle. Therefore, a research is made to increase and enhance the awareness
of other road users for the safeness. The result of this research is expected that it
will decrease the occurrence of accident during night and heavy rain especially the
rear end cases. The research will help create the awareness of the road users as well.

AIM OF STUDY 1.3

Objective 1.3.1

1)

To create portable equipment that easy to operate based on

its characteristics
2)
To reduce the number of accident.
3)
To increase the awareness of dangerous that may be occur
when park vehicle side of the road.

SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY

1.4

Safety triangle is an equipment that help others road user to

alert about the broken vehicle at the highway. Due to this
concept, the rescue light has been designed and innovated to
improve the shortcoming of safety triangle. Shortcoming of

safety triangle may prevent other road user to see clearly the
constraint in front of them during night hour. This may lead to
unexpected event that contribute the accident occur. Rescue
light provided with the design of light emitting diode (LED)
and siren. This equipment has more advantages compared to
the safety triangle. For example, this equipment is very
suitable to use during night and heavy rain. Hence, rescue
light also provided with proper light that improve the
sightseeing of the traffic user. So the traffic user will alert
about the surrounding.

1.5

LIMITATION
This limitation of this design is suitable for all traffic users. Design
of the rescue light is quite simple yet give more impact to the safety
of traffic user. The limitation is provided only for transportation.
Rescue light is the first design in the market that improve the
shortcoming of safety triangle due to lack of reflector by indicating
the concept of ambulance vehicle. K. Cacthpole and D. McKeown
(2007), stated that by providing a good overview of the favourable
characteristic

for

recommendation

ambulance
by

De

sirens

Lorenzo

that

and

are

Eilers.

similar
This

to

the

innovated

equipment of rescue light is mainly suitable use for highway. This is

because it can help to attract others attention when problems occur.

1.6

DEFINITION
Rescue light is an equipment that innovated from safety triangle
that has been use as reflector due to vehicle broke down. This
equipment contained LED light and siren to give awareness toward
road user to take any proper action due to unpredictable event.
This rescue light is using the concept of ambulance vehicle
whereas it use siren and flashing or rotating halogen. This
equipment also provided with suitable frequency of light that
improve the vision of road user neither nor uses of siren to alert
others.

CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0

INTRODUCTION
Emergency vehicles are regularly driven using warning lights and sirens to alert
traffic users of its approach with the expectation that the motorist and other traffic
users will clear the path for the emergency vehicle. The ashing lights on the
emergency vehicle are only effective if other vehicles has already directly sighted the

lights or from a reection. The warning sirens means to alerted traffic users of the
unexpected situation that occur due to broken car, hence this warning mechanism is
important for the prevention of collisions. C.E. Saunders and C.J. Heye, Ambulance
collisions in an urban environment, Prehospital Disaster Medicine, 9(2), 118-124
(1994) stated that a common factor in many collision incidents is that the motorist
was not alerted, or did not recognise, the approach of an emergency vehicle. This is
where the warning siren on the emergency vehicle is pivotal in the prevention of
collisions with motorists and other vehicles.
Rescue light is one of the innovated device that refer to the concept of ambulance
light. This light provided with LED and siren to alert traffic users of the unexpected
circumstances that occur due to broken car especially during night hour. Chosen of
colour is important factor that contributes and improves the sightedness of traffic
users according to weather. During the night day, the colour should be bright so that it
will be seen clearly. The design of this rescue light is in triangle shape. Triangle shape
indicate the symbol of hazard which is Malaysian mentality always alert of the
information.

2.1

CHARACTERISTICS OF LED

In this rescue light we are using LED Light which is similar concept with
ambulance light. The concept of ambulance light is using LED light. These are more
recent developments, using the 'Super Bright' LED technology, and are entering
wide use as they are easy to fit (being only a few millimetres wide, rather than
several centimetres for most strobes and incandescent lights). This makes them
particularly suitable for covert use. They are much more resistant to vibration and
have much longer service lives. They also present very saturated colors and so

enhance visibility during daylight hours. Flashing LEDs are used as attention
seeking indicators without requiring external electronics. By using this
characteristic, it will be apply in our final project for the convenient of road user
especially for safety.

2.1.1 CHARACTERICTICS OF SIREN

In this rescue light we use siren as a tool of communication to alert others about the
hazard ahead. Selection of siren based on it frequency is important to ensure the
successful of its function whether it can be hear loudly or not based on a certain
speed. This is important because car need stopping sight distance (SSD) to stop their
car due to speed, brake reaction time and deceleration rate to prevent from collision.
According to the siren and LED, the traffic users can be aware of the hazard in front
of them so that they will decelerate their cars which can prevent from collision.

De Lorenzo and Eilers (1991) stated the favourable characteristics for sirens. They
note a US Department of transport report that suggested that over a sirens
effective frequency range, the average signal attenuation (through closed-windowed
automobile bodies combined with typical masking noise) resulted in a maximal siren
effective distance of siren penetration of only 8 to 12 m at urban intersections. For a
vehicle travelling at 50km/hr, this distance would be covered in less than 1.15
seconds, which is insufcient prevent a collision. T. Caelli and D. Porter (1980) stated
the problem is further exacerbated as road users tend to overestimate the distance
from noise sources by a factor of two, thus causing drivers to assume they have more
time to respond. The favourable siren characteristics include: sufciently loud, wide
frequency spectrum (1kHz - 4kHz) to overcome masking noise, rapid rise in pitch,
rapid cycling time. The work conducted provides additional details about the
favourable acoustic characteristics for sirens including ndings from psychoacoustic
studies and experiments.

2.1.2

DESIGN
This stage of design is coming after the analysis of the problem statement. During
the stage, all problems have been identify to improve the function and design of
the equipment. The design is still remain as triangle shape which provided with it
own identity of describing a hazard. This shape have reflection symmetry that
causes all the light will reflect and occupies the space. Colours of the equipment
also important in aesthetic and safety value. In aesthetic value, the colour that was
prefer should be bright and interesting so that it can attract attention of other traffic

user to alert. During the process of realizing the hazard, we need enough time to
reduce our speed to prevent from collision. Therefore by using the formula of
stopping sight distance (SSD) from AASHTO Green Books 2001 edition based on
research in NCHRP Report 400 (37) we can estimate the design value for stopping
sight distance based on:
SSD=1.47 Vt + 1.075 V/a
Where: t = brake reaction time, s
V= design speed, mph
a= deceleration rate, ft/s

2.1.3

REDUCE NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS

Based on the data from the Highway Planning Unit, Ministry of Works Malaysia, the
bar graph conclude the number of accidents in Malaysia keep increasing from time to
time. This is due to many factors that lead to accident for example poor visibility in
night hours, lost control and etc. The main focuses is to reduce the number of
accident during night hours due to broken cars by creating a new invented device that
is Rescue Light which help to increase visibility of traffic users hence can give

awareness to them to be alert of any obstructions. Therefore, this idea may be apply
to increase awareness and safety.

2.5

INCREASE AWARENESS

Awareness is defined as attentive and well informed of surrounding. For traffic users,
they have to be alert about the obstruction or hazard in front of them. This can
prevent from accident and collision. Along the highway, signboard have been
provided to inform and to alert traffic users about the hazard. Safety triangle have
been designed to solved the problems that faced by traffic users during the broken car

in night days. This device help to increase visibility hence can prevent from accident.
Rescue light is invented by referring to the concept of ambulance light to improve the
safety triangle. The design for this equipment have been created with LED and siren
which is totally different from safety triangle that been provided with reflector
materials. However, not many peoples tend to use the safety triangle when they faced
difficult situation due to broken car. The frequency of the siren should be suitable so
that everyone can alert about the sound. T. Caelli and D. Porter (1980) stated the
problem is further exacerbated as road users tend to overestimate the distance from
noise sources by a factor of two, thus causing drivers to assume they have more time
to respond. The favourable siren characteristics include: sufciently loud, wide
frequency spectrum (1kHz - 4kHz) to overcome masking noise, rapid rise in pitch,
rapid cycling time. Therefore, this innovative idea may be apply for the characteristic
of rescue light equipment.

2.4

PREVIOUS STUDY

The innovation is taken from safety triangle. By using this equipment the
innovation is created to increase awareness by improving visibility
towards the equipment. Safety triangle is the equipment use when the
vehicles broke down as it inform others road user towards the hazardous
in front. Therefore, Safety triangle has many other names which is Birds
Triangle, Heinrichs Triangle or the loss Birds Triangle, Heinrichs
Triangle. The safety triangle was devised by Frank E.Bird, Jr based on the
findings of H.W.Heinrich in his book, Industrial Accident Prevention.

Heinrich established that based on his findings an accident ratio of 1

major in jury to 29 minor injuries, and 29 minor injuries to 300 on-injury
accidents existed. Based on the finding, the inventor of safety triangle is
innovated from 1971 to 2012. In 1994 the innovation is create by Shin
Chyuan Wu. The present invention relates to a simple three-dimensional
and two-sided reflective warning triangle which is eye-catching, mobile,
water-proof and easily preserved. The present invention provides an
improved warning sign for a car accident, a broken-down car, or a
roadblock. The prior art warning triangle comprises a single-side plane
triangle which is combined with three plates and a cross. Since the
surface of which is glued with reflector paper or painted with reflector
paint, the distance of refection of the prior art reflective warning triangle
is limited. Therefore, it is dangerous to use such warning triangle as the
warning sign during a foggy, rainy evening. Thus it can be seen that an
improved, two-sided, three-dimensional and large sized warning triangle
is needed. The present invention, which is easy to assemble and
dismantle, is in the aforesaid structure. The present invention reflects
further than the prior art warning sign. The mobile, water-proofed
reflective warning triangle will not stop being visible even if part of the
circuit is short-circuited. Next is in 1989 by Rick Wojcik and friends. The
triangle structure includes a base and the three sides of the triangle
proper. The sides (blades) are detachably fitted together by pin/notch
connections, being movable to a folded position and a set-up position
and the same pin-notch connections are utilized in both positions. The
bottom blade is mounted on the base by a swivel connection, enabling
the base to be swung to a transverse position for use in setting up the
device, and it enables separation of the base when swung to an opposite
position. In 2003 the inventor is Bernell G. Haerer. An improvement to
the standard highway traffic warning triangles is presented which
provided greater illumination and visibility for the traffic warning
triangles. The new device includes an essentially flat frame having upper
and lower sections. The lower section of the frame can be attached to
the upper vertical flange of the base leg of the traffic triangle. This
attaching is accomplished either by the use of inwardly biased lower
legs, inwardly biased staggered teeth or clips. Once the illumination
frame is attached to the lower leg of the safety triangle, an illumination
light unit having both strobing and flashing battery powered
mechanisms can be attached to the upper section of the frame. This
attachment of light is normally by the use of magnets, but the light can
also be permanently bolted to the frame or attached by other methods.

The improvement draws greater attention by other methods. The

improvement draws greater attention to the traffic safety warning
triangle at greater distances and can be deployed 50 feet or more from
the action hazard. While in 22 Jan 2008 the inventor is Matthew
Distefano. A nautical light emitting diode (LED) safety channel marker
that is cylindrical in shape, capable of displaying lighted oceanic
regulation symbols on either side, and that at night illuminates the
panels that display a red triangle and a green square through the use of
LEDs that surround the perimeter of the square and triangle in order to
more effectively prevent boats from colliding with the markers during
the darkness hours. For year 2012, Lies Eric Tobios Levon have make
the innovation reflectors are used Widely to secure a safer environment
for cyclists, pedestrians, mariners, aviators and others by reflecting back
light from a light source. Road reflectors have been proven to be highly
effective by providing an alert system to prevent drivers from straying
off road or out of lanes, helping to reduce accidents and save lives. The
final innovation based on research is in 2012 by Issifu I Harruna. When a
vehicle stops or breaks down along the side of a highway, a hazardous
condition is created. The vehicle is either repaired or abandoned near
the side of the highway as oncoming motorists continue to speed by. A
number of safety devices have been devised that give oncoming
motorists an early warning as to the road hazard created by such a
break down. Among the types of warning devices commonly used are
standard highway safety triangles. These safety triangles are reflective
and include a lower base and an upper, frequently collapsible, triangularshaped device. The triangle is a well-known safety or hazard warning
symbol. In many states, it is a legal requirement that trucks be equipped
with such deployable safety triangles for use during a breakdown or an
accident to warn oncoming motorist of the approaching hazard. There is
also a concern for the safety of the driver of the disabled vehicle when
placing the safety triangles along the highway. The driver is placing
himself at a heightened risk in order to position the safety triangles
behind the disabled vehicle. In addition, the safety triangles may be
knocked over after being placed on the ground due to strong winds or
due to a passing motorist driving too close to the safety triangles.
Therefore, what is needed is a safety warning system that can be easily
deployed and provide ample warning to oncoming traffic.

Conclusion
Based on the finding, there are many inventor that create innovation for safety
triangle. Each design by the inventor represent the idea of their research which
maintain the concept of safety triangle that is created by Frank E. Bird Jr. This
concept is maintain to represent the meaning of safety triangle which is to inform
others about the hazardous in front. For rescue light the concept is maintain too. This
is to ensure others know that it is the innovation of the safety triangle. This rescue
light is created by adding LED Light and Siren to increase the effectiveness of the
equipment. Where by the LED Light is to alert other road user towards the danger
while the siren to encourage others to take quick action due to danger that will be
facing in front. The design should meet the criteria of safety triangle to let others

know their function on the road when having difficulty of vehicle broke down.
Therefore, hopefully this equipment can help to meet the objective of the innovation.