338 Imerpretaton Zeer tne arnt Sp ata ae 2 A tec tn eon ade gon we ae i Te $Si Rep Ea haere sles man ac pce Sie lt Sa ae cp oe Scere! atten taege fatness Se eeeeraire rece en caeeaa wera Re cares Cert hung chase tte net dh eal png ae enero Tf" i ns a at we Wa in er a dete gre, i om accincstivea seensany Liar etalk hoaeer oa Sake Shcctret et et aoe eee an an ne Serena dtpransinteee se pmpee es Shaan A ireeten mrsreraray eating Sitavat teen aie orcs peyote Evie esate rsh mon nr ae rue (2h be he hn my cea muon man “Cnc he ‘Sry nen oa a, we hee to i oh Soi ane mc sng he Pub peso tn pe "Ei pu scum et wo eh iad em” 8. oh“ ss Sang ih ee he nh i ‘The problem of Socrates Luo Srauss “The problem of Socrates” was delivered lect om Api 17, 1970 ‘the Annapolis campus of St. John's College. Profesor Sea's dauphin. Profesor Jeny Clay, ofthe Department of Cane tthe Universi of i= ia, has gener made ovale othe era copy of he mara ‘Als, tape recoding ofthe lectre inthe S-Jl's Cole Irary in An api war aval the eis were copes of a anonymous ransrp- Tow of ha toe. Unornarey the tape Is broken af afer abot frye ‘nines, wth ner hao the manus red, an the anciption (lo ende whee the tape doe. ‘Sil he transcription, as corrected BY he ‘tors on the basis ofthe tape ie ofers aversion of theft pat of he lecture which difersfom the manent Ina mabe of paces ond which sometimes appears 0 be saprior 1 i Tas, we have chosen Wie the re- ‘ordd vernon amor equal weight withthe mans a8 bai for cur Publ et When he esr a delivered merely contains a word or words ‘hat arent the mame, we have Wud thes in races. Inthe eter (utes where the ro auhortedifer and here we have refered the version Ith esr a lived, we have opin incaded iin rackets, bin hese ‘ies we hae lo included the manaciptversion in mote. In he case of those dscrepances where we have prefered he maraserit version, we hae Included tn he tet without Brackets, and we have included the orl version Ina note Al ale and pareraphs are based on the manuscriy. A mete Indies where the tape is broken of and after ths pol we ae of couse Compe to rey on he manuscript alone. We have preserved Profesor ‘Stns's punctuation the etn that we though pose thot sacrfng loriy. In toe fon cases where we have made a change on our Own (apart fom ang or sarang @ conn), we have so deed na note. We have Teen compeed to mbititc tansicrtns for Profesor Saat’ Greek ‘ora and pass all of which appear im the original Greek i te manu {evi Fn, we ae gral Dr. Heirch Mee forbs peers hep ix ‘ipherng Professor Spouss handing. “Kamal orion of lca haw boon published previouty, incorporated vino diferent ogre adn omen mode frm, The Reis Class Plies! Ratnam: An eon to the Thought of Leo Seuss ‘Ty Me ney af Cg A pe ene522 Inerpretation (hice: University of Chicago Pres, 1989 10 1989 by The Unveriy of (hig), pp 46-18. Usa ld tthe aca pope as announced hat ce tonight on “The robes of Socrates." This Was an engaging psig enor or ert moe "tan oe problen of Socrates, in the fest place, the problem wih which Soc cs was conrad. But one could sy, the problem ith which Soca was ‘socal may be of no coer ts tha it may ot be relevt Tere — Sera here ae 50 many things wich concer wo mich me bvioualy {nd uigenty dan the probe wih wich Socrates war eoncemed, Bat we Teceive an answer why we shald be centred with Soca’ problem by Ieenng fo the man from whom [ok te tie of it lected wich, 8 faras remember, was coined y bi. "The problem of Socrates i eft, immediately resin tle of ection a Nictashe's Daw of Hol, ae of i [it pubesions. Socrates and Pato, we Hes, were dade. Moe pecs, Sours was décadeat who Blogged ote lowest atm ofthe common ple, ote nilleall. ut] "Everthing exaggerated, bl, crete {atin evryihig i a th ste tine coneled, rch in aegis, ber ‘ocan” The enigma of Soules he toi eon of reason, vibe td Dupiess—an equation opposed to all isnt ofthe eariee Grek, of fe (Geek bah and ability. The ke supped by Sacre" Sacovery of ile ‘es 4 the quest for retsons. Te caer and higvelae Geeks dined 10 ‘Seok for, ano preset te reasons of thi conduct. To abide by sth, by the command eter of the gots ora hemes, was for them Simply mate ‘of good miners, Only hose pope have recouse odes who ave 90 ‘ihr means for geting steno wo and respected Its «Kind f revenge which 1 lavebo ike af he ih-bom. "The Seta leaves oh aersary 1D prove that be satan tot He enrages andthe same tine makes bp Iss” Socrates asialed because he dovered in dnletcn a new form of ‘pd, of cont); be thas wor over the noble youth of Athen and nang tiem stove all Piso nan age when the nine lot thease sey, ta were dsiepring one mended» nominee th Qa reson, Yee cue belongs ss mucho cadence te. "When spelang of the eater Ores, Niece inks lo ofthe pono: fer, the freSocrti pilwopher’ expecially Hemcins. This oes ot mean ‘hat heaped with Heraclitus. One eson why be id not was that he, ke all Plilotopbers, laced the (s-alle) “srl seas” Niet’ cre for all, non and hence Sorta at ll ines Thucyddes who had the cour ape fae ely without son ao sek reson in rely, ad nt in ies. Tyee the sop cate i. he else clu, cones “These 0 he problem of Sorts in the Dawn of Hiss nly ‘of Nahe’ st puleion, The Bh of Tragedy ow othe Sp of Muse, ‘The problem of Socrates +323 hich he owns 1 some ext Inter on, oe reas being tht he Had ude ‘cod [in tht ery rk] Grek taped inthe ht o the dares of Wat tevin mati, sn be a ome wo sce tht Wager Wasa cade of he es ‘ren spe of tad oto delete Niece’ int work dln flue hfe wrk wih amaing clay [wil core ay samen abot ti ‘Nite pnts Sorts a "he singh unig pot nd vote of oad otis” [Niches conser as at merely thecal He Was cr ‘rnd with te fate of Gamay othe foe of arope—a bran oe hat mast surat hghest dh (has ever been achive before, Te peak of tne het hat nnn of Ife tht found expression a Gack apy ‘Specialy n Acschylein rapedy. The "ung" understand of he woud Wes ‘ented and estoy by Socras, who there Is "he most questonhe Ptenomeaon of stig,” aman of mare ha huzan Sea demige. Soc fe [nb rhe Gt hort! man the maraion ofthe sp of ee, ‘adap nara ad anu, Inthe person of Soest bee a ompreheshy of aurea in the vier ealing power of towed has ist come wo light.” He ihe prototype ofthe races and ere of the opis for opis is ot mee) te Blt tat he werd i be bs ‘os wel, bu al the bbe! fat the wold ean be made no be Best of [inapnable werd, otha the eis which longo te bst ose word ‘an be ener bares by kapwledge aking ea ot al fly understand ‘ing bat an even correc ican be guided by scene te Uving fds of Ih canbe replced ty a des ex machina, Le. the fres of ature a ke ld wed inthe service higher eau” " Ratnam optimism, ice ithe tha rese's power saline and sentially tenefcent rth ‘ence can wie ll sid and loosen al chi. Raionao opis, See the tlt ia sates depends on the bie meade or since aaa respons he elt nh ntl inal spremsr ofthe goo. The al and ‘hime comegcnces ofthe change fected or represetd by Sores appear ‘nly in the conenporry West in the belie in nivel elgheamet nd eee ine ery happiness fall hina vel sot, in ula Sm, itera, democracy, psa, an sais. Both se comueaes the isgh ito te even! Himiations of sae hve shaken "orate Cale os foundtn: "We ine of Sori a has gone.” Thee ten bp fort fre Beyond the peak of pre Seca eal, fora phsopy of ‘he fate that eno Yonge ry thuecl as al pilosophy hte wa) tu aowingy bed om ats of te wil of on decison, Nietace's tack on Socrates a8 ack on eso: aon he celebrated tier fom ll suds roves isl 0 Be bse ona prec, sad te ‘mont dangerous of ll preuces the peje stemming fon dance. Io ‘er words, son, which waxes 50 eal and so hgh ndigmant abou (he demanded sacrifice of he mele, ests telfon esi of he ntl.324 Imerpreation this wa iy a ho od tte poste pol ft ‘obscurantism and ‘euceewalon = One woul here nnd te wc of Neco Ses ssh suelo nh oe if me dm gy nid te at Serene lng tase oo Nitec mot ef ae ‘em i cin tte pone yo of BeyndCo and Bl Pp mot ei page ns ol watt a Steno rani Nite isnt neon Sete eet ee ‘Girth Netti ys te at pw pono Sey ctoacng Pst Somer wang ac es or Pgh ta efron, bt ae se ee te) fas Nec tds, it in pest ee Shi aon sev" pont Tic so pps of Me See tts cn ao fe apne ome: Nt seb be wl ‘oer sig wih ha hyo ing ys ig wh smo Sch pI fer no, oxo whe en! fe ‘coed ppt ft fae ee sane amen ‘ed tea nly Darwen cee as oie of trenng tr ae be i ily soc {over Neches Zara" ba ln nao {ie oe Sos clon one tal oa pi of ol per ttn te Peet Bovnd Gd at Ei whe ig ie it Pas ‘i heh nth Som, Nec yest wa ping “Cnty ‘hast te he pp “he pode ieee eda hese ine he reds et of atc Hoge He's Nites oni ace pee secu he hr Pant eT don mich nites ee inion few ni Zar Rte pe of ‘ro mens a tag il ua ity be pet of eee oven it sno wih ng isd ee ‘stenpt cere om tne cmt. 0 cl ig Yer Nae ‘ho tape coral em. Fr Hedge’ he ge yy ‘ee ave spicy nan ese. oo es ‘a of he pened Neth oka of Pa Seeger of warn 0 el ode tony But eosh Hee aa Sefer of Nee, Scans tot onlay Syphon suet of Hees te uc hee sr te ura ol Wes iy i alo Se “prs emehg vey oem fc “peme be nt Sy vate of te Odgers Soot [aap Bt ey se cae nn anal pty le ht a te a ceme bck Here Seal fer ba ta ie at shee nay ehh pn tn aed Hel The problem of Socrates «325 housh belongs 1, depen on, someting re fendumentl wich shousk aot maser all hag belong nical wan epoch, testa folk Ts ‘ew is of coue not pclar oHesegertenergd in he 1 ceny and eday bas become fr many people tuo.” Bat Heidegger bas ough i rough more rally dan anyone else Lt scl his view "isto" and ‘defies fllows:hstricam fsa view according to wich all Hout i sed on ssolnte pesopositions which ary from epoch spa, fom ca ture clr, whch ar nt qussond nd cant be qctiond inte sts tion fo which hey long and which they conse This We atresia byte “objec” of since, bythe at at sence anscal, or bes own, all ela burn; forte scence which dos ths made Wester ‘inc, the child or sped of Greek since. Get Scence was weed posse by the Greek language, 1 particular language; the Grek langage [Goepested thon nigh, ivinions or rjuies which mike wince pox ble: To give (a simpe)” example, science mews knowlege ofall Beings (pana ena), tougt (ners in ginal Hebrew or Arabic” the ‘edieval Jewish an Arabic pulosopes fad to invent ar afc term to ‘mak possible the eouuosof Grek scence, Le. of see. The Gels, and ‘eretih i aru Sores und Pat, lacked be wmaees fs, the Istorcalcoscoustess. Tas the most poplar and least venomous exes ‘on of why in pula Socrates a Piso have bese aopeter queso thle fr oth Niece and Heide, and 0 many of or contemporaries, ‘his is the mort simple explanation of why Socaes bas become « Pobe, why thee ir probe of Soca This des nt mean tha he an-Socae postion which ave wed t dklzea is unpoiematie.” I ould be unproblematic, if me could take for ‘aed the (sale historia conscostess, if th cj ofthe historia enscousnes, History [with capital H], bad simpy bee discovered. But Patlap Hismy isa problematic merger of phesomena which coud be Interpreted ere, wich mere itt llerenly i former ins od tspeily by Soc sn hit decent. wil ste the fact sain from s simple exmpe. Xenopoe, pup of Saas, wre istry alld Hello, Creek story Ths atk begins abeaply wth te expen “Theater” Thas Nenpton camnt inte wht te ineaton of ts week ‘From the begining of anode wok of his (he Smpstun) we ine ha ‘he Helena is deve othe Sedoas ations of entemen; hence the actions ff dose otros non-gneme, te rans, do wot sey speaking bong [toto ant are appropriately weated by Xenon a excuses)? Moe Impetanithe Hellenic aso end, fraps” with There Inka me eal Hstry for Xenophon sequence of Theaters, in each of {Thc tarach eof) us. Socrates iss a eneman, bt» genes fs ileren hid: hsgeaeounship consis in raising and anwering the ‘ieston "What repuding the aro man thags Bat se "What's326 Ierpretaion are unchangeable" and in m0 way ina sate of contin, At comteuence, ihe Helen is ely polls. The primacy of pial hs ‘ecogned «"hstora” sil meas splat, nits we ad 8 Aijeine,lik econo, at ad soon Sl, sera hry i, o based ‘pon, pldosphy of sory. Philosphy of history Regi wih Vico [out Vico) new science [ashe called) 6 docite of natal eight, Le. pola dcrioe. However his may be, mses hstoy (a he fra which Wr know) cel wih af buman acter and thoes, withthe whole of Tat called clue” Treo “cleo (Gree thought ut ee te for iostance ans, nloing the at of moncyaubing sed he tative = {opinions dol, especialy about th highest he gd hse [opinios)* ‘Stereo the igen in what we would call“ cle", Thee [oisions]* ‘iter trom aston to mation ané they many sndergo changes wii nates. ‘The objec have the cognitive tas of momomens, of things owing thee wing wo being el" faze ess of sborive reasoning wtih fe declared ‘oe sacred. They a (fo botow fom a Phonic sine the elings of snes. ‘Wat we cll Hiry would be the suceson or simultane of eaves, The [eaves he celings te nom (by convention) which i ndeod neo Aisin to phe (by ata) le the moder centuries tee emerged new ed of nana abt [deci which based on he dean of nae oboes’ sat of mauris tbe best knows example Nature here ol nes {ve sande fat fom which oe shuld move aay. Os the bss of tte [aw of reason o the moral aw (sl was cle} ceased be matali: stu itn no way a sanard. This is he neces, albough nt slice, fendstion of the Ristori conscousbess The bisaral conslousest elf may be characterized om ther ot of view a flows History, te thier of te bisiorcal conicioumes, it soqane of namol, pss being Undead as ase momor among mat)—nomo has aborbed ps Hee feo undersnd phase ee, ooo phan ro Bt pac ‘hos igh)—"to grow i for hin above all a's cig ted in hema Pas, in a waditon, and cresbely wassoenig tht wadon ef alo ietsce’s Jou pbs 188° ‘at meres the tein somewhat ferent ems a folows. The haan species cons pha fe Ti i depart phui®(teret "aes, th ze and sac ofthe sarface ofthe earth) and pay 0 noma (costs and anguage). Every pilose eles essential tos cea ‘eno bat as [poste be mast anced ie. The proses of cu Toa sbloe or econ of the een pariarism fort men was eld ot in somewhat diferent ways by Jada, Christany an eam, A how ‘murclos overcoming wat visualized in modem times by meas ofthe oom (ust of are andthe universal recopiton of prey rational noms a, ‘ott only the ference of languages remains [wich ete Stalin recognized impor) In easton wo chisevelng, which seemed to deprive hua fe The problem of Socrates» 327 ‘of dept, pilosopterebepan to prefer the parca (ele and tempo ‘a oon neal ngead of merely acepting he parca. To Usa is by what protahiy be best known example’ they replace he is of a bythe gh of Englishes, Acorn to Mss every man belongs eal and completely 1 2 isl wer and be cont denn ste hse word eae) ‘i understood or anderen sell (be necessary understand)” oe ‘Jere ha eens sl. Undestanig beer tan it wtersood ‘lf of cour ogee imposible [and oly tebeved by wey simpli Stiopologins). Yer Hedegge charters [all ae plsopbes) all ea {er pllosephie thought by "obivon of Sein,” of he ground of gous [which mens] in he dive respecte clans 0 understand the eae phir Iowan) ber ten hey undeood ems. “This iy ie not pula wo Heeger. Is essen 1 all forms of isos. For isto ns ase ht an sigh surpassing all err fp, sce clan fo rng opt he ar csracer of al cae insigs: it as ier ei pce, fone May pat 20 crudely. Atte same Cine Tso ss tht ssights are incon of meso pesos) it sop (pts therefor ingly thatthe abet sph bei isgh—be- Feng tothe sb tine he alse ames [in stay) bt mst vod ‘en the semblance of sing sh slam or or tne, To ay tie; For {is would be tmanount opting an endo sory, to sigma tine (Gf Hegel, Mar, Nese)" In ther words he hs! proce isso Intima cach pec hs table esoposon ithe formals of Ranke] (al epoch ar oul inode to Go ot istorii hs rough 1 ght ths very fc, the oul absolute preseppositon. "The histor isght emis efor ll ies, fori that aight wee forge toe fu ine, the wold merely mesa lps into a oli fori which nan has vas lived inthe past tris an eel vey. [hut of couse fimposhe | "According o Helsgger ete ae no eral ‘ere: ecal vein would pesappee the cei) or semper of the Tuma race (Sein nd Zee 227-280. Eioung In de Mtaphsk 647 Heidegger bio tt [he human acl” i not eel or semper 1s So ‘he bnowtee, the Knowledge atte bua face aan erg a ea Iolo igi, at the bss.” least ase. fr Heidegger? he rou fal cigs, ad especially of man, i sid 1 be] Sein cin” would be trated th cae of every wer ober tan Helga by “tiny but for Heidegger eventing depen onthe ada ifleence te- ‘wee being odeson s el noun and being vdestood spats, and {Engl te vera noun i ondingusabe from te preileT sll thereon set German terms after having waste tem ence io Greek, Lie and Frac: Sen etm, ese, Ee Seiends is ney. Seni ‘ot Selene; tp every wndestndig of Slndes me ail resoypoe ta328 Imerpretation we understand Sen. One tempt ty in Psonic ngage tht Seeds ‘nly by pig io Sein btn tat Plone undertanding Sein would be & ‘Sener ‘What doer Heiser men by Sein? One can bin [ae I cn bea 0 nde tn te lllowing mane. Sen eanatbe expand by Seems, Fer intune, canal camo be expnned carly > Sein kes the place of fhe caps surely in the Kanan seme]. Thi change i nes Bae the catguis he spt of category, the alte pesopposons Change from poco epost ths change ino progres or aonl—te change oft ‘hear canot be explained by, oon te bas of, one partly of ‘Stegari yet we count oye of change fee (wt) not someting Tasting te changs st ating ch espe frie moet nda ‘al change [fundamental though Sei: Sin os pats it)” or end” in fret epochs «diferent undestandng of Sain and teeth of “every ‘hag “This is misleading ina as spss that Sein i fered ont infer But of Sein we know trough experience af Sea: hat experience prenippores Iborever a ep; hat leap mas tot ads by teeter hse andere {fore te toapt is eaacerized by oblivion of Sin Tey Thought only of ‘and about Seindes. Yer they could nt have hough of and about Selene {exp on the Sst of ome swe of Sei. Bat tty pu no ston 1 [eis fare wat de, note ny epligenoe ofthis, bt Slat ‘he hey to Sein is one prc omer of Sin, the Sein of mar. Manis poet everyone i wt (rater wo) eis y vite of he exerese of is ffeotom, hs coe of a deeriante ea of exenc, his pret (or his fale to do $0). But man fate: the age of bis fndamental choles is Time by his station which be has ot chose: man ta projet which i tivon somewhere (geverteer Evol The lap though which Sein it ‘experienced is prmaily te amureese-accepunce of being town, of Se ‘the sbandonment of every thought of alg supper. Extn st be undestood i contain to inssece* Eater psophy and epe- lly Grck poopy war obvious of Sein precielybeeatte i wat hot tase on ta exprnce Grek piloophy wat guided by a deaf Set tecoling to which Sein means i be "at had,” be preset, ad tele Sein inthe highest eset be aay resent, te alwys Ascodingy thy and te successors uso the sol at ssa, a hinged 2 st ‘bese which, Fel asl, ate fand not mere iting oe sallow) i ‘ad on the awareness acepane ofthe) eject a throw. No buman Ie tia nt mete defn or salow i pose withoat projet, witht ab idea of existence and ddtion wo "If exience” is] kesh place ‘of “repecable epson of he good ie bt opin points to knowles, were el of existe” ies tht this spc ther no Kee [pole] bat enly—what sich higher thn Knowledge, Boome of wht spt, dei, The problem of Socrates 329 ‘The ground ofall beings, and especialy of man, i Sein—tis round of ound is coral with man and therefore also at ctl rsp” Bt IF his i soy Sein enon be te ample ground of the emergence Ima, in ondtncton tothe exence of man, [wold fog)” ound Aire rom Sein. In eter wets) Sea nat th rondo he Tat Bat = ‘othe That and precisely te That, Sei? If we ay Yo anes big ‘adialy, we come wp agaist acti), edule ney we yt ae Sand the That of my the fc chat te bunaa ace, by ecg 0s asses, to its condton, ye shal find ht the whoo effet ec by Specie undestuning of Seig—by” an endrsaning which eevee en By Sein." The conta) of man fa is wew are)” compre to Kat's “Things, of whic en cana Sy sing and n purl no wheter icconsis aybing Lempierl™ Helegge alo reps a fellowes coe ‘ant speak of sting being pir 6 men ini tine happen whe mn is: ube or pinay tie is and arises oly comic ine, {he tine mere by chronometer, s soondayo alive sd can tee Tore not be ape o,f mate eof in ands pulowpi cones ‘ions. Ti ume reid of he medieval spent scoring to which he temporal fiseuess of the world compatible with God eemiy and ut hageability because, ine being depen om mon tect have bo "ime wheather was 99 moon. But yet acm tt] i meaning and fen indispensable soak of "pr f the een of he word” a nthe fase of Hatdegger of peo te energeace of seems shat one canto seid he question a whats espn for the emergence of man and of Sei, oof what bigs them out of ng. Fo ‘eX no abit outa ating noting comes no bing Ti i spp ‘questioned by Heeger besa] ex milo cre ens qi es (ut of ‘hing evry being sing comes ot. This oad vend one ofthe Bilis octine of creation fou of nothing). But Heseggr has no place foe* he Crete. (This woul suggest, things come io being oot cing ad ‘hough ating x alo et ao)” Taso core] ot tel eset oe telly died by Heiepser. Hat maz ot be comseed i ie a eanig? aot found nowhere even an temp of rot” of ex iio ii .” His ‘own proof elses his pci as aecessary—bt ely or edeing pos ‘ie any posite expecece (in conzadisiacuon wo [vba be clled] the Thing insel)™he givers monsendntallegtinton fof ex no nil ft. THe transcendental deduction in uh pits oe” pinacy af practic reson Une ame pt” Heidegger "le Feet st dr sprang des Sates Yom Grund ‘Acorgly Heiepser doc peak ofthe rg of mane sy ht smysery—at she sats of he renoring leading thi sense real? follows aly’ tom thse 2 premise I) Sein canot be explined by Seiendes—ef.casliy ceot be expel cama?) mani he ing330 Ierpreation stated by Sin—indslobly inked with t+ manpages ia the i {plait of Sin. Te iia re: the opin of man wich was cocoa {eed witha ogy (Sr Prt) as onl a lsrastion, 98» poo elegger Seems to have suceeded ia geting of pace wit bang Jet pen bck oor oa Tingsiself and witout being ia ned of «po copy of narue(HepeD.” One cou say that he suceeded a his at th pice of ‘he eninlipiy of Sein Ld, te mont nelget of ae Western Marc ‘ts, sing the gerne which Lain Rad ued against empiein-iim, Spoke of mystifeaion" Laks oly harmed hse by not aang Rom oidegge He pevetd Rinse oo scing tat Neidegan's derstanding ofthe couemprary Wodd Is more comprebensve and mre profound thas Mar’ (Gesel™Ware, Ding” or tat Marx rsd clan supasing by fr {he claim af him who chimed to have sod the Booty rie. In al inp ‘an respects Heiepger does at make tings obscure than hey a Heiepar ies to depen te andentansing of wt thinking by reflecting on the German wor! for tiking. To this procodue be maker the objection "ata Geman word ebviuly Belongs to para guage, an inking it Sonsthing enveral: nce one cannot bring 1 Kah wha thinking i y re ‘ecg on one word of + prclrIangunge. He dns the colon tht tre enains tte «problem. Which meas that isrcam even nite Heep fun form cena for hi eoblem. For hi solaton cant ie a 8 Feu tothe sa-enpoalor cea but aly in someting Rt: 2 Inetng of hemos lileret Ways of understanding If ad te Woda mee ing of Eas and West—not of couse of he opin poles pion leaders ‘0 oth ses bt of towe who, mos deeply rote in hel past, each ot beyoed an appre unbieale gu" I his seasonal, our fst ask would be the oe in which we ar alteady engaged te sk of understanding began by saying et Socrates as become a problem that the worth, the valid, of what Beso fr hss became a problem. Butte garsion of the worth of what Sorts sod fr, peuppoes tat we Know aleay What Was for whic he stond.—™ Ti secon, o pemary, question lends the [poblen of Socrates acter sense of the expeaion 10 he Autorcl pro- Tee. This pote of Socrates ses ined rm he fat at Sorts ot wie and tht we depend heteloe for our knowledge of en Le of is ‘ovgt. on medaors who Were athe sane ine taalomers. These medi tos ae Afstophunes, Pato, Xenopoo, and Arse. Arse di nt know Scrates except tough fepors eal or wet. Ia fact what he sys out Scrat sw esateneat of what Xenophon si Asophanes, Xenopbon and Pino knew Socrates hinslt Of hese? mn the only one who showed by ded tt be was wiling tobe a histvian, was Nenopboe. Ts eases pina facie ae in favor of Xenopboa. As for Plato, remeber hving heard sad Bat “we know today" Bat Some of hs dalogies we ear and beace moe The problem of Scraes «331 Socratic than he Ite ces. But or Pato twas mater of crete int: ‘erence which inplietns or presuppositions of te Socaic questa "ub ‘iwe" were known to Sorts an which were no so mc a be edited to Socrates” quston 50 mach he forget he. ech wie sy of the Platonic Sorts, with Niewsche, joel and even fives, poste Plan. ophen Plein, nese Chain, A any ste, de Paton Secs Sess eurnapos the the enopbome Socrates int mya ete for othe Xerophont Soeres. Bu thi at ele if we 8 ot eid uses of he Sorts of Artaphnes' Cloud. "That Socrates was manfsly guy ofthe wo sack cies nae agit te philosophers a he ine: 1) a ey ot eee in he pds, expecially te Bs ofthe cy, and 2) tatty mae he weaker argument he song, hat they made te Adios Logos tiamph over the Didais Lager. Fo be engage in ates: 1) in phasiologia, he Study fe compaias by which epecally eavenly phsomens come abot, and) in reo. The conection been ‘te 2 pusuis isnot inmedity cle, for he Arisopanean Socrates wa Sltogeer upplcl and ebetone seems to bein the see of pois. Yet ‘Phasooga ese re al peace, i parca he ele ee gods of {he cy and ts Iteration frowned upon byte cy the pilose ys ogist needstheefoe serie in rder to defend hms, pop at fy, before the law cour hs defense he highest achievenet of asl ima the Adios Logor tum ove the Dar Lor. Needles «be fan we ta kl also fr othe, ina sease lower purposes, ke defrag ‘ers. The Ariophaean Socrates is a man ofthe Boss coatence and fedurence. Ts fc lone thw thatthe Adios Lopes who spe ote Sige i oo Sora’ Aor Logos, a east ot ints pur, late fos. har Adios Loos wo the eet hth tr community te coma of he Towers, abd atthe polis, or tt he Brower ave obligations oly twatd ‘oe ane: the igmoamuses hve a ite righ ar madmen. The ower mic closer to anater ower tun he sos amy. The fal i cose {ed by patel sutheryaed te pectin gun incest—by the probion ‘azn lng e's aber ad marying one's moter. The pohibie agit Incest, he obgation of exgany, call for he expansion of the fama inthe ‘pols, a exparsion which is nessa in he fin place beans the al Sot abet defend il. Ba the 2 protons would lack he neces fore It there were no gals, Socates quesions all is: oud” eat Zer. He to ‘brent te or and yet be con ot ead hs Me iho the poi In the ‘rds ofthe Dios Logos, te pls eds hn. —Xenapbo des nt el © ‘Aisiopanes diet. the ? man ponts made by Aristophanes became 2 Somenat modified frm the 2 pont of Soca” intent ormed™ by Melos, Anytos and Cykon. By reiuig the indcuent, Xenopbon rele ten i acl, Arsophanes 0 Te auceir 0 phsiloie bat oly stay of thripin yet Soc dit382 Imerpretation toy mtr in his mance proto the existence and providence fhe gos (ote ais of be a) "re dphhora—Sries th pret geen (onthe Bs of sentra 11a) “he even pi nog the exten which con De taught —be {dd wat spunie wndom and odzaton fom ne” anther—scrodegy ‘rw abilig, he even seatifidjsce with ew-abiingaes—he was then {piel mathe eno Bos not vible—be eve taught a poo —in {is cotext, be eczed the exalted poli election by k)—but tis ‘ist gulemanly ew to tke. Yet me are reminded of Sorter alee ‘ilty fon ht loon rit poiein by he fat Wate cola everyone is speccesn anyway he ik threfr he ced sch uesonshe Ben ‘eo at Kata nd Alsbades—bu it wold be very unfit sake Sots reipibl for heir sends “enopbon's Scraes des ot vay ke the high road of kalgaha— bc ing soe Bec, not a dango subversion, bt rahe a isin “Eg his texneat of fenhip-—tnens ae ohrata ne Datla, ‘economical reatmen—eoring he Kngly at othe ecooomi art. imately lalon = agathon = cvesinon "Yet algo has more tha oe tne, Wha i Sores undetand by Lalokigata? Koowleige of he ext of sahrpina—rach knowledge ot posses by the geen inthe Corn sens of the ter. Nenopbn dis Fels any povsble confrion on ths pon by presetng to one explicit con: Fronts of Sores with» als Hagar (economia I1-sthng of is ‘ind in Piso). This makes us wonder bw the fll extent of the ference between Socrates andthe hall Ligatat—in a caper of Qe Memorabilia eve io geatmnship (6.35) Xenpboe’s Sous tellus wha he arte andes is srpsing fends in bepng them and enemies in haming the — ‘ot in speaking of Sorte’ vie Xenophon des not mean at all araing ople => andra dos not ocr in Nenopio’s 2 Tt of Sore’ vines enopon speaks of Socrates exemplary concn campuigns ba he so fumes ths under Socrates" janice and he doesnot give 2 single example of ‘Sccmtes'milery owes. Bra, eho lad vary low vw of Xenophon’ {detuning belitved Bt pople Ie Xenophon and Meno wet acid Yo Sous by his altary septation whe all we Lnow of that repuaton we ‘sow dough Pato. Sorts was thea a geemani theSense hat he bays ensiced the What 6 of human dings. Yet Xenopon gies ws ey fe ftamples of och dsusoos hee afe many more Sacre conversations ‘whic eto ove ot deb fom vce without asin any "What "ques ‘in than covesatons dealing with ex” Xenphon pots tothe core of ‘Steraer fe or hough bt does ot present esac o tal. "The Xenopbooti Socrates chats hte who wary wou the at of 2 tings 2 mad sme of them bald tht being Is al one, eters tte ‘se iniely may tings; some of them Bold tat al things ae always in The problem of Socrates“ 333 moon, ther tht sage ever ia ion; some of the hl at vey thing comes no Being and pers, ers tht ating eve comes into beng. Sn pres. He thu deletes the sane o saber view ofthe nel thing: according to tat wer Vow Gere ars ny bt mt ety ny beings, hese ngs (+ ier things) ave change, eve come io beg ad eish, As Xenophon say ina ney diferent contest Socrates never ceasd ooseing what acho he Beings the many eal Beings ae th" What wes, the tes (the infinitely many perishable india). Sores dd (hem worry abou he sture of al igen oh exten oo was a Bt ‘is mado was sbeety—sebeia ebcs—There nly coe econ on ‘which Xenophon calle Sores “hese: when be speaks of how Sones Aeguted his ends o aber his god Hiends—he sued them by saying sith thm the wigs fhe wise men fold ad By selecting togeter With "hem the po things te Found them bat Xenophon doe ot ge ng txample ofthis fl act. Xenophon inoduces Soca coners fake of Charis te som of Clon and forth sake of Piso. Accordingly the ext char reports convertion of Socrates wit Chamides We st "has ndued Yo sues th he neat chuplr wl epat convertion of So ‘es with Plato. Instead the eat caper eps a convention af Soca ‘idk an Esa for Pla, the pilospher Anis the peak—thecoavers Hon wih Po—is poised to bt mbsing—and not becase ere were 20 Sch conversions That Book ofthe Memaraila wich coaes se 0 resenting tbe Sorat teaching a such, is inoduced By he remark that So fates did ot approach all men inthe same manne’ e approached thse who ad gon mares in one ay and hoe who lacked god mates inant ‘nay, bt te chet neocon ta Boo, tect alese of he Soca ‘Shing presen by Xenophon, is manfetly a yous who lacked «good ttre Alt example Sours sed? Rnd of daletzn—one ia wh be led tack he whole rumen its hpocesin and made ear tat hapten in ths way be u Dcune mans Tote oder kind Socrates ok Ms wa) rough the ings most generally speed up, tough he opis seed by har bigs i ths wa he achieved, nt indeed knowledge, o wh, bat sfeceneat of conc Ia be second Kad speech Odea excelled ads the sects of Socrates sd, Sere equal ced the verses fom he iad in wich Olssus is peseted as spealng diferent men of worth ado ‘rds people Only by following these inimatons, by Inking ter ith ‘oe mote, by dink. them tough and by alvaysremembecn the — ‘en when renin bow Sorts gave goed adic 10 a yoo Fellow who Was tear despair becaie 14 female stves tn taken rege shoe ad were ‘out to rave him and thanetvert deth—only by alvays remembers Xenophon intimation, 1a, canon ome Soe te iru Scrat Xeoo ons bi ForXecapon presents Socrates ao ad pany as nocet334 Interpretation eve Pp to the meanest apacis He cocels tbe difecace between Sowa an ordinary Jalllgahia as mach as pose, Le. as mach a Is ‘compa wth inating tht cof. Noting ie ore charceite of gentlemen then respect fr he law —foe he ‘ht Kod of law cf you win, the wrong Rid sot Iw tall Tt 6 therefore necevtary tre the quston et nomas buts qustion never ‘sed ty Kempe’ Sots its raed only by Alebides, «youth of tee aay and even huis who by rang tat question scented 90 Jess ma thn ibe jet Peles, Sones’ fale to rite tht question ‘howsd how god iene war For lnws depend on the eine, buts good ‘Sze et man who bey the Iw lndpendenty f all changes of eines. it, according ta oe profound ew “good izes” wee he Fo ime» good eitaen ude a denny wil bea bad cizes under aoa hy. Gen this complain, tls poet nor mise the question “what liv." But, alt, Alas who Gi ras that question was s companion of ‘Socrates be mised it andthe way in which ead i eves hit ‘Soca taining. Xeoopbon almost pealy admis that Socrates subverted ps teal auton. As for inst, Xenophon Somes axes tat inca fr elds by divin aw, fr nes betwen pens ao cre is sromailly nied by te defective chance ofthe offing, goo! ofseing coming aly patent who ae tin thei pine. The Sara agent eet tm inset tween other and ser Above al the panies forest be- ‘en ucts ancien does oo ifr he “pees” tate vised fons oh atbnd who mami young wie. On tis poate Kenopontic Soars comer very clon to he Soca ofthe Clouds, "The Socrates ofthe Clouds teaches te ommpteace of thetic, bt his seating i efted by te acon of the play. The Xenopboate Socrates could unl everyone athe kd ia speeches tis means tat be could not handle eryne athe ed ia ded. Te greet example is Kanhipp, tay woh ing ch hr sccsers Bat the Xenophonte Soemis (# the Soom of the (lous) is amare of he essential litt of speech, Xesopon inde his ‘Sho lows Ht comme i-ams Potenos mas ble to le geaemen bat ‘ot the bers who reared him amie, be was unable wis he seer ‘of sds with ea be was unable to fie poise e was pup of Gorgias. Xewopho, however, th pull of Souats, was she 10 fle bob [rodemen snd on endemen: he was guod a dog aswel sa speaking. “from Arnot we la tht the ops Weetfed or anast ied the ical a with tor Socrates, we ne, was opposed othe sopists also nd epeily Benue be was sa of he escalates of eto. In this smporan respect, nde, Michell had athng in compoa with the copies but spred with Socrates: Be conus, odie, compe te Src tatoo be war ike to hat tadton tough Xenophon fo whom he refer more feqcndy than w Pato, Arte and Cie taken topeer The problem of Socrates +338 ‘This an atonal eazon why one sold pay erste to Xenon than oe oly dos nw “Tis tre omits of 2 beterogenos pasty ace el tg cy only bye ie "The pobiem of Sova,” wich is xcenrly sig. Sout th oem f Sx plop and tite Pe dn {tween nope and hor cant be avoided, tt dina nt ‘ol sprain” one cannot snty Ge pose pobem witct taving ‘mae up os ind on te histo pole snd oe ee so est Cal poem witha ving made pons min np on be poopie protien, ores 1 Te mam nit enn et nnd of ee "Wy shane be ated ny tf eeu et ay a {Stns msn soy ry one pe of ee mee a ‘Seo ug mn ust iy vs "T'Vod medi leon oin {Sie yar nein ee ne Ae 5. eS mcs pS pine ch aed 4 Bian at iy hare na ee se hat fp Se map “a Sept ede ee See Seta dpm anne noes {Sauce en al Sr nwa aac. hu ge ne gee ev Spa of eb S/T re pint rece Ti" nb or wit gin Um eh wn et ve 1 Retin dan ole vaca he bag tess oo Swen renal Sean” Teak boa pent baskeies aed Ts “ape pat apet nehn ee IE The "Ew etn pe ih ba red eng orp hee rl ye ie sa a [oe many oi ving a at were er, ‘Bei cc aps et Bd nt oe mig ieee vere Hh enna re ciena e 3 “Wace ae no336 Imerpreation 2M alse i ie Be wi bm il *E Sat ce ded u e 2B pony oes a epee mae 2 Seer ieee 1h lec anna nn me 2B SRIREY Sait tee rte” ween ad pe eine res ats sma As wn Sapna me Say ae ne te ea is png nie a hn eT pcm ect pes fen a a at a of gp "2h eat he roca ag, mane e ai mea“ set Pst Sonor ease he ame oA ‘Scheele ptm tee ee ot ‘Tiscover nao, cones ak ‘eon ne neve Ours os re ue yr ft Se SET Sine amps ne me tw ne ping eo ‘Seer mmc feat este ee oe a ous wes ee weet ep ew owe seat hs oy soe sss eta ry IPEDS pee atu ps, eet eine eet or hc a ean 2b wn a oe Te cork Sporn mie i een ot evr ma won “we leon pe a “sheen oe nad ee mma A end tu apy my Nps ec Sen pce fm pn ew Sen, a et cst oe ol “Ts towed by ern ea ee pa Sey Ne an goo rg ag 3h 0 tia sw o ee ead wi "Saeed f “pine mami, Stes ey eS ee wi bn at i ve rye io a eo fe gi em ‘Ato i i pe be ‘The problem of Socrates = 337 Fe ee ie Serpe tern ane So aee! See eaten meee siete SSeS 5 ppeegeagtorspepe, oe ewan ane enon tee ari ‘eter pt oe a of Sec i pia mam ‘acs pena oie ew ee aed ‘eS th ee “he tnwie st a al gad i lon ee ‘tm Anchen ant tc sb a ee nb a te {5 Pele Seen incr snd sn a i se phar arp we pu sec {Sete evo pln ewig te, i be ‘Su win un sons cnr wep re cae ‘Sens gos ef ae enn ef un (es a espa i ‘Silonite pnd Foes ens as incase acu) tnd ee fe ang wat feming wh ot Sa Aca i a 2 ne pct sil ot mel Sn iy nh dL el ao uc id ot st ee, {© Seopa ext ns ota po ee eed 52 Seen wome mo woe eat 13 pf alia eed 0 ine mi se ee ve, 1 Re Dalston sa mts 2 Se ey ps aps a” ceo ee he sual foes yn ae ee a a eee me A on Ser a eb etc et