Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Modern Physics For Engineers WW
Modern Physics For Engineers WW
INDEX
3D infinite potential box .13
allowed transitions
1-electron atoms..........16
many-electron atoms ...17
Angstrom ........................21
angular frequency............10
appendix .........................21
atomic mass ..................... 2
average momentum .........11
Avogadro's number....18, 21
binding energy ................. 5
binomial expansion .........21
blackbody......................... 6
Bohr magneton................21
Bohr model ...................... 8
Bohr radius ...................... 7
Boltzmann constant .........21
Bose-Einstein distribution19
boson ..............................19
Bragg's law ...................... 9
bremsstrahlung................. 6
classical physics ............... 1
classical wave equation ...10
Compton effect................. 7
conservation laws ............. 1
constants .........................21
coordinate systems ..........22
coordinate transformations22
de Broglie wavelength.....10
degenerate energy levels..13
density of energy states ...19
density of occupied states 20
doppler effect ................... 5
Duane-Hunt rule .............. 6
electron
acceleration.................. 8
angular momentum ...... 7
filling..........................16
orbit radius .................. 8
scattering ..................... 9
velocity........................ 8
energy
binding ........................ 5
density of states ..........19
Fermi..........................19
kinetic ......................... 5
relation to momentum .. 5
relativistic kinetic ........ 5
rest .............................. 5
CLASSICAL PHYSICS
CLASSICAL CONSERVATION LAWS
Conservation of Energy: The total sum of energy (in
all its forms) is conserved in all interactions.
Conservation of Linear Momentum: In the absence
of external force, linear momentum is conserved in
all interactions (vector relation). naustalgic
Tom Penick
tomzap@eden.com
12/12/1999 Page 1 of 22
FUNDAMENTAL FORCES
MAXWELLS EQUATIONS
Gausss law for electricity
q
EgdA = 0
BgdA = 0
dB
dt
d
Bgds = 00 dt E + 0 I
Strong
Electroweak
Electromagnetic
Weak
Gravitational
Egds =
Faradays law
Generalized Amperes law
RELATIVE
STRENGTH
FORCE
RANGE
Short, ~10-15m
10-2
10-9
10-39
Long, 1/r2
Short, ~10-15m
Long, 1/r2
ATOMIC MASS
The mass of an atom is it's
atomic number divided by the
product of 1000 times
Avogadro's number.
atomic number
1000 N a
KINETIC ENERGY
NEWTONS LAWS
Newtons first law: Law of Inertia An object in motion
with a constant velocity will continue in motion unless
acted upon by some net external force.
Newtons second law: The acceleration a of a body is
proportional to the net external force F and inversely
proportional to the mass m of the body. F = ma
Newtons third law: law of action and reaction The
force exerted by body 1 on body 2 is equal and
opposite to the force that body 2 exerts on body 1.
K=
3kT
2
PHASE SPACE
A
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
First law of thermodynamics: The change in the
internal energy U of a system is equal to the heat Q
added to the system minus the work W done by the
system.
Second law of thermodynamics: It is not possible to
convert heat completely into work without some other
change taking place.
Third law of thermodynamics: It is not possible to
achieve an absolute zero temperature.
Zeroth law of thermodynamics:
If two thermal
systems are in thermodynamic equilibrium with a
third system, they are in equilibrium with each other.
Tom Penick
tomzap@eden.com
www.teicontrols.com/notes
12/12/1999 Page 2 of 22
RELATIVITY
WAVELENGTH
TIME DILATION
8
1
c=
=
0 0
1 = 10-10m
equal to 10-10 m
m = (meters)
T=
LORENTZ TRANSFORMATION
x =
1 v / c
2
t =
t vx / c
1 v2 / c2
v
1
and =
c
1 v2 / c2
x = ( x vt )
and
t = ( t x / c )
1 v / c
2
or T =
T0
where:
1 v2 / c2
x vt
T0
LENGTH CONTRACTION
Given an object moving with great speed, the
distance traveled as seen by a stationary observer is
L0 and the distance seen by the object is L', which is
contracted.
L0 =
L
1 v2 / c2
where:
LIGHT WAVEFRONT
Position of the wavefront of a light source located at
the origin, also called the spacetime distance.
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = c 2t 2
Proper time T0 The elapsed time between two events
occurring at the same position in a system as
recorded by a stationary clock in the system (shorter
duration than other times). Objects moving at high
speed age less.
Proper length L0 a length that is not moving with
respect to the observer. The proper length is longer
than the length as observed outside the system.
Objects moving at high speed become longer in the
direction of motion.
K'
u'
ux =
u x + v
1 + ( v / c 2 ) u x
uy =
uy
1 ( v / c 2 ) ux
and u z =
u z
1 ( v / c 2 ) ux
Tom Penick
tomzap@eden.com
www.teicontrols.com/notes
12/12/1999 Page 3 of 22
SPACETIME INTERVAL s
SPACETIME DIAGRAM
The diagram is a means of representing events in two
systems. The horizontal x axis represents distance in the K
system and the vertical ct axis represents time multiplied by
the speed of light so that it is in units of distance as well. A
point on the diagram represents an event in terms of its
location in the x direction and the time it takes place. So
points that are equidistant from the x axis represent
simultaneous events.
ct
ct'
v =c
Worldline
v = 0.25c
s 2 = x 2 ( ct ) = x2 ( ct )
2
s 2 = x 2 ( ct )
c
1
slope = v =
=4
x'
v
slope = c = = 0.25
x
A system K traveling in the x direction at the speed of
light is represented by the line ct in this example, and is
called a worldline. The line represents travel from one
location to another over a period of time. The slope of the
line is proportional to the velocity. A line with a slope of 1
(dashed line in illustration) indicates travel at the speed of
light, so no worldline can have a slope less than 1. A
straight line indicates zero acceleration. Simultaneous
events occurring at t = t = 0 in the K system may be
represented by points along the x axis. Other
simultaneous events in the K system will be found on lines
parallel to the x axis.
MOMENTUM p
p = mv
for a photon: p =
h
c
RELATIVISTIC MOMENTUM p
p = mu where:
p = relativistic momentum [kg-m/s], convertible to [eV/c] by
multiplying by c/q.
= 1/ 1 u 2 / c2
m = mass [kg]
u = velocity of object [m/s]
Tom Penick
tomzap@eden.com
www.teicontrols.com/notes
12/12/1999 Page 4 of 22
DOPPLER EFFECT
MOMENTUM-ENERGY RELATION
1+
=
0
1
E 2 = p 2c 2 + m 2c 4
where:
BINDING ENERGY
EB = mi c 2 M bound system c 2
K = mc 2 mc 2
EB =
where:
2h 2 ( 4 0 )
= 1/ 1 v 2 / c 2
m = mass [kg]
c = speed of light 2.998 108 m/s
REST ENERGY E0
Rest energy is the energy an object has due to its
mass.
E0 = mc 2
LINE SPECTRA
Light passing through a diffraction grating with
thousands of ruling lines per centimeter is diffracted
by an angle .
TOTAL ENERGY E
Total energy is the kinetic energy plus the rest
energy. When the textbook speaks of a 50 Mev
particle, it is talking about the particle's kinetic
energy.
E = K + E0 or E = mc 2
mZ 2e 4
where:
Tom Penick
tomzap@eden.com
d sin = n
The equation also applies to Young's double slit
experiment, where for every integer n, there is a
lighting maxima. The off-center distance of the
maxima is y = l tan
www.teicontrols.com/notes
12/12/1999 Page 5 of 22
WIEN'S CONSTANT
PHOTON
maxT = 2.898 10
mK
Momentum: p =
STEFAN-BOLTZMANN LAW
Wavelength:
R(T ) = T 4
h
c
[meters]
where:
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
This is the way the book shows the formula, but it is a
units nightmare.
1 2
mvmax = eV0 = h
2
where:
where:
DUANE-HUNT RULE
min
Tom Penick
tomzap@eden.com
1.2398 106
=
V0
www.teicontrols.com/notes
12/12/1999 Page 6 of 22
L = mvr = nh
where:
a0 =
40h 2
mee 2
rn = a0 n 2
COMPTON EFFECT
The scattering of a photon due to collision with a
single electron results in a new wavelength ' and a
directional change of and is described by the
following relation:
= =
Z1 Z2 e
cot
8 0 K
2
2
Tom Penick
h
(1 cos )
mc
scattered photon
IMPACT PARAMETER b
b=
Z1 Z2 e2
40 K
rmin =
HEAD-ON SCATTERING
When a particle of kinetic energy K and atomic
number Z1 is fired directly at the nucleus, it
approaches to rmin before reversing direction. The
entire kinetic energy is converted to Coulomb
potential energy. Since rmin is measured to the center
of the particles, they will just touch when rmin is the
sum of their radii.
tomzap@eden.com
E = hn'
p= h
l'
photon
E = hn
p= h
l electron at rest
Ei = mc 2
recoil electron
Ef = Ee
px :
py :
h h
= cos + pe cos
h
sin = pe sin
www.teicontrols.com/notes
12/12/1999 Page 7 of 22
RUTHERFORD SCATTERING
A particle of kinetic energy K and atomic number Z1
when fired at a target film of thickness t and atomic
number Z2, will be deflected by an angle .
ELECTRON VELOCITY
This comes from the Bohr model and only applies to
atoms and ions having a single electron.
vn =
N ( ) =
2
2
N i nt e 2
Z1 Z 2
16 40 r 2 K 2 sin 4 ( / 2 )
PROBABILITY OF A PARTICLE
SCATTERING BY AN ANGLE GREATER
THAN
2
Z Z e
f = nt 1 2 cot 2
2
80 K
2
e Z
1 Ze 2
=
n 40 h 2 0 me r
1
424
3 14243
n -dependent
r -dependent
40 n 2 h 2
rn =
me Ze 2
rn = electron orbit radius in the n shell [m]
other variables are previously defined
ar RADIAL ACCELERATION
ar = the radial acceleration of an orbiting
electron [m/s2]
ar =
v2
r
Mg
Tom Penick
tomzap@eden.com
www.teicontrols.com/notes
12/12/1999 Page 8 of 22
BRAGG'S LAW
R RYDBERG CONSTANT
R is used in the Bohr model and is a close
approximation assuming an infinite nuclear mass. R
is the adjusted value. These values are appropriate
for hydrogen and single-electron ions.
R=
e Z 2e 4
4ch3 ( 4 0 )
where e =
me M
me + M
L MOSELEY'S EQUATION
British physicist, Henry Moseley determined this
equation experimentally for the frequency of L xrays. L waves are produced by an electron decaying
from the n=3 orbit to the n=2 or L orbit.
L =
5
2
cR ( Z 7.4)
36
SPECTRAL LINES
This formula gives the wavelength of light emitted
when an electron in a single-electron atom or ion
decays from orbit nu to nl.
1
1
1
= Z 2R 2 2
nl nu
n = 2d sin
2 d sin
d sin
ELECTRON SCATTERING
Electrons directed into a crystalline material are
scattered (reflected) at various angles depending on
the arrangement of lattice planes. There is more
than one set of lattice planes in a crystal. The
technique can be used to explore the characteristics
of a material. Compare to BRAGG'S LAW above.
n = D sin
D
d
= wavelength [m]
Z = atomic number or number of protons in the nucleus
R = Rydberg constant (1.096776107 m-1 for hydrogen)
nl = the lower electron orbit number
nu = the upper electron orbit number
p2
3
= K = kT
2m
2
lead to a momentum-temperature relation for
particles:
p 2 = 3mkT
p = momentum [kg-m/s]
m = particle mass [kg]
K = kinetic energy [J]
k = Boltzmann's constant 1.38065810-23 J/K
T = temperature in Kelvin (273.15K = 0C, K = C)
(see page 5 for RELATIVISTIC KINETIC ENERGY)
Tom Penick
tomzap@eden.com
www.teicontrols.com/notes
12/12/1999 Page 9 of 22
WAVES
WAVE FUNCTIONS
1
=
x 2 v 2 t 2
2
wave
number
time
angular
frequency
phase
constant
amplitude
distance
time
wave
number
time
angular
frequency
distance
amplitude
envelope
frequencies 1 - 2
[rad/s]
av = average angular
frequency (1 + 2)/2
[rad/s]
x = distance [m]
t = time [s]
(x,t) =A sin( kx - t + )
distance
k
x
t cos ( k av x avt )
1 + 2 = 2 A cos
1442443
2
2
144
42444
3
internal wave
Phase Velocity:
vph = av / kav
Group Velocity:
ugr = / k
time
The negative sign denotes wave
motion in the positive x direction,
assuming omega is positive.
de BROGLIE WAVELENGTH
De Broglie extended the concept of
waves to all matter.
k WAVE NUMBER
A component of a wave function
representing the wave density relative to
distance, in units of radians per unit
distance [rad/m].
k=
2
=
T
vph =
=
T k
k x = 2
PHASE CONSTANT
The angle by which the wave is offset from zero, i.e.
the angle by which the wave's zero amplitude point is
offset from t=0. [radians or degrees].
Tom Penick
= wavelength [m]
h = Planck's constant 6.626075510-34 J-s
p = momentum [kg-m/s], convertible to [eV/c] by multiplying
WAVE UNCERTAINTIES
h
p
by c/q.
ANGULAR FREQUENCY
A component of a wave function
representing the wave density relative to
time (better known as frequency), in units
of radians per second [rad/s].
tomzap@eden.com
t = 2
www.teicontrols.com/notes
12/12/1999 Page 10 of 22
2
( x, t )
h ( x, t )
+ V ( x, t ) = i h
2
2m x
t
2
time-independent form:
h d ( x)
+ V ( x ) ( x ) = E ( x )
2m dx 2
or
d ( x)
h
= E V ( x)
2m ( x ) dx 2
2
or
where
A sin ( kx ) + B cos ( kx )
A2 2 dx = 1
x2
x1
A2 2 dx
x,
, x
2 EXPECTATION VALUES
average value:
x = * ( x ) x ( x ) dx
average x2 value:
(x,t)
Aeikx + Be ikx
PROBABILITY OF LOCATION
Given the wave function: ( x, t )
time-dependent form:
k = 2m ( E V ) / h
x 2 = * ( x ) x 2 ( x ) dx
MOMENTUM OPERATOR
p = ih
d
dx
p = * p dx = * ih dx
dx
PROBABILITY
A probability is a value from zero to one. The
probability may be found by the following steps:
Multiply the function by its complex conjugate and
take the integral from negative infinity to positive
infinity with respect to the variable in question,
multiply all this by the square of a constant c and set
equal to one.
c 2 F * F dx = 1
Tom Penick
x2
x1
F * F dx
tomzap@eden.com
www.teicontrols.com/notes
12/12/1999 Page 11 of 22
k
m
potential energy V:
V=
1 2
kx
2
mk
h2
force: F = kx
d 2
= ( 2 x2 )
dx 2
2mE
and =
h2
n = H n ( x ) e x
/2
0 =
1 =
1/4
1/4
e x
/2
2 xe x
2 =
2
1
2x 2 1) e x / 2
(
2
3 =
2
1
x ( 2x 2 3) ex / 2
3
1/4
1/4
/2
or "Particle in a Box"
This is a concept that applies to
many physical situations.
Consider a two-dimensional box
in which a particle may be
trapped by an infinite voltage
potential on either side. The
problem is an application of the
Schrdinger Wave Equation.
V ( x)
nx
n ( x ) = A sin
Energy levels:
2 h 2
En = n
2mL2
2
A=
2
L
P=
x2
x = x1
* dx
normalization constant
2
a useful identity: sin =
1
(1 cos 2 )
2
En = n + h
2
E0 =
1
h
2
px x h / 2
E t h / 2
Tom Penick
tomzap@eden.com
www.teicontrols.com/notes
12/12/1999 Page 12 of 22
POTENTIAL BARRIER
V (x )
particle
V0
0
k II = 2m ( E V0 ) / h
reflected wave: I = Be
V sin ( k II L )
T = 1 + 0
4 E ( E V0 )
reflection probability: R = 1 T
L1
h 2 2 2 2
+
+
+ V = E
2m x 2 y2 z 2
kI x
2
L2
n x n y n z
n1 n2 n3 = A sin 1 sin 2 sin 3
L1 L2 L3
ik I x
L3
ik I x
k I = k III = 2mE / h
incident wave: I = Ae
Energy levels:
En1 n2 n3 =
trans. probability:
2m (V0 E ) / h
V0 2 sinh 2 ( L )
trans. probability: T = 1 +
4 E (V0 E )
E
E 2 L
when L ? 1 : T = 16
1 e
V0 V0
Tom Penick
tomzap@eden.com
www.teicontrols.com/notes
12/12/1999 Page 13 of 22
SCHRDINGER'S EQUATION 3D
SPHERICAL
spherical coordinate form:
1 2
1
1 2 2m
r
+
sin
+
+ ( E V) = 0
r2 r r r2 sin
r2 sin2 2 h2
separation of variables using: ( r, , ) = R ( r ) f ( ) g ( )
We can obtain a form with terms of g on one side and
terms of R and f on the other. These are set equal to
the constant ml2. ml turns out to be an integer.
Another seperation is performed for R and f and the
constant is l(l+1), where l is an integer. The three
equations are:
A dx
A2 2 dx
2A2 2dx
0
and find A:
2 A2 2 dx = 1
0
Azimuthal equation:
1 d2g
2
+ ml = 0 g = Aeiml
2
g d
Radial equation:
l ( l + 1)
1 d 2 dR 2m
r
+
E
V
R
R=0
(
)
r 2 dr dr h2
r2
Angular Equation:
2
df
ml
1 d
sin
+
l
l
+
1
)
f =0
(
sin d
d
sin 2
A2 r 2 2 dr = 1
r 2 A dr
A2 dr r 2 A
d sin d = 1
0
to +l
l
0
Rnl(r)
2
a0
3/2
e r / a0
r e r / 2 a0
w
a0 ( 2a0 )3 / 2
r
a0
e r / 2 a0
3 ( 2a0 )
1
( a0 )3 / 2
1
( a0 )
3/2
( a0 )
3/2
3/2
2
r
r 2 r /3 a0
27 18 + 2 2 e
a0
a0
81 3
4
r r r /3 a0
6 e
a0 a0
81 6
4
r 2 r /3 a0
e
2
81 30 a0
Tom Penick
tomzap@eden.com
www.teicontrols.com/notes
12/12/1999 Page 14 of 22
ATOMS
P(r ) dr = r 2 R ( r ) dr
2
r = orbit radius
R(r) = radial wave function, normalized to unity
P(r ) = r 2 R ( r )
r = orbit radius
R(r) = radial wave function, normalized to unity
r =
r =0
r P ( r ) dr =
r =0
r R ( r ) dr
3
QUANTUM NUMBERS
n = principal quantum number, shell number, may have
values of 1, 2, 3,
l=
j=
1/2
1/2
3/2
3/2
5/2
-1/2 +1/2
-1/2 +1/2
-3/2 -1/2
+1/2 +3/2
mj =
P ( r ) = r 2 R ( r ) dr
ml =
-1
+1
-2
-1
+1
+2
ms =
-1/2
+1/2
-1/2
+1/2
-1/2
+1/2
-1/2
+1/2
-1/2
+1/2
-1/2
+1/2
-1/2
+1/2
-1/2
+1/2
-1/2
+1/2
L = h l ( l + 1)
Lz = ml h
Tom Penick
tomzap@eden.com
www.teicontrols.com/notes
l =0 1 2 3 4 5
s p df gh
12/12/1999 Page 15 of 22
MANY-ELECTRON ATOMS
S = h s ( s + 1) = h 3 / 4
z
1
+2h
z component:
S z = ms h = h / 2
SPECTROSCOPIC SYMBOLS
The energy state of an atom having 1 or 2 electrons
in its outer shell can be represented in the form
S=h
3/4
n 2S +1 L j
n = shell number
S = intrinsic spin angular momentum quantum number;
- 1h
2
J = L+S
l: 1
mj: 0, 1
j: 0, 1
mahn")
E = B Bml
E = difference in energy between two energy levels [J]
B = Bohr magneton 9.27407810-24 J/T
B = magnetic field [T]
ml = magnetic quantum number; integers ranging from l
to +l
MAGNETIC MOMENT
Both the magnetic moment and the orbital angular
momentum L are vectors:
e
L
2m
s
ps
dps
fdps
gfdps
hgfdps
1s
2s
p
3s
p
4s
d
p
5s
f
d
p
6s
f
d
p
7s
and so on.
Tom Penick
tomzap@eden.com
www.teicontrols.com/notes
12/12/1999 Page 16 of 22
g LAND g FACTOR
g = 1+
J ( J + 1) + S ( S + 1) L ( L + 1)
2 J ( J + 1)
j=
Example:
jh
h j ( j + 1)
cos 2 =
5
2
E =
+ 32
j2
j
cos 2 =
j ( j + 1)
( j + 1)
cos =
j
j +1
+
-
1
2
1
2
3
2
5
2
h
h
J = h j(j+1)
h
h
S=h
3/4
- 1h
2
hc
z
5
2
z
1
+2h
S: 0
cos =
V = s B
z-component = g eh J z
z
s
2me h
E = g s
eh
B
me
Tom Penick
tomzap@eden.com
www.teicontrols.com/notes
12/12/1999 Page 17 of 22
STATISTICAL PHYSICS
V = B Bext gm j
v* most probable
v* =
2
2kT
=
m
m
v=
4
2
speed:
1
mv2
2
Maxwell speed
distribution:
mean speed:
v 2 dv
kT
m
1/2
vrms = v 2
3kT
m
v = velocity [m/s]
C = normalization constant
k = Boltzmann's constant 1.38065810-23 J/K
T = temperature [K]
m = mass of the molecule [kg]
= the parameter 1/kT [J-1]
ENERGY DISTRIBUTION
Derived from Maxwell's speed distribution:
F (E) =
8C E 1 / 2
e E
2m3 / 2
FMB = Ae E
1/3
V
d =
N
A = normalization constant
= the parameter 1/kT [J-1]
d = space between atoms [m]
N = number of particles in volume V. Note that
Avogadro's number, 6.0221023, is the number of
gas molecules in 22.4 liters, or 22.410-3 m3, at 0C
and 1 atmosphere. Also, gas volume is proportional
to temperature: V1/T1=V2/T2.
Tom Penick
tomzap@eden.com
www.teicontrols.com/notes
12/12/1999 Page 18 of 22
FFD =
TF FERMI TEMPERATURE
The Fermi temperature may be quite high, 80,000 K
for copper.
TF =
EF
k
uF FERMI SPEED
B1e + 1
B1 = normalization constant
= the parameter 1/kT [J-1]
2 EF
m
FBE =
1
E
B2 e 1
1
( E EF )
+1
h2 3N
8m L3
2/3
spacing
n3
where E1 = h 2 / 8mL2
(a constant equal to 1/3 of
the ground state energy)
3
2
1
EF =
E = r 2 E1
B2 = normalization constant
= the parameter 1/kT [J-1]
FFD =
1
2
muF
2
2
3
energy
states
energy
levels
n2
r
1 2 3
n1
E
1 4
N r = 2 r 3 or N r =
3 E1
8 3
g (E) =
3 / 2 1/ 2
E1 E
2
g (E) =
N r dN r
=
E
dE
Tom Penick
tomzap@eden.com
www.teicontrols.com/notes
12/12/1999 Page 19 of 22
n ( E ) = FFD g ( E )
g ( E ) , for E < EF
for E > EF
0,
at T=0, n ( E ) =
Tom Penick
tomzap@eden.com
www.teicontrols.com/notes
12/12/1999 Page 20 of 22
APPENDIX
CONSTANTS
BINOMIAL EXPANSION
For x < 1 :
n( n 1) 2 n(n 1)(n 2) 3
= 1 nx +
x
x +L
2!
3!
Avogadros number
N A = 6.0221367 1023
[molecules/mole]
B =
Bohr magneton
qh
= 9.27407836 1024 J/T
2me
(1 x )
Boltzmanns constant
or
Earth to Moon distance
384 106 m
Elementary charge
q = 1.60 10 19 C
kg
me = 0.51100 MeV/c
kg
m p = 1.672623110
TV, FM
kg
Microwave
Infrared light
12
Visible light
F/m
violet
= 4.14 10 15 eV-s
blue
R = 1.097373 10 m
kT = 0.0259 eV
c = 2.998 108 m/s
vs = 331.29 m/s
1 (angstrom)
1 m (micron)
1 nm = 10 = 10-7 cm
1 eV = 1.6 10-19 J
1 V = 1 J/C
1 N/C = 1 V/m
10-8 cm = 10-10 M
10-4 cm
273.15K = 0C
1 W = 1 J/S = 1 VA
1 J = 1 N m = 1 C V
Rydberg constant
kT @ room temperature
Speed of light
Shortwave radio
0 = 8.8541878 10
Plancks constant
Longwave radio
m p = 938.27 MeV/c
Permittivity of free space
Joules
Kg
yellow
orange
Red
Ultraviolet light
X-rays
Gamma rays
Cosmic rays
1
= eV
q
c
= eV/c2
q
c eV
Momentum: kg m
=
q
c
s
Tom Penick
1013 - 1015
1012 - 1013
1011 - 1012
109 - 1011
107 - 109
8000 - 107
1 - 100 km
100 - 1000 m
10 - 100 m
0.1 - 10 m
1 - 100 mm
3600 - 6900
3600
4300
4900
5600
6000
6900
100 - 3900
0.05 - 100
0.001 - 0.05
< 0.001
GREEK ALPHABET
Mass:
ANGSTROMS
0.8 - 1000 m
360 - 690 nm
360 nm
430 nm
490 nm
560 nm
600 nm
690 nm
10 - 390 nm
5 - 10,000 pm
100 - 5000 fm
< 100 fm
green
-1
UNITS
Energy:
METERS
Standard Broadcast
27
mneutron = 1.6749 10
Proton mass
(1 x )n = 1 nx
WAVELENGTH SPECTRUM
me = 9.1093897 10
Neutron mass
BAND
31
Electron mass
tomzap@eden.com
alpha
beta
chi
delta
epsilon
phi
gamma
eta
www.teicontrols.com/notes
iota
kappa
lambda
mu
nu
omicron
pi
theta
rho
sigma
tau
upsilon
omega
xi
psi
zeta
12/12/1999 Page 21 of 22
TRIG IDENTITIES
ix
i 2sin x = e e
2 cos x = eix + e ix
ix
COORDINATE TRANSFORMATIONS
x
2 sinh x = e e
2 cosh x = e x + e x
x
A+ B
AB
sin A + sin B = 2 sin
cos
2
2
A+ B
AB
cos A + cos B = 2 cos
cos
2
2
GEOMETRY
SPHERE
Area A = 4r 2
4
Volume V = r 3
3
ELLIPSE
Area A = AB
Circumference
a2 + b2
2
L 2
COORDINATE SYSTEMS
Cartesian or Rectangular Coordinates:
r ( x, y, z ) = xx + yy + zz
x is a unit vector
r = x2 + y2 + z 2
r is distance from center
is angle from vertical
is the CCW angle from the x-axis
C(r , , z )
To obtain: A ( r , , z ) = r A r + A + z A z
Ar = x 2 + y 2
y
= tan 1
x
z=z
r = x cos + y sin
= x sin + y cos
z = z
Cylindrical to Rectangular:
+ yy + zz
To obtain: r ( x, y, z ) = xx
x = r cos
y = r sin
z=z
x = r cos cos
= r sin + y cos
z = z
Rectangular to Spherical:
A
To obtain: A ( r , , ) = r Ar + A +
Ar = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
r = x sin cos + y sin sin + z cos
=
z cos 1
x2 + y2 + z2
Spherical Coordinates:
P(r , , )
Rectangular to Cylindrical:
To obtain: r ( x, y, z ) = xx + yy + zz
x = r sin cos
x = r sin cos cos cos sin
y = r sin sin
y = r sin sin + cos sin + cos
z = r cos
z = r cos sin
Tom Penick
tomzap@eden.com
www.teicontrols.com/notes
12/12/1999 Page 22 of 22