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ae-bmfkmlnXyw 1
Common course in Malayalam
for
BA/B.Sc
I SEMESTER
CUCBCSS - 2014 Admission

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT, THENHIPALAM, MALAPPURAM-673635

507
ae-bmfkmlnXyw 1

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Reserved

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ska-I
MAL1AO1

tIma tImgvkv7
ae-bmfkmlnXyw 1
]T-\-k-a-bw72 aWn-q
s{IUn-v4
Dtiyey-
ae-bmf kmlnXy hf-bpsS hnhn[ Ime-L--sf ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-I. Fgp-p-Im-cpsS cN-\m-khn-tijXI s]mXp-hmbn a\-n-em-p-I. Hmtcm Ihn-bp-sSbpw Fm cN-\-I-sfbpw hnZymn
kmam-\y-ambn ]cn-N-b-s-tS--Xm-Wv.
samUyq 1
ae-bmf IhnXmkmlnXynse BZy-Ime IrXn-I. Ihn-X-I-fpsS s]mXp-kz-`m-h-. Ihn-Isf-- n-bp kmam-\y-hn-hc
- W
-
- Fn-h. Hcp Imhy`mKw am{Xta ]mTy-hnjbam-hp-pp Fnepw
Imhy-s--n kmam-\y-[m-cW hnZymn-Iv e`n-n-cn--Ww.
hni-Z]
- T
- \
-
- n\v
1 sNdp-t-cn- - IptN-e-KXn (Ir-jvW-KmY)
Aev]-am-bp-smcp Imgv-Rm-s\s\..................
........-ancw ]qIn-\m `mcy-bp-am-bv
2. Fgp-- alm-`m-cXw Infn-m-v- - kv{Xo-]w- - Km-mcohnem]w
(420 apX 520 hsc-bp hcn-I)
3. Ip \ym kya-Iw Xp
Ime-ns ]I \n\-m
amtem-Ip s]mdp-m taem...
apX
C-c-tamtcm Zphm-p-Isf
Nnecp ]dp Zpjnp XpS-n... hsc.
4. ]qm\w m\-m\
m\-am-\- sNmn Ielnp
apX
a-cn-p--sX-n\p \mw hrYm? hsc
samUyq 2
hS-]m-v, sX]mv, \mS]m-v, amn-f
- mv Fn-s\ kmln-Xy-nse hyXy-kvXa
- mXpw
X\n-a-bp--Xp-amb Hcp imJ-bn-te-p {]th-i-\w.
hni-Z]
- T
- \
-
- n\v:
1. \mS]mv : ""t\cw t]mbv t\cw t]mbv ]qssX-ad-]-n..........''
2. hS-]mv : Btcm-a tNI-h-cpsS A-p-d-mSv
3. amn-f-mv : _Z-dpap\o lpkv\p Pamtam-bnIpn sshZy
^qa-I-fmsW lpkv\p P-am
apX
Im aXn-a-dv Ckm sbpw hsc.
samUyq 3
aemf sNdp-I1 YmkmlnXyns hf-bpsS hnhn[ L- {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNp3 IY-Iae-bb
mfkmlnXyw

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fmWv Cu samUyq-fn Ds-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-X

- v. Hmtcm IYm-Ir-ntbpw Hmtcm cN-\I
- sf am{Xsa
Ds-Sp-n-bn-pq Fnepw apgp-h cN-\-I-sf-p-dnpw kmam-\y-amb [mcW hnZymnv e`nn-cn--Ww.
1. XIgn
sh-sm--n
2. tIi-h-tZhv
_p Imv
3. Imcq
ac-m-h-I
4. Ddq_v
shfp--Ipn
5. _jo
`qan-bpsS AhIm-in-I
6. efn-Xmw-_nI A-\w amWn-
(aqp IY-I ]Tn-m aXn. Cu ska--dn XI-gn, Imcq, _jo)
samUyq 4
1. Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h \mb
I-ev]mw
2. Sn. ]-\m-`
I-p cY-N{Iw
3. am[-hn-pn
Zb F hnImcw
4. H.-hn. hnP-b
Imp ]d IY
5. sI.-B aoc
Hm-bps-S Rcv
6. hn.-B. kp[ojv
A-h Hcp Ipn Bbn-cp--tm
7. inlm-_p-o s]mbvpw-I-Shv cv Ftf--am
(Cu ska--dn Fw.Sn hmkp-tZ-h \mb, H.-hn. hnP-b, inlm-_p-o s]mbvpw-I-Shv, hn.B. kp[ojv Fn-h-cpsS IY-I ]Tn-m aXn)

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]T-\-p-dn-p-I
samUyq 1
1 sNdp-t-cn- - IptN-e-KXn (Ir-jvW-KmY)
Aev]-am-bp-smcp Imgv- Rm-s\s\..................
........-ancw ]qIn-\m `mcy-bp-am-bv.
IptNe kZv K Xn FdnbsSp Cu `mKw Irjv W KmYbnse `nckw Xpfpp
A[ymbfnsemmWv. `mKhXnse {]kvXpX IYsb Nnd ]cnjvIcWfneqsSbmWv
sNdptcn AhXcnnncnpXv.
1. sNdptcn \qXncnsbpdnv Hcp IpdnsgpXpI?
tImep\mSp `cnncp DZbha F \mSphmgnbpsS ImemWv sNdptcn Pohnncpv
Fv s]mXpsh IcpXsSpp. {InkvXphjw ]Xn\mw \qmmbncnWw CXv. Cs
hSIcSp {]tZimbncpp sNdptcn Cw. Ctcnt\mSv tNv sNdptcn\qXncn
FdnbsSp Cu IhnbpsS bYmY \maw Bpadnbn. ]p\n ic \nSn FmWv
t]scv Hcp [mcWbpv. ]p\w\qXncn FdnbsSp Ihnbpw sNdptcnbpw HcmfmWv F
A`n{]mbhpw Dv. sNdptcn `mcXw F Hcp IrXnIqSn IhnbptSXmbn IcpXsnpsnepw
sXfnhpIfn.
]memgnamXpXm ]menp t]mcp
Imem[n\mY\pZbha
Bsb sNbvIbm A\mbp Rm
{]msbns\ `mhntm BWv IrjvWKmY F ImhycN\ Bcw`nXv Fv
Imhymcw`n ImWmw. Hmtcm kKw Ahkm\nptmgpw Cu Imcyw kwkvIrXnepw
Ipdnpshnpv. DZbha tImep\mSv `cn Imew F Un 1446 apX 1465 hsc BsWmWv
[mcW.
2. IrjvWKmYv aebmf kmlnXy Ncn{Xnep m\w Fv?
a[yIme aebmf kmlnXynse anI ImhyIrXnIfnsemmWv IrjvWKmY. `mKhXw
ZiakvIs Bkv]ZamnbmWv Cu Imhyw cNnncnpXv. {ioIrjvWs ApXP\\w
apX kzKmtcmlWwhscbp IYI BWv Irjv W KmYbnse {]tabw. \mS
hmsamgnhgfSnb efnXkpcamb Imhy`mj, \ackhpw irwKmchpw tN {]Xn]mZyw,
\ IYmJym\ ]mShw, ImhymemcfpsS DNnXamb tN FnhbmWv Cu Imhyns
{][m\ {]tXyIXI. kwkvIrXnse almImhyfpsS NnI\pkcnv cNn Cu IrXnsb
Hcp almImhyambn KWnpXnepw sXn. kwkvIrX Imhy]mccys A\pIcnptmgpw
aebmfnhpw tIcfns kmkvImcnI {]tXyIXIfpw Cu IrXnbn \ndp \npp.
AXns {][m\ sXfnhv CXn\p]tbmKnncnp hrw XsbmWv. aebmfn Gsd
{]Nmcnep aRvPcn F Km\mI hrnemWv IrjvWKmYbnse apgph ]Zyfpw
cNnncnpXv.
cmPmhpw Ihnbpw Xnep NqXpIfnnSbn Ifnapnb cmPmhn\v "Dpppv.....' Fv
Xmcmmbn \onmSn dmWn kqN\\InbXmWv F sFXnlyw {]Nmcnepv. IY Fmbmepw
kv{XoP\v A]pcfn Be]nmhp Xcn efnXhpw Km\mIhpambmWv
IrjvWKmY cNnncnpXv. AXpsImpXs Fgp, \ncWw IhnI XpSnbhcpsS
cN\Ifn ImWp DZmKuchw IrjvWKmYbnen. \ndsb hW\Ifpw Aemcfpw
tNv kpcamnb Cu cN\ `nbpWpI FXntesd eyw shXv
ImhymkzmZ\ambncnWw.
ae-bmfkmlnXyw 1

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A]ambptmcp ImgvN Rms\s\

b_PhntemN\ apn hbvq Cs\ tXmnbXmv? k`sav?
IptNe\mWv Cs\ tXmnbXv. ZzmcIbnsenb IptNe Xm sImph \nmcamb
Ahns]mXn Fns\bmWv {ioIrjvW\v kanpI Fv etbmsS
BtemNnpIbmWnhnsS. {ioIrjvWs kl]mTnbmb kpZmamhv BWv Ctm Zcn{Z\mb
IptNe\mbn amdnbncnpXv. {ioIrjvW\mIs cmPmhpambncnpp. Xs ITn\amb Zmcn{Zyw
Xom Hcp klmbw tXSnbmWv IptNe IrjvW kn[nbnsepXv. ZzmcIbnse
sFizcyhpw tahpw I IptNe\v Xm kzcq]nv sImph tIheamb Ahn
Imgv N shm a\ptXmpn. AXpsImpXs Imgv N hkv X p ]pdsSpmsX
\mWnp\npIbmbncpp Atlw. IrjvW tNmZnnpw Xs XncpapImgvN \Im
IptNe aSnpp.
IrjvW hopw Ahn hmcnnms\mcpnbtm evaotZhn XSbm ImcWsav
IptNe sImph, Ipw s\pw \nd Ahn ]nSnphmn {ioIrjvW hmbnenp
Xnm XpSn. F{XImeambn C{Xbpw \ Ahnev Xnm sImXnp\Spp Fmbncpp
AXn\v {ioIrjvWs \ymbw. ]msh Xnp AtX kzmtZmsSbmWv B ]mhns Ahn
IrjvW XnXv. Ipw s\pw ISnv ]pI s\msnepw ]nsbpw hmcn hmbnenSm
XpSptmtgpw s]sv CncmtZhn IrjvWs\ XSp. "NmXnsbtmtgpw Av
Fs adpthm? Cs\ t]mbm Cu {_mWs ASnpsXfnmcnbmbn Rm amtdnhcpw'
FmWv AXn\v Ah ]d \ymbw. IptNes Ahn {ioIrjvW F{X hmcnnptm
A{Xbpw sFizcyw IptNe\p hptNcpw. B Ahn apgph Xnm {ioIrjvWs Fm
kpw IptNe\pe`npsapw Xm ]ns B {_mWs themcnbmbn amtdnhcpw
FpamWv evaotZhnbpsS AXnitbmn. {]nbXabpsS kvt\l]qhamb hnev am\nv
{ioIrjvW a]menp. \ kZy \In {_mlaWkvt\lnXs\ kzw InSbn Ddn
BZcnpIbpw sNbvXp.
]hntemN\ XpsS ioetam
I]IimJnsb t]msebtm
Nmcp sNoSn hmnXw \IoSpw
Zqcp \noSnsemptaim k`hpw kzmckyhpw hyampI
{ioIrjvWs\pdnp IptNes BtemN\bmWnXv.
{ioIrjvWs almb BXnYyw Gphmn ]pet Xncnp ]pds IptNe ZzmcI
]nn tijamWv Xm t]mbImcyw adphtm Fv BtemNnpXv. Zcn{Zbmb Xs `mcy
AIse Cv {ioIrjvW \Inb klmbhpw kz]v\w Iv CcnpIbmbncnpw. Ahv
[cnm Hcp tNet]mepw CcmsXbmWv Xncnpt]mXv. sNbvX hnVvVw BtemNnv
IptNe\v kztmSpXs shdpptXmn. shdpssItbmsS sNv `mcytbmSv Fv
adp]Sn]dbpsadnbmsX Abm Ipgn. AtcmWv {ioIrjvWs\pdnv Cs\ IptNe
NnnpXv. `Khm I]hrwt]msebmWv. AcnIp \nptm am{Xsa AhnSs
A\p{Klw e`nq. Zqsc \nphv sXv I\nbpIbntm. {ioIrjvWs Xncpkn[nbn
t\cnp sNm\mbnpw B{Klw km[nnmsX Xncnpt]mcph\mWv Xm Fv Atlw
IcpXpp. {ioIrjvWs\ I]hrambn kmZriysSpnbXnepw ssZhkmao]yw F
kXys AtXmsSmw hyamnbXnepw sNdptcnbpsS ImhymZiw hyamWv .
AXpXsbmWv Cu D]abpsS `wKnbpw.

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XncnsI honsenbtm IptNe I ImgvNI sNdptcn hnhcnpsXs\

{ioIrjvWt\mSv klmbsampw tNmZnmsX Xncnpt]mXnep Cm`wKw Hmv
kSsv \Sp \Sv hon\Spsnbtm ApXsSpp ImgvNIfmWv IptNe
t\cnXv.
BZyw Atls FXntcXv kpKw t]dnb CfwImmWv. AXn\p ImcWw a\nemImsX
\Sptm \ndsb ]q hnSp \np ImhpI \osf ImWm XpSn. kpcamb
XmacsmbvIIfmWv XpSv hXv. Cu amsfmpw Atln\v a\nembn. Atm
Zqsc sImmcns taqcbpw amfnIbpw Ip. BcpsS sImmcamWv CsXv Atlw
BtemNnp aptmv \Sptm tKm]pchmXn Ip. AXv ISp Nppw t\msh
at\mlcamb XqWpIfpw cXv \ ]Xn thZnIfpw Ip. AhbpsS hnXm\
appIsImv
AecnXmbncpp.
\mSIimeIfn
kpcnI
\rwsNbvXpsImncnpXpw ]mSncknv Nppw s]IpnI HmSnfnpXpw Ip.
B\Ifpw IpXncIfpw \ncp\np Bebfpw tan efpw Zriyambn. ]ns
cXv \ ]Xn sImmcpacpIfpw XqWpIfpamWv IXv . Xs kzoIcnphcpw
_lpam\nphcpw hgnbcnIn \nppmbncpp. IpXncpdp hcp Imh `Samcpw
Xs hnpXv Iv {_mlvW\v AXnibw ASm\mbn.
"" Hcp Zcn{Z{_mW\mb Fs Fn\mWv Cq Cs\ _lpam\npXv? FmWXn\p
ImcWw? CtXXv temIamWv? \Sp\Sv Rm kzKtemImtWm FnsXv? Fs hoSv
\nncp ew XsbmWv CsXv DdmWv. h ZpjvSmcpw hv Fs Cw ssIemn,
AXv s]mfnpIfv AhnsS Ccsamcp sImmcw ]WnXXmtWm? Fs {]nb]Xv\nsbbpw
asfbpw Ah Bnhnpthm? Zcn{Z\mb Rm `mcybpw afpw Cm A\mY\mbpw amdntbm?
Cu sImmcns AXnib Iv \SmsX `mcysbbpw asfbpw At\zjnpIbt
Rm sNtXv? {ioIrjvWs\ ImWmt]mbn C{Xbpw B]mtWm F\nv ]nWXv?
kpJPohnXw B{Klnv aptdphv \jvSta kw`hnq Fv ]dbpXv icnbmtbm? kSw
hv Xfpt]mtI Cu kabpw Fs Dn ktmjw DmIpsXpsImmWv''
Cs\ [mcmfw BtemN\I IptNe\pmbn.
CsXmw BtemNnp \nptm, {_mlvWkv{XoIfpsS t\XrXzw hlnp \np `mcy
Xs Iv kzoIcnm thn HmSnsbn. AhcpsS Nppw kpcnIfmb tXmgnamcpapmbncpp.
`mcysb Ip IptNe\v Xncndnbmt]mepambn. Ah AXnkpcnbmbncnpp. "ImhW
sNmmse apta hsmcp hmcnPancsbt]mse' bmWv Ahcntm. {ioIrjvW Xs
kzoIcnm t\ct evaotZhnsb Ctmv ]dbpthm Fv tXmpwhn[w AhcpsS
aps cq]w amdngnncpp. Ahsc Zqsc\nv Itmtg GtXm temIkpcn
XsbSptv hcpt]msebmWv IptNe\v tXmnbXv . cXv \ ]Xn ta\n
Iev]Ihnsbtmse Xnfn. almevansbtme B {_mW]Xv\n Abmp apnsen.
asmcp kpcnamcnepw a\p sNm Xm Cu kucy[man C{Xbpw BIrjvS\mhpXv
FpsImv Ftlw ]cn{`anp. apJs \mWw ImWptm AXv Xs ]Xv\nbmsWv
kwibapmIppsnepw Ah C{Xbpw kpcnbmbncpntm Fbm Nnnp. BsI
Xpept]mb Xm Ctm A\y kv{XoIsf Imanv ]m]w sNpIIqSnbmWtm Fv Abm
hnjanpt]mbn. Xs apnsenb Cu kucycq]w BcmsWv Nnnv \nsh B kv{Xo
{_mWs ImhoWv \akvIcnp. Zmcn{Zym Fpw tXmepambncp Xs ]Xv\nbmWv
apn \npsXv t]mepw Atln\v hnizknm\mbn.

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2. Fgp--
alm-`m-cXw Infn-m-v- - kv{Xo-]w- - Km-mcohnem]w
(420 apX 520 hsc-bp hcn-I)
aebmf `mjbpsS ]nXmhv F _lpam\]qhw hnfnsSp IhnbmWv Xpv Fgp.
]Xn\mdmw \qmn Cs aepdw Pnbnse Xncqcn\Spp Xp ]dnembncpp
PohnncpXsXv IcpXsSpp. `n{]m\ns aebmfnse {]NmcI\mWv Fgp.
aebmf `mjbvpw kmlnXyn\pw P\IobXbpw {]mapJyhpw t\Sm\mbXv Fgp
IrXnIfneqsSbmWv FXn\m Atlw aebmf`mjbpsS ]nXmhv Fv _lpam\nsSpp.
A[ymcmambWw, `mcXw Fo InfnmpIfmWv Fgps {][m\ IrXnI. lcn\maIo\w
F IrXnbpw CtlntXmbmWv {]NcnnsSpsXnepw Amcyn
FXnc`n{]mbfpv. FnXsbpw Cu cp InfnmpIfneqsS aebmf kmlnXynsbpw
`mjbpsSbpw Aacm\w Aecnm Fgp\p Ignp.
Infnsbsmv ]mp ]mSnp coXnbn IY ]dbpXns\bmWv Infnmv Fv ]dbpXv.
ssZhsfpdnp IYIfmbXn\m ]dbp Imcynse tZmjsfmpw Ihnsb
_m[nmXncnm\mWs{X Infn BJymXmhmbn amdpXv. aebmfn {]Nmcnep tII,
ImIfn, A\S, IfImn XpSnb hrfnemWv Infnmv cNnpI. A[ymcmambWhpw
alm`mcXhpw aebmfnse hnh\IrXnIfmsWpw ]dbmw. hmaoInbpsSbpw hymksbpw
aqeIrXnIfpsS Cu XPaI ]t, IhnbpsS DNnXamb XymPy{KmlyhnthN\tmsSbmWv
samgnamw sNsncnpXv. aebmfnIfmb A\phmNIpthn thnSv Iqm\pw
Ipdbvm\pw Fgp {inncnpp. ChnsSbpw Cu almIhnbpsS {]Xn`bpsS A]mcX
\apv ZriyamIpp.
alm`mcXw Infnmns\pdnv Hcp IpdnsgpXpI
HtIm ew tmIfn hniZamp alm`mcXIYbmWv kwkvIrn cNns
hymk `mcXw. CXns kzX{ aebmf hnh\amWv Xpsgps alm`mcXw Infnmv.
CXv kw{KloX]p\cmJym\amsWp ]dbmw. hymk`mcXns {][m\ `mKsap ]dbmhp
`KhZvKoXsb \mep hcnIfneqsS am{XamWv Fgp NpcpnsbSppXv. {ioIrjvWs\
tI{m\p {]XnjvTnpsImv `n{][m\ambn alm`mcXs ]p\cmJym\w sNpIbmWv
alm`mcXw Infnmv. ]hfmbmWv A[ymbsf thXncnncnpXv.
kv{Xo]hns {]tXyIXIsfv
alm`mcXnse timIckw Xpfpp `mKamWv kv { Xo]hnteXv . bpm\c
sISpXnIfmWv Cu `mKv hWnpXv. ]Xns\pZnhkw \op\n alm`mcXbpw
Ahkm\s Iuch\mbI\mb ZptcymZ\s hogvNtbmsS Ahkm\np. BmWv Pbsav
Ddnp ]dbm\mhm{Xbpw \mi\jvSfmWv Ccp`mKpw kw`hnXv. GXm\pw t]am{XamWv
IuchcpsS `mKv AhtijnXv. AImen acWspt]mb _pP\sfsmn kv{XoI
\Sp hnem]amWv kv{Xo]hsa Cu A[ymbnse {]Xn]mZyw. IuchamXmhmb Kmmcn
Xs \qdpafpsS arXtZlw Iv hne]np AycwKw AXyw hnImc\n`chpw
timImIhpamWv. ap kv{XoItfmsSmamWv Kmmcn Ipcpt{X`qanbnsepXv. icibn
acWwImv InSp `ojva ]nXmal, Ahbh Apw apdnthpw InSp cmPmm,
ihwXongpImcpw Ipdpmcpw XnpXop a\pjy icoc.. bpm\c `qanbpsS
Cu `oIc ZriyIv kv{XoP\pw Kmmcnpapmb ZpJhpw tcmjhpsamw Cu
`mKv AWs]mnsbmgpIpp. `nbpw tcmjhpw timIhpw Ie Cu Imhy`mKw AXn
sshImcnIamb Nn{XoIcnm\p Fgps {]Xn` Akmam\yamsWv \nwibw ]dbmw.
ae-bmfkmlnXyw 1

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sImmsX sImmsXh Xs \o
sImnbs{X \n\p cksatSm k`hpw kzmckyhpw hniZampI
acnpInSp asfbpw _pP\sfbpw I KmmcnbpsS a\v ]nSp. APp\s
aI\mb A`na\yphns CfwicocwIv Kmmcn s]mnsdnpt]mbn. `KZs B\bvcnsI
tNmchmv hoWpInSp kpc\mb A`na\yphns\sbnepw shdpsXhnpIqSmbncptm Fv
Kmmcn tNmZnpp. IrjvWs acpaI IqSnbmb A`na\yphns Zb\obmhIv a\n
Zbbnm BfmWv IrjvW Fpt]mepw Abvv tXmntmIppv. sImnbt{X
\n\p cksatSm F hmIynse \n\v , FtSm Fo hmpI Kmmcnv
{ioIrjvWt\mSp ASpsbpw Acnisbpw kqNnnpp. alm`mcXbpn\pXs
ImcWmc {ioIrjvW\mWv F kqN\bpw Cu hmIynepv. at\mlc\mbncp
A`na\yphns icocw arKfpw ]nIfpw ISnphenpXpw Ahs {]nbXabmb DcbpsS
\nehnfnbpw Kmmcnsb Akzbmppv. {ioIrjvWs s]fmb kp`{ZbpsS aIfmWv
Dc. kp`{Zbpw aI A`na\yphns tNmcsbmgpIp arXtZlw Iv \nehnfnpIbmWv.
CsXmw Iv klnsImWv Kmmcn {ioIrjv\p t\sc tIm]w]pc hmpIsfpXv.
IpsImtm a\w XmhIamIne
n\pam{ZXbpnXp ImWptm
Fv Kmmcn ]dbpnSv {ioIrjv\s \nwKXbpw kqNnXamIppv. kv{XoIfpsS ZpJw
ImWm Hcp bpn\pw ssk\yn\pw IgnbpIbn F kXyamWv Cu hcnIfneqsS Kmmcn
hyampXv.
Kmmcn bpcwKv Pohs]menpInSphcn Bscsbms sNmnbmWv
hne]npXv
BZyambn ImWpXv A`na\yphns\bmWv. sXmpSs\ `oa]p{X\mb LtSmNs\ ImWpp.
\oeae hoWpInSpXmbmWv Ahs\pdnv Kmmcn ]dbpXv. IW\mWv
LtSmIN\pt\sc th {]tbmKnXv. XpSp ImWpXv Igpp apdnpInSp
Pb{ZYs\bmWv. Pb{ZYs\ h[nXmIs APp\\pw. \qdv BasfqSmsX X\np
GI aIfmb ZpfbpsS `mhmWv Pb{ZY. Ipdpdmbn t{ZmWmNmcy acWw
ImpInSp \neamWv. kzw Kpcphmb t{ZmWsc AsbvXphogvnbXv [rjvSZypav\\mWv.
Almcnbmb injy\pam{Xta kzw Kpcphns\Xnsc Bbp[w {]tbmKnm Ignbq Fv
Kmmcn ]cnlknpp. sXmpdv amdp XIp InSp Xs aI Zpmk\s\bmWv
Kmmcn t\cnSpXv . `oa amdp ]nfv tNmcIpSnv Xnan kw`hw Kmmcn
HmppmhWw. CXpImWptmgpw {ioIrjv \ t\mSmWv Kmmcn ]cmXn ]dbpXv .
X\npn CXp ImWp thfbn Xobmfppspw Fn\mWv FtmSv Cu NXn sNbvXXv
Fpw {ioIrjvWt\mSv Kmmcn tNmZnpp.
amdptam Ip\ocns\npmb
Xmdptam timIsam\tk tKm]tX FmWv KmmcnbpsS tNmZyw.
Zptcym[\s aI\mb evaWs icocamWv XpSv Kmmcn ImWpXv. {ioIrjvWs\
Zbm\nt[ F hymPkvXpXntbmsSbmWv Kmmcn A`nkwt_m[\ sNpXv. IpI
aqSnsnbncp Kmmcnp thZhymk \Inb ImgvNinIfmemWtm CsXmw ImWphm
km[nXv. Ccw ImgvNIfmWv Xm t\cnSpsXn CsX\np thmbncpp Fv Atm
Kmmcn hne]npt]mIpp.
XpSv KmmcnImWpXv IWs\bmWv . ]mWv U hcpsS tPyjvT\msWnepw
IuchtcmsSmw tNv bpw sNbvX IW\v IhN IpWvUe PknamWv. Ah
hoWt]mbnpw Xnfppv. hnv Xv thdnpInSp B hnmfnbpsS icocw ]nIfpw
arKfpw XnpXv Iv Kmmcnv klnm Ignbpn. sXmSppXsbmWv `qcn{ihmhv
F cmPmhnsbpw arXtZlw InSpXv . Atlns incv aSnbn shv `mcy
ae-bmfkmlnXyw 1

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hne]npXpw Kmmcnsb Akzbmpp. kzw ktlmZc\mb iIp\nbpsS arXtZlw

ImWptm KmmcnbpsS kao]\w sXp hyXykvXamIppv. bpn\v GjWnIqn
t{]mmlnnbmfmWtm iIp\n. Dqe\min\p ImcWmc\mb iIp\nbpsS DS ]nI
`WampXv Inpw Kmmcn hne]npn FXp {itbamWv. sXmSpv InSp
Zptcym[\s XpS XI icocw Iv Kmmcnv kIe \nb{Wfpw XIpt]mIpp.
aI Zptcym[\s XpS X icocw I KmmcnbpsS hnem]w lrZbn Xpwhn[w
Fgp Nn{XoIcnpsXs\
Ipcpt{Xbpnse ihicocfnnSbn Ahkm\ambmWv Kmmcn Xs aI\mb
Zptcym[\s icocw ImWpXv. bpnse Ghpw Ahkm\ambpmb KZmbpn `oa\pw
Zptcym[\\pw Xnep Gpap Gsd \opt]mIsh {ioIrjv\ `oa\v clky kqN\
\vInbmWv Zptcm[\s\ hogvpXv. KmmcnbpsS t\mw ImcWw Zptcym[\s icocn\v
KqVIhNw e`nnpmbncpp. AXnm XpSbn ASnm\mWv `oa\v IrjvW kqN\
\evInbXv. KZmbpnse \nbaw sXnv `oa Zptcym[\s\ XpSbneSnv hogvpp.
Zptcym[\s icocw Iv a\w XIv Kmmcn \nehnfnpp. Do aIt\ F
A`nkwt_m[\tbmsSbmWv Cu hnem]w Bcw`npXv. kzw s]mIncoShpw B`cWfpw
almcmPmhv F ]Zhnbpw hpw {]Xm]hpw Kw`oc`mhhpw `wKnbpw Fmw Dt]nv XpS
XIv acnpInSp aIs icocw Iv Kmmcn Aedncbpp. ]pInStase
InSpioen \o \nephoWpInSphm\nSbmbtm FmWv B AbpsS hnem]w. Cu ImgvN
ImWm IgnbmsX Kmmcn AhnsS\nv HmSntmbn \nev InSpcpv Icbpp.
t_m[wsIphogpIbpw s]spWv hopw IcbpIbpw sNpp. Hmahtm Ah
{ioIrjvW\p t\sc im]hmpI sNmcnbpIbmWv.
Kmmcn {ioIrjvWs\ i]nsXs\, AXn\v IrjvWs {]XnIcWsambncpp
aI Zptcym[\s XpSXI arXtZlw Iv tamlmekysv hoW Kmmcn
IpXpdbpSs\ {ioIrjvWs\ hnfnv hne]npIbpw ITn\hmpIsImv aqSpIbpw
i]npIbpw sNpp. C{Xbpw IpSnea\p Hcmsf {ioIrjvWs\bmsX asmcmsf `qanbn
Xm Inn FmWv KmmcnbpsS BZy {]XnIcWw. bpn Hcp IntbmsSmw \nv
]ckv ]cw bpwsNnv `qanbnse cmPmmsc apgph sImnXns DchmZnXzw
{ioIrjvW\msWv Kmmcn Ibpp. aphsc Ipw ]dnp Imcyan. Fmw
{ioIrjvWs adnambfmWv. \obpw \ns hwihpw aqv ]ocmp Ignbptmtgpw
apSnpt]mIpw Fv i]npIbpw sNpp. CXv tIv hfsc \nwKambmWv IrjvW
{]XnIcnpXv. B im]w icnbmIssbpXs {ioIrjvW\pw kXnpp. Fs bpnepw
KmmcnbpsS Dnepw Htc kwKXnXs tXmnbXv \mbn FmWv am[h AXn\p
{]XnIcWambn ]dbpXv.

3. Ip \ym
kya-Iw Xp
Ime-ns ]I \n\-m
amtem-Ip s]mdp-m taem...
apX
C-c-tamtcm Zphm-p-Isf
Nnecp ]dp Zpjnp XpS-n... hsc.

ae-bmfkmlnXyw 1

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Ip \ym
aebmfns lmkykmlnXy ]mccynse A{KKmanbmWv Iev Ip\ym.
lmkykmlnXyw tIhew Xamib adnv AXv cNnsSp Imens Ncn{Xhpw AXnt\mSp
kmlnXy{]XnIcWhpamWv. aebmfnse BZyIme lmkkmlnXyImcmb tXme, NqImcm
XpSn C hn IrjvWnbpw kRvPb\pw hn sI Fpw hsc Cs\ NncnsImv kaqlns
sImcpXmbvaIsf t\cnhcmWv. ]Xns\mw \qmn Pohnncp IhnbmWv Ip\ym.
Cs \nebn ImWp Xp {]m\nsbpw {]knamb A\h[n Xp
IrXnIfpsSbpw {]tWXmhv Ip\ymcmWv. {InkvXphjw 1700 \ptijw
AXmpInSbnemWv Ip\ymcpsS PohnXImew. ]memSp Pnbnse Innpdnn
awKew Iev F CmWv P\nXv. tIcfn\Ipw ]pdpw [mcmfw kcnp Fv
]dbsSpp. Bepgbnse Aepg, Xncph\]pcw XpSnb {]tZifnse
cmPmmcpambp kulrZw ImcWw AhnSfnsems hfscmew Xmaknnpv.
AXImcWw Irjnbpw ssk\nIhrnbpambn kw ]pep As tIcfnse
km[mcWmcpambn kw ]pephm km[nncnWw.
Av km[mcWbmbncp ]tS\n, \mtSmSn \mSI Fnhsbbpw IqSnbmsbpw ]ckv]cw
_nnpsImv BhnjvIcns Iemcq]amWv Xp. ioX, ]db, Hm Fns\
aqp hn[apv CXv. km[mcWmsc BkzZnnm\pw AhcpsS hnjb kwhZnm\pap
Iem am[yaambncpp Xp. Cu Iepthn FgpXs IhnXIfmWv Xp IrXnI.
AXphsc cNns Xp IrXnIsfmw tiJcnXv Fkv Un sdUymcmWv. Adp]tXmfw
Xp IrXnI Ip \ymcptSXmbn {]NcnsSppv. [mcmfw InfnmpIfpw Atlw
cNnnpv.
kyaIw Xp
`mKhXw ZiakvIw Amdmw A[ymbnemWv kyaIw IY ]dbpXv. Cu IYsb
lmkyns tasmSntNv ]p\chXcnnpIbmWv \ym. k{XmPnv F bmZh
kqcytZhs\ X]psNbvXv kyaIw F cXv\w kmZnp. kqcy\pXpeyw {]`bpXmbncpp
B cXv\w. AXv ]pdsSpm cm{Xnbpw ]It]mse tim`npw. AXv hon shp bYmhn[n
]qPI \Snbm Afhnm [\hpw e`npw. sFizcyZmbIamb Cu cXv\w [cnv
]pdp\SpI k{XmPnv ]Xnhmn. CXv cXv\ns ]cncv {]iv\amIpsav a\nemnb
IrjvW cXv\w Xs GnWsav kv{XmPnnt\mSv At]npshnepw Atlw
Iqkmnbn. Hcp Znhkw k{XmPnns A\pP\mb {]tk\ kyaIwaWn [cnpsImv
Imntev thbvp t]mbn. cXv\ns shfnn BIrjvS\mb Hcp knwlw Abmsf
sImv cXv\hpwsImv ISpIfp. cXv\hpambn t]mIp knwls I Pmw_hm F
hm\ccmPmhv knwls hIhcpn cXv\w ssIemn. AXv kzw ]p{X\v Ifnmambn
\IpIbpwsNbvXp.
kzm`mhnIambpw A\pPs\ sImv cXv\w IhXv {ioIrjvW\mbncnmsav k{XmPnv
kwibnp. Cu kwibw Abm asmcmtfmSv ]dp. ]dp ]dv Cmcyw \mn ]mmbn.
Xsn {]Ncnp Cu A]hmZn a\ws\mv {ioIrjv kzbw At\zjWn\ndn.
At\zjWw Pmw_hms sImmcnsen. AhnsSshv Pmw_hm\pambn tLmcamb Gpap
\Sp. bpw Xocm hnjvWphns\ kvXpXntmgmWv Xm bpw sNpXv
{ioIrjvWt\mSmsWv Pmw_hm\v t_m[ysSpXv. kyaIw aWn Xncnp\IpIbpw kzw
aIsf Irjv W \v km\npIbpw sNbv X p Abm. cXv \ w XncnpInnb k{XmPnv
]mm]hnhi\mhpIbpw kzw aIfmb kXy`masb IrjvW\v sImSppIbpw kyaIw
aWn kqnmt\npIbpw sNbvXp. icnbmbn kqnWsav D]tZinv IrjvW
kyaIw k{XmPnn\pXs \evIn. Pmw_hXnsbbpw kXy`masbbpw hnhmlw sNbvXp.
ae-bmfkmlnXyw 1

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{ioIrjvW kyaIw aWn tamjvSnXmbn \mn ]cp sIpIYIsf hnhcnp

`mKamWv ]mTw. tI]mXn tIm ]mXn IYI sa\v hjfmp \mpImcpsS
kz`mhs IWn\v ]cnlknp Imhy`mKamWnXv.
Im s]cpIp Imev IjIp B[nIsfsmw
]mbnencnp ]Xp]d s\n\v Hcp kpcnXXzhpan. thXv FSpv hnv hnpw
Iqenbpw Xcamm ]ppan. Ddnm ]mbhpw Imhen\v BfnmXpw thsd hnja.
If]dnpw tNp\pw ]dnI IrjnsNbvXpw \qcmmcpsS ]mSv ]WnsbSpv Dmnb
]Ww I sImpt]mbm FpsNpw. ]ns ]nsXpIXs KXn. s]menISap
s\pt]mepw Cu hnfshSpn e`nnn. e`n s\v ta\nIfmbn Xncnpshnpv. ]eni
sImSpm\p s\pw Afpshp. AXn\m Im hcp I\v \ kuIcyambn.
]qpImfIsf FhnsSbmWn\n kqnpI. ImfIsfbpw aqcnIsfbpw IpsImtmhm
Imv \ IgnhmWv. Ipdv Fpapv hnXphm. AXpIqSn Im sImpt]mbm
]nWnInSpItb hgnbpq.
kyaIw aWn \jvSsXns\pdnv \mpIm ]dbp IYsbv
k{XmPnv hfsc \njvIf\mb HcmfmWv. AXpsImmWv AXpwsImv {ioIrjvWs
apn sNXv. AXpItXmsS IrjvW\v AXn sImXnbmbn. k{XmPnv sImSpXpan.
Hcp ZnhkaXm aWn [cnv Imn t]mb, k{XmPnns A\pP Imn acnpInSpp.
CXn\p ]nn {ioIrjvW\msWXn\p bmsXmcp kwibhpan.
IrjvWs ]gb IYIsf tamjWhpambn _sSpn \mpIm hnhcnpsXs\sbmw
]psXmt tamjWn sshZKv [ yhpw Xm]cyhpap BfmWv {ioIrjv W .
Ipnbmbncnp Imet IpnIfpsS ssIbn \nv km[\ ]nSnp]dnmdpv. Asb
]nv an Hfnncpv ]mev IpIpSnh\mWv. tKm]nIam Ipfnp kabv AhcpsS
hkv{ X tamjvSnm\pw {iaw \Snbnpv. ]mepw ssXcpw tamcpw tamjvSnnpv.
]pImet sh Ip \Stm BfpI Ahs\ Im Im Fv hnfnncpp. AXv
tem]nmWv Im Im Fv Ctm hnfnpXv. IStm sImv IpSn Hmbmn
hon \nv s\v tamjvSn IY {]knamWtm. Cs\ tamjWw \Sn t]cptZmjw
hcpnbXpsImmWv Ipnmev A Ahs\ ]nSnv Dcen sInbnXv. ]qX\ F ]mhw
s]ns\ sIme sNbX kw`hhpw tInnt. kzw Amh\mb Iwks\ sImXpw
{]knamWtm. ]t Is kz`mhw \. Imen tam F t]cn CSbmtcmSpIqSn
ImSpsXn \SpIbmbncpp. tKm]nIamcmb kpcnamtcmsSmw NpndpIbmbncpp
thsdmcp tPmen. IqpImsc hsc ]nnpv IrjvW. Asnepw tKm]mcmb PmXnmv
h \nehmchpaptm. hSnbpsaSpv sRfnv \Sp B XSnbmtcmSv XSnbm \nsp
]dv ASppt\mnbm Ah t]Snv HmSnfbpw. IsSpm\p Xw t\mn
\SpIbmWh. Aht\mSv IqpIqSp s]p \mbn kqntm, Igpnepw ImXnepap
B`cW ssIemm\mWv Ah Cs\ Inmcw ]dv \SpXv. s]psf
sImm apt {]mKZv`yw sXfnbnh\mWtm IrjvW.
\mS hmsamgnbn ImhycN\ \SpXn Ip \ymp sshZKv[yw ]mT`mKs
ASnm\sSpn hnhcnpI
km[mcWmcpsS `mjbn IhnXcNn BfmWv Ip \ym. Xp F
Iemcq]ns {][m\ eyw \mpImcmb km[mcWmcmbXn\m Acsamcp `mjbmWv
AXn kzoIcntXv F \ymv Adnbmambncpp. "]SP\sf \Sphnepsmcp
]SbWnnl IqSphm, hSnhnbsmcp Nmcp tIcf`mj Xs NnXw hcq' FXv Atlns
`mjmZi\ambncpp. km[mcWmcpsS hp]dn, `ocpXzw, ]nipv XpSnbhsb
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FXnm\pw Ah ckIcambn AhXcnnm\pw Cu `mjXs \ymv thWambncpp.

]pcmWIYIfpsS ]pdwtXmSn\pn kzw \mpImcpsS {]iv \ fpw kz`mhfpw
AhXcnnpI FXmbncpp Atlns eyw. AXn\m ]pcmWnse GsXmcp IYbpw
tIcfn \SpXpt]msebmWv Atlw Nn{XnIoIcnpI. Ime tZimXnnIsf B
BJym\]mShw IWnseSpn. GXp tZhs\bpw tIcfnse cmPmhpw GXp {]Psbbpw
tIcfnse \mS P\kapZmbhpamm Atln\p Ignp.
kyaIw Xpen Irjv W s\ Ipdnv A]hmZw ]dbp BfpI tIcfnse
P\kapZmbamsWp ImWmw. tIcfnse ImjnI hyh, PohnXmh Fnh Ipdnp
[mcmfw hmsamgn ]Zfpw {]kvXmh\Ifpw Cu `mKv ImWmw.
thenI Xs hnfhp apSnm/ ImepIsfp \SoSpp, IeIsmcp I\ncpm/
Fsmgpansmcp kpJadntbWw, Bbnchjw Ipgenencpsmcp/ \mbpsS hmep hft t]mIq
XpSn {]knamb [mcmfw ]gsmpIfpw sImpw tImfpw HpI, ]mf]nSnp \SpI,
] s]mdppI XpSnb \mS {]tbmKfpw Cu IhnXbn DcnsSppv. CnWn,
]mf, s]menISw, ta\n, aqcn, ], `v, tImfv XpSnb [mcmfw \mS ]ZmhenIfpw Cu
Imhy`mKpv.

4. ]qm\w
m\-m\
m\-am-\- sNmn Ielnp
apX
a-cn-p--sX-n\p \mw hrYm? hsc
]qm\w \q-Xncn
`n-km-ln-Xy-ns Imev ae-bm-f-n-ep-mb X\Xp cN-\-bmWv ]qm\w \q-Xn-cn-bpsS
m\-m-\. ae-pdw Pn-bnse s]cn-a---Sp ]qm\w F Cv Pohn-n-cp Ihn-bmbn-cpp ]qm-\w. ]Xn-\mdmw \qm-ns ]IpXn apX ]Xn-t\gmw \qm-ns ]Ip-Xn-hsc Atl-ns Pohn-X-Imew I-m-p--h-cp-v. ta-q \mcm-bW `-Xn-Xn-bpsS ka-Im-en-I-\mbn-cpp Ctlw Fpw Icp-X-s-Sp-p. m\-m-\, km-\-tKm-]mew ]m\, `mjm IWm-arXw
Fn-h-bmWv ]qm\w \q-Xn-cn-bp-tS-Xmbn e`y-amb IrXn-I. \qsp lcn, L\-kwLw XpSnb IrXn-Ifpw At-l-n-t-Xmbn Icp-X-s-Sp-p.
Xo{h-amb IrjvW-`-n-bmWv ]qm\w IrXn-I-fn Gd-psd apgp-h\pw {]km-[\w sNp--Xv.
a\p-jys `qan-bnse IjvS-\-jvS-v ]cn-lm-c-ambn `K-hms\ kvacn- am{X-amWv hgn Ftlw \ntZ-in-p-p. AXp-sIm-p-Xs km[m-c-W-mn-S-bn hfsc {]Nmcw t\Sm Atl-ns Ihn-X-Ip Ign-p. efn-X-kp--c-amb ae-bm-f-n kwkvIr-X-ns kzm[o\w ]cam-h[n Ipd Ihn-XI
- f
- m-bn-cpp Ah FXpw AXns {]Nm-cW
-
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- m-bn. ]mWvUnXyw
Ipd At-l-ns `n-bmWv ta-q-cns ]mWvUn-Xy-s-m `K-hm\v CjvS-s-Xv
Fv kqNn-n-p Hcp IYbpw {]N-cn-n--s-n-p-v. h-tm \mcm-bW tat\ms "`nbpw
hn`-n-bpw' F Ihn-X-bpsS {]tabw Cu IY-bm-Wv.
m\-m-\-bmWv ]qm-\-ns Ghpw {]kn--amb cN-\. ae-bm-f-n cNn--s thZw
Fp-hsc Cu IrXnsb \ncq-]-I ]pI-gvn-bn-p-v. hep-w-sImv sNdpXpw AXn efn-X-hp-amb
Cu IhnXbn \nv Hcp Cuc-Sn-sb-nepw Adn-bm ae-bm-fn-I Npcp-pw. sslh XXz-Nn-bn A[n-jvTn-X-amb kmaq-lnI hnai-\-amWv m\-m-\-bnse {]ta-bw. As tIc-fob
kaq-ls ]nSn-Iq-Snb [\mn, Agn-a-Xn, `n-tem-]w, A[n-Im-c-{]-a-X XpS-nbpt\sc
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{]tbm-Kn- Akv{X-am-bn-cpp Cu eLp-Im-hyw. {]Xy--amb kmaq-lnI hnai\w Fgp--s

cN-\-I-fn ImWp-n-. Fm ]qm-\-am-Is Ihn-Xsb kmaq-lnI hnai-\-n\pw kap-Zmb
\thm-m-\-n\pw D]-tbm-Kn-p. Cm-cy-n ]qm\w Fgp--s Hcp ]Sn apn-em-Wv. Cu
AY-n ae-bm-f-nse BZys kmaq-lnI hnai-I-\mb Ihn Fv ]qm-\s hnti-jnn-mw. Cm-cy-n ]qm-\-ns XpS-bmWv Ip \ym-cn-eqsS ae-bmfn I-Xv. a\pjys Fm {]iv\-pw ]cn-lm-c-ambn ]qm\w \ntZ-in-p-Xv `nbpw hnc-n-bp-am-Wv.
Cs tIc-f-n t]mepw {]k--amb Imcy--fmWv m\-m-\-bnse {]tabw F-Xn\m GXp Imepw Cu IhnX AXns apgp-h in-tbm-sSbpw {]k-cn-n--s-Spw.
tNmZy-
As kmaq-ln-Im-h--bnse sIm-cp-Xm-bva-Isf Ihn hni-Z-am-p--sX-ns\
m\-am-\-pthn Ielw Iqn \mWw-sI Hcp hn`m-K-amWv P\-sf `cn-p-sIm-n-cnp--Xv. aZhpw a-chpw Xe-p-I-b-dn-b-h-cm-W-h. Nne-cm-Is `uXnI kpJ-n-\p-thn kpcn-I-fpsS hoSp-t\mn \S-p--hc
- m-Wv. AhnsS Ipn-cm-a-s\-tmse Ipc-p-I-fn-m hsc Ah
Xm-dm-Ip-p. A[n-Im-c-tamlw hf t\Xm-sf {]oWn-nv tImhn-e-I--fn-eqsS D]-Pm-]-hpambn \S-phcmWv asmcp hn`m-Kw. aX-s-tmepw Ccw the-Iv D]-tbm-Kn-p-I-bmWv
Nne aX-]p-tcm-ln-X-m. AXv, sImn hft ss]X-ens\ In-Ip-Sn-m thn hnp-Xp-t]mse A]-lm-ky-am-Wv. kzw amXm-]n-Xm-sf Ah-K-Wnv kzw Imcyw t\mn \S-p
afpw Ipd-h-. An-km-n-bmbn kzoI-cn `mcysb kz]v\-n t]mepw ImWm Nne Xmdm-Ip-n-. C-c-m-tcmSv ka--fp-]-tZ-in-m Bsc-nepw sNm Ahp-t\sc
i{Xp-sf F-t]mse IbpNmSpp. hn-t--h-sc-tmepw \nn-m-\mWv Ah {ian-p-Xv. \psS Pohn-Xw-sIm-mWv temIw Cs\ \ne-\np-Xv Fv Ah Al--cn-p-p.
{_mWyw Xe-p-]n-Snv {_m-hp-t]mepw Xs the-m-c-\mWv FmWv Nne [cn-p--Xv.
Ah An-tlm-{XmZn bmKw sNp-Xpw kpw ]Z-hnbpw t\Sm thn-bm-Wv.
kaq-l
- n [\-n-t\m-Sp Bn s]cp-In-bXv ]qm\w hnai-\h
- n-t[-ba
- m-p--sX-ns\
I-h-S-amWv kaq-l-ns {][m\ eyw. Fpw I-hSw sNbvXv em`w sImpI Fm-bn-cnpp P\--fpsS Dt-iyw. kzWw, cXv\w Fn-h-t]mepw I-hSc-p-I-fm-bn-cn-p-p. IpXncbpw B\bpw I-h-S--c-p-I-fm-bn-cn-p-p. em`---h-S-n\pthn I t]mepw Dm-m
sa\-s-Sp-I-bmWv Nne. hrn-tI-Sp-I sNbvXpw [qv kzoI-cnpw kv am{Xw eyw-shp-amWv kaq-l-ns t]mv. kv a\-n\v _m[n-p tcmK-am-Wv. AXv A{X Dm-bmepw
aXn-bm-hp-I-bn-. ]p-In-p-In \qdv thW-sapw \qdp-In-n-bm Bbncw thW-sapw Bbncw
]Ww Inn-bm ]Xn-\m-bncw thW-sapw a\v tamln-pw. Bi-bm-Ip Ib-dn ]nSnv tatemv
tatemv t]mbm Hcn-epw Aw ImWp-I-bn-. Fm kan-I-fmb ]mh- sNn-cm Cu ZpjvS-m Hcp ]Ww-t]mepw \Ip-I-bp-an-. Np-t]m-Ip-tm DSp hkv{Xwt]mepw sImp-t]m-Im Ign-bn Fv Ch Hmp-n-.
a\pjy Pohn-X-ns \izc-X-sb-p-dnv ]qm-\-ns Nn-I-sf-smw
a\p-jys AS-m B{K-la
- mWv Ah-\n Pohn-Xt- m-Sp A\p-cmKw \nd-p--Xv. Bbpv
Fn-sb-n-p-d-bp-tm taml- an-a-n-I-b-dp-I-bm-Wv. HmWw Ign-m hnjp, AXp-I-gnm Xncp-hm-Xnc, P-Zn-\- Fn-s\ PohnXw ac-W-n-tev ASp-p-sIm-n-cn-p-I-bmWv. Fmepw a\p-jys taml- Ah-km-\n-p-n-. Dn-bp-m-bn-m-Wm-\mWv Nnem-{Klw, Nnev Ahs ]nd-m-fp--Ww, Nnev Ahs thfn ImW-Ww, AXp-Ig- n-m Ahs
Dn-bpsS ]nd-m-fp-Ww Fn-s\ Nnn-n-cn-p-tm-gm-bn-cnpw acWw hs-p--Xv.

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Xmsg \Inb Cuc-Sn-IfpsS kzmckyw hy-amn hymJym-\n-pI

1. hnZy-sIm--dn-tb--X-dn-bmsX
hnZzm-amcmbv \Sn-p-nXp Nne
Ipp-a-ns hmk-a-dn-bmsX
Ippaw Npapw t]mse K`w
(Igp-Xb
- psS Npa-Smbn Ippaw shp-sIm-Sp-m t]mepw AXv Npap \S-p-Ib
- -msX AXns
hnebpw \nebpw Igp-X--dn-bn--tm. AXp-t]m-se-bmWv Nne hnZzmam. Ah- \mbn ]Tn-n-pv. ]t X-fpsS ]mc-{XnI hnP-b-n\v th-sXmpw Ah sNp-n-. Adn-tb-Xv Adn-bemWv bYmY Adnhv)
IqSn-bm ]nd-p t\cpw
IqSn-bm acn-p t\cpw
at[y-bn-s\ ImWp t\cp
a-cn-p--sX-n\p \mw hrYm
(a\p-jy Hcp-an- amXm-hns K`-n Ign--Xv. ac-W-tijw Xncn-p-t]m-Ip-Xpw Hcp-an-. Cu PohnXw Hcp CS-m-hfw am{X-am-Wv. cp {][m\ bm{X-Ip \Sp-hn A]-Imew
Ip-ap-p \mw Fn-\mWv ]c-kv]cw a-cnv hg--Sn-p-Xv)

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samUyq 2
1. \mS]mv
t\cw-t]mbv t\cw-t]mbv ]qssX ad-]n
IptImgn Ipf-tmgn Xn--n-m-Spt
t\cw t]mb t\c-n-tm- sImm-sm-e- sNpt
Ac-apdncnpw Xv sImm-sme sNpt
Ac-smv Ipw Xv sImm-sme sNpt
G\-hnsS sN-tm hoSn-m -Iq-Snm
G\-hn-sS ht-]ns sIm-]pcsInt
G\n-hnsS ht-]ns Ipm-In-W Ipnt
G\-hnsS ht]ns shm-pfw shnt
\mS P\-Po-hn-X-ns XpSn-p-I Dsm-p ]mp-I-fmWv \mS]m-p-I.
A[zm-\`- mcw Ipd-m\pw Xsf IjvSs-Sp-p taem-ft- cmSv {]Xn-tj-[n-m\pw ASn-bm-f Isnb hgn-bmWv Ccw ]mp-I. A[zm-\n-p P\-k-aq-l-ns ]mp-I-fm-bXp sImv AhcpsS \nXy-Po-hnXnse kzm`m-hnI k`-f
- psS Bhn-jvm-c
- f
- mWv Ch-bn ]e-Xpw. efnXamb
\mp-`m-j-bn A[zm-\-ns Xmf-n-s\m-mWv Ch cq]-s-Sp--Xv. hmbvm-cn-Itfm hcn-I-fpsS
Bh-\-tfm CXn {][m-\-am-Ip-Xv AXn-\m-em-Wv. Htc ]mp Xs ]e {]tZ-i--fnepw
hXym-k--tfm-sS-bmWv ]mSn-tp-I. hmsam-gn-bmbn {]N-cn-p-Xv sImmWv ]mT-t`-Z--tfmsS- Ch \ne-\np-Xv Fw. ]qssX, Ipf-tm-gn XpSn ]mSp ]Wn-sb-Sp-p a\pjy apn ImWp {]Ir-Xn-bnse ImgvN-I-fmWv Ccw ]mp-I-fn _nw_--fmbn ISp
hcnI.
]qssX ad-]n FXp sImv Dt-in-p-Xv Fv?
cm{Xn-bpsS ad-bn (Ccpn) ]qssX adpIgn-p. X-fpsS IqsS A[zm-\np t\cv Iqn-cp-n-cp ap Poh-Pm-e-fpw {]IrXnbnse hkvXp-fpw hn{i-a-n\mbn
adp Ign-p. cm{Xn hfsc sshIn-p-S-n FmWv Chn-sS Dt-in-p--Xv.(Ip tImgnbpw
Ipf-tm-gnbpw X-fpsS InS-n-S-f
- n-tev hn{i-a-n\mbn Xn-mSn t]mbn--gnp F ]cmaihpw Hmp-I.)
t\cw t]mb t\cpw
sImm-sme sImvWm
Ac-smv Ipw Xv
sImm-sme sImvWm hni-Z-am-p-I.
AXn-cm-hnse hv Irjn--Wn-bn {]th-in ASn-bm-fs\, cm{Xn Gsd sshInbnpw taem-f- hn{i-a-n\p hnn-n-. CSv sImSp--Xm-Is Ac-smv Ipam-{XamWv.(sXmp
aps hcn-bn Ac-ap-dn--cn-mWv {]Xn-^ew X-sXv ]d-bp-Xv ChnsS HmpI.) Xpamb {]Xn-^-e-n-\mWv Chsc sXmgn sNn-p-Xv Fw. sImm-sme F {]tbmKw
{it-b-am-Wv. Hcp P\-Xsb sImmsX sImp-I-bmWv taem-f sNp--Xv. ASn-bm-fs {]Xn-tj[-ns {]Jym-]\
- a
- m-Wn-Xv. ZfnXv hn`m-K
- sf imco-cn-Ia
- mbpw am\-kn-Ia
- mbpw ]oUn-n-n-cp taemfcpsS A[n-Imc hyh--sb-bmWv Cu ]mv {]Xn-m-\p \np--Xv.
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sIm-]pc, IpmInW, shm-Ipfw FXp sImp-t-in-p--sXv?

Pn-bpsS ]Wn--ev Xm hv ]Wn-sb-Sp-m XpS-nb Imev Pnv
hoSv sIn-bXv Xm\m-Wv. InW-dpw, Ipfhpw shn-sm-Sp-X
- v Xm\m-Wv. Pn A\p-`h
- n-p kkpJt`m-K-fpw Xs A[zm\^e-amWv Fv Iogm-f ]d-bp-I-bm-Wv. shm-Ipfw FXv shm {]bmk-ap Ipfw Fpw A-sa-Sp-mw. Xm \n-ln ]cn-{i-a-ns ImTn-\yw hni-Z-am-p-Xmbpw CXv a\-n-emmw.

2. hS-]mv
hS- tIc-f-nse P\-Io-b--fmb hoc-IYmKm\--sf-bmWv hS-]m-p-I
sImp-t-in-p--Xv. (sX ]mp-I, CS-\m-S ]mp-I Fnhbpw D-s-tmp-I.) Xtmfn-d- h
- m-pIm-cpsS IY-]-db
- p Xtm-fn-m-p-Ifpw ]pq-cw Xd-hm-p-Im-cpsS IY ]d-bp ]pqcw
]mp-Ifpw Ch-bn s]Spp. hS-]m-p-I Rmdp-\-Sp-tm ]mSm-dp-v. Acw Rmp-]m-pIsf {]mtZ-in-I-ambn \mn-mv (\mn Fm s\sSn \mpI/ Dd-n-pI Fm-Ww) Fp
]d-bp-p. s]mXpsh A\p-jvTm-\h
- p-ambn _-an-m ]mp-If
- m-Wn-h. hoc-km-lk IrXytam bp]-cm-{I-atam Bbn-cnpw hnj-bw. t{]a-IY
- I
- fpw timI-IY
- I
- fpw CXn s]Sp-p. ]pqcw ]mpIfn
Btcm-at-I-h, Dnbm Fn-hs
- c--nbpw Xtm-fn-m-p-I-fn tIma-p-dp-v, HtX-\, Np,
Nm Fnhsc-n-bp-samw ]mp-I-fp-v. \psS ]mT-`m-Kv Btcm-a-tI-h A-n\p
]pd-s-Sp ]pqcw ]mnse IY-bmWv DsSpn-bn-cn-p--Xv.
Ipdp-m-nSw F {]`p-Ip-Spw-_-nse hmgp-tmcmb (A[n-Imcn / Imc-W-h)
Ipn-ss-av cv s]a--fp-v. A\--c-h-mcmb Dn-tm-\m, Dn--t{m Fn-hcmWv Ahsc hnhmlw Ign-n-p--Xv. Ipn-ss-a acn--tm A[n-Im-c-n\p thn A\-c-h-m Xn aqn-fa Xapm-bn. Xw aq-tm Am-es hyh--{]-Imcw tNtImmsc Xp thn Aw sNnv {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-m Xocp-am-\n-p({]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-m
BZyw Xd-qw F kan-Xn-tbbpw ]noSv tZi-hmgn / \mSp-hmgn A[n-Im-cn-bmb \mp-Iq-sbpw kao-]n-pw. AhnsS \npw ]cn-l-cn-sns-n-emWv Aw shn {]iv\-n\v ]cnlmcw ImWp-I.). Bcp-sS -]--m-c\
-- mtWm Aw Pbn-p-Xv A-bmv A[n-Imcw e`n-pw.
Dn--t{mv thn Acn-tm-S-cpw Dn-tm-\mv thn Btcm-a-tNI-hcpamWv Aw
shp--Xv. tImep\mnse Acn-tm-S FXn-cm-fn-Isf NXnp tXmn-p--Xn\v Ip{]-knn
t\Snb Bfm-Wv. t\cw Ggc shfp-n\v Ipfnbpw tXhm-chpw Ignv, Xs ]nXm-hns\ sNp Iv
A\p-{K-lhpw hmn-mWv Btcm-a A-n\p ]pd-s-Sp--Xv. Xpfp-\m-nse Kpcp--mcpw If-cnssZ-h-fpw \ns-p-Wpw Fv Bioh-Znp sImmWv A bm{X-b-b-p--Xv. Xs
IqsS Bpw hnfnbpambn AI--Sn-m-cp-v. A-tbmSpw A\n-b-t\mSpw Dn-bm(ktlmZcn)tbmSpw Ipp-q-entbmSpw (Btcm-a-ens `mcy) \mSp-hm-gn-tbmSpsamw A\p-hmZw tNmZnpp-v.
Btcm-a-ens Cu ]pd-m-Sn ]e Zpxi-Ip-\-fpw Ip XpS-p-p. amn Aem-\p hngpphkv{X--fp-ambn Xs apn-eqsS hcpp, Bimcn agp-hp-ambn FXnsc hcp-p,
hopw aptm-p-t]m-bt- m hgn-bn amhnsImv s]mn-ho-Wp, Ipdp \S-t- m Hcp Bacw
IS-]p-gIn hoWp, X\nv {Kl-n-g-bm-sWpw C-c-samcp {Kl-ng Imc-W-am-bmWv _men Hfn-btv sIm-s--sXpw Btcm-a-temp. Fnepw AXp Imcy-am-msX, hn[nsb t\cn-Sm-\p-dv
Btcm-a aptm-p-t]m-bn. ]pqcw ]mSw ISv i_-cn-p-gn-bnse A-\v ]mbkw t\v
Ip--c-bs ASp-s-n. Ahn-sS-bn-cpv Zml-Pew IpSnv shne apdpn ]noSv hmgptmsc sNp Ip. X\nv Abpw A\pw A\n-b\pw s]-fp-samw Dsv tIv hmgptm-cpsS A Ipn-b-v k-S-am-bn. Cs\sbmcp sNdp--m-cs\ bp-n sIm-s-Sm
Ab-p-Xv Ij-S-a-t Fmbn Ipn-b. Rm kza-\-mte ]pd-s--Xm-sWv Btcm-a.
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bp-n\p thn NpcnI ]Wn-bm\pw X\nv XpW \nm\pw ap-\-\mb Nphn-s\-bmWv Btcm-at- en-n-cp-X
- v. Np-hns\ ImWmv Npcn-Ib
- p-at- \z-jnv Btcm-a sIms
IpSn-bn-se-n. sIm-n-sv ]pmb hncnv, shne apdp-m sImSpv Btcm-a-ens\ kzoIcn-p. Np-hns\ Iv Btcm-a Imcyw Xnc-n. NpcnI hnf-m sshIn-bXv sIm thsdmcp
tImtemv ]Wnv t]mbn-cpXn\m-em-sWv Np ]d-p. ]Xn-\mdp s]m]-Whpw hfbpw
]pw \In Btcm-a NpcnI hmn. Np Acntm-S-cpsS Ip_p-n-bn Iqp-tNv Npcn-Ib
- n
Xnv \S-n-bn-cp-p. Ccp-m-Wnv ]Icw apf-bmWnbmWv NpcnI s\m D]-tbm-Kn-n-p-Xv.
CXv sIm-n-sn\dn-bmw. AhmIs t\cnv kXyw shfn-sSpm\pw h. Btcm-a-en\v
NpcnI Zp_-e-am-sWv t_m[y-s-Sp-m Ah-sfm-cp-]mb Is-p-p. Hcp tNI-h Npcn-I-bnf-p-Xv X\np ImWm-\m-{K-l-ap-spw Hp sNbvXp-Im-Wn-mtam Fpw Ah Btcm-a-ent\m-Sm-h-iy-s-p. NpcnI-bnf-Ip-tm AXv HSnp hogp-sapw As\ Btcm-a-en\v Imcyw a\n-em-Ipatm Fp-amWv Ah B{K-ln--Xv. ]s, ]p-cn-b--n\v ]pd-s Xm bp-n-semsX Npcn-I-bn-f-p--I-bn-spw bp-n\p tijhpw Xm Poh-nncn-p-I-bm-sW-n Npcn-I-b`ymkw ImWnp Xcm-sapw ]dv Btcm-a t]mbn. ssZh-hn[n XSp-m-\m-hn-sp a\-n-emnb sImn NpcnI s]mXnv Inhmn amd--SnnSnv If-cn-ssZ-h--sfbpw ]nXr-sfbpw a\-n {]mnv Btcm-a-ens [oc-Xsb Bioh-Znv ZpxJtmsSbmWv Btcm-a-ens\
bm{X-bm-p--Xv.
A[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS IpSnIp thn _en-bm-Sm-hp-I-bmWv Ccw AtI-hm-cpsS hn[n-sbv Cu ]mv Hmn-n-p-p.Btcm-a-ens hop-ImcpsS kvt\lhpw hmgp--hcpsS AbpsS hm-eyhpw sIm-s-ns hyY-Ifpw Btcm-a-ens \n-b-ZmVyhpw BIjI-ambn Cu ]mn hnh-cn-n-cn-p-p. If-cnbpw Ahpw IpS--I-Ifpw tN \mSp-hmgn kwkvmc-ns `qX-Imew Cu ]mp-I-fn-eqsS CX hncn-bp-p. Gsd-psd ]Xn-\mdmw \qm-nse
kmaqlykml-N-cy-fmWv Cu ]mp-I-fn ISphcp--sXv ]n-X-m A\p-am-\n-p-p. 1913
19 Imev ae-_m taJ-e-bn \npw {_nojv If-IvS-dm-bn-cp t]gvkn aIzo BWv hS-
]mp-I BZy-ambn kam-l-cn-p--Xv. ]noSv tNe-\mv ANyp-X-ta-t\m, Fkv. sI \mb XpS-nb-hcpw Cu tiJ-c-W-n ]phlnp.
Nne ]Z-
Gg-c-cmhv kqcy-\p-Zn-m Ggc \mgn-I-IqSn (GI-tZiw 3 aWn-q) _mn-bp-
kabw Fw. ]p-cn-bw (I-nbw)BZys Aw, tXhmcw tZhm-cm-[-\, \mZ-]pcw
\mZm-]p-cw, am-n-amv Ae-p-ImcnbpsS ssIbnse amn-bp-Sp-m-\p hkv{Xw. Gg-c-\n
(Gg-c--\n-bpsS A]-lm-c-n hymgw AjvS-a-n hcp-Xv G-hpw tami-amb {Kl-\n-e-bm-Wv.
ac-W-ap-d-mWv Fw) Nmm-S ]pIe PmmWw ({ioe--bnse Pm^v\ F ep
\np sImp hcp ]pI-bn-e.) Idp-t-\m \mSv IS--\m-Sv, tImtemkv{Xo \mSv tIme-p\m-Sv, Ccp-ap-en kv{Xo, ]-s]mn Infn hkv{Xw
tNmZy-:
"apdnpcn-I-sb-nepw hf-n-bn-cn' Cu {]m-\-bpsS hnh Fv?
Btcm-a tNI-hv NpcnI Xncn-tn-p-tm- sIm-n-sv {]mn-p
`mK-am-Wn-Xv. Cu bp-n Btcm-atI-h h[n--s-Sm t]mIp-I-bm-sWv sIm-n-sv
Dd-m-nb k`-n Ah Cs\ Icp-Xp-p. CXv apdn-p-cn-I-bm-sW-nepw (Ccp-m-Wnp
]Icw apmWn shv NXn-bn-eqsS Xm-dm-n-bXv) B-ss[-cy-ap Hcp t]mcmfn F \nev
Xm bp-n hnfns \npw FmWv Dt-in-p-Xv.

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Atmtg htm tNI-hcpw

Acn-bp-sa-dn-p ssI]n-Snp
sXn\nsm aWn--f-n
ssIbpw ]nSn--n-cp-p-p-v k`-sav?
Btcm-a tNI-h th-s--h-cpsS A\p-{K-l--sfmw hmn hmgp--hcpsS
ASp-sn. Atm Ahn-Sps A (Ipn-b) ]p{X-\nhn-ti-j-amb kvt\l-tmsS Btcma-en\v kzoI-cn-p-Xv cwK-am-Wn-Xv. Btcm-a-en\v Acn-sb-dnv A\p-{K-lnv, ssI]n-Snv sXn-\n-ben-cp-p-I-bmWv B A sNp--Xv.
CtI-hsc sImpt]m
A-n tXmp acnpt]mbm
FhnsS shp ad-n-tSq hni-Z-am-pI
Btcm-a tNI-hsc \app thn bp-n-\-b-t Fv Ipn-b hmgp-tmtcmSv ]d-bp cwK-am-Wn-Xv. A-\pa-bpw s]fpw A\n-b\pw Pohn-n-cn-p Btcm-a-ens\
bp-n sIm-s-Sm-\-b-m B im]w Fhn-sS-smv Xop-sa-mWv A tNmZn-p--Xv.
Fs aI-\mb \o sIme-s-m t]mepw F\n-{X {]iv\-an Fpw Ipn-b Iqn-tp-p.
Btcm-a-ens\ kw_-nv CXv ]p-cn-b--am-Wv. sNdp--ns {]k-cn-pw amXr-kvt\-l-hp-ap
CXp t]msem-cp aI-s\-bmWv Ipn-b B{K-ln-p--Xv. IpSn--Ibpw NXnbpw \nXy Ncy-bmn
amn-b Xs aI-s\-m Btcm-a-en-s\-bmWv Ipn-b CjvS-s-Sp--Xv. bp-ns sISp-Xn-I-f\
- p`-hn-p amXm--fpsS k-S-ambpw Cu {]kvXm-h-\sb a\-n-em-m-hp--Xm-Wv.
hS-]m-p-I-fn Hcp Ime-L--ns tIc-fob kmaq-lnIPohnXw shfn-s-Spptm? N sNpI?

3. amn-fmv
ae-_m-dnse apkvenw-In-Sb
- n \ne-\np Km\-]m-c
- -cy-amWv amn-f
- m-Sp-I.
Is-Sp--s--Xn shv BZys amn-f-m-mbn ]cn-K-Wn-p-Xv tImgn-tm-p-Im-c-\mb Jmfn
apl-Zv cNn apln-bn-o ame- ({In. 1609)bm-Wv. Ad_nae-bmfamWv apkvenw-I \qm-p-It- fm-fw
X-fpsS kmlnXy sshm-\nI aX hyh-lm-c-v en]n-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-n-cp--Xv. ae-bmfw
Ad_nen]n-bn-segp-Xpp F-XmWv CXns {]tXy-I-X. tIcfw apgp-h\pw Cu en]n {]N-cn-n-cpp. Ad_n t]jy Xangv ]Z-fpw amnf hmsam-gnbpw Ie-XmWv Ad_nae-bmf kmln-Xyns `mjmcoXn. 18 mw \qm-n Ip \ym-cpsS ka-Im-en-I-\m-bn Pohnn-cp Ipmbn apkv e n- b m (I- m- v , \qaZv l v , \qam- e XpS- nb IrXn- I - f psS Imhv ) Cu
kmlnXyimJbnse {it-b-\mb Ihn-bm-Wv. an amn-f-m-p-Ipw Xncn--dn-b-s cN-bn-Xmhv
D-Xp- sImp-Xs Ch \mS]m-ns KW-n s]Sp-p--Xn bpn-bn-. Fm, amn-fm-p-I-fpsS Iq-n \mS]m-p-I-fp-apv Fp ]d-bm-hp--Xm-Wv. ae-bm-f-n Ap-Iq-S-
m]n-s
- Ime-tm-SSpp Xs Ap-Iq-S
- fpw ]{X-am-kn-II
- fpw Cp-te-Jp apv t\mhepw
(NmZthiv aplvbno C_v\p amln F Xe-t-cn-m-c t]jy-\n \nv hnh\w
sNbvX-Xv.) A-d-_n-ae
- -bm-f-n-ep-m-bn-pv. ae-bm-f-n\v en]n- cq]-s-Sp- Ime-n\p apv (13 mw
\qm-n\p apv) Ad-_n-a-e-bmf en]n cq]-s-n-cn-mw Fv A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp--h-cp-v. As\
hcp-tm ae-bm-f-ns Xs BZyImeen]n-bmbn Chsb a\-n-em-mw. amn-f-m-p-I-fnse
kwKo-Xm--IX sImv Ah PmXnaXt`Z-at\y Bkz-Zn--s-Sp Km\-im-J-bmbn amdn.

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tambnIpn sshZy
tambn Ipn sshZy-cpsS(1852 1892) Imev kc`mj-bpsS D]-tbmKw
amn-f-m-p-I-fn [mcm-f-ambn Dtp. Cm-c-W-m `mjm]c-amb Zp{K-lX amn-f-m-n-\pm-sb-nepw "]mSn--d-b-ep-I' F P\-Iob Ah-X-c-W- (Ahpw hymJym-\hpw DssS-bp hni-Zo-I-cW kZ-p-I) hgn Ah P\-a-\-p-I-fn m\w t\Sn. tIcf Ncn{Xw {]Xn-]mZn-p BZys ae-bmf Imhyw tambnIpn sshZy-cpsS ae-pdw ]S-m-m-Wv. (Dq-cns DamtI-c-f-n\p apmWv CXv Fgp-X-s-Sp--Xv.) _Z ]S-mv DlvZv ]S-mv, ae-pdw ]S-m-v Fo
IrXn-I- 19 mw \qmn ae-_m-dns hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn \S {_nojv Pn hncp t]mcm-v {]tNm-Z-\-am-b-h-bm-Wv. Ch-bn ]eXpw {_no-jp-Im \ntcm-[n-p-Ibpw Ip-sI-p-Ibpw
sNbvXn-p-v.
]mT-`mKw
IhnbpsS Ccp-]Xmw hb-n(1872) cNn _Z-dp ap\o lpkv\p Pam F
{]W-b-Im-hy-n-\mWv apJy-[mcm ae-bmf kmln-Xy-a--e-n IqSp-X {]knn e`n-n-p--Xv.
tambn Ipn sshZy-cpsS Kpcp-\m-Y-\m-bn-cp t]jy ]nX-\mb \nkm-ap-o jmbmWv
t]jy-\n-ep Cu IY sshZyv ]dpsImSp-p--Xv. lnv cmPys alm-ko cmPm-hns
aI-fmb lpkv\p Pamepw, a{n akm-ao-dns aI-\mb _Zvdp ap\odpw Xn-ep {]Wbhpw
thmSpw kam-K-a-hp-amWv Cu Imhy-ns CXn-hr-w. Akq-b-m-cmb Nne-cpsS GjWn
aqew hopXS--en-emb lpkv\p Pam _Zvdp ap\o-dp-samv Hfn-tm-Sm Xocp-am-\n-p-p.
A_q-k-mZv F app-hs IpX-{--fn s]v Ahv cv t]pw ImWm- km[n-msX
hcp-p. ]noSv Pnp-I-fpsS temIpw hnNn-{X-amb ]e A\p-`-h--fnepw s]Sp Ah cv
t]cpw Ah-km\w Hn-p-p. kz-ambn Xocp-am-\--sf-Sp-p-Ibpw B-h-tmsS CS-s]-SpIbpw sNp lpkv\p Pamens\-tm-ep Hcp kv{Xo IYm-]m{Xw B Ime-L-nse ae-bmf
kmln-Xys kw_-nv hfsc ]pXp-a-bp Hm-bn-cp-p. \psS kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-cnI
a-en kv{Xo Hcp ku-cy hkvXpthm Cctbm am{X-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-s
- -n-cp Ime-ns
`mhp-IX
- z-s-bmWv sshZy Cu Imhy-n-eqsS s]mfn-s-gp-Xp--Xv. ]qa-I-fmsW lpkv\p Pam
Fp XpS-p \mem-as Ci-emWv(ioev / Km\-coXn / hrw) \psS ]mT-`m-Kw. Bcw`
F Ci-enemWv CsX-gp-X-s-n-pXv. lpkv\p Pam-ens AgIpw B-h-ap \S-p-samw
hn-p `mK-amWv CXv.
"]qa-I-fmt\ lpkv\p- Pam
]pmcmfw anIs _ohn
tla- sa ]Wn Nnncw
B`-c-W-tmh AWn _ohn' Fn-s\ Bcw-`n-p ]mT-`m-K-ns ]qam-bn-p Aw hni-Z-am-p-I-bm-Wn-hnsS.
]qaIfmb lpkv\p Pam ]pm-ca
- mb(at\m-lcw) Xmfw anIhfm-Wv.Ipam-cn-bmbn-cp-p. sa (anI) tla- (kzWw) sImv ]WnX at\m-lc
- a
- mb B`-cW
-
- AWn
_ohnbmW-h. Ah-fpsS B`-c-W
- -fpsS t]cp-I Fn-d- -m Xocp-I-bn-. \h-c-Xv\
- fpsS
tim`-bn(irwKm-cn) ]qp \np--h-fm-W-h. Xnf-p knwlm-k-\-n(In-en
Fp-amhmw) Ah- Aa-cpXv Fv AXr--ap (AXn-i-b-ap) ImgvN-bm-Wv. ac-XI ]p-hkv{Xhpw sRmdn-s-Spv amWn-Iy-ss-I hm-bp-hn-se-dnp hoin, `wKn-bm-nb Xe-apSn Ip\nv
am\n-tXp t]mep Igpv Ag-In sNcnp]nSnv B\-sb-tmse ]mZ- CSpw he-paqn (ck-tmsS Ah \Sp hcpp) I]p-cnIw shn-v Npg-n aZ-\m-amb t\m-tmsS,
]hn-g-sm Npmse ]pn-cnpsImv, A-\Smb-en-ep Ah-fpsS hchv Im PnmIs a\p-jy-cm-Is aZw sImv t_m[w \in-pw.
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cmPq aI-fmb B ]-h-n-fn-bpsS ]ncniw (CjvSw) _Z-dp ap\o-dn-t\m-Sm-bncp-p. lrZ-b-amIpw IS-en kvt\lw Xnf--bm Ah B \mfp-I-fn A]-k-abw t]mepw
th]n-cnv Ccp-n-n-. _Zvdp ap\o-dn\v Xpey-cmb ]pcp-j
- m B Imepm-bn-cp-n-. Ahs
apJw Im Xmac hncn-bpw. kwkmcw tIm tX\-cphn Hgpv \nn \n-e-am-hpw. [z\ym-Ihpw am[p-cy-ta-dn-b-Xp-amb samgn-I-sfs{X Ah-t-Xv. IeymWn apX-emb cmK--fn Be-]n-m
tijn-bp ]mp-Im-c-\m-W-h. A-c-c-sam-cmsf Pnp-I-fntem (K kam-\cpw AZr-iy-cpamb Pohn-hw.) a\p-jy-cntem s] Iman-\n-am ImWm-\n-S-bm-bm Ah kzbw adv B\-aq-bn AI-sv t]mhpw.
lpkv\p Pam-ens \Sw Ihn hn-n-cn-p--sX-s\?
apJw Im Xmac hncnbpw F I-\ F{X-am{Xw [z\n km{-amWv?
amn-f-m-v, tambnIpn sshZy Fn-hscn Ipdn-pIsfgp-Xp-I.

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samUyq 3
1. XIgn

sh-sm--n

aebmfnse ]ptcmKa\ kmlnXy {]m\ns apJy m\p \n sNdpIYmIrpw

t\mhenpamWv XIgn inhicn. 1912 XIgnbn P\np. hoembncpp. kaqlnse
ASnm\hn`mKnsbpw sXmgnemfnIfpsSbpw PohnXamWn Atlw kzw IYIfn
BhnjvIcnXv. Ip\mSns IYmImc Fpw Atlw AdnbsSpp. tXmnbpsS aI BWv
XIgnsb {]ikvX\mnbXv. tI{ tIcf kmlnXy AmZan ]pckvImcfpw hbem
AhmUpw e`nnpv. 1984 m\]oT ]pckvImcw Ib F t\mhen\p e`np.
Ip\mSv ]meamb IYbmWv shsmn. \mbbmWv CXnse {][m\ IYm]m{Xw.
shsmn csSm\mhm Hcp \mbbpsS hnImchnNmcsf tI{oIcnv
a\pjyPohnXsbpw {]iv\sfbpw hniIe\w sNp khntijamb ssien Ahew_n
IYbmWnXv. NqjWn\pw XnckvImcn\pw hn[nsSp km[mcW P\Xsb tN F
]dbs hfp \mbbneqsS {]XoIhcn Cu IY Gsd \ncq]I{]iwk ]nSnp]nb
cN\bmWv.
tNmZy
shsmspdnv sNdpIYmImc \Ip Nn{Xsav
\mnse Ghpw s]mw IqSnb eamb t{Xn t]mepw ssZhw Igpphsc
shn InSpp F kqN\tbmsS XpSp sNdpIYbmWv CXv . ITn\amb
shsmn ssZhn\pt]mepw cbnmXmbn F [z\n Cu XpSnepv .
t{Xns amfnIpdpw apambn P\ A`bw tXSnbncnpp. 356 BfpI, 67 IpnI,
IqSmXw hfparKfpw. AhnsS Hcp honse t]mse sFIynemWv Xmakw.
aqpZnhkambn tXmcm agbmWv. tXmWnIfn cm{]hI hv Hmtcm hopImscbpw
A`bmYntI{ntev FnpIbmWv.
IYm\mbI\mb \mbbpsS hopSas Ahsbv
tNdbs sImpIqcbnse hfparKamWv B \mb. K`nWnbmb ]dnbpw \mep
IpnIfpw Abmpv. IqsS IYbnse \mbI\mb ]nbpw Hcp ]qbpw AbmfpsS IqsSbpv.
Hcp cm{Xnbpw ]Iepw Ibdnhcp shn hon Hsv B IpSpw_w Ignp. shw
]pcbvIp Ibdnbtmsg aSepw Ipw sImv cmm\w sInbncpp. shw Ibdn
AXn\pw apIfnsen. am{Xa shw s]mptm hoSphnp t]mIm\mhn, D apXsemw
Im sImpt]mIpw. shw Dbpbv tN\s taqcbpsS cp hcn HmebpsS
A{Xbpw Fn. shw taqc apnbtm tN ]db taqc s]mfnv ]pdtv
t\mn \nehnfnv cm{]hsc hcpn. Ah HmSnsbn tNs\bpw IpSpw_sbpw
csSpn. \mb Ahkm\ambn Iqcbvv apIfnsenbtmtgpw tXmWn
AIpIgnncpp. A\ B ]mhw taqcpapIfn X\nmbn.
]pcbvp apIfn Hspt]mb \mbbpsS tNjvSI IYmIrv hnhcnpsXs\
tNs hw AIpt]mIpXv \nlmbXtbmsS B arKw t\mn\np. acWthZ\tbmsS
B Pp tamn. \nlmb\mb Hcp a\pjys i_vZtmSv kmZriyapXmbncpp B tam.
]pcbpsS taqcbpsS \mep aqebpw AXv HmSn\Sp. CSbvv h Xhfsbbpw apXesbbpw
Iv AXv `bsv ]nmdn. hniv s]mcn B ]mhw Dds Icp. s]bvX agsbmw
sImv AXv XWpp hndp. IcpIcv i_v Z w XmWp. ASpv Bs]cpamw
Adnbptmsgmw {]XotbmsS AXv csSm Xmdmbn. ]t Bcpw B arKs
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]cnKWnn. CSbv p HgpInh DdpnIqSv Xnm ]p hXpamsWv IcpXn

aWpt\mnsbnepw Ddpv ISnXp anambn. a\pjysctmse Atm Fv IcpsImv
B arKw Hcp ]Iepw cm{Xnbpw tNs ]pcpdv IgnpIqn. cm{Xn hopw t]amcn
Bcw`ntm B \mb cp{]mhiyw shntep hoWp. Cc tXSn \Sp apXe AXns\
B{Ianm Xp\ntm Xe\mcngmWv csXv.
tNs apXepI tamjvSnm h Iamsc acWwhsc ]n ImsXns\
Hcp tXmWnbn ]ebnSp\nmbn tamjvSn sshtm, tX, hmgpe FnhbpambmWv
Im tNs honepw FnbXv. AXpItmtg ]n Ipcbvm XpSn. ]nsb Iv
Iamv t]Snbmbn. tN \phfnb hmg Ipep\npIbmWv. Hcp I AXn
Ibdn Ipe shm Hcpnbtm \mb \onsv Ipcp `bsSpn. Abm t]Snp
shntev hoWp. apntmIpsav `bv \mb hop ]pcpdtv Xncnphp Ipcp.
Im hmgpebpw sshtmepw tamjvSnp. hon\Ip Ibdm Hcpnb Hcp Is\
Ah ISnp apcnsSpn. Abm Hcp Igptm DucnsbSpv ]nsb Xn. AXv thZ\sImv
]qsbtmse tamn. Hp t\cwIgntm ImcpsS hw AIpt]mbn. \mb AXp
t\mn D{Kambn Ipcp.
\mbbpsS Ayw Fs\bmbncpp
hnip s]mcn \mb cm{Xn ASptsmgpInh N ]iphns amwkw Xnv
hnipXop. ]ip Hgpn s]v AItm BnImcWw ]n ]pcpdp\nv
shn\cnIntev Cdnhp. DSs\ AhnsSsbnb apXe ]nsb HbSnv hIhcpn.
AXv NtXmsS tNs Hmepcbpw shn HSnap. kzw acWwhsc bPam\s
hoSns\ B \mb Imp. shandnbtm tN \onpSnv ]nsb At\zjnsn. Hcp
sXn Nphn Nphop InSp \mbsb Abm Isn. Hmffn AXv sas
Nenppv. s]cphnc sImv tN B ihw Xncnnpt\mn. Hcp sNhn apdnncnpp.
sXmen AgpIntmbXn\m \ndw Xncndnbpn. AXv kzw \mbXsbmtWm Fv Abmv
kwibw tXmp Xcn B arKns Ah amdntmbncpp.

2. tIi-h-tZhv
_p Imv
]n tIi-ht- Zhv 1904 BK-n ]d-hq-cn P\n-p. BZy-Ime Iayq-Wnv Bi-b{- ]-Nm-cI
- \pw sXmgnemfn t\Xm-hp-am-bn-cp-p. kmlnXy {]hI kl-I-cW kwLw, kmlnXy ]cn-j-v XpS-nb
kwL-S-\-I-fpsS kwLm-S-\I-\p-am-bn. tIc-f-km-lnXy Am-Z-an-bpsS ]pc-kvImcw e`n-p. HmS-bn
\nv, Abm, {`mm-e-bw, [mcmfw sNdp-I-Y-Ifpw cNn-p. bYm-XY coXn-bn km[m-c-W-mcpsS PohnXw Ah-Xc
- n-n IYm-Im-c\
- mWv tZhv. efn-Xa
- mb `mj-bn Pohn-Xa
- p-lq-sf Atlw
IY-I-fn-eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn-p. sXmgn-em-fn-I, Zp_e hn`m-K- Fn-h-cpsS {]iv\- AXn-i-amb coXn-bn sNdp-I-Y-I-fn-eq-sSbpw t\mh-ep-I-fn-eq-sSbpw hmb-\-m-cn-se-nv tIi-h-tZhns cN-\-I kmap-Zm-bnI kulmZw, aX-\n-c-t]-X XpS-nb XXz--sfbpw Dbn-n-Sn-ncp-p.
sNdnb kw`-h--fn-eqsS km[m-c-W-Ip-Spw-_-ns CW-hpw ]nW-hpw Nn{Xo-I-cn-p
IY-bmWv _p-Im-v. Iqp-Ip-Spw-_-n \nv AWp-Ip-Spw-_
- n-te-p am-n-\n-S-bn B[p\n-I-X-bpsS kuI-cy- Fn-s-Sp tIc-fob {Kmam-co--s-bmWv Cu IY ]cn-N-b-s-Spp--Xv. _v, tlm, tImSXn XpS-nb Imcy- s]mXp hyh-lm-cs amnb k`-sf
_p-Imv F cN\ Bhn-jvIc
- n-p-p. AtXm-sSmw IpSpw-_L
- S- \
- b
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ambn hne-bn-cp-p-Ibpw sNp-p. an ]Zva-\m-` `mcybpw cv Ipp--fp-samv \S-p

sNdn-sbmcp bm{X-bmWv IY-bpsS {][m-\mw-iw. Ah-cpsS sImp ]nW-hpw CWpw AXn
at\m-l-c-ambn Cu IY-bn Nn{Xo-I-cn--s-Sp-p.
tNmZy-
Z-Xn-am-cpsS _v tmn-te-p bm{Xsb IYm-Irv Nn{Xo-I-cn-p--sX-s\
sImbvp-I-gn Xcn-im-bn-n-S
- p hb-ep-I-fpsS a[y-n-eq-sS-bmWv Ah \S-p-X
- v. anv
]-\m-` sNdnb Ipnsb amdn-S
- n AS-n-n-Sn-n-cn-p-p. acp-a-
- mb k{-Zm-b
- n \nv
a-mb k{-Zm-b-n-te-p tIc-f-ns amw Cu Nn{X-n\nv hy-am-Wv. A\v
honepw apw tase A[n-Imcw e`n--Xns kqN-\-I-fm-Wn-Xv. cp-Zn-hkw Hcp-anp e`n
Ah-[nv `mcy-ho-n hncp-p-hp aS-p-I-bm-Wv. aI eoem-hXn IqsS \S-p-I-bm-Wv. `mcy Iaemn thK-n \S-p ]-\m-`s ASp-s-m IjvS-s-mWv [ndp-Xn-bn \S-p--Xv.
Be-p-gbn \nv sIm-t-mWv Ahv t]mtI--Xv. BZys _p-Xs ]nSn-m-\mWv
Abm A{Xbpw [ndp-Xn-bn \S-p--Xv. cmhnse apkn-^ns hon-tev sN-W-sapw
Abmp-t-iy-ap-v. sImw apkn^v tImS-Xn-bnse slUv mmb ]-\m-` Xs tImv
tdmUn-se-p-thmfw [cn-n-cp-n-. tImv Abm-fpsS ]Z-hn-bp-sSbpw hnZym-`ym-k-n-sbpw ASbm-f-am-Wv.
]-\m-`\pw `mcybpw hop-Imp-thn sNe-hm-p--Xp-ambn _-s-p-mb X-sav
ImjnI hrn-bn \nv iw_-fh
- r-n-bn-tev amdnb tIc-fob ]pcp-j Ap t\cn {][m\
{]Xn-kn sNehpw hchpw Iqn-tbm-Pn-n-m-\p {ia--fm-bn-cp-p. acp-a--mbw Ah-km-\n-tXmsS `mcy-hoSpw kzw hoSpw kwc-n-t _m[yX apXn ]pcp-j-mm-bn. Cu kqN\-I _v Imv F IY-bn Dv. ]-\m-` `mcy-bp-am-bp-mb hgv BZyw Cm-cys
kw_-n-p--Xm-bn-cp-p. Abvpw A\n-b-mpw amkw-tXmdpw ]Ww Ab-p-sIm-Sp-p-Xnse ]cmXn Ia-emn kqNn-n-p-p. kzw Abvv hXpw Ab-p-sIm-Sp-m ]d-bp-tm
`mhv A\njvSw kqNn-n-m-dp-s ]cm-Xnbpw Ia-em-n-p-v. ]p-cq-]mbpw hkv{X-fpw
Cu ki-\-n Abvv sImSp--Xns IW-mWv AXn\p adp-]-Sn-bmbn ]-\m-` ]d-bp-Xv. Cv tImS-Xn-bn t\cs Fp-hm Abm [ndp-Xn-Iq-m Xs ImcWw hXpw
ssIbn XS-bp-sa {]Xo--bm-Wv. `mcy-ho-p-Im-scbpw kzw ho-Im-scbpw ]Ww \In Xr]vXns-Sp-m Abmv Ign-bp-n-.
]-\m-` An-I-f Am-s\-tmse Bbn-tm-b-sX-ns\
_ns tlmhn-fn-bpsS i_vZw tI-tmsg ]-\m-` IpSpw-_s Xm-dmn Ibdms\mcpn \n-Xm-Wv. ]t _v \ndp-p `mhw ImWm-bvI-bm Abm Hp-c-Sn aptmp-\-Sv ssI \on-n-Snp t\mn. _m-Is thKw sXpw Ipd-msX \ndp-msX ]mp-t]m-hpI-bmW vsN-bvX-Xv. Abm t]Snp ]nd-tImv amdn--f-p. Abm An-t]mb Am-s\-tmse
hnj--\mbn, AI-p-t]m-Ip _ns\ t\mn-\n-p.
"I-hs
- -sbms Nmb--Sb
- n sNn-cn-m\pw Nmb-Ip-Sn-m-\p-sampw Fs-sm-p-hm
sItm" Ia-emn Cs\ {]Xn-I-cn-m-\p kml-N-cy-sa-mWv
BZy-_v \ndp-msX t]mb-tm sNdn-b-Ipv Ic-n Ak-ly-amn XpSp. ]-\m-`
Ipn\v An sImSp-m \n_-n-n-p. a\-nm a\-tm-sS-bmWv Ia-emn AXv k-Xn-Xv. aI eoem-h-Xn-bm-Is hni-p-sImv hmSn-tm-bn-cp-p. B cwK-t-mWv Hcp \mp-Im-c
hr {]th-in-p--Xv. DS _p hcp-sav Abm Z-Xn-amsc Biz-kn-n-p. Ipn\v Nmbhmn -sIm-Sp--W-sa-p-m-bn-cpp ]-\m-`\v. Fm AXv Ia-emn XS-p. tlm-en \nv
Nmb-Ip-Sn-pXv Xd-hm-Sn-Isf kw_-n--S-tmfw Av cm-InS kz`m-h-am-bn-cp-p. kv{XoI
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tlm-en \nv Nmb-Ip-Sn-p--Xm-Is hfsc A]qh-hpw. Cu kmaq-ln-Im-h--bmWv tlm

`Ww Ign-p-X
- n Ia-em-n-bpsS FXnv kqNn-n-p-X
- v. AXn-\n-Sb
- n h ASp _pw
\ndp-msX t]mb-tXmsS Z-Xn-I-fpsS \ncmi hcvn-p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv.
Z-Xn-I-fpsS ]nWw Ah-km-\n--sX-s\
cm-as _pw Inm-Xm-b-tm Xte-Zn-h-kw-Xs ]pd-s-Sm-Xn-cp--Xn\v ]-\m-` `mcysb
Ip-s-Sp-n. `mcy-bp-sSbpw A-bp-sSbpw \n_-w-sIm-mWv Hcp Znh-kw-IqSn Ah `mcy-hon ]m-Xv. Cs ]cn-]m-Sn-I _p Inm-X
- p-Im-cWw apS-n-bX
- n Ia-em-npw kSw
tXmn. Xte-p-Xs ]pd-s-Sm-Xv sXm-bn-tm-sbv Ahpw tXmn. AtXmsS `m-hnt\m-Sp tZjyw Ah-km-\npIbpw AXv Aen-hmbn amdp-Ibpw sNbvXp. `m-hn\v It-cn-bn
t]mIm sshIp--Xns Kuchw Ahv t_m[y-am-bn-p-S-n. am{X-a hnip Ic-bm XpSnb aIv `Ww hmn-sm-Sp-m\pw IqsS t]mIm\pw Ah k-Xn-p. AtXmsS `mcytbm-Sp tZjyw ]-\m-`\pw Cm-Xm-bn. Ah tlm-en-tev t]mIm-s\m-cpt s]sv _ph-cn-Ibpw Ahsc Ibn t]mhp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

3. Imcq
ac-m-h-I
A[ym-]-I-I-Y-I-fn-eqsS {it-b-\mb sNdp-I-Ym-Ir-mWv Imcq \oe-IWvT ]n. 1898 Gpam-\q-cn-emWv P\--Xv. kmlnXy {]hI kl-I-cW kwLw m]n--h-cn Hcm-fm-Wv. IqSpXepw sNdp-I-Y-I-fmWv Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. tamXncw F IY-I-bvIIv tIcf kmln-Xy-A-m-Zan AhmUv
e`n-p. Ipn-Ip-th-n-bp IY Ifpw Fgp-Xn-bn-p-v. 1775 A-cn-p.
ae-bmf sNdp-I-YI
- sf a\p-jym-h--IfpsS Zb-\ob `mh--fnte-m-bncpp Imcq-cns t\mw.
]n-Wn, IjvS-m-Sv, Zmcn{Zyw Fn-h- Xa-b-Xz-tmsS hc-p-sh-m At-l-n\v Ign-p. Ah
AXn-ssh-Im-cn-I-X-bn-msX \nkw-K-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn-p-Ibpw hmb-\-msc sshIm-cn-I-X-bpsS
Db Xe--fn-se-n-p-Ibpw sNpI F-Xm-bn-cpp At-l-ns cN\m X{w. sNdnb
kqN-\-I-fn-eqsS henb apg-- krjvSn-p `mj-bm-bn-cpp sNdp-I-Ybvv Atlw kzoI-cn-Xv.
Imcq-cns AXn {]i-kvXamb IY-I-fn-sem-mWv ac-m-h-I. BZy-ambn ]cn-N-b-s-Sp Hcp
kv{XobpsSbpw ]pcp-j-sbpw Aev]-t\-cs kw`m-j-W-n-eqsS Hcp PohnXw apgp-h\pw \app
apn hc-p-sh-p sshZKv[yw Cu IY-bn Imcq {]I-Sn-n-p-p. Afp apdn `mjbpw
kw`m-jW
-
- fpw IYm-c-N\
- bpsS Icppw ku-cyhpw shfn-hm-p-p. kzw in]-f
- p-mn
D]-Po-h\w Ign-p-Ibpw Pohn-X-ns AYw Is-p-Ibpw sNp \fn\n F bph-XnbmWv Cu IY-bn {]Xy--s-Sp--Xv. km-dn-\p-thn skskkv tPmen-bn Gs bphmhmWv \fn-\n-bpsS Iqc-bn Fp-X
- v. \fn-\n-bpsS Ie-bmWv Ahsf Pohn-m {]m]vX-bm-p-Xv.
\fn-\n-bpsS IpSpw-_-s-p-dnv F\yp-a-td-p e`n-p Nn{X-sav
Bim-cn--d-n Dn-Wn-bpsS hoSp-tX-Sn-bmWv F\yp-a-td- \fn-\n-bpsS IpSn-en\p apn-se-p-Xv. DnWn FXv \fn-\n-bpsS A-bm-Wv. P\-kwJym IW-s-Sp-n\v h-Xm-bn-cpp Abm.
A tXmn ]Wnp t]mbn-cn--bm-Wv, Ctm Rmt\ Chn-sS-bpq Fv ]d-mWv \fn\n
{]Xy--s-Sp--Xv. \fn-\nbpw bphmhpw Xn-ep kw`m-jWw Dcp-f-p-t-cn-t]mse \mS-Io-b-ambmWv IYm-Irv cNn-n-p--Xv. Ah F\yp-a-td-sd shbn-ep \nmsX AI-tv Ib-dnbn-cn-m Wn-p-p. NmWIw sagpIn shSn-p-h-cp-nb \ofw Ipd hcm--bnemWv Abm
Ccn-p--Xv. Ccp-]-n-aqv hb-p \fn-\nv Hcp B-f-s-dp--\p-ap-v. A acn-p-t]m-bn.
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kzw `m-hn-t\m-sSm-p -Po-hn-X-s-p-dnv \fn-\n-p at\m-`mhw kw`m-j-W-n

sXfn-bp- -s X- s\
hnhmlw Ign--XmtWm F tNmZy-n\v AsX Fv Dcw ]d-s-nepw `mhptm F tNmZy-n\v Ah-f ]cp-n. "Dstm Cstm Fgn-Xn-tmfq' FmWv
]noSv ]d-bp--Xv. AXn\p cn\pw cY-am-sWv Abm ]d-s-tm Fm "Dsv
sXfn-bmsX Fgp-Xn-t mfq' Fmbn \fn-\n. Fgp-Xn-bnpw Fgp-Xn-bnpw sXfn-bm kzw
Pohn-Xs ck-Ic
- a
- mbn hnti-jn-n-p-Ib
- mWv Cu hmIy-n Ah. hn[h Fs-gp-Xm Ah
k-Xn-p-n-e. hn`XrI F hmv Ah CjvS-am-bn, AsX-gp-Xm ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
`m-hnt\mSv Hpw At]-n-m\pw Xm\m-bnv Dt]-n-m\pw t]mbn Fv \fn\n ]d-bptm Hcp \mS kv{XobpsS IXr-Xzhpw A[n-Im-chpw sXfn-bp- p. {]k-h-kw-_--amb
tNmZyn\p C Fm-bn-cpp Ah-fpsS adp-]-Sn. XpSv Abm On{Z-ap-m-bn-ptm Fv
tNmZn-p-p. "Hm-bn-p-tm-v, Ahn-sS-sv Bdp-amkw XnI-bp--Xn\p apt XpS-n-X-b-Xt
On{Zw. Hcp-Zn-h-k-sa-t-semcp Znhkw On{Z-an-msX Ign-n-n' Fm-bn-cpp Ah-fpsS \njvI-f-amb adp-]-Sn. Xs `mhv tImSXnI-b-n-sbp \fn\n Hmp-p. sh--S-hnse Idm
F kv{Xosb AXn-\nsS ]cm-ain-p-Ibpw XpSv "`m-hn Fp-Xs Fgp-Xntm' Fv
[oc-ambn {]Jym-]n-p-Ibpw sNm \fn\n Xm-dm-Ip-p. `Xr-ho-n Ah A\p-`-hn kIe
hnj-a-fpw B kw`m-j-W-n hy-am-Wv. Fnepw Pohn-Xs \ncm-i-tbmsSbpw thZ-\-tbmsSbpw kao-]n-msX ktm-j-tm-sSbpw AXn-Po-h-\-ti-jn-tbm-sSbpw kao-]n-p i-bmb
Hcp kv{XobpsS Nn{Xw \fn-\n-bn-eqsS \apv e`n-p-p.
"aqpw Im \msev tXmp-XmWv ApXw' BcpsS hmp-I, k`-sa-gp-Xp-I.
\fn-\n-bpsS hmp-I-fm-Wn-h. \fn-\n-bpsS sXmgn-en-s\-p-dn-mWv ]noSv F\yq-a-td- tNmZn-Xv. BZmbw Inp Hcp sXmgn Xm sNp- p-s v \fn\n shfn-s -Sp-n. XpSv
Ah apdn--I - p- t ]mbn aqp ac-m-h -I sImp-h - p. Abm ]mh hmn-t \m-n.
CXmWv Ah-fpsS sXmgn. Hcp Nm \of-n-ep-m-nb kv{Xocq-]-. Fmw \m-bn-cn-pp. Xnf-p Nmb-Wn sNbvX-Xv. sImgpp an\p--Xv. AXn-kp--cn-bmb Hcp kv{XobpsS icocw
AXp-t]mse ]In-sh--hn[w kp-c-amb inev]-. AXn-\n-S-bn-emWv Abm B inev]-fpsS apJ-m-bbpw Ah-fpsS apJ-m-b-t]m-e-bn-cn-p-Xv {in--Xv. Adn-bmsX Abm ]d-pt]mbn "\mepw Hp-t]m-se, Ap-X-Icw" Fv. AXp-tI--tm-gmWv aqsw Im \msep
tXmp-X
- mA AZv`pXw Fv \fn\n Ifn-bm-p-X
- v. Poh-\p Hpw Poh-\n-m aqpw tNv
\mev Fv Abm hni-Zo-I-cn-p-p.
\fn-\n-bpsS Iem-hn-Zy-I Fsmw
Hcp Nm \of-ap kv{Xocq-]-- \ncvan-p-IbmWv \fn-\n-bpsS {][m\ Iem-hn-t\m-Zw.
An-en-p-hmp-Itbm IS-s-Sp-p-Itbm sNmsX ssIsmv sImn-bp-m-p cq]-fm-Wn-h. Ah apdn-bn t]mbn asmcp in]w FSp-p-sIm-p-h-p. AXv IrjvW-cq-]am-bn-c p- p. A]w hnIr-X-a m-bn-t mb IrjvW-\m-bn-c pp AXv. AXp Iv F\yp-a -t d-
Ahsf Ifn-bm-n. IrjvWs cq]w apv Bcm-[n-n-cp HcmfpsS cq]-am-b-tm Bfp-I AXv
hmm-Xm-bn. AXn-sem-mWv Abmp-ap-n Ctm {]Zin-n-n-cn-p--Xv. As\ BWp-fpsS cq]w Dm-p-Xv \nn-sh-p-Ibpw kv{Xocq-]-ap-m-m-\m-cw-`n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
BZy-am-bp-m-n-bXv ]mh-Xn-bpsS cq]-am-bn-cp-p. Im-Sn-bn t\mn apJw Xm-dm-n. kzw
apJmb ]mh-Xnp \In. Acw cq]- hn]-\p hn-. ImcWw kzw cq]--fpmn hnpp Fv Bfp-I Bt-]n-m-tem. ]I ka-bv Ddw hcm-Xn-cn-m-\mWv
Ctm inev]
- -fp-m-p-X
- v. kzw apJ-ns hnhn[ ck--fp ]mh-Ifpw Ah sImnbp-m-n-bn-p-v. AsXmw F\yp-a-td-sd Ah ImWn-p-p. Ctm Xm\m-scbpw t]Sn-m-dnsv Ah ]d-p. AXv Ie-I-fn {]hn-p--h-cpsS kz`m-h-am-sWpw AXns t]cmWv
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Al Fpw F\yp-a-td- Ifn-bm-n.

\fn\n `m-hp-ambn ]nW-n-tm-cm-\n-S-bmb kw`-h-sav
\fn-\n-bpsS `mhv Hcp arK-am-bn-cp-p-sh-mWv Ah- kzbw hnti-jn-n-p--Xv. aZy]m-\n-bpw hg-m-fn-bp-am-bn-cpp Abm. Iv AI-tp sNm t]-n-sb-tm-se-bmWv
s]cp-am-w. ]e cm{Xn-Ifpw t]meokv tj-\n-em-bn-cpp An-bp-d-w. Hcp Znhkw ]mXncm{Xn t]meokv slUv tIm-_n Hcp t]meo-kp-Im-cs\ hnv \fn-\n-tbmSv tj-\n-tev
sNm ]d-p. t\cw-sh-fp-nv hcm-sa-mbn Ah. cm{Xn Bsc-nepw hv AXn-{Iaw
ImWn-m ]noSv ]cmXn ]d-b-cp-sX-mbn t]meo-kv. Xs Xe-bn-W-tm-n h hoXp-fnsImv Bsf ssIIm-cyw-sN-p-sa-mbn Ah. t\cw shfp--tm `mhv BSn-bmSn hon-sen-b-tm \fn\n kzw hon-tev t]mIm Xm-dm-bn-cp-p.
Abm-fpsS lrZ-b-n hoW-n aon-bm-ep- m-Ip \mZw {]Xn-z-\n-p-sIm-n-cp-p.
k`hpw kqN-\bpw hnh-cn-pI
IY-bpsS Ah-km-\-n F\yp-a-td-v \fn\n Hcp {]Xna km-\n-p-p. cu{Z-`m-h-nep Ah-fpsS apJ-`m-h-am-bn-cpp B ac-m-h. AXp-Iv Abm-fpsS apJw an-sb-nepw
Abm AXn-\nsS hc Hcp Nn{Xw Ahpw km-\n-p. C{X-sb-fpw Xs Nn{Xw hc-Xn Ahv ktmjw tXmn. Ah AI-p-t]mbn ]mhXn X]-p-sN-p A]w
henb Hcp {]Xna sImp-hv B Nn{X-Im-c\p km-\n-p. Abm AXv B\-hpw \nbpw
Xnf-p Ip-I-tfmsS hmn. Ah Abmsf bm{X-bm-m ap-t-n-d-n. XpSv ASp
hon-tev \S-p-tm-gmWv Abm-fpsS lrZ-b-n hoW-n \mZw {]Xn-[z-\n-p-sIm-n-cp--Xv.

4. Ddq_v
shfp--Ipn
]n kn Ipn-Ir-jvW F sNdp-I-Ym-Ir-ns XqenIm \ma-amWv Ddq-_v. 1915 s]mm-\n-bn
P\-\w. tImgn-tmSv BIm-i-hm-Wn-bn m^v BSn-m-bn-cp-p. Ipp-aw, ae-bm-f-a-t\m-ca Fnh-bpsS ]{Xm-[n-]-cmbpw {]hn-p. Dm-p, kp-cn-Ifpw kp-c-m-cpw, anm-sv XpS-nb
hfsc {]i-kvX-amb t\mh-ep-I cNn-p. 21 sNdp-IYm kam-lm-c- ]pd-n-d-n. \mS-Ihpw
_me-km-ln-Xyhpw cNn-n-p-v.
kmap-Zm-bn-Ihpw cmjv{So-b-hpam {]ta-b- hyn-Po-hn-X-n F-s\-bmWv {]Xn-^-enp-Xv F-Xm-bn-cpp Ddq-_ns ]e IY-I-fp-sSbpw {]ta-bw. a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-nse {]iv\-sf
kvt\lw-sImv ]cn-l-cnmw F-tlw Icp-Xp-p. hfsc BIj-Wo-b-amb `mj-bmWv Ddq_ns {][m\ Bhn-jvI-cW
-
- fnse {][m\ {]tXy-IX
- . Imhym-I
- hpw Be-m-cn-I-hp-amb kpcw
KZy-`mj Ddq-_ns IY-I-fn \app ImWmw.
kvt\l-n-sbpw amXr-hm--cy-n-sbpw alXzw shfn-hm-p IY-bmWv shfp Ipn
F IY. BZy hmb-\-bn CsXmcp _me-km-ln-Xy-a m-sWv tXmm-sa-nepw apXn-hcpsS `mh-\m-tem-I-p-IqSn {]th-in-m-hp B-cmY- Cu IY-pv Fv t_m[y-amhpw. Ap-Ip- F A\m-Y -_m-es kz]v\-n-eq-s S-bmWv IY hnI-kn-p- -Xv. kz]v\n Ahs\ Hcp cm-k sImp-t]m-Ip-p. cm-k\v Fpw sNm-\m-Ipw. ]t, Nncn-m\m-Ip-n-. ImcWw cm-k F{X Nncn-mepw sIm-p-I shfn-hm-Ip-a-tm. sIm-p-I
Cm-Xm-Im Ap-Ip- cm-k\v A-bpsS ape-m \Ip-p. AtXmsS cm-ks kIe
ZpjvS-X-Ifpw HSp-p-p. a\p-jys ZpjvS-XI
- Ah-km-\n-m A-bp-sSbpw kvt\lhpw hmeyhpw \In-bm aXn F aln-X-amb ktiw IqSn Cu IY-bn-ep-v.
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tNmZy-
ao\shbnens I\ NqSn tXmntev t\mnb ApIp Imfqamsc I hn[w
hnhcnpI
ApIp (Ipntam) F IpnbpsS `mjbnepw `mh\bnepamWv shfpIpn F
IY hnIknpXv. tXmneqsS t]mIp shsbmWv ImfqmtcmSv ApIp
D]anpXv. hjImemWv sNn Imfpm IqIqambn tXmneqsS HmSntmhpI.
AhbpsS ]pcv \pcIfmb shnmpapmIpw. GtXm Ing ae\ncIfn \nmWv
Ah CcnhcpXv. CSnshp tIv hndfntbmSpIbmWv Ah Fv Ipntamv tXmpp. Hcp
\nanjw t]mepw Ah \nn. \nm Ahbnsemns ]pdpIbdn kcnmsapw
ApIp B{Klnppv. Ccphipap ]pm\nsmbn \nv s]m hntijw tNmZnm
t]mepw adp]Sn]dbm \nmsX HmSpIbmWv Imfqm sNpI. ao\amkw ht]ns
tXmn Hcp Imfpnt]mepan. cpamkw apv amnmdbpsS ASnbn InSv ]cpp
Hp cp ImfpnIsf Ipntam Incpp. Ctm Ahbpw AhnsSbn.
ApIps AbpsS tPmensbv? ApIps Asbpdnp BtemN\Ifn \nv
AhcpsS kmaqlnInXn IYmImc hyampsXs\
\mnse PnbpsS honse themcnbmWv Ipntams A. ITn\amb tPmenbmWv B
henb hon Abvv sNm\pXv. Nne Imcyfn Ipntam Ahsc klmbnmdpapv.
bPam\ XtmSpw bPam\n AtbmSpw Ftmgpw elfIqnsmmWv kwkmcnmdpXv
Fv ApIp Hmpp. BImitmfw hepap IpSn \ndsb shtan A
InWn Icbntepw ASpfbntep ]ehw \Sv XfcpXv Ipntam Inpv. hndIp
shWw, XpWnbeWw, apaSnWw, NmWIw sagpIWw. Fm tPmenbpw Ignbptm A
]wt]mse \np ASpfpacn ssIIfqn InXp \npw. AXp ImWptm Ipntam\v
kSw hcpw. Asb Bizknnmepw bPam\n hgp]dbpambncpp.
tXmphneqsSbp bm{Xbn Ipntam IsXsmw
s]mp shbnemWv . Fnpw Imgv N I Iv kmh[m\n\mWv Ah \SXv .
hnippv. Ahs\tmse tXmphs AmSpIfpw Xfncnpp. Ipntam Hcp
sNSnbpsS Igpp]nSnp s]mn AXns\ Djmdmm thn Hcp ]mp]mSnsmSpp.
Asmc\pmbncpp, ssIt]mse hftmc... Fp XpSp B ]mv tIv
Aht]mepw Nncnpt]mbn. Hpcv hfhpIgntm Hcmacapv. AXns CeIsftmgpw
DdpsImmWv \n]v. the IgnXn\m Aew GgpZnhkambn ASnncnpIbmWv.
tZhn sNIpmmscsbms AgnphnSp ImeamWnXv. AtXmtm ApIp\v t]Snbmbn.
hnP\amb B ev Bscnepw hcpXphsc Ah CSn-ps]mfn BentNmnencnm
Xocpam\np. AhnsS hncn-n-n-cp I-f-n Ccp--tm Ah\v Ddw hcp--t]mse tXmn.
Ba-c-tm-n-en-cp Ipn-tam-\p-mb A\p-`-h-sav
Ba-c-n\p Xmsg kzW-p-n-I-fp Hcp \oe-hn-cn-n-n-cp-p. AXn inp inv Ah
Ccp-p. XSn-a-c-n Nmcn-n-S--tm Ip-I AS-bp--Xp-t]mse tXmn. Xd-bn hncn If-nse kzW-p-n-I Fgp-tv \Sm XpS-n. \Sw \o-embn amdn. s]sv Xm
tatemv s]mn-tm-Ip A\p-`-h-ap-m-bn. Xm Nmcn-bn-cn-p Ba-c-ns XSn arZp-ehpw
an\p-k-hp-ap-X
- mbn amdn. Imns ]mp-tIv kpJ-ambn BIm-i
- n-eqsS k-cn-p-tm s]sv
Hcp A-lmkw tIp. sRn Xe-bp-bn-t\m-n-b-tm ImWp-Xv hf cv tIm-p-I-fmWv. IXn--t]mse Rmp-In-S-p sIm aoibpw Ip. ]w-t]m-ep Ip-I. Xe-ap-Snp-]-Icw Xo]---fmWv I-Xv. AXv Hdp sNIp-m-\m-sWv Ah\v a\-n-em-bn. Xm Hdp
sNIp-ms ]nSn-bn-em-bn-cp-p. Xm\n-cn-p-Xv Hcp sNIp-ms Imen-em-sWv Ah Xncn-dn-p. sNIp-m Ahs\ ]p-t]mse Xn-n apI-fn-tev apI-fn-tev sImp-t]m-bn.
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Hmp--Xn-s\-m A[nIw ad-p--h-cmWv a\p-jy. ]p \m Ign-m \ns A

\ns adpw'' BcpsS hmp-I, k`-sav
Ipp-tams\ ]nSn sNIp-ms hmp-I-fm-Wn-Xv. sNIp-m Ahs\ ]nSnv D-ssI-bnenv X-fpsS X-I-n-tev A\p-hm-Z-an-msX IS-p-h--Xn\ tNmZyw-sN-bvXp. Ahs\ Xs
e-tv sImp-t]m-Ip-I-bm-sWv `oj-Wn-s-Sp-n. Ah\v th-sXms \Im-sav
hmKvZm\w sNbvXp. IpSn-m temI-p apg-h ]pjv]--fn-sebpw tX Dun-smp hv
]Ip-X-cpw. cXv\w ]Xn DSp-p-I Xcpw. `qan--Sn-bn \mK-m-m kqn-p-sh cXv\
Ifn-m \Ipw. AsXmpw Ah k-Xn-n-. X\nv Asb ImW-W-sav hmin-]n-Sn-p.
A Xs Imn-cn-p-p-m-Ip-sav Ah-\-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-p. Fm sNIp-m AXv \ntj-[np. a\p-jy Hmp--Xn-e-[nIw ad-p--h-cm-sWpw Ipn-tams A-t]mepw Ahs\ ]nZn-h-k-n-e-[nIw Hmp-I-bn-spw sNIp-m ]d-p. Xms A acn-npw A Pohn-pnt Fm-bn-cpp AXn\v sNIp-m ]d \ymbw. DZm-l-c-W-ambn sNIp-m Ah\v Hcp
knwl-p-n-sbbpw AXns A-sbbpw ImWn-p-sIm-Sp-p. ""B ]q-n knwlw Fpw Cu
Ipn-tbm-Sp-IqSn Ccn-p-tam'', sNIp-m tNmZn-p. ""Ipn hfm AXv AXns ]mn\p t]mIpw.
Cu A-knw-l-ns A Bcm-sW-p-t]mepw AXn-\-dn-bn--tm. \ns Abpw AXp-t]mse
\ns ad-p-sIm-pw.'' Fnv Ip-d-bn \nv ]pd-s-Sp--am-Xncn i_vZ
- n sNIp-m Nncnp.
sNIp-m Ipn-tams\ i-\m-n-b-sX-ns\, tijw Fp-m-bn.
sNIp-m Ipn-tams\ ASp-p-\nn hnZy-I D]-tZ-in-p. `qan-bnepw BIm-ipw CjvSwt]mse k-cn-p-hm Ah\v hi-am-bn. CjvSw-t]mse cq]w amdm-sa-m-bn. e-Im-e- XS-an-msXbmbn. Fnv sNIp-m\pw Ipn-tam\pw Xn Aw \S-p. Ipn-tam ]pI-bmbn
amdn BIm-iv taL-tm-sSmw Hgp-In-\-Sp, Atm sNIp-m sImSp-m-mbn taLs
`qan-bn-se-n-p. Ipn-tam I\I--bmbn sNIp-ms sImaoi-bn Ib-dn. sNIp-m
Ic-p-t]m-bn. Ip-\o s]cp-a-g-bmbn I\I-sb XWp-n-p-I-f-p. Ah sImSp-m-mbn ]dp, sNIp-m ha-e-bmbn XSp. Ipn-tam c-s-Sm {ian--tm-sgms sNIp-m
]nSn-Iq-Sn. HSp-hn icn-p bpw-Xs \S-p. i-amb t]mcm--n-\-h-km-\-n Ipntam tXmp-t]m-bn. sNIp-m-t\m-sSmw t]mIm-sav k-Xn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. X\nv FtmgmtWm sNIp-ms\ tXmn-m Ign-bp-Xv Av A-bpsS ASp-tv t]mIm-sa-m-bncpp Icm.
sNIp-m-t\m-sSm--ap bm{X-bn Ipn-tam I ImgvN-I-sf-mw
{]]-
- ns H \Sp-hn-te-m-bn-cpp sNIp-m Ipn-tams\ sImp-t]m-bX
- v. t]mIp
hgnv Ipp-Ifpw ae-Ifpw ssaXm-\-fpw Ip. Xnanw-K-e- tdmp-Np-p IS-ep-I Ip.
Nn{X--Wn-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb Ipw`-tKm-]p-c-, k]p-p-I Fnh Ip. a\p-jyv Bi-bp-mp aqS ap-I-p. kzK-nse I\y-I-am-cpsS Ip-\ocv aqSa-n-t\mSv Ipg-m-Wt{X
Bi-bp-m-p--Xv. \cn-bpsS Ip-Ifpw sNm-b-bpsS ]pw \nan-p kzW-p-g Ip.
Nnd-Ip-hn-cpn \rw sNp ]h-X- Ip. AXn \nv Hen-p Acp-hn-I-fnse P\w
Xe-bn hoWm-em-Ws{X B\-Iv aZw-s]m-p--Xv. sImp-I tNp-shp tIm-hm-Xn-ept]mse \np tImgn-Isf Ip. Iptd Ignv Ah Hcp tXm-n-en-d-n. AhnsS apv N{Ihn-bm-bn-cp Hcp AkvXn-Iq-Ss Ip. Ah ]ns Hcp IpnsN-cp-hn-eqsS \S-mWv
t]mb-Xv. `qan-bn Ctmfap-mb Fm bp--fnepw sIm-s Bfp-I-fpsS Xe-tbm-n-sImmWv B ae Dm-n-bn-cn-p--Xv. ]qNpSn \np Hcp AkvXn-Iq-Sapm-bn-cpp Hcp hiv. HXv cmPm--msc m\-p-\np sXdn-n \-In-bm-bn-cp-p-hs{X Ah. Ccw
ImgvN-I Iv Iv Ah sNIp-ms Kpl-bn-se-n.
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Ipn-tam sNIp-ms\ tXmn--sX-s\

Ipn-tam sNIp-m-t\mSv ]pn-cn-m Bh-iy-s-p. amXr-I-bmbn Ipn-tam Nncnv
ImWn-p-sIm-Sp-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. sNIp-m AXn\v {ian-p-t\m-n. Ign-bp-n-. CXp ]pn-cnbmtWm Fp ]dv Ifn-bm-p-I-bmWv Ipn-tam sNbvX-Xv. sNIp-m ]e-hw {ianv
]cm-P-b-s-p. Xma-c-sm-bvI-bn ]Xn-bp Xs \ng t\mn. Ipn-tam-s\-tmse a-l-knm Ign-bp-n-. hfp apn \np Xs Zwjv{S-I-fmWv Imc-Ww. B tIm-p-I ]nSn-p]-dn-m Ah {ian-p. Ah t]mIp--tXmsS Xs Pohn-Xhpw Ah-km-\n-p-sav sNIp-m
a\-n-em-n. AXn-\m AXn\npw ]nhm-n. HSp-hn sNIp-m Ipn-tams ASn-a-bmIm-sav k-Xn-p. Ah Ipn-tams\ A-bpsS ASp-s-n-p. AhnsS Ah ]d-bp
tPmen-sbms sNbvXv Ign-p-Iq-Sn.
sNIp-m\v Nncn-m Ign--sX-s\
Ipn-tams A sNIp-m-t\mSv \ \ne-bn-emWv s]cp-am-dn-b-Xv. Ah Hcn- Ic-bp-Xv
A Ip. aI-t\mSv sNIp-ms\ shdpsX hnSm A A`yYnp. ]pn-cn-m Ign-m
Ah\v t]mIm-sav Ipn-tam ]d-p. Znh-k- Ign--tm A sNIp-m-t\mSv X\ns-p-sIm-mWv ]pn-cn-m Ign-bm--sXv tNmZn-p. Xs Zwjv{S-I-fmWv AXn\p Imc-Wsav Ah adp-]-Sn-\In. Ah Xs-m sImgn-p-t]m-Im-\p hnZy A ]d-p-sIm-Spp. sNIp-m Hcp a\p-jy-p-n-bpsS cq]-sa-SpW-sav A ]d-p. sNIp-m ktmj-tmsS Hcp shfp a\p-jy-p-n-bmbn amdn. XpSp Hcp kp-c ss]X. A Ahs\
FSpv amtdmSv tNv Xs An \evIn. Hp-cp Znhkw ape-Ip-Sn--tXmsS sNIp-ms
tIm-p-I ASp-t]m-bn. AtXmsS Ah Ipn-tam-s\-tmse kp-c-ambn ]pn-cn-m
XpSn. AtXmsS Ipn-tam sNIp-ms\ kzX-{-\m-n. Fm Ipn-tam-s\bpw Asbbpw hnv t]mIm sNIp-m\v a\-n-m-bn-cp-p. Ah Xs ]d--b--cp-sXv Ic-psImv A`yYn-p. A shfp--Ip-n-bmb sNIp-m-s\bpw Idp--Ip-nbmb Ipn-tam-s\bpw
Xs amtdmSv tNp-]n-Sn-p.

5. sshw apl-Zv _jo

`qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-I
ae-bm-f-nse Ghpw P\-{]n-b-\mb sNdp-I-Ym-Im-cn Hcm-fmWv sshw apl-Zv _jo.
lmky-ns tasm-Sn-tNv Pohn-X-bm-YmYy- hc-n-Sp IYm-Im-c-\mWv At-lw. 1910
ssh-n-\S- p Xe-tbm-e
- d-
- n P\n-p. kzmX-{y-ka
- c
-
- n ]s-Sp-p. hnhm-l
- n-\p-tijw
tImgn-tmSv t_q-cn nc-Xm-ak
- a
- m-n. t_q kpm F t]cn {]kn-\
- m-bn. kmlnXy
Am-Zan AhmUpw ]-{iobpw e`n-p. 1987 tImgn-tmSv kh-I-em-ime tUmIvS-tdv \In
BZ-cn-p. 1994 Pqsse An\v A-cn-p. _mey-Im-e-k-Jn, aXn-ep-I, pq-m-sm-cm-t\-mv,
i_vZ-, t{]a-te-J\w, ]mp-m-bpsS BSv Fnh {][m\ IrXn-I.
Bo-b-amb ku-cy-sbpw a\p-jy-Xz-sbpw Bhn-jvI-cn IYm-Im-c-\m-bn-cpp _jo.
]-bmb Pohn-Xs hnIm-c-\n`-chpw \a-a-[p-c-hp-amb `mj-bn Atlw Fgp-Xn. hf-p-sI-n-mXpw efn-X-hp-am-bn-cpp At-l-ns ssien. Fnepw AXv AKm-[-amb PohnX XXz-sf
hln-p-h
- b
- m-bn-cp-p. a\p-jy-sc-q-SmsX `qan-bnse kIe Poh-Pm-e
- -sfbpw tN al-mb
PohnXw Atlw Xs IY-I-fn Bhn-jvI-cnp. AXn\v Ghpw \ DZm-l-c-W-amb IY-bmWv
`qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-I. bYmY-n `qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-I Bsc tNmZyw Cu IY Dbpp. ]mcn-n-XnI Zi-\w, {]Ir-Xn-Po-hn-Xw, lcnX ku-cy-imkv{Xw Fn-h-bpsS kt-i-
Dbp IY-bm-Wn-Xv. kthm-]cn a\p-jys ]c-a-amb A[n-Im-ct_m[s Cu IY tNmZyw
sNp-p. AtXm-sSmw lnwk Alnwk XpS-nb [mi-\nI {]iv\-fpw \aw Nmenv Cu IY
ssIImcyw sNp-p-v.
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tNmZy-
IYm-Im-cs hoSv nXn-sN-p ct- e-ns lcnX karn IY-bn hnh-cn-p-sX-s\
`qtKm-f
- ns Cn-cn-n-Sn-tbmfw `mK-ns BPo-h\
- m Ah-Im-in-bm-bn-g- n-t- m-gmWv IYmIm-c Xs Ah-Im-i-s-p-dnv t_m[y-am-b-Xv. hkvXp Xs t]cn Fgp-X-s-p-I-gn--tXmsS
Cu `qan-bn C\n-bmpw Ah-Im-i-an-sv IYm-Im-c [cn-p. sXp-Ifpw amhp-Ifpw mhpIfpw am{X-a t]c-Ifpw Iip-am-hp-Ifpw apcn--Ifpw ]pfn-Ifpw ]m-b-Ifpw ktm--a-c-fpw \nd-XmWv Xs ct- ]dv FmWv IYm-Im-c hnh-cn-p--Xv. B-acw dpm acw ss]
acw, tXv, tKmU sN-Iw, amtm-ss Fn-s\ \mS\pw hntZ-io-b-hp-amb ac--fpsS
sshhn[yw Cu ]d-ns\ kar--am-p-pv sNSn-I-fm-sW-n ]\-\o sNIw, tKns cp
hihpw shbpw Nph-p-ambn ]pjv]np ]-enp \np t_mK hn, ]e-Xcw ]pjv]-fp-ambn \np ]qs-Sn-I Fn-h-bp-ap-v. ap-ns AXn-cp-I-fn ]qs-Sn-I- hncn-p\np-Xns at\m-lm-cnX IYm-Im-c hnh-cn-p-p. ]d-n\pw hoSn\pw apw s]mXp Imhmc-\mbn Hcp Din-c \mb-bp-ap-v. jm FmWv t]cv. BSp-I, tImgn-I ]ip- ]q-I
XpS-nb B{in-X-tcm-sSmw afpw a-fpsS afpw `mcybpw Hsm-cp-a-tbmsS Ign-p-h-cpp. Fm-hc
- p-sSbpw kpJ-k-qW-amb kpc-n-X-Po-hnXw tX-Isf B{i-bn-mWv. XSw tImcnv
sXp-Ipw apw th{X hfw Dpw Ipm-bhpw klnXw Cn-p-v. hfsc Imew icnv
Blmcw InmsX \n sXp-I \-hw Imbvm XpS-n. Xnn-\n-dv ]pw Ccp-]Xpw
Icn-p-I Ipe-I-fn. sXp-I-fn-tev t\mp-tm Fm-h-cp-sSbpw a\v Ipfnv apJw
ktm-jw-sImv {]Im-in-pw.
"BZn-]p-cm-Xo-\-amb Hc-h-Imiw amXncn Ch-sc-n\v ChnsS hp', Bsc-p-dn-mWv IYm-Im-c
kqNn-n-p--Xv. k`-sav
IYm-Im-c Xs ct- ]d-ns hnim-e-kp--c-amb im-X-bn X\n-sb-bn-cn-p-tm
Ahn-tSv hp-tN Pp--sfbpw ]n-I-sfbpw Ipdn-mWv ChnsS kqNn-n-p--Xv. `qan-bn
a\p-jy-hKw Dm-Ip--Xn-\p-apt X-fpv F `mh-am-bn-cpp Ahv. ]n-Ifpw Nn{X-i-e`-fpw Hcp iey-ambn IYm-Im-c\v tXmn-bn-cp-n-. Fm Im-I ASp--f-bn Ibdn `W-km-[-\- tamjvSn-m XpS-n. am{X-a ]d-nse ac-n DS-a--t\mSv A\p-hmZw hmmsX-Xs IqSp-shv ap-I-fn-n-cn-p-p. Im-sb-tmse tImgn-p-p-sf sImn-sm-pt]m-Ip ]cp-p-I-fp-ap-v. Fd-fm-S Fp t]cp asmcp ]nbpw tImgn-Isf sImn-smp
t]mIpw.
kJmhv aqJs BK-a-\s IYm-Im-c hnh-cn--p-sX-s\
Cu Pp-Pm-e-v Xs ct- ]d-n Ah-Im-i-aptm Fv Nnn-n-cn-p Hcp D
ka-bv IYm-Im-c B ImgvN ImWp-p. ssIbpw Imepw NndIpw Hp-an-m Hcp `oIc kzcq]n. \ shbn-ep t\cw. Atm tImgn-I H-sh-p. \mb Ipc-p. ]n-I Iq-tmsS
i_vZ-ap-m-n. sNp-Nm-Sn-bXv Hcp `b--c aqJs apn. AXv ]n-hn-Sn Kuc-h-n
\np-I-bm-Wv. ]mns\ ASnp sImm Hcp-n-b-tm-gmWv AXp icn-bmtWm F Nn IYmIr-n-\p-m-b-Xv. Cuiz-c a\p-jy-hKs krjvSn--t]mse At ]mn-s\bpw krjvSn--Xv.
]mpw `qan-bpsS Ah-Im-in-I-fn Hcm-f-t. tl k-ta, \n\-n-hnsS Ah-Im-i-an-. Fs kzamb ct- ]d-n \nv \o W-n t]mIpI. Fp ]d-p-t\m-n-sb-nepw ]mhw
Fhn-sS-tm-bmWv Pohn-pI F Nnn-p-t]m-bn. ]mv Iptd--gnv hg--h-km-\n-nv ]n
Xmgvv Cg-p-Xp-S-n. hnh-c-a-dnv HmSn-h `mcy ]mns\ sIm-W-sav hmin-]n-Sn-p. IpnI HmSn-\-S-p ev hnj-ap ]mv \S-p-Xv A]-I-S-am-sW-m-bn-cpp Ah-cpsS A`n{]m-bw.
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IYm-Im-cs GXp at\m-`m-h-s-bmWv Pp-]q-P-bmbn `mcy hymJym-\n-p--Xv.

Fm Poh-Pm-e-fpw a\p-jy-sc-tmse ssZh-ns krjvSn-I-fm-sWpw Ah kzX-{-ambn
hnl-cn-p-sIm-s Fp-amWv IYm-Im-cs \ne-]m-Sv. Fm `mcy ]cm-Xn-s-Sp-Xv C-s\-bmWv. hoSn-\Iw apgp-h\pw Fp-Im-en-Ifpw ]n-Ifpw Hmpw Ac-Wbpw Icn-tfpw \nd-n-p-v.
Ah NneXv ASp--f-bn-tev Ib-dn-h-cp-p. then apgp-h\pw NnX Xnp Xop-p. hoSn-\Ipw NnX-ep-I s]cp-Ipp. ]pkvX-I-fpw hkv{X--fp-samw Xnp-Xop-Xp-S-n. Fen-IfpsS iey-am-sW-n ]d-bm-\p-an-. tdUntbm {Kmans hbdv Fen apdn-p. hoSn-\Iw apgp-h\pw
NohoSpw Fdppw ]m-Ifpw hp-I-fpw... Atm-gmWv Hcp Pp-]qP Fv `mcy IYm-Im-cs\ ]cnl-kn-p--Xv.
hcn--m-hn N ]gp-Xv Am\pw Imbpw Xnp-p. t]c ktm B- dpam
Fmw ]n-Ifpw hmhepw sImp-t]m-Ip-p. `mcy-bpsS Cu ]cm-Xnv IYm-Im-cs adp-]-Snsbv
Hcp Xmp-an-msX tImSm-\p-tImSn tKmf-sf \ne-\nn-bn-cn-p ssZhw Xp-cm `qanbn Pohn-Imbn krjvSn--h-bmWv ]g-. ]pjv]-, Ing-p-I, [m\y- ]pv Fn-hsb-mw. shhpw hmbphpw NqSpw shfn-hpw AXn\p ]pd-sa. `qan-bnse D---fpsS Fmw
Ah-Im-in-I-fmWv Pp-fpw arK-fpw ]n-Ifpw Iran-Io-S-fpw hr-fpw sNSn-Ifpw apw.
Cu ]c-amYw Ftmgpw Btem-Nnm ]ns hnj-a-ap-m-hn-.
cm{Xn DusWmw Ignv kwXr-]vXn-tbmsS InS-p-tm IYm-Im-c-\p-mb A\p-`-h-sa-v
\ DjvW-Im-e-am-bn-cpp AXv. ^m HmsNbvXv sNdnb {]Im-i-n InS--bn InSv
hmbn-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p. Atm P\ hgn [mcmfw sNdnb Pp- apdn-p-n-tev hp.
sImXp-Ip-I-fp-ap-m-bn-cpp Iq-n. aq-bp-ap-v. Hcp sImXpIv ssI--bn hn-cpv tNmc
IpSn-m XpS-n. IYm-Irv XS-n-. a\p-jycpsS tNmc-Ip-Snv Pohn-m-\m-Wtm ssZhw
Xp-cm sImXp-Ip-Isf ]S-X
- v. Atm Hcp Cu ]pkvXI
- -n hv Ccp-p. Atlw AXns\
Bn--f-n-. AXns \oe-n-d-Ip-I Iv Bkz-Zn-n-cp-p. ssZh-ns krjvSn-I F{X
at\m-l-c-am-sWv Biz-kn-p. cm{Xn sshIn-b-tm hnf--Wv \n-_vZX Bkz-Znv Dd-m
InS-p. {ItaW Dd-n. s]sv ssI--bn kqNn Ipn--b-p--Xp-t]mse thZ-\-bp-m-bn.
thZ\ kln-m-\m-hmsX Fgp-tv `mcysb hnfn-p-Wn. InS-p ]mb s]mn-t\m-n-btm hen-sbmcp ]gp-Xm-csb Ip. Atlw AXns\ hmXn Xpdv ]pd-p-t]m-Im A\p-hZn-m Bh-iy-s-p. AXv tImsX `mcy jqsk-Spv ]gp-Xm-csb ASn-p-sIm-p. ]gp-Xm-cbpsS ihw Hcp IS-em-kn Nnn-bnv ]pd-p-I-f-p.
lnwk- Iq-SmsX Pohn-m-s\m-p-tam, ]pXp-]p- -\mb Hcp XXz-imkv{Xw thn-bn-c n-pp. Fp IYm-Im-c hnNm-cn-m-\p kml-N-cy-sav
Hcp Znhkw IYm-Im-cs `mcy tLmc-tLm-c-amb Hcp AXym-lnXw ImWn-p. ]p-ap-Xp
Icn-p-I hoWp-In-S-p-p. X-fpsS tXm \in-n-p-Xv Fen-I-fm-bn-cn-p-sapw Ahsb
hnjw hv sIm-W-sapw `mcy ]d-p. X-fpsS sskzcy PohnXw XS--s-Sp-nb FpIm-en, ]m, Nohn-Sv, tX, ]gp-Xm-c, hv, Fdp-v, NnX-ep-I XpS-n-b-hbn Xm \qdp-I-Wn\v Fs sImn-pv Fv Ah {]Jym-]n-p. AXp-tI-mWv IYm-Im-c Cs\
Btem-Nn-pXv. ssZhw ]S--h-bn tcmKm-Wp-fpw s]Spw. ssZhw tcmKm-Wp--sfbpw ]Sn-p-t- m. Ahsb sImm-\t acp-p-I. lnwk-Iq-SmsX Pohn-m-s\m-p-tam. ]mv Xh-fsbbpw
Fen-sbbpw Xnv Pnhn-p-p. sNdnb ay-sf henb ay- hn-gp-p-p. Ipdp- tImgnsb
Xnp-p. knwlw am\ns\ Xnp-p. a\p-jy-cpsS tNmc-Ip-Snv sImXpIpw aqbpw t]\pw hf-cp-p.
Acp-a-tbmsS hf-cp tdmkv sNSnsb ]qn-I Xnp-p. `qan-bnse PnhnXw Cs\ t\mptm henb ss tXmp-n-.
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hmh-ep-Isf sImm tXmp-ambn ]pd-s `mcypw _p-hn\pw kw`-hn--sXv

X-fpsS tXm \in-n-p-Xv hmh-ep-I-fm-sWv Xncn--dntm `mcy Ah-fpsS Amhs aIs ]-ep tXmpambn Ahsb sImm Ah-s\- Iq-p-]n-Snv ]pd-s-Sp-p. hmh-epI-fpsS DZv`-h-tI{w sXm-Sp-p ]pcm-X-\-amb t{X-n-\-cn-In-ep Ba-c-am-sWv Ah
a\-n-em-n. ]t, Ahn-sS-sb-n-bt- m t{X-n\p Npp-ap hop-Im hmh-ep-Isf sImm
k-Xn-n-. ]p-ap-q-dp-t] amc-Im-bp-[--fp-ambn hfv hmh--ep-I-sf shSn-sh-m sImp-If-bp-sav `oj-Wn-s-Sp-n. hmh-ep-I a\p-jy-cpsS ]qhn-I-cpsS Bm--fm-sW-m-bn-cpp
Ah-cpsS hnizm-kw.

6. efn-Xmw-_nI A-\w
amWn-
sImmccbvSp tImhv 1909 P\\w. sNdpnte IhnXIsfgpXnpSn. ]noSv
IYI FgpXn. Ankmnsb t\mhemWv apJy IrXn. CXn\v hbem AhmUpw HmSpg
AhmUpw kmlnXyAmZan AhmUpw e`np. kv{XoIfpsS {]iv\, \qXncnkv{XoIfpsS
kmapZmbnIamb hnjaXI, ZenXv hn`mKns {]bmk Fnh Xs t\mhenepw
IYIfnepw AP\w BhnjvIcnp. efnXmw_nIbpsS {]knamb IYbmWv amWn.
amWn F Imfbpw AgI F ZenXv IjI\pw Xnep lrZb_amWv IYbpsS
ImXemb hiw. a\pjy Fns\bmWv PptfmSv kv t \lw ImWntXv FXn
DZmlcWamWv Cu IY. {]IrXnbpw a\pjy\pw kvt\lwsImv CgtNcpXns anI k`
Cu IYbnepv.
Ag-I\v amWn-s\ e`n--sX-s\
Xp-cms aWn-am-fn-I-bnse CjvSnI-bn sXmgp-n P\n Imf-p--\mWv amWn-. AgIs A-\mb Idp-\v AXns\ X{m \In. Idp- tNmZn-p-hm-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p. X-ip-hns Id-h-ap-gp-h X{ms Ipn-I IpSn--Xn-\m amWn- Fpw tXmep-am-bn-cp-p. AXpsIm-p-Iq-Sn-bmWv X{m amWn-s\ Dt]-n-m Xm-dm-b-Xv. Idp-s \mep Xe-ap-d-I
X{ms the-m-cm-bn-cp-p. Imfsb e`n--tXmsS Idp- Bm-Zw-sImv aXn-a-d-p. AXns\
FSp-mWv Ah amS-n-tep t]mb-Xv. Xs afmb Ag-I\pw \oenpw AXv km-\n-pIbpw sNbvXp.
Ag-I\pw \oenbpw amWn--s\-sm-n-bp-mb X--sf-smw
BZyw AXns DS-a--X-sb-sm-n-bmWv AhX-n X-am-b-Xv. \oen AXn\v Xo-sIm-Spp Bfp-am-{X-am-sWpw ]qp-Xv Xm\m-b-Xn-\m Ag-I-\mWv bYmY DS-a-sbpw Ah
hmZn-p. B Imf-p-nv t]cn-Sp Imcy-n-em-bn-cpp ]ns Xw. \oen ]d-Xv aWn-b
Fm-Wv. Fm hn-m-c apX-em-fn-bpsS amWn- F sh-m-f-bpsS t]cmWv Ag-I\v
t_m[n--Xv. HSp-hn cp-t]cpw tNv amWn- F t]cv Dd-n-p.
Ag-I amWn-s\ ]cn-N-cn--Xpw ]Tn-n-Xpw F--s\-sbmw
Hcp hnjp-hn\v amWn-s\ Dg-hp-I
-
- n-en-d
- n-bXv Ag-IX-s-bm-bn-cp-p. BZy-sams amWn\v Ie hen-m hnj-a-am-bn-cpp. Fm Ag-Is ssIbn-en-cn-p hSn hmbp-a-WvU-en Nodn-bm Ah A\p-k-cn-pw. amWn-\v shhpw Xobpw sImSp--msX Ag-I
Ign ]Xn-hn-. AXv XW-en hn{i-an-p-Xv IuXp-I-tmsS Ag-I t\mn-\npw. B Imf
Ahs kl-Im-cnbpw kvt\ln-X\pw kh-kz-hp-am-bn-cp-p. "\sS amWn-s\ A-\
- s\ t\mnsm-n-cp-m aXn s]t, Fp s\dbpw' Fv Ah \oen-tbmSv ]d-bm-dpv.
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hf ]qn-bmb amWn-s cq]-`wKn IYm-Imcn hnh-cn-p--sX-s\

t\cnb Nph-p-I-e DuX-\n-dw. hncn sImp-I, Ddp amwk-f-amb DS, hrj-`-ku--cyns XnI-hm-bn-cpp Ah. hmen\v \ \of-ap-m-bn-cp-p. AXv shdn-b Imf-I-fpsS e-Wam-Wv. apIm-ep-In-S-bn \nv Igp-tmfw ]S shfp ]pn AXns kucyw h[nnp. Dpn Ipep-n-bp Kw`o-c-amb \S-v. B \mn AXp-t]m-semcp Imf-bn-. amWn-
sXp Ipdp--\p-am-bn-cp-p. Ah-t\mfw _ew Bp-an-m-bn-cp--Xn-\m asm Imf-I-sfbpw
Ah Ippw. aWn-bs kplr-mb tNmXnbpsS aWn-b t]msm-gnp _mn-sbmpw
amWn--t\m-tSn-. CXn tNmXnpw sXv Akq-b-bp-m-bn-cp-p. amWn-s {]knn h[n-tm Bh-iy-mcpw IqSn. ]ecpw henb hne-]-d-p. Fm Ahs\ hnm Ag-I
k-Xn-n-. IqSp-X ]Ww Bh-iy-sv Ah hne-]-d-p-h--h-sc-sbmw Xncn--b-p.
Ag-I amWn-s\ {]l-cn-m-\n-S-bm-b-sX-s\
Insmbvp Ignv hnf-hn-d
- p ka-bs hnX-Zn-hkw amWn-s Hmw ImWm [mcmfw
t] hn-cp-p. Av tNmXn amWn--s\ ]qm-\p B{Klw Ag-I-t\mSv ]d-p. Ag-I-\Xv kXn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]qp-Xn-\n-S-bn tNmXn amWn-s\ ITn-\-ambn {]l-cn-p. AXv CjvS-s-SmXn-cp amWn- tNmXnsb HmSn-np Ipm-t\m-n. A]-ISw aWv DS-\Sn CS-s] Ag-I
amWn-s\ ]nn-cn-n-m thn Ahs ]pdv AXn-i--ambn ASn-p. ASn-tbv amWn-\v
apdnhv ]p-Ibpw tNmc-sbm-en-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tNmXnsb cn-m-\mWv sNbvX-sX-nepw kw`hw
Ag-I\v henb BLm-X-am-bn. Xs {]nbs Imfsb ASn-p-ap-dn-thn--tXmv Ah\v ]\n-]nSn-s]-p. AXn-\n-S-bn X{m hnh-c-ad- n-bp-Ibpw amWn-s\ Xncnv amfn-Ib
- n-se-n-m Bsf-hnSp-Ibpw sNbvXp. amWn-s\ ]nSn-p-sI-m h Bfp-Isf amWn- Xncn-m-{I-an-p-Ibpw \mnemsI \miw-hn-X-p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AtXmsS amWn-s\bpw Ag-I-s\bpw X{ms Kp-I
Iogvs-Sp-n. Ag-I\v amWn-s\ \jvS-s-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Ag-I\v amWn-s\ Xncnp e`n--sX-s\
hj- Ign-p. Ag-I hnhm-ln-X-\m-hp-Ibpw a hf-cp-Ibpw IpSpw-_-n henb
am--fp-m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. amWn--s\-tmse Hcp Imfsb hfm-\p B{Klw Ag-I\n AW-bmsX InS-p-m-bn-cpp. Hcp Znhkw Ipn-Iv hkv{Xhpw hop-km-am-\-fpw hmphm Zqc-bm-{XsN-bvX Ag-I Imp-h-gn-bn H-s-p-t]mbn. cm{Xn-bn Bcp-w A-cn-In-en-msX
t]Sn-n-cn-sh Hcp Imf-h-n-b-]-I-S-n\v kmn-bm-bn. B Imf-hn HmSn-n-cp-Xv amWn--\mbn-cp-p. B Imf Xfv Ah-i-\m-bn-cp-p. Cd-n-p-t]mepw ]m B Imfsb IXpw AgI\v kSw hp. Abm D ]Ww \In amWn-s\ Xncn-s-Spv hon-tev Iqn-sm-p-hp.

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samUyq 4
1. Fw.-Sn. hmkp-tZ-h \mb
I-ev]mw
m\]oT tPXmhmb FgppImc. aepdw Pnbnse s]mm\nSp IqSqcn P\\w.
A[ym]I, ]{Xm[n], sNdpIYmIrv, t\mhenv, kwhn[mbI, XncYmIrv Fo
\neIfn {]kn. aebmfnse Ghp P\{]nb\mb FgppImcn Hcm. Hcp hS
hocKmY, ]gncmP, \JX, s]cp, sshimen XpSn ]pckvImc hmcnqnb
[mcmfw kn\naIv XncYsbgpXn. kn\nav \Inb kw`mh\I ]cnKWnv t{]w\ko
AhmUv, sP kn Um\ntb ]pckvImcw Fnh t\Sn. av, Imew, \mepsIv, cmaqgw
XpSnb [mcmfw t\mhepI {]knfmWv. Ccpns Bmhv, IptSyn, Um Fkv kemw,
sjeIv, inemenJnXw Fnh {]apJ sNdpIYI.
a\pjya\ns \nKqV`mh BhnjvIcnp IYIfmWv IqSpXepw FgpXnbXv. a\pjy
Xnep _hpw _\fpw lrZb]qhw Bhnjv I cnpXnse Fw Sn amPnIv
A\pIcnm\mhmXmWv. aebmfsNdpIYbn khntijamb Hcp `mjmcoXnXs Fw Sn
krjv S np. I]Samb kaqla\ns\bpw hynksbbpw XpdpImWnv amdn\nv
]pncnp Hcp ssienbmWv ]e IYIfnepw ImWpXv. ]dbm\mIm clkyfpsS `mcw
t]dp IYm]m{XfmWv anhcpw. AXpsImpXs GsXmcp IYbpw hmb\msc
BIjnpw hn[w IcppXmm Atln\p Ignp.
Fw Sn IYIfpsS Fm {]tXyIXIfpw t]dp cN\bmWv I]mw. hmIytmSSp
ZXnIfpsS PohnXn ]dbmsX _mnbmb clkyfpsS `mcw shfnsSpXmWv IYbpsS
Imv. ZmXy_ns hnepIfpw hnepIfpw Cu IYbn BhnjvIrXamIpp. A
A[nIw km[mcWam IYmcN\m ssienbpw Cu IYbnepv. `mhv tPmenbmhiymYw
]pdpt]mbXn\ptijw `mcy lrZbkvXw`\w hp acnpp. `mhmIs Xs Hm^oknse
tPmenmcnbpsS aIsfbpw sImv Dmkbm{Xbvp t]mbncnbmWv. acWn\p sXmpapv
B clkyw `mcy a\nemppv. acWhontev Fp BfpIsf \nconpsImv
acWs cpnWnbpsS BJym\neqsSbmWv Cu IY hniZamIpXv.
tNmZy
tImf\nbnse `mkvIdns ^vfmntev Av BZyw h hncppIm Bscmw. Ahv
{][m\ambpw ]dbm\pmbncpsXv.
`mkvItc \mXp hjw Pohn \KcamWnXv. AXn\m [mcmfw kplrpfpw
]cnNbmcpapv. apXp hjs ]gapImdn BZysanbXv hnthIv tPmjn F
tPmjnamabmWv. Atcnbn \nv ctajns IpSpw_hpw Fn. BZysanb ctajv
]pdstm Imcy sNm t]mbn. t`ms kmln_v, dnb sNbvX tijw sInSw]WnbpsS
Icmdn\v I\n XpSnb KwKmdmw XpSnbhcpw esn. \Kcnepmb Imehjhpw
{]fbhpamWv hh hh apgph kwkmcnpsImncpXv . apv \Kcn
AXnhjapmbpsnepw \Kcn shsmw hXv CpdnbmWv . Ccw
acWhoSpIfn kw`mjWn\v hnjbanmXv hey hnjaamWv . Cpdn \Kcn
shsmapmbXn\m Fnb Fmhpw \ hnjbw Inn. \KcPohnXns
Im]SyamWv Cu k`n kqNnXamIpXv. acWshtcmSp kvt\ltam _lpam\tam
A Ahsc acWhontev FnpXv adnv shdpw Hu]NmcnIXIfmWv. AXpsImmWv
lrZbn sXmSm hmpIsImv Ah kwkmcnpXv. shsmw ImcWw
]pdndm\mhmsX Imdn\pn hpXs aq{XsamgnImcyamWv Hcm Xamibmbn ]dXv,
Hcp ae_mcn kuP\yambn Nmb hnXcWwsNbvX AZv`pXhpw samss_ t^mWpmbXnse
kuIcyhpsamw AhnsS Nbmbn. acnp InSp hynsbpdnpam{Xw Bcpw Hpw
]dn.
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acWs kv{Xo `mhmb `mkvItcs\ HmsSppsXs\

A]w IdpnmsWnepw XpSp Ihnfpw apJv sNdnsbmcp Ipnhpap BfmWv
`mkvI c. cpnWnbpsS A{Xbvv Dbchpw shfppw `mkvI c\nmXn\m hnhmlw
IgnbpSs\ ]epw klXm]ambncpp. Cwn tPmensNbvX Bsfp tItm
hoWpt]mbXmsWv IqpImcnI Ifnbmnbncpp. sNdnsbmcp ]{Xns ]ckyhn`mKw
ssIImcyw sNp Hm^okdmbncpp `mkvIc. hnhmlw Ignnv apmdv hjambn. CtX
hon shmWv Ah 25 mw hnhml hmjnIw BtLmjnXv . \mephjn\nSbn
Akm[mcWamb DbbmWv `mkvIdn\pmbXv. hon kwkmcw IpdhmWv. Fm ]pdv
hncpn\pw apw t]mIptm [mcmfw kwkmcnpw. `mcytbmSp kv t \l{]IS\hpw
]pdsptm IqSpw. Ccp]nbmw hnhmlhmjnIn\v ]ecpw `mkvIcs\ ]pIgvn
kwkmcnp. `mcysb \n_vZ tkh\ns {]XoIsapw `mhns hnPbn\p ]nnse
in Fpsams ]ecpw {]Ionp. hncppIpw kmcn\pw t]mIptm
`mkvItcs Xami tIm s]p Nppw IqSpw. Av ]pdtndnbXv km[mcW
thjn \nv hyXykvXambn Pokv [cnmWv. B Pokv ]gb Hcp {^ns aI
hmnsmSpXmsWmWv ]dncpXv.
`mkvIcs clky `mcy cpnWn Ip]nSnsXs\
shsmw ImcWw sSet^m _fpw KXmKXhpw \Kcn XIcmdnembn F
hm tItm cpnWnv B[nbmbn. AnWn F kplrns\ hnfnp. Inpn.
_phmb ktcmP\ntbnsbbpw hnfnp Inpn. AtmgmWv Apdp\nv anknkv
KmUvKn hnfnpXv. AhfpsS aI tUmfn F ti^men `mkvIdns IqsS t]mbnpv
F hnhcw AtmgmWv AdnbpXv. `mkvIdns sk{IdnbmWv ti^men. ]q\bntev
t]mIptm ti^men IqsSbpmIpsav `mkvI ]dnnmbncpp. AXn\nSv AnWn
hnfnp. ]q\bntep hgnIsfmw ASpInSpIbmWv F hmbmWv Ah \evInbXv.
AtXmsb cpnWnbpsS t_Pmdv h[np. hopw anknkv KmUvKn hnfnv Iptd hntij
]dp. ti^menbpsS ]ndmfn\v `mkvI ]sSpXpw Ah Pokv hmnsmSpXpsamw.
AsXmw cpnWnv ]pXnb AdnhpIfmbncpp. ]ns h hmIfn ]q\bn agtb C
Fmbncpp. AnWnbmWv B hnhcw \InbXv. `mkv I tc AhnsS Kvlukn
apdnsbSpnpspw IqsS aIfpapspap hnhcw Ah \InbtXmsS cpKvanWn
Awhnpt]mbn. aI Zp_mbn \np h hnhcw AdnbnmXn ]cn`hw ]dpsImmWv
AnWn t^m shXv. bYmYn `mkvIc ti^mensbbpw sImv ]q\bn apdnsbSpv
XmaknpIbmbncpp.
cpnWnbpsS acWhontev ti^men hXv cpnWn hniZoIcnpsXs\
\op \nhp\nv sNcpns hmdgnv AItp IbdpXmWv ti^men Fv cpnWn
a\nempp. tkm^bnencnp `mkvIc \nhncpp. Ahsf BIpe`mhn t\mn.
Ah ]cnNb`mhap asmcmfpsS ASptmWv \SXv. Ah ASpphnpthWw
Ioscmgpm F `mhnemWv `mkvIcs Ccpw. ]Xns\mn\v Fbt]mn An
hcm\pv Fv ]dv ti^men t]mIms\mcpn. Ah t]mIpXn\papv Hcn am{Xw
`mkvIc\Sptv hp. AtmgmWv henb XamibpmbXv, cpnWnp am{Xw a\nemIp
Xami. C\n F\nv \otb Dq F `mhn `mkvIc ti^mensb t\mpp. AhfpsS
adp]Snbpw t\mnepv. Xbpmbtm AsXmcp hnt\mZw. ]t, ]Sphrs `mcw
GsSppsa hnNmcw Dsn AXv a\n shm aXn FmWv B adp]Sn Fv cpnWnv
a\nemIpp. Fnv ti^men ]pdtpt]mbn. AhnsS IqSn\np Fmhpw
Xncnphcn Fdnbmw.
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F\np Nppambn hopw HcmtLmjw \Ss, cmw \mw kXv tl.... cpnWn Cs\ IcpXm
ImcWsav
Xs `mhmb `mkvIcs ti^men F bphXnbpambp {]Wbw acWn\v sXmpapv
a\nemnb cpnWn acWtijw hfsc ktmjIcamb Ahbnembn. ImcWw
acWshv kSfpw t]SnIfpantm. I]mImev Benebn s]mnnSp
`Khms\tmsebmWv B Ahbnepw cpnWn BbXv. Dtcybn tIcfnsetmseb.
acW bm{X tLmjbm{Xt]mse sNapnbpw \rwsNbvXpamWv. Xs ihtLmjbm{Xbpw
AXpt]mse BtLmj]qhw \SWsav cpnWn B{Klnpp.

2. Sn. ]-\m-`
I-p cY-N{Iw
sNdpIYI am{Xw FgpXp aebmfnse A]qh IYmIrmWv Sn ]Zv a \m`.
hyXykvXamb {]tabfpw ]mefpw D IYIfmWv Atlw FgpXnbXv. aebmfnse
B[p\nIhpw B[p\nImchpamb IYsbgpns Imepw Htc kzcn
FgpXnsmncn IYmImc\mWv ]Zva\m`. GImX A\p`hnp IYm]m{XfmWv
]Zva\m` IYIfn {][m\ambpw ISphcpXv. 1931 s^{_phcnbn P\np. 1973 e`n
tIcf kmlnXy AmZan ]pckvImcw \ncmIcnp. lmcnk kmbvhns \mb, {]Imiw ]cp
Hcp s]Ipn, klrZb\mb sNdpmcs PohnXn \nv, tiJqn, aJ knMns acWw,
\fn\ Imn, Imess`ch Fnh {][m\ IYI.
_pZi\hpambn _s Hcp k]amWv Ip cYN{Iw FXv. amXmhns\ t{Zmln
ssa{XI\yIs Xebn In\np N{IamWnXv. Abmp inbmWnXv. amXmhns\
t{Zmln asmcm hm Cu N{Iw ssa{XI\yIs Xebn \nv \ontmIpsambncpp
{]hN\w. Fm Cu hnjaw asmcmv \Im ssa{XI\yI Xmdmbn. AtXmsS cYN{Iw
A{]Xyamsbs{X. ]ip amXmhmWv. ]iphns\ t{ZmlnphcpsS XepapIfn HcpIp
cYN{IapmIpsav Cu IY kqNnnpp.
]iphns Icn IYm\mbIs\ Akz\mnbsXs\
cm{Xnapgp ]iphns Icn tIv Abmv Ddm\mbn. InSmhns\ ths]pt]mb
Xiphns Aad t]msebmWv AXv Abmv tXmnbXv. Ipns\ ImWmXpsImp
kw{`ahpw ]m XnInbXns thZ\bpw B Icnenepv. {]IrXnbpsS cm{Xnkucyw
BkzZnm Av Abmv Ignn. ]ntv \Sm t]mIptm AWsn\cnsIbp
Imn apgph B ]iphns\ At\zjnv Abm \Sp. AbmfpsS Cu {`mpIv `mcyv
tZjyw hncpp. Ign aqp\mev sImfmbn Ahv ]mep \Ip kv{XobpsS
]iphmWXv. AXp t]mbnv aqp\mep Znhkw Ignncnpp. Fn\mWv AXmtemNnv
hnjanpXv Fmbncpp `mcybpsS ]cmXn.
IYm\mbI\v Asbpdnp HmaIsfsmw
Ccpns hmXn Xpdsp shfnwt]msebmWv ]iphns Icn tItm Abmv
Asbpdnp HmaI DWXv. AbpsS IqsS A t]mnb ]ipfpapmbncpp.
btimZ, \n\n, imcZ XpSnbhbmbncpp ]ipfpsS t]cpI. Fmw AbpsS
IpnIsftmsebmbncpp. AXpsImpXs Asbmcnepw Idh hnbtm hnn.
hbmbtm AdhpImc\v sImSpXpan. asfs t]mm ]mSps]SptmgmWv Cu
kmlkw. Ahsb ImWmXmIp Znhkw A imctZ, btimtZ Fp hnfnv ]dnepw Imnepw
Xncp\Spambncpp.
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]iphns Xntcm[m\w IYm\mbIs\ _m[nsXs\

Abmv Ddw \jvSsp. Znhkhpw AXns\ Xncv Imntev t]mIembn ]Wn. ]iphns\
hfpXv IpIcamb Hcp Sujnnembncpp Ah ]mncpXv. AXn\m Hcp ]iphns\
Xncp\Sp Abmsf Iv ]ecpw Ifnbmn. `mcymIs ]mep Inpn Fp
am{Xambncpp ]cmXn. Hcn hgnbn shv Abm cmLh\mb F \mpImcs\ Ip.
cmLh\v \mn Abpv. AbpsS hntijw tNmZntijw IYm\mbI cmLht\mSv honse
]ipfpsS hntijamWv tNmZnpXv. shdpw Apsk v `qanbn Xmaknp X\nv
Fs\ ]iphns\ hfm\mIpsav cmLh adp]Sn \In. ]iphns\bpw Asbbpw
]ckv]cw shpamdp IYmImc HSphn GXphgnv t]mIWsadnbmsX hnjanpp.
Abm ]iphns\ ImWmXmb `mKtp t]mImsX hontep hgn sXscsSppp.
]t AtXmsSmw Abmpapn Ip cYN{Ihpw \onsmncnpp.
Ip cYN{Iw F k]\w Cu IYbn kqNnXamIpsXns\
_pZi\hpambn _s Hcp k]amWv Ip cYN{Iw FXv. amXmhns\ t{Zmln
ssa{XI\yIs Xebn In\np N{IamWnXv. Abmp inbmWnXv. amXmhns\
t{Zmln asmcm hm Cu N{Iw ssa{XI\yIs Xebn \nv \ontmIpsambncpp
{]hN\w. Fm Cu hnjaw asmcmv \Im ssa{XI\yI Xmdmbn. AtXmsS cYN{Iw
A{]Xyamsbs{X. ]ip amXmhmWv. ]iphns\ t{ZmlnphcpsS XepapIfn Hcp Ip
cYN{IapmIpsav Cu IY kqNnnpp. Xs Asb thhn[w ]cnKWnm
IgnbmXncp IYm\mbIs ]m]t_m[amWv Cu cYN{Iw. Hcp ]iphn Abm Xs Asb
Ispp. ]iphns\ ImWmXmIpXv Xs Asb ImWmXmIpXn\p XpeyamsWv
Abm [cnpp. ]iphns\ Xncp\SpXv aXnbmnb Abmfn ]m]t_m[w
XncnpIpIbmWv.

3. am[-hn-pn
Zb F hnImcw
temI{]ikv X Ihbn{Xnbpw aebmfnse {]apJ IYmImcnbpw BWv am[hnpn.
bYmY\maw IaemZmkv. Ban FmWv hon hnfnp t]cv. ]noSv Iaemkpd F t]cpw
kzoIcnp. Ihbn{Xnbmb _memaWnbbpsSbpw amXr`qanbnse amt\PnwKv FUndmbncp hn
Fw \mbcpsSbpw aIfmWv. ]memSp Pnbn P\np. aXnepI, \cnodpI ]dptm,
Xcnip\new, ]nbpsS aWw, XWpv Fnh {][m\ IYI. Fs IY F BIYm]camb
IpdnpI Gsd \ncq]I{i ]nSnp]n. CXv Ccp]tXmfw `mjIfntev hnh\w sNsp.
\oamXfw ]qImew, _meyIme kvacWI Fnhbpw HmapdnpIfmWv. tZiobhpw
Amcmjv{Sobhpamb [mcmfw _lpaXnI e`nnpv.
kv { XobpsS hyn]chpw kzImcyhpamb PohnXs XpdsgpXp IYIfmWv
am[hnpnbptSXv. aebmfnse s]temIs Ipdn IYIfpsS t\XrXzw am[hnpnmWv.
s]ns am\knIhpw imcocnIhpamb AhIsf adIfnmsX FgpXp IYIfmWv Ah.
ImapIn, aI, A, `mcy XpSn kv{XobpsS kIe `mhfpw AXnsshImcnIamIm
kXykamb `mjbn Ah ]Inshp.
amXm]nXm PohnXw BtLmjnptm afpsS PohnXamWv A\nnXambnocpXv.
AhKWnsSp IuamcsbmWv Cu IY BhnjvIcnpXv. inh{]kmZv Imen\v kzm[o\w
Ipd IpnbmWv. tPyjvT m aZncminbnepw apw tlmen tNp ]Tnptm
hmIpnbmbXn\m hon Xs Ah\v Igntbnhp. kpcn F hnfntcpmbncpp
Ah\v. FgppImcnbmb Abvv Ftmgpw XncmWv. kplrmb hKokns AbmWv
Ah\v kvt\lw \evIpXv. Asbmfpw Ah ]cnKWnpXpw AhscbmWv. kvt\lw
\jvSs Ah\v PohnXw IqSpX at\mlcamm B{Klapv.
ae-bmfkmlnXyw 1

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inh{]kmZns apdnsbpdnv Hcp sNdphnhcWw \IpI

hmXn ASpIgnRm AXv Ahs sNdnb kzKamWv . hmXn]Snta Nph
IftNmpsImv {]thi\an Fv FgpXnbncpp. \oew tN Ipmban B NpacpI
Ipdv s]mfnpXpSnbncpp. AsXmw Ah Nn{X Xqm\p BWnXdv
s]mfnXmWv. Ctm Hcp Iens Nn{Xwam{Xapv _mn. taihncnta Nph ajn
Xnqhnbncpp. P\hmXn Xpdm BImins Hcp Ijv W w apdnbntev
Xn\npXpt]mse tXmpw. hetImense sNdnsbmcp Xncnn DXpsImmWn Xm
Cs\ HsXv FmWv inh{]kmZv a\nempXv.
inh{]kmZns\ aph IsXns\
het Imen\v kzm[o\pdhpsnepw kpc\mbncpp Ah. XpSppcp IhnfpIfpw
Nph NppIfpw s\nta hoWpInSp NpcpapSnbpw \o tcmafp InaIfpw
Ahs\ Hcp kpcnsIpnbmsW tXmnnp. Ahs kvss{Xaamb `mhhpw cq]hp Iv
_psfmw kpcn Fmbncpp inh{]kmZns\ hnfnncpXv. kzw tPyjvT t]mepw
Ahs ]ndIn Xn kpcn Fp hnfnp. Nne Ahs IhnfpIfn \pn.
hKoknt\mSp inh{]kmZns B`napJysfsmw
hKokns\tmse kmlnXyap hmpI ]dbm X\npw Ignncpsn Fv
inh{]kmZv IcpXmdpv. Ah\v Fmapv, Abpv, A\pv, ktmjap PohnXapv
\ Adnhpv, ss[cyhpapv Fsmw inh{]kmZv BtemNnpp. X\npw henb hoSpw
t]cptI A\amcpw Dsnepw Imens kzm[o\pdhpw kvss{XWXbpw A]IjXbmbn
inh{]kmZns\ ]nSnIqSnbnpv.
inh{]kmZns Asbpdnv IYmImcn \Ip Nn{Xsav
\mntep aSntmIm CjvSanm Hcmfmbncpp inh{]kmZns A. A\pambn
Ftmgpw hgmbncpp. Ftmgpw kmlnXy ktf\fnepw apambn kabw Ignncp BfmWv
Ah. Ipnme apXt Ah Asb FhntSsnepw ]pdsSpXmbntm
aSpXmbntm Hmm IgnRvRncppq. A Zqtcv ]pdsSms\mcpptmtgpw Ah
XSbm {ianpw Av ]t AXv ]cnKWnm Ignbmdn. inh{]kmZns\ Dfvf kabw
shv kvt \lnm\pw ]cnKWnm\pw Ah {ianmdpv ]t, X\npthn Fmw
kanp Hcp AsbbmWv inh{]kmZv B{KlnXv.
hKokns AtbmSv inh{]kmZn\v CjvSw tXmm ImcWsav
hKokns AbnemWv inh{]kmZw kzw Asb IspXv. AhcpsS ]cp kzchpw
t\cwt]mpI ]dbptmgp BwKyfpw Ipepnsmp s]mnncnbpw Ah\njvSamWv.
Ah honepmp ]elmc hfsc kzmZpXmbncpp. Hmeta honemsWnepw
kvt\lap AhcpsS {]IrXhpw PZn\w Hmpshv km\w \evIpXnep kua\kyhpw
inh{]kmZns IpI \\bnpp.
Rm\nsXm shdppp Fv inh{]kmZn\v tXmm ImcWsav
CSbvnSv dqan Ibdn ImSnbn t\mn Rm\nsXmw shdppp Fv inh{]kmZv
]dpsImncnpw. Cu Pohnsbpw Ah\v shdpmWv. Xs kpcn Fp hnfnpXpw
Bcpw ]pcpj\mbn AwKoIcnmXpw Ah\v hnjaamIppv. Fm B hnjaw ImWm\
Bpw Ignbpn. IYbpsS Ahkm\n hoSns ]nhmXneneqsSbmWv Ah AItv
IbdpXv. apdnbnsenb DSs\ ImSn Ah FdnpSpp. Ahs GI B{ibhpw
NmXnbpambncp B ImSnbpw Ah shdppIgnncpp.
ae-bmfkmlnXyw 1

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4. H.-hn. hnP-b
Imp ]d IY
aebmfnse {]apJ t\mhenkvpw sNdpIYmIrpw BWv H hn hnPb. Cy apgph
AdnbsSp ImqWnpw ]{X{]hI\pw cmjv{Sob NnI\pw Bbncpp. 1030 ]memSv
P\np. itgvkv honen, t]{Snbv Zn\]{Xw Fnhbn tPmensNbvXp. Jkmns CXnlmkw
F t\mh aebmfnse Ghpw {]knamb t\mhepIfnsemmWv . [a]pcmWw,
KpcpkmKcw, a[pcw KmbXn, XeapdI, {]hmNIs hgn FnhbmWv {][m\ t\mhepI.
[mcmfw sNdpIYIfpw teJ\fpw {]knoIcnsnpv. IYIfpw t\mhepIfpw Cwojnte
hnh\w sNsp. KpcpkmKcn\v 1990 tIcf kmlnXy AmZan ]pckvImchpw
tI{kmlnXyAmZan ]pckvImchpw 1991 hbem AhmUpw e`np.
B[p\nI aebmf sNdpIYbpsS i\mb hmhmWv H hn hnPb. Idp lmkyw,
timImIamb Zmi\nIX, cmjv{Sob t_m[w FnhbmWv hnPb IYIfpsS {]tXyIXI.
ImqWn\p kam\amb an\nYIfSw B[p\nIXbpsS cq]]chpw `mh]chpamb Fm
sshhn[yfpw hnPb IYIfn ImWmw. AoeX Fv Btcm]ns Xpd ssewKnI
hW\I apX `mcXobamb B[ymIXbpsS k hlnp Zmi\nI IYI hsc
Atlw FgpXn. ISocv, Imp ]d IY, sNdp{]mWnI XpSnbh {]kn IYIfmWv.
B[p\nIXbpsS hcthmsS inYneambntmb aebmfnIfpsS IpSpw_kwhn[m\fpw
_fpamWv Zmi\nIamb BgtmsS Xs ]e sNdpIYIfnepw hnPb hcnXv.
]memS {Kmafn \nv Cybnepw hntZipap h \Kcfntev IpSntbw \Snb
A`ykvXhnZycmb aebmfnI t\cnSp kzXz{]XnknIfmWv ]e IYIfpsSbpw {]tabw.
`mcXobamb Bobt_m[hpw ]mmXy \mKcnIXbpw Gpapp B[p\nIXbpsS kzm`mhnI
{]Xnknsb hfsc iambn Cu IYIfn hnPb {]Xn]mZnp. ]etmgpw Cu
kwL\fn hnPbnXv BobXbpsS kzXzwXsbmbncpp. Cu hkvXpXbvv Ghpw
\ DZmlcWamWv "Imp]d IY'. 1989 CtX t]cnep kamlmcnemWv Cu IY
{]knoIcnsXv.
Atacnbnse mt^mUv khIemimebn ]Tnv Cybnepw hntZipw [mcmfw
bm{XsNp sXpn Xs P\mntev aqmas hw hcptmgp HmaIfneqsSbmWv
IY hnIknpXv. IntmSv F ]memS {Kman GImhmkw \bnp Gs\
ImWm\mWv Cu hchv. apv As acWkabpw G\v AkpJambncptmgpw hncpp.
G\pw sXpnsbtmse hntZiv tPmensNbvXncp BfmWv. ]t, hncantijw
P\mntev Xncnphv Hcp Ip{Kman k\ymknsbtmse PohnpIbmbncpp. \Kcns
Xncp]nSn PohnXn \nv {Kmahnipnbntep amamWv IYbpsS {][m\ kqN\sbnepw
a\pjy_sf B[p\nIX F{X AInfpshpw `mcXobamb Zmi\nIt_m[v
Ahsb F{X XncnsSpm\mIpsapw Cu IY hywKyambn kqNnnpp.
tNmZy
]p hjn\ptijap Xs cms bm{Xbn sXpn A\p`hn hyXykvXXI
Fsmw
BZys {]mhiyw tImbq hgn hnam\nemWv sXpn hXv. Av SmIvknmct\mSv
]niIpIbpw hgnSpIbpw sNbvX tijamWv Intmtp hXv. C{]mhiyamIs
t_mws_bn \nv skI v mv ss{S\n SnsSpv km[mcWmcs\tmsebmWv hXv.
\ abpw kulmhpap Pov ss{Uhsdbpw Iqn\p Inn. Pon\pt]mepw IjvSsp
t]mImhp Ipn\nShgnbneqsSbmbncpp bm{X. hgnbnse ImSpIsfms A{]Xyambncpp.
acw shn ImSp \mSmbn amdn. Xs \ncc kmcn\nSbn Hcnepw A\p`hnm
kpJhpw ImgvNbpw B bm{Xbn sXpn A\p`hnpp. AXphsc tIm i_vZ
tIpp.
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sXpnbpsS `mcybmb ^o_nsb hnPb hcnSpsXs\

mt^mUv khIemimebn sXpnbpsS kl]mTnbmbncp AtacnmbmWv ^o_n.
Atacn kwkvImcnse \I Ahfn sXpn Ip. kzX{yambn CSs]Sm\pw
kzImcyX am\nm\pap cv KpW Ah {]ISnnncpp. Xs hnhmlwIgnm
B{Klnpp Fv DZym\n hv BenwK\w sNbvXpsImv Ah Xpdp]dbpIbmbncpp.
kvt\lw ]gIngnXn\m ]ncnbmsa B{Klhpw Ah AtX kzmX{ytmsSbmWv
sXpnsb AdnbnXv. \mn tZhIn F s]Ipnsb Abmmbn amXm]nXm
\nbnpshncpsnepw Atacn s]Ipnsb hnhmlwIgnm Abm
Xocpam\npIbmbncpp. hnhmln\ptijw Ahsf Xdhmn Xmaknnmsa hmp
]menm sXpnv IgnXpan.
""A F\ncpXmsWv s\Wv Hmabptm? B XSnv hbmhWq'' BcpsS
hmpI, k`sav?
sXpntbmSv A ]dbp hmpIfmWnXv . Xm ^o_nsb hnhmlw Ignm
Xocpam\npsh hnhcw hon Adnbntm Atacnmcnv Cu ]gb XdhmSns\
CjvSamIptam Fmbncpp AbpsS B[n. ]t, Ah XdhmSn XmanpIbn F
Adnhv A\pmbncpp. Atlw AXv {]ISnnpIbpw sNbvXp. FhnsS Xmaknmepw Cu
Xdhmntev Ahsf sImphcpsav sXpn amXm]nXmv hmpsImSpp. AbpsS
IpI \ndp. FhnsSbmbmepw As\ t\mptam Fmbncpp AbpsS ASp tNmZyw.
As\ hbpImev t\mm {]m]vXnbp Hcp acpaIsfbmbncpp A B{KlnncpXv.
AI Nmmcnbpw IjI]p{Xnbpamb tZhIn F hmns AYw sXpnv
t_m[yamIpXv ^o_n Xs ssIhnXn\p tijamWv.
sXpnbpsS Gs ]nIme PnhnXw Fs\bpXmbncpp
sXpnbpsS G \yqnb ^nknknmbncpp. PohnXImew apgph \mn \np AIp
\n Abm \nXytcmKnbmb `mcybpsS acWn\ptijw tPmen cmPnshv ]memnse
ae{tZitv Xmakw amm \nbnXv. B Xocpam\s sXpn FXnp. ]phjw
tPmenImew _mnbncnp Hcp imkv{X ]penbpw Imp]nbpw ieysSp Imn
XmaknpsXn\msW sXpnbpsS tNmZyn\v G Cs\ adp]Sn \In
""kaqln\pw IpSpw_n\pw XncnpsImSpm\p IS Hmtcmcppapv. B IS
Fs {]m]vXn\pkrXambn Rm hongnsp tXmpp. C\n F\nv ap Nne
ISmSpIfpv. AXv sImSpp Xocm\mWv Rm Cu aebSnhmcv Xmhfw tXSpXv..."". sXpw
acfpw Irjnbpap ct ev sNdnsbmcp hoSp ]WnXv s]mpkzmansb B{inXs\
AcnsI Xmaknnv GImPohnXw \bnpIbmWv G sNbvXXv. hntZip kzw aI
{ioIpamcs\tmepw Abm Xs hynPohnXhpambn _nnn.
""XkvIcs\ hmaoInbmnb Gs IcpW B Imn \ndp'' sXpnbpsS G
ImWn ]mXbmWv hnPbs IYbpsS icnbmb s]mcp Fv Cu hmIyw kqNnnpp.
icntbm
XymKw, kaNnX, hncn XpSnb Bob aqeyfpsS s]mcpfntemWv sXpn
bYmYn bm{XbmIpXv. cmas bm{Xbn sXpnv Xm kzoIcn hnbpw
AXnse ss{Uh t]mepw kzbtah hncnbpsSbpw kl\nsbpw ]mX kzoIcnXmbn
tXmpp. hon I ISpInt F sXpnbpsS tNmZytmSv G {]XnIcnpXv
s]mnncntbmsSbmWv. \mep shappw \mev taappw cp tXmpw Iptd aItemw
am{Xw D hon I ISntm. I kztX im\mWv, \psS Zpcm{KlfmWv
Ahs\smv tamjWw \SnpXv F XXzhpw G ]Tnnpp. kIe B{Klfn
ae-bmfkmlnXyw 1

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\npw hnapcmIpht PohnXkuJyapmhq F _uNnbntemWv Cu XXzw

\s \bnpXv. G acWtijw Xs hoSpw ]dpw Xs GI Abhmknbmb
s]mpkzmanv \IpXv kzoIcnm t]mepw BZyLn s]mpkzman XmdmImXv
sXpnsb ApXsSppp. thspshm\p t_m[w B{Klfn \nv \s
XSbpw FXn\v DZmlcWamWv s]mpkzman.

5. sI.-B aoc
Hm-bps-S Rcv
aebmfnse {]apJ s]sgppImcn. 1970 sImw Pnbn P\np. sNdpIYbpw t\mhep
XncYbpw FgpXnbnpv. ]{X{]hIbpamWv. BcmNm F t\mh hbem AhmUp
t\Sn. Bth adnb, tamla, Fnh {][m\ IYI. Htc IS F XncYbpsS cN\bnepw
]mfnbmbn.
Xs kmlnXytemIs Ipdnv HmaI \inpt]mb Hcp hr ]pXnb Xeapdbnse
HscgppImcntbmSv kwkmcnpXmWv IY. kv{XobpsS HmaI ]pcpjs\ `bsSppp.
Ahpta A[oiXzw m]nm Ah sNpXv AhfpsS HmaIsf \ntj[npI
FXmWv. hrbmb FgppImcnbpsS HmabpsS Rcv s]mntmbncnpp. Fm
bphXnbmb FgppImcn B Rcv sXcbpIbmWv.
hrbpsS cq]`mh FgppImcn hnhcnpsXs\
Xpcpp]nSn hnPmKncnI CfIpXpt]msebmWv AhcpsS i_vZw. Npnpfn Igpn
hbev \ndap Rcv shphnfnt]mse Dbp\nncpp. Xetbmn ]pdpImWpwhn[w
apSnsbmw sImgnncnpp. Nne hmpI Dcnptm Xs shp]v ]pdtv Xpw.
t\ Nph Icb appw t\tcyXpamWv Ah [cnncpXv. sh ukv ]gwsImv
s]mSnncpp. BsIqSn PohnXn\v thmXmbngnncp Hcp kv{Xobmbncpp AXv.
adhntcmKw _m[nncpXn\m s]mXp IpSpw_mcontepw Ahv ISm ]nbn.
Xs BZy cN\sbpdn hrbpsS Hmasbv
kzmX{yn\p apv htm ]sSp Hcp ktf\nemWv hr BZyambn IhnX
AhXcnnpXv. heypma ]dmWv IhnXsbgpXpXv. A]amsasf XphmSnIfnepw,
I]\m kpaX kuc`yw... Fp XpSpXmbncpp IhnX. IhnX tIv almIhn Xebn
ssIhv A\p{Klnp. kckzXn, kmm kckzXn FmWv Atlw A`n\nXv. B
A`n\hpw A\p{Khpw Cpw hr Hmpp.
`mhns\pdnp hrbpsS kvacWIfn XpSnpsXv
htm ]sSp ktf\n IhnX hmbnmWv Atlw hrbn BIrjvS\mIpXv.
Av AhcpsS {]mbw HXv hbmbncpp. IhnX FgpXp s]Ipnsb IeymWw
IgnWsa B{Klw hon ]pInembn.. s]mbm tNmdpw Idnbp shm\pw s]dm\pw
BWv AdntbXv IhnXsbgpXm\ Fmbncpp Atlns AbpsS A`n{]mbw. ]noSv
Atlw IaypWnv {]h\w \Sn Pbnenembn. av t]cnXpw AtlwXs. hrv
CjvSamb t]cv kmlnXy\mbIcpsSXmbncppshnepw cma F ]pcmWtPXmhns t]cmWv
`mhv \ntZinXv. Atlw ]noSv Fw ]nbmbn. henb cmjv{Sob t\Xmhmbn. Xs
Ulnbntev sImpt]mIm HcpnbXmWv . ]t, AOs Akv X ndbn Xncn
sImfpm\pw ]ipsf t\mm\pw Bfnsp ]dv A apSn. kv{XoI IpSpw_fn
t\cnSp AkzmX{yhpw AhKW\bpamWv Cu HmaIfn XpfppXv. kKmIambpw
cmjv{ Sobambpw kv { XoIp IcppI ]pcpjsbpw hoSnsbpw \n_fn
Icnpt]mIpXn\v DZmlcWamWv hrbpsS PohnXw.
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hr FgpXnb aqp IYI GsXmw. Ahbv hrbpsS PohnXhpambp _sav

`mhv Pbnenemb kabmWv BZy IY FgpXpXv. kzmX{ykacn\pthn Pbnen
t]mIp kv{XosbpdnpXmbncpp B IY. Pbnen \nv hcptm `mhns\ hmbnp
tInm\mbn Ah B IY FSppshp. Fm AXv \Sn. Ulnbntev t]mIm\p
Ahkcw \jvSstmgmWv cmas IY FgpXnbXv. Hcp kmlnXyImcnsbpdnp
IYbmbncpp AXv . Ah IYsbgpXn BWpfpsS t]cv shv ]{XamknIIfntev
AbpsImSppp. IY {]knambn. km\w t\Sn. BfpI At\zjnp honsepp.
hnhcadn `mhv AXv Xm FgpXnbXmsWv ]dv AwKoImcw t\Spp. aqmas
IYbpsS t]cv ZpacWw Fmbncpp. IpcpnSptm Igpnse Hmabnse Rcn
IpcpWsap am{XamWv Ah AXns\pdnv ]dbpXv. ""Rcp sXcpXv, sXnbm
Hmat]mIpw''. Ah \Snb Hcp BlXym{iaspdnp kqN\ B hmIynepv.
kzmX{y kacn ]sSpm\pw IYsbgppImcnbmIm\pw D Hcp kv { XobpsS
B{KlfmWv AhcpsS BZys cp IYIfpw. Ah ]t, ]pcpjm[njvTnX IpSpw_LS\bn
km[yamIpX. F{X ]ptcmKa\hmZnIfmb IpSpw_ambmepw kv{XotbmSp kao]\n
aman Fv Cu IY kqNnnpp.
FgppImcnbmb s]Ipnbpw hrbpw Xnep kam\XIsfsmw
Imew F{X amdnbmepw kKmIXIfp s]ns PohnXw ]pcpjm[n]Xyn\p
IognemsWv Cu IY hyampp. hrtbmSv tNmZy tNmZnpXn\nSbn
hnbtm cmhnse koatcJbnen knqcw hmphogp Hcp cwKw IYbnepv. AXv
Hcp Xpn cwt]mse ssIhncensemn \netv hoWp acnpp. IYbnse bphXnbmb
s]Ipnpw hrbptSXpt]msebp A\p`hfmWpXv. AtXmm ]t Ah
CjvSsSpn. `mhv A[nImctmsS FmWv XncbpXv Fp tNmZnptm Ah
]dbp Dcw HmabpsS Rcv FmWv.

6. hn.-B. kp[ojv
A-h Hcp Ipn Bbn-cp--tm
1961 P\\w. {Iqc^enXmc ssZhw, IY]dbpw IYama, ssZhn\v Hcp ]qhv,
tNmeacmXI, kzmX{yn\p hbmIpp Fnh {][m\ IYI.
ham\ Imev hymP{]WbfpsS Nqen Ipcpn PohnXw Ahkm\nntnhcp
\njvIf IuamcsfbmWv Cu IYbn hn B kp[ojv hcpImpXv. BlXy sNbvX
Hcp s]Ipnsb sSet^m _qnse a[yhbkvI HmpXmbmWv IY
sSet^m _qnsep s]Ipnsbpdn _qnse a[yhbkvIs HmaIsfsmw
BlXy sNbvX Hcp s]Ipnsb sSet^m _qnse a[yhbkvI HmpXmbmWv
IY Bcw`npXv. AhfpsS t]cv Abmdnbn. Po]v ss{Uhdmbncp Imev kvIqfn
t]mbncp Ipnbmb Ahsf I Hma am{Xapv. sSet^m _qnse ncw Iadmbncpp
Ah. tImtfPv hnZymYn\nbmWv. tem tIm hnfnv 24 cq]hsc t]mIpsanepw AXymhiy
hnfnm hm t]mepw Ahsf Abm ieysSpmdn. Fpw Htc \dntemWv Ah
hnfnmdv. ]etmgpw hnbv hnhibmbmWv Ah Iym_n\n \nv ]pdtv hcnI, Nnetm
ASnnSn NncntbmsSbpw. HcpXhW {`mambn Ahsftm ]pepXpw asmcp Znhkw
IcbpXpw Abm Inpv. ASp XhW DIgnv h Ah Hcp aWnqtdmfw
kwkmcnp. adphiv BcmsWdnbm\p BImwbm At\zjntmgmWv sSet^m
_qns adphip ISbntemWv Ah hnfnpsImncnpXv Fv a\nembXv.
AhnsS t\cnv t]mbm t]msc Fv ]noSbm tNmZntm Ahfm _qntep hchv
\ndpn.
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B s]Ipnv FmWv kw`hnXv

]noSv Hcp Znhkw Apds hoUntbm tjmv \Sp Pokn sNdpmcs
ss_n\cnsI Ahsf Ip. Ipdp Znhkp tijw caym sSIvssknse skbnkv
tK an\nbmWv B s]Ipn BlXysNbvX hnhcw ]dXv. ]{Xn AXv henb
hmbmbncpphs{X. Abm AXv Incpn. acn Znhkw DulnsSpv Abm ]{Xw
Xncpt\mn. ImapInsb Igpp sRcnv sIm ImapInbpsSbpw XohnSnbn NnXdnb
s]IpnbpsSbpw hmItf IXpq. t]cdnbmXn\m AXnteXmWv Ahsfp
a\nembn.
Abm ]noSv s]IpnI hnfn \ t\mmXncnm ImcWsamImw
acWs s]Ipnsbpdnp hm hmbnpsImncns s]sv Hcp s]Ipn
_qntev IbdnhcpXv I Abm ]{Xw aSnshp. sXmSp sInSnse hoUntbm
tjmns \dntepXsbmWv Ahfpw hnfnXv . Iym_n\Iv Ah BmZnp
XpfppXpI
Abm
Aednhnfnp.
Ah
t]Snv
\mWbppI
taipdtsdnpsImSpv CdntbmSn. Abmv s\pthZ\ tXmn. ]noSv
_qnte Ibdnh s]Ipn Idnb \ Abm t\mnbtXbn.

7. inlm-_p-o s]mbvpw-I-Shv
cv Ftf--am
IYbn PohnXns t\mhpw `mhhpw sImph B[p\nIm\c IYmImcn {]apJ\mWv
inlm_po s]mbvpwIShv. 1963 Iq Pnbn P\np. sXcsSp IYIv tIcf
kmlnXy AmZan ]pckvImcw e`np. Bpw thm Hcp Iv, Cu, apImew,
IYm]m{Xw hopapv , Ip XebnW Fnh {][m\ cN\I. IhnXIfpw
A\p`hpdnpIfpw FgpXnbnpv.
hoSns\pdnp _mlnkns HmaIsfsmw
]m ]pgscbmbncpp IYbnse \mbIs hoSv. Hcnepw Inm kvt\ls
At\zjnnst]mse hf]Ww ]qgbpsS ssIhgnbnsehnsStbm hv AepXncnv
A\mYambntmb hoXnIpd Hcp ]pg. thWsan tXmsSpw ]dbmw. thentbhpw
thenbndhpw aIsImpmnb B hoSns apwhsc Fpw. tXmntev Nmp\n
sXpIfn \nv hogp DWnb tXI thentbw sImpt]mIpw. ]Icw Hcp
s]mpactam No Hmetbm DWnb hndIpItfm XncnpsImpXcpw.
^mIvSdnsbpdnv Hcp IpdnsgpXpI
]pgsc B hoSn\`napJambn hensbmcp ^mIvSdnbpmbncpp. FmWv AhnsS
D]mZnnncpsXtm FmWv B ^mIvSdn XpSnbsXtm ASp]qnbsXtm Adnbn.
IYm\mbI\mb _mlnkns HmabpsS IpXpdptmtf B Iq I\n ImSp ]nSnv
InSncpp. _mlnkpw A\pP laoZpw AXn\Spsptm t]Snv ]nhmnfbpw.
Iq hnNn{XPohnt]mep I\nsb]n ]e t{]XIYIfpw Dmn _mlnkv laoZns\
t]Snnpw. Ah Ddn ]ehpcp Aednhnfnp Icnpv. imcocnIambn Zp_e\mb
_mlnkv hgmfnbpw BtcmKyhm\pamb laoZns\ tXmnm Isnb hgnbmWv Cu
IYI. ]Ien laoZns a ImbnItijnbn tXmnsSp _mlnkv cm{XnIfnse
Ahs \nehnfnpthnbmWv Cu IYI ]SphnXv. Zp_e\v IbdnnSmhp
HcnSamWv Nnetm IY FmWv IYmImc CXns\ hntijnnpXv. hfsc Imep
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tijamWv _mlnkn\v a\nembXv , AsXmcp km[mcW ^mIv S dnbmbncppshv .

em`sampanmXncp Imev cp ktlmZc B I\n GsSpp. nc ]cn{iawsImv
I\n ]]nSnp. tImSoizcmcmb AhcpsS a Xn Xn. AXnsemcm
^mIvSdnIpshv Iptv acnp. AtXmsS Hcp {]iv\_m[nX {]tZiambn BfpI AXns\
ImWm XpSn. b{w \nep. Bscnepw {]iv\w Xopw FpIcpXn Imncnpw
t]msebmWv ^mIvSdn. Bcpatmv Xncnpt\mmXmbn.
BscmamWv cv Ffmam. ImZsdfm K^n t]mbsXs\
DSndv Fp]dbm _mlnkns Dmv Hcp s]sfmsX amcpan. ]ns hon hcpXv
cv FtfamcmWv. Dms A\pPs\bmWv Ftf Fv km[mcWbmbn hnfnmdpsXnepw
cpt]cpw hfsc AI apWnbm am{Xambncpp. ]t, Dmv ap
_psfmpanmXn\m B iq\yXnbntev IpnI Chsc Ffmamcmbn
{]XnjvTnpIbmbncpp. sambvXos\fmbpw ImZ Ffmbpw. Hcm Hmw mnepw atbm
Anepw ]Tnp \ndpn. tXmphncpv hmintbmsS Xmbw IfnpIIbmWv cmfpsSbpw
{][m\ ]Wn. ImZsdfmmv ]bwshv Ifnm\mWv B{Klsanepw AXn\pam{Xw ]Wsampw
ssIbnen. sambvXos\fm Ifn Ifnpsanepw Ftmgpw PbnpXv ImZsdfmbmWv.
IfnIgnv oWnv hcptm sNdnsbmcp Inn ]cnnbn tX Nnchnbnv hneyp
cpt]pw sImSppw. tdj jmnse ]cnbmWv Av GI B{ibw. Cs\ Ifnv t\cw
IfbmsX h ]Wnpw t]mbv qsS Fv heyp Ahsc imknpw. \psS \mn
]Wnbnspw I temn\v t]jybnseWsapw BWv sambvXo FfmbpsS B{Klw.
B{Klwt]mse Atlw Itemn Ibdn t]jybnsen. t]mIpwapv _mlnkns Dsb
sInnSnv Icp. JmZsdfmmbpsS tPmenmcywIqSn {inWsav D Hmannp.
\nsfms Fm hnNmcnXv aSc _kmdnte Hm t]mbXv. _ldns Ascbm
BcpsS hmIyamWnXv, k`sav.
t]jybntesp ]dv t]mbn amkfmbnpw sambvXos\fmbpsS hnhcsfmpw
ImWmsX D hnjanp. knwK]qcn IhSw sNbvXv ]Wmc\mbn s]mns ]pshncp
] lmPn F taanlmPntbmSv hnjaw ]dtm Atlw]dXmWv Cu hmIy. Hcp
Znhkw DbpsS apdpm ISbntev t]mpam Ipamtc Ibdnhv sambvXo FfmbpsS
Hcp Iv \In. honsenb DSs\ as hnfns Nphnencpv AhcXv hmbnp.
hnNn{Xamb mpw kpKhpap B In _mlnkns\ ]nbpw FgpXnbnpv. Atn\v
tPmenbp hnhcw IpSpw_n\v AtXmsS a\nembn. adp]Snbn ImZsdfmmsb
sImpt]mIp Imcyw D Hmannp. DSs\ icnbmIpw F ]hnbmWv XpSp Fm
IpIfpapmbncpXv. ImZsdfm BtcmSpw ]dbmsX HcpZn\w \mSphnp. t_mws_bnsen
temptIdm {ianpXmbn hnhchpw Inn. ]pgcbnse Dqfn (Xmbw Ifnp ]eI)
AtXmsS A\mYambn.
ImZsdfmsbpdn _mlnkns HmaIsfsmw
_mlnkv ]mwmn Fnb kabv Dms ]oSnIp apn Hcp emw_{S HmtmdnXv
hp\np. AXn \nndnb BsfIv Dmv hnizknm\mbn. BfmsI XSnncnpp.
ImepI Akmam\yambn shfpncnpp. sambvXos\fmbmWv. Ahkm\ambn Ab In
htpw Ft Dmbncppq. Ccphcpw ]ckv]cw Gsdt\cw Hpw ]dbmsX ]pWp\np.
Av D ]oSnI t\cs ASp. AhcpsS aIhoSn\papn Xqnb as hnfn\p
apn {]tXyIw CpsImSp Itkcbnencpv K^nse ham\ ]dp. AhnSs
NqSv, XWpv, Ad_nIfpsS kvt\lw, Ism acp`qan, Np aWmSnpt ]gpp
Cugw, tJm^pm Ipn\cnIn ]tamcn Cdnbtm Onp hiw sIXv, temv
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ISen adnv \mtXmfw t] acnXv ..... AIs InfnhmXnen\p ]ndIn _mlnkv

IuXpItmsS Fmw tIppmbncpp. _mlnkns\ hnfnv \qdns t\mv t]mnenv
Ffm ]dp "" \mbn ]TnWw, ]Xns\mbm ]mkvtmv FSpWw, Cu \mn
Npnncnnv Imcyan'' CXp tItm _mlnkns a\n Bbncw XmacI hnSp
FmWv IYmIrv ]dbpXv . JmZsdfmtbmSv Imncnm ]dXv \ hnk
Inm\mbncpspw Ctmfh Zp_mbnsehnsStbm Dspw IjvSmSmsWpw sambvXos\fm
]nosSgpXnb In Dmbncpp. sambnXos\fmntm IenemWv tPmen. htmgpta
XocWbq. AXn\m JmZdns\ At\zjnms\mnn. \ \nebnemb sambvXos\fm ]noSv
hcptmsgms _mlnkns\ K^n sImpt]mhp Imcyhpw DbpsS Zmcn{Zyn\v AdpXn
hcpp Imcyhpw ]dbpsamsX Imcyamb klmbsampw sNbvXn.
AhW s]cpm ]s Zpc ]cyhkmbnbmbn Fv IYmIrv ]dbpssXp sImv?
_mlnkn\pw Xmsgbp aqv A\pPmpw sambXos\fm sImSpXv HpWnbmbncpp.
I takvXncn Xpnb Ipmbw henb ]cnlmknepw ASn]nSnbnepw Ahkm\np FmWv
IYmIrv ]dbpXv. s]cpm \nkvI mcn\v _mlnkpw A\pPmcpw ]nbntev
t]mIptmtg ]n tISv tXmnbmXmWv. \v kpsseam\mWv BZyw IfnbmnbXv. apdpm
IS aqnms (_mlnkns DbmWv aqn) anendn CXm hcpp. Htc bqWnt^mw.
s]cpm \nkvmcw IgnXpw _mlnkpw A\nbmcpw ]e hgnv BWv aSnbXv. Fnpw
A\pP laoZns\ _mlnkv ]ehw Ipapn. tZjyw kln shmsX Ah Hscm BmWv.
\osbn\m Rm t]mIpnSsms hcpXv BfpIfv IfnbmmWv Ahs ASnbn
_mlnkns Ihn hop. Hmcw s]cpm. CXmWv Zpc]cyhkmbnbmb s]cpm
Fv IYmIrv ]dbpXv.
ImZsdfmv ]nosSv kw`hnp
\mn ]e amfpw hp. DdIpnb acmens XqWpI Xmn \np ]oSnII
t]mbn ]pXnb tIm{Iov sInS Hsmmbn ApXtmsS {]thinp. IpnpI
Imnncnp ahbepIsf Poht\msS Ipgnp aqSn. _oUn sXdpp sNnn AlZpw
\p kpsseam\pw hsc K^ntev ]dp. \mSns k amfn \npw thdnv Hp
am{Xw amfnmsX \np. Dbpw DbpsS apdpm ISbpw. JmZsdfmsb ]n IYI
am{Xw \mnsen. A_pZm_n apk^bnepv, tZcm Zp_mbnepv, Ad_nbpsS NmXn, ^Wo
ISbnse takvXncn, Ad_n ]mcokntep t]mIptm Xmtmtenp B. Fmw
JmZsdfm \nb{npp. ]s cm{Xnbn Xmbw Ifnm appw. eWn\p Znlw
apopIfn sImpt]mbn. ]mcokn \np hv Ad_n PbneneSp. Ctm ]pdndn Fp
tIpp. tPmenbpw IqenbpanmsX hSn a\pjysc JmZsdfm klmbnncpp. ]s
Ctm ]cnNbmscms Hgnp \SpIbmWv.
tambvXo Ffmmv F{X{iannpw FgpXmXncnm Ignbm hmIy In thdnp
\nncpp IYmIrns Cu {]kvXmh\bpsS s]mcpsfv.
sambvXos\fm Hcp Znlw IqSn tNmp t]mImsX \mntev ]Wabv kzpsfms
hmnqn. \ncphnepb tIm{Iov sInSsfms aqcptSXmsWv ]ecpw
]ddnp. sambXos\fm \mnseptm hn{ianWsav tXmptm _mlnkns
Ipcbnsepw. bmsXmcp Almchpanm a\pjy, Abm ]dbpw.
tImSoizc\msWnepw Fsmcp emfnXyw. laoZv ]dp. ""CXns t]cv emfnXysa, Ams\
IfnbmemWv. A\p`hnpw."" A\p`hnp. hns hnebdnbmsX ]Wns D]tbmKadnbmsX
a [mcmfnIfmbn. sambvXos\fm adpsh Al a Dhamn s]mSns]mSnp.
HSphn Adp]Xmas hbn Xncnsptm afpw `mcybpw Fmw
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ssIbSngnncpp. tcmKnbmb Abmsf Ah hon \np ]pdmn. D Bsfhnv

sambnXos\fmssb _mlnkns hontev Iqnsmphp. laoZv hminpdv kzambn
hnkkwLSnnv K^nsen. A[zm\nv tPyjvT _mlnkns\bpw K^ntev sImpt]mbn.
tcmKnbmb ImZsdfmsb K^n shv Isnb _mlnkv \mntev hnam\w Ibn. cp
Ffmamcpw hopw Ddv XmbwIfn XpSn. Ahp sNehv _mlnkv _mntebp.
tcmKnbmb DbpsS a\v \ndp. IYbpsS HSphn _mlnkn\p In sambvXos\fm
Cs\ Ipdnncpp. ]ns Fs{Xbpw ss]kbpsS Bhiyw ImZdn\nhnsS CmXn\m
Ah\v AqdpdpnI Ipdv Abm aXn. ss]k Iam\w IfbmsX kqnv shWw.
F{X A\p`hfpmbnpw ]Wnt\mSp ImgvN mSv a\pjy\v amdpn FmWnXv
ImWnpXv

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