BRAKES

IN
AUTOMOBILE

BRAKES:
BRAKES ARE DESIGNED TO SLOW
DOWN OUR VEHICLE.
KINETIC ENERGY GETS CONVERTED
INTO THERMAL ENERGY.

TYPES:
BICYCLE WHEEL BRAKES
DRUM BRAKES
DISC BRAKES

BICYCLE BRAKES:
THE MOST BASIC TYPE OF BRAKES.

DRUM BRAKES:

Two semicircular brake shoes sit inside a spinning

drum which is attached to the wheel. On applying
the brakes, the shoes are expanded outwards to
press against the inside of the drum.

SINGLE LEADING
EDGE DRUM BRAKE

DOUBLE LEADING
EDGE DRUM BRAKE

Single leading edge drum brake in a car.

DISC BRAKE:

Brake shoes calipers

Drum - rotor

COMPONENTS OF DISC BRAKE :

TYPES OF ROTOR:

FLOATING ROTOR:

USE OF ABS WHILE TAKING

A TURN ON A SLIPPERY
ROAD.

AUTOMOBILE
SUSPENSION

SUSPENSIONS:
SYSTEM OF SPRINGS ,SHOCK ABSORBERS
AND LINKAGES.

PURPOSE:
COMFORT
CONTACT
CONTROL

SPRINGS:
COILED SPRING
TORSIONAL BARS
LEAF SPRING

DAMPERS(SHOCK ABSORBERS):
ENERGY DISSIPATION UNIT
REACTS TO VELOCITY

TYPES OF SUSPENSION:
1)DEPENDENT SUSPENSION:
Suspension systems are
physically linked.
2)INDEPENDENT SUSPENSION:
So-named because the
suspension systems are independent
of each other (except where joined by
an anti-roll bar).

DEPENDENT SUSPENSION:
SOLID AXLE SUSPENSION

Solid axle leaf spring

Used in trucks (heavy weight
vehicle)

Solid axle Coil spring

(Used in light weight cars)

INDEPENDENT SUSPENSION:
MACPHERSON STRUT:
Basically comprises of a struttype spring and shock absorber
combo, which pivots on a ball joint
on the single, lower arm.

DOUBLE WISHBONE:

Coil Spring
High travel

Transverse leaf spring

High Ground clearance

Multilink Spring

 TRAILING ARM:
A shaped suspension arm
is joined at the front to
the chassis, allowing the
rear to swing up and
down.

Trailing arm Need longer

longitudinal space.

 TWIN I-BEAM SUSPENSIONS:

The beam is split in two
and mounted offset
from the centre of the
chassis, one section for
each side of the
suspension. The trailing
arms are actually
(technically) leading
arms and the steering
gear is mounted in front
of the suspension setup.

AUTOMOBILE
STEERING

STEERING:
COLLECTION OF GEARS AND
LINKAGE USED TO CONTOL THE
DIRECTION OF VEHICLES
MOTION.

TURNING OF VEHICLE: IN
ACKERMANN STEERING GEOMETRY

ACKERMAN STEERING
GEOMETRY:
SIDEWAYS SLIPING OF TYRES IS PREVENTED
AROUND A CURVE.

CLASSIFICATION OF STEERING
SYSTEM:

MANUAL STEERING
POWER STEERING
o Hydraulic
o Electronic

MANUAL STEERING:
1) PITMAN ARM TYPE

STEERING BOXES USED:

1)WORM AND SECTOR

2)WORM AND ROLLER

3)RECIRCULATING BALL

4) CAM AND LEVER

2)RACK AND PINION

STEERING PARTS IN RACK AND PINION

ARRANGEMENTS

STEERING RATIOS:
DEGREES

TURNED AT STEERING WHEEL : DEGREES FRONT WHEEL GET

DEFLECTED

FOR

MODERN CARS

20:1 TO

15:1

FOR

RACING CARS

CLOSER TO 1:1

FOUR WHEEL STEERING

(ACTIVE FOUR WHEEL STEERING)
INPROVES

STEERING RESPONSE.

INCREASES

VEHICLE STABILITY AT HIGH SPEEDS.

DECREASE

TURNING RADIUS AT LOW SPEED.

AT LOW

AT HIGH

SPEED

SPEED

POWER STEERING:
HYDRAULIC POWER STEERING SYSTEM
COMPONENTS:
CONTROL VALVE ASSEMBLY
A POWER STEERING
FLUID RESERVOIR
CONNECTING HOSES
A HYDRAULIC PUMP

ELECTRONIC STEERING:
TORQUE SENSOR
ELECTRONIC CONTROL MODULE
ELECTRIC MOTOR

HYDRAULIC POWER STEERING:

HYDRAULIC PUMP:

HYDRAULIC STEERING:
1 HYDRAULIC ROTARY VALVE
2 PINION GEAR
3 HYDRAULIC PRESSURE/RETURN LINES
4 HYDRAULIC PISTON
5 RACK HOUSING

ELECTRIC POWER STEERING:

VEHICLE DYNAMICS AND

STEERING:
UNDERSTEER

 OVERSTEER

 COUNTERSTEER