Tinh Hoa Triet Hoc Phat Giao

Tinh hoa Trit hc Pht gio
JUNJIRO TAKAKUSU
TINH HOA
TRIT HC PHT GIO
THE ESSENTIALS OF BUDDHIST PHILOSOPHY
Ngi dch
TU S
NH XUT BN PHNG NG
GII THIU
Nhan xut bn ln th nht do Ban Tu th Vin i hc
Vn Hnh l Cc Tng phi ca o Pht. l nhan
ca tp gio trnh lm ti liu cho sinh vin nghin cu Pht
hoc. Nguyn ca sch l The Essentials of Buddhist
Philosophy m ln ti bn ny s gi nguyn, dch theo
ting Vit l Tinh hoa Trit hc Pht gio. Nguyn ca
sch ni r mc ch ca tc gi khi vit sch. Nh ng
t gii thiu trong chng dn nhp, ng trnh by trit hc
Pht gio theo xu hng h thng. Mi tng phi i din
cho mt xu hng c sc.
Tuy nhin, ni dung sch c gii hn ca n. l ch gii
hn trong cc xu hng Pht hc Trung hoa v Nht bn.
Tt nhin tc gi cng c cp n nn tng nguyn thy
ca mi h t tng. Theo bn ca tc gi, thnh tu ca
trit hc Pht gio Trung hoa, v s pht trin ca n sang
Nht bn, nh l nh cao tng hp cc xu hng Pht gio
t trc xut hin ti n.
V tc gi, nhng ngi nghin cu Pht hc qua tham
kho Hn tng u bit n ng trong s bin tp v san nh
b i Chnh tn tu i tng kinh, 100 quyn. y l kho
tng vn hin Pht gio v i nht ca th gii cn truyn
n ngy nay.
Tc phm ny c xem l cng trnh tp hp ca ng sut
c cuc i nghin cu Pht hc. Hu ht cc chng u
t ti liu m ng chun b Tokyo din ging trong
mt lot cc bui ging ti Vin i hc Hawaii khi ng
TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO
c Vin ny mi lm Gio s bit thnh, ging kha

1938-1939. Nm 1939, mt cuc hi tho ca cc nh Trit
hc ng Ty hp ti Vin i hc Hawaii, sch ca ng
c chn lm vn bn tho lun. Kt qu hi tho c
gii thiu trong tp ch Trit hc ng-Ty, xut bn nm
1944 do Ban Tu th Vin i hc Princeton.
Bn dch Vit ti bn ln ny c duyt li, c thay i v
sa cha nhiu ch. gip ngi hc c thm ti liu
tham kho cc vn lin h, thnh thong ngi dch thm
ch thch, ngoi cc ch thch ca chnh tc gi. Nhng ch
thch thm ca ngi dch u c ghi TS.
Ngoi cng trnh cng hin cho b i Chnh Tn tu i
tng kinh, v tc phm ny, ng cn vit v dch nhiu tc
phm Pht hc khc na nh c lit k di y:
V bin tp:
i Chnh Tn tu i tng kinh,
100 tp.
The Pli Samanta-psdik, bn tp (chung vi
Nagai). n bn Pli ca Lut Thin kin t-b-sa.
Nam truyn i tng kinh, bn dch
ting Nht ca Tam tng Pli gm c cc s gii.
Hbgirin, dictionaire encyclopdique du bouddhisme
d aprs les sources chinoises et japonaises (
Php bo ngha lm), ba tp, gm mt bn tng b (vi Sl.
Lvi).
The kuntala, kch Sanskrit ca Klidsa.
i Nht bn Pht gio ton th,
160 tp (vi Shinky Mochizuki v Seigai Omura).
6
GII THIU
Tc phm:
Ba-l ng Pht gio hc ging bn,
vn hc Pht gio Pli.
n Pht trit hc tng gio s,
chung vi Kimura.
Chiu ha Php bo tng mc lc,
ba tp.
n Pht gio s tch t tht.
The Date of Vasubandhu, the Great Buddhist
Philosophe, Indian Study in Honor of Charles Rockwell
Lanman.
Phin dch:
A Record of the Buddhist Religion as practised in
India and Malay Archipelago (671-695 stl.), bi Ngha
Tnh ( Ngha Tnh, Nam hi k quy
truyn).
Amityur Dhyna-tra (The Stra of the Meditation on
Amitayus) (The Sacred Book of the East, Vol. XLIX).
Qun V Lng Th kinh.
The Life of Vasubandhu by Paramrtha (Toung
Pao).
The Abhidharma Litterature of the Sarvstivdin
(Journal of the Pli Text Society, 1905).
Bn dch ting Nht 108
Upanishads, chn tp (chung vi nhiu ngi).
Bc-gi-Phn-ca, bn dch ting Nht

Bhagavad-gt.
n c thnh ca bn dch ting Nht
Rig-veda.
Le voyage de Kanshin en Orient (724-754), Aomino Mabito Genkai (779) B.E.F.E.O., t. XXVIII et XXIX).
Qu Hi i s ng chinh truyn.
Th ngn am,
Pl. 2547, Qu mi, ng.
Tu S
MC LC
GII THIU .......................................................................................... 5
CHNG I DN NHP..................................................................... 13
1. Trnh by Pht gio bng cch no? ........................................... 13
2. Pht gio trong lch s Trung hoa............................................... 18
3. Nht bn, mi trng ca i tha Pht gio.............................. 21
4. H thng trit hc Pht gio Nht bn. ....................................... 22
CHNG II BI CNH N ....................................................... 27
1. Pht gio n . ......................................................................... 27
2. c Pht, t tng gia uyn thm .............................................. 29
3. T ng l g? ............................................................................... 32
4. L tng ca Pht gio ............................................................... 34
5. Thnh l g? o l g? .......................................................... 36
CHNG III NHNG NGUYN L CN BN TRONG TRIT
HC PHT GIO ............................................................................... 41
1. Nguyn l duyn khi................................................................. 41
a. Nghip cm duyn khi ........................................................... 42
b. A-li-da duyn khi ................................................................. 51
c. Chn nh duyn khi............................................................... 53
d. Php gii duyn khi............................................................... 56
2. Nguyn l tt nh v bt nh.................................................... 58
3. Nguyn l tng dung ............................................................... 62
4. Nguyn l nh thc .................................................................... 64
5. Nguyn l vin dung................................................................... 67
6. Nguyn l nit bn hay gii thot vin mn .............................. 68
a. Thnh in khng vn t ......................................................... 70
b. Thnh tng khng t v......................................................... 71
CHNG IV CU-X TNG (ABHIDHARMA-KOA)............... 81
1. Cng yu .................................................................................. 81
2. Lch s ........................................................................................ 89
3. Trit l ........................................................................................ 93
4. Tm tt...................................................................................... 106
CHNG V THNH THT TNG ............................................... 113
1. Cng yu ................................................................................ 113
2. Lch s ...................................................................................... 114

3. Trit l ......................................................................................116
CHNG VI PHP TNG TNG ...............................................123
1. Cng yu ................................................................................123
2. Lch s ......................................................................................124
a. Nhip lun tng (Sagraha), ................................................124
b. Php tng tng (Dharmalakaa, Hosso)...........................128
3.Trit l .......................................................................................131
CHNG VII TAM LUN TNG ..................................................147
1. Cng yu ................................................................................147
2. Lch s ......................................................................................150
3. Trit l ......................................................................................154
4. Tm tt......................................................................................163
CHNG VIII HOA NGHIM TNG ............................................165
1. Cng yu ................................................................................165
2. Lch s ......................................................................................167
3. Trit l ......................................................................................172
CHNG IX THIN THAI TNG..................................................191
1. Cng yu ................................................................................191
2. Lch s ......................................................................................194
3. Trit l ......................................................................................198
CHNG X CHN NGN TNG..................................................213
1. Cng yu ................................................................................213
2. Lch s ......................................................................................216
3. Trit l. .....................................................................................220
CHNG XI THIN TNG ............................................................237
1. Cc tng phi Pht gio thi Lim thng (1180-1335) ..........237
2. Cng yu ................................................................................239
3. Lch s ......................................................................................241
a. Nh lai thin........................................................................241
b. Ch .........................................................................................242
c. Qun ......................................................................................243
d. T s thin............................................................................244
e. Thin Nht bn ....................................................................246
4. Trit l v tn gio....................................................................248
CHNG XII TNH TNG.....................................................253
1. Cng yu ................................................................................253
2. Lch s ......................................................................................255
10
MC LC
3. Trit l v tn gio.................................................................... 260
CHNG XIII NHT LIN TNG................................................. 267
1. Cng yu ................................................................................ 267
2. Lch s ...................................................................................... 270
3. Trit l v tn gio.................................................................... 274
CHNG XIV TN LUT TNG.................................................. 279
1. Cng yu ................................................................................ 279
2. Lch s ...................................................................................... 282
3. Trit l v tn gio.................................................................... 285
KT LUN ........................................................................................ 289
BNG T VNG PHN-VIT-HN ..................................................I
SCH DN ................................................................................ XXVIII
11
CHNG I
DN NHP
1. TRNH BY PHT GIO BNG CCH NO?
Ging lun v trit hc Pht gio thng c bt u vi
trit hc ca Pht gio n , v v phng din ny, theo
du s pht trin ca t tng Pht gio n , ni m n
hng thnh sut 1500 nm, l iu quan trng. Nhng
nn nh rng, trc khi o Pht suy vi ti n vo th k
th XI, th nhng pht trin a dng ca n cng lan
truyn xa sang cc nc khc. Tiu tha Pht gio
(Hinayna), ch trng gii thot c nhn, tip tc pht trin
ti Tch lan, Min in, Thi lan v Cam bt. Pht gio Mt
tng hay Pht gio b truyn pht trin thnh Lt-ma
gio (Lamaism) ti Ty tng. i tha Pht gio
(Mahyna), ch trng gii thot ton th, hng pht ti
Trung hoa, l ni m nhng nghin cu Pht hc tin
nhng bc rt di v nhng t tng khc nhau trong cc
tng phi i tha c h thng ha.
Tuy nhin, Nht bn, tng th ca Pht gio c bo tr
- tt c cc hc thuyt ca cc trng phi Tiu tha ln
i tha. Tuy Tiu tha Pht gio hin nay khng tn ti
Nht bn nh mt tn ngng nng ng; nhng cc gio
ngha ca n vn c cc hc gi Pht gio nghin cu.
Mt gio (N. Mikky) , m chng ta c th nh danh
l Hc thuyt B truyn (Esoteric Doctrine) hay Ch ngha
Thn b (Mysticism), c gii thiu y Nht bn bi
Thai Mt hay ch ngha huyn b ca Thin thai (Tendai)
v ng Mt hay ch ngha huyn b ca ng t (N.

Tji) . im m ch ngha huyn b Nht bn c th t
ho l n khng cha ng nhng yu t dung tc nh
ng iu ca n ti cc nc khc, m lp cc trn c s
trit hc vng chc.
Nhng tng phi pht trin mnh nht ti Trung hoa l Hoa
nghim (N. Kegon) v Thin thai (N. Tendai). Khi
Thin tng (Zen) thm vo vi hai tng ny, c ba i biu
cho nh cao pht trin ca Pht gio. Ba tng phi ny
hng thnh ti Trung hoa mt thi ri suy vi, nhng ti
Nht bn, c ba vn tn ti trong cc tn ngng ca qun
chng cng nh trong nhng nghin cu hn lm.
Mt hnh thc kh mi ca Pht gio l ch ngha sng tn
Di-d (Amita-pietism). Tng phi ny kh ph bin ti
Trung hoa, Ty tng, Mng c, Mn chu v Vit nam.1
Nhng hng thnh nht l Nht bn, ni c hn phn
na dn s tin theo.
Theo , ti tin rng, con ng duy nht trnh by ton
b trit l ca o Pht vi mi tng phi d bit ca n l
thit lp mt bng tot yu v Pht gio Nht bn. Chnh
ti Nht m ton b vn hin ca Pht gio, tc Tam tng
(Tripitaka), c tn tr v c kho cu n.
Tam tng kinh in,2 ct yu l bn Hn dch, c a
vo Nht bn, t Trung hoa, vo cc thi i ng (618907) v Tng (960-1279). By gi gm c 5.048 quyn, tt
1
Annam trong nguyn bn. DG

i tng kinh . y l nn tng ca vn hin Pht gio, bao
gm ba phn b v gio ngha ca Pht gio: cc bi php ca Pht; k
lut tu o; cc lun thuyt trit hc.
2
14
CHNG I. DN NHP
c u c tn tr ti Nht bn, trong khi mt s b tht

lc Trung hoa. Ti Nht, Vn hin Tam tng c n
hnh ti thiu bn ln, mi ln n hnh u c b sung
nhiu quyn mi. Gn y, ti chu trch nhim hon tt n
bn mi nht, tp hp cc bn bin tp ca Trung hoa v
Triu tin cng nh nhng bn va c tm thy ti Trung
v Nht bn; mt cng trnh ko di mi ba nm gm
13.520 quyn, chia lm 100 tp mi tp 1.000 trang.3
Cng khng my cn thit phi m t v s t vin Nht
bn, vn l nhng trung tm hc Pht. Nhng ti phi ghi
nhn rng c su vin i hc mnh trc thuc Pht gio
chn trit hc Pht gio lm b mn chnh yu cho hc
trnh. Ngoi ra, cn nhiu hc vin (college) v cc trng
s di s bo tr Pht gio. Trit hc Pht gio, Sanskrit
v Pli c ging dy trong nm vin i hc ca
chnh ph.
Trong bn nghin cu trit hc Pht gio hin ti, ch
khng c trnh by theo tin trnh lch s ca n, m l
theo tin trnh thc h. Tin trnh thc h khng c
ngha l mt tin trnh trong s pht trin ca cc nim,
m ng hn l h thng ha t tng ca cc tng phi d
bit, mc ch l tip cn d dng hn.
Do bi cch tip cn ring bit ca ti v ti, ti s trnh
by mt bng phn loi t tng Pht gio, khc vi bng
ca gio s Schertbatsky vn trnh by v cng t m v
Taish Shinsh Daiky i Chnh tn tu i tng

kinh (n bn Taish ca Tam tng Hn vn). Bin tp bi J. Takakusu,
K. Watanabe, v G. Ono. 100 tp. Tokyo, 1929. Cc dn chng trong
sch ny ghi l Taish. (hoc n gin: T. - TS)
15
cc nim Pht gio trong quyn Lun l hc Pht gio4

ca ng. ng phn chia lch s Pht gio trong 1.500 nm
u lm 3 thi k, mi thi k l 500 nm, k t nm 500
trc ty lch, nh sau:
S k
a nguyn lun
Pudgala-nyat
Nhn khng
Trung k
Nht nguyn lun
Sarvadharmanyat
Nht thit Php khng
Hu k
Duy tm lun
Bhya-artha-nyat
Ngoi cnh khng
Trong bng ny, Gio s Schertbatsky c nu r cc tng

phi cc oan v trung dung ca mi thi k.
V mt lch s, bng ca Gio s kh xc ng, v ti lu
5
s kin hng khi Duy thc lun ca V Trc (Asaga)
v Th Thn (Vasubandhu), phn ng li Khng lun ca
6
Long Th (Ngrjuna). Tuy nhin, v khng th t Khng
7
lun ca Ha-l Bt-man (Harivarman) sau Long Th, nn
ti t lp mt biu sau y, vi nh i t tng v i
lun s Th Thn nh l khi im cho s pht trin t
tng Pht gio (xem trang bn):
Th. Stcherbatsky: Buddhist Logic, 2 tp (Bibliotheo Buddhica Vol.

XXVI). Leningrad, 1932; Vol. I, p. 14.
5
V Trc (Asaga) khong 410 500 TL.; Th Thn
(Vasubandhu) khong 420 500 TL.
6
Long Th (Ngrjuna) khong 100 200 TL. Xem ct 4 biu
sau y.
7
Ha-l-bt-ma (Harivarman) , dch: S T Khi
khong 250 350 TL. Xem ct 2 biu km theo.
16
CHNG I. DN NHP
17
Theo biu ca ti, Ngrjuna (Long Th), trit gia sm

nht ca trit hc Pht gio, c t sau Harivarman v
Vasubandhu, nh c th thy trong bng. Tuy nhin, khi
cn t s pht trin ca cc nim vo mt mu thc gin
n, th s khng nht tr nh th khng th trnh. Trung
hoa, khi mt ging s dn thn vo nhng nghin cu trit
hc, ng thng khng my lu tm kha cnh lch s ca
cc quan nim, m i thng vo t bin ca th trit hc
no hp dn ng. V vy, khng ch li g nhiu khi nghin
cu cc quan nim Pht hc theo tin trnh lch s.
2. PHT GIO TRONG LCH S TRUNG HOA
Lch s cc hot ng ca Pht gio ti Trung hoa bao qut
trong khong 1.200 nm (67-1271 stl.), v trn thc t,
c ng nht vi lch s phin dch Pht in Trung hoa.
Trong khong thi gian ny, 173 v s n v Trung hoa
dng hin trn i cho cng cuc phin dch cng phu,
v kt qu l vn hin v i ca Hn dch i Tng Kinh.
Nhng nghin cu tng tn v cc bn kinh dch ny c
tip ni v nhiu hc phi v t tng hay h phi tn gio
c thnh lp. Chng ta c th trch ra nhng tng phi
ng ch nht (trong s mi bn tng phi tt c) cho
mc ch y. Hu ht cc phi ny c truyn vo
Nht bn. Nhng chng ta khng phi bn tm tng thut
chi li y, v s tr li vn ny khi tm hiu trit thuyt
ca mi phi.
Tuy nhin, cn nh rng, i Ty (518-618) v i ng
(618-907) l thi k m cc tng mn phi bit c kin
ton; v cc hc phi ny c thit lp hay khi sng thi
i trc do cc nhn vt ti nng tng phin dch hay
gii thiu cc bn vn. Vy by gi, chng ta kho st danh
18
CHNG I. DN NHP
sch cc tng phi ny c thit lp v kin ton trn t

Trung hoa. Danh sch ny ch r s pht trin rng ln v
s h thng ho Pht gio ti Trung hoa.
DANH SCH CC TNG PHI TRUNG HOA8
Ty Tn
265-317
ng Tn
317-420
Bc
Lng
8
A. Sng lp [trc Ty &

ng, 67-581]
1.
T-m tng
[Abhidharma]
Hinayana
Hu tng
Dch: Sanghadeva [383390]
2.
Thnh tht tng
[Satyasiddhi]
Hinayana Sautranta
Khng tng
Dch: Kumarajiva [417417]
3.
Tam lun tng........
[Mdhyamika]
Mahayana
Ch ngha ph nh
Sng lp: Tng Triu, mn
ca La-thp, dch
khong 384-414.
4.
Lut tng
[Vinaya ]
Hinayana
Sng lp: Hu Quang, mn
ca La-thp, dch
khong 402-421.
5.
Nit bn tng
Mahayana
B. Hon thin [trong thi

Ty & ng, 581-907]
Tam lun tng

Mdhyamika
Ch ngha ph nh, c
h thng ha bi Ct Tng,
549-623
Lut tng
Lut Dharmagupta
Hon thin bi o
Tuyn
596-667.
11. Thin Thai tng
Mahayana
Nhng tng c in m c truyn vo Nht bn.
19

397-439
Tnh tng
Dch: Dharmaraksa [423]
Bc Ngy
386-535
6.
ng
Ngy
386-535
Ty Ngy
535-557
Nam
Lng
502-557
Trn
557-589
a lun tng
[Dabhumi]
Mahayana
Duy tm lun
Dch: Bodhiruci [kh 508]
Tnh tng........
[Sukhavati]
Mahayana
Tn tng
Dch: Bodhiruci [kh 529]
Lp: m Loan, 467-524.
8.
Thin tng
[Dhyana]
Mahayana
Qun tng
Sng lp: Bodhidharma
khong 470-534.
7.
9.
Nhip lun tng

[Mahayanasangraha]
Mahayana
Duy tm lun
Dch: Paramartha, kh. 563
Cu-x tng
[Abhidharmakosa]
Hinayana
Thc hu (Realistic)
Nh mc 1 trn
Dch: Paramartha, 563-567
10.
[Pundarika, Php hoa]

Tng tng, hon thin bi
Tr Khi, 531-597.
12. Hoa Nghim tng
Avatamsaka
Mahayana
Ton th lun, hon thin
bi Php Tng
[7]. Tnh tng
[Sukhavati]
Mahayana
Tn tng
Ch ngha sng tn A-di-
hon thin bi Thin o.
[8] Thin tng
Mahayana.
Qun tng
H thng t duy pht trin
bi Hu Nng [638-713],
Bc phi, v bi Thn T
[605-706], Nam phi.
13. Php tng tng
[Vijnaptimatra]
Bn i tha
Duy tm lun
Phin dch v hon thin
bi Huyn Trang v
Khuy C [632-682].
Cu-x tng
Thuyt Thc hu Kosa
c truyn dch bi Huyn
Trang, hon thin Khuy C.
14. Chn ngn tng
[Mantrayana]
Mahayana
Mt tng
20
CHNG I. DN NHP
Truyn bi Subhakarasimha
637-735; Vajrabodhi 663723; Amoghavajra 705-774.
Trong nhng tng phi ny, c mi tng (2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 10,

11, 12, 13, 14) c truyn sang Nht bn; nhng Cux (10), Thnh Tht (2) v Tam Lun (3) khng c xem
nh nhng tng phi hnh tr m ch c duy tr nhm
mc ch o luyn v chun b tm tr Pht hc cho suy
lun v ph phn cao hn m thi.
3. NHT BN, MI TRNG CA I THA
PHT GIO
Pht gio chnh thc du nhp Nht bn nm 552 qua ng
Bch t,9 mt vng quc thuc Cao-ly (Korea), nhng 30
nm trc , tng Pht c mang vo Nht ri. Nm
594, Thnh c Thi t10 (Shtoku Taishi; 574-622) tuyn
b Pht gio l quc gio.
Pht gio lc cha phn bit tng phi mc du gia i
tha v Tiu tha c s khc bit r rt. Thi t
chuyn ch vo cng cuc kho cu i tha v tng
vit cc s gii v ba quyn kinh thuc i tha.11 Ting
tm ca cc bn ch gii xut sc ny lan ra n nc ngoi
Paikche
11
Thng man kinh ngha s 1 quyn, AD. 609-611,
Taish 56, No. 2185; Duy-ma-kinh ngha s, , 5 quyn,
AD. 612-613, Taish 56, No 2186; Php hoa ngha s 4
quyn, AD. 614-615, Taish 56, No 2187. (TS)
10
21
v mt b c mt hc gi Trung hoa chn lm ch

cho cc s gii v sau.12
Chng ta c th bit c c im ca i tha theo Thi
t qua cc bn kinh m ngi la chn. Trc ht l kinh
Diu Php Lin Hoa thuc gio l Nht tha (Ekayna).
13
Th hai l Bt t ngh Gii thot kinh, do mt v ti gia
B-tt thnh T-da-ly (Vaisali) tn l Duy-ma-ct
(Vimalakrti) thuyt. V th ba l kinh Thng Man14 do mt
v n ti gia B-tt l Thng Man phu nhn (rml)
thnh A-du-x (Ayodhy) thuyt.15 T tng chnh yu ca
thi k cha phn bit tng phi ny l i tha gio, nh
c din t trong ba b kinh . Quan nim ny vn
cn l c im ni bt ca Pht gio sut trong lch s
Pht gio Nht bn.
4. H THNG TRIT HC PHT GIO NHT BN.
din t ton b Pht gio, nh ti nhn mnh trn,
tt hn ht l trnh by theo s pht trin trit l ca n.
12
Tc gi mun ni n b Thng man ngha s c Minh Khng

mang v Trung quc. (TS)
13
Tn ting Anh ca tc gi Discourse on the Ultimate Truth (Din
thuyt v Chn l ti hu), dch theo gi php mn bt kh t
ngh. Kinh ny c ba bn dch khc nhau: 1. Pht thuyt Duy-ma-ct
kinh , Ng Chi Khim dch (Taish XIV No.474); 2.
Duy-ma-ct s thuyt kinh , Cu-ma-la-thp dch
(Taish 14 No. 475 No. 475); 3. Thuyt V cu xng kinh ,
Huyn Trng dch (Taish XIV No 476). (TS)
14
Tn ting Anh theo tc gi: Earnest Resolve (Quyt nh nghim
tc); ca t S t hng vn c hiu l quyt nh thuyt. (TS)
15
Saddharma-puarika , Taish 9 No 262; Vimalakrtinirdea , Taish 14 No. 475; rmldev-sihanda
, Taish 14 No. 353.
22
CHNG I. DN NHP
cho r rng, ti s sp cc tng phi theo hai tiu : cc

tng phi thuc Duy l lun ph nh (Negative
Rationalism) tc l h Tn gio ca Suy l bin chng
(Dialectic Investigation), v cc tng phi thuc Trc gic
lun ni quan (introspective intuitionism) tc l h Tn
gio ca Kinh nghim t duy (Religion of Meditative
Experience).
Ai cng bit rng Pht gio ch trng ba mn hc (tam hc,
tissra ik): Tng thng Gii, Tng thng Tm v
Tng thng Tu. Ngha l, nu khng tr gii th tm
khng nh; tm khng nh th khng pht tu. nh y
bao gm nhng kt qu va t duy phn tch, va trc gic
qun chiu. Tip , Pht gio dy hnh gi, khi hi
nng lc, tin vo ba ng hng (o: mrga) l Kin
o (Life-View, quan im sng), Tu o (Life-Culture, tu
dng sng) v V hc o (Realization of Life-Ideal, Th
nghim L tng sng). 16 Ni cch khc, nu khng c
quan im chn chnh v i sng th s khng c s tu
dng, v nu khng c s tu dng chnh ng th s
khng c s th nghim i sng. S tu dng y li c
ngha l kt qu ca suy t chn chnh.
Gio php truyn tha ca Pht c hai phn l Chnh l
(nyya, suy l ng) v Chnh nh (dhyna, t duy ng).
Mt b phn cc tng phi nghing v phng php th
nht, y, ti xp vo h Duy l lun ph nh. Cng c
16
Qu trnh tu chng: 1. Kin o (darana-mrga), giai on trc

nhn bn Thnh ; tng ng D lu hng. 2. Tu o (bhvanamrga), giai on tu tp; tng ng D lu qu cho n A-la-hn
hng. 3. V hc o (aaika-mrga), giai on cu cnh, tng
ng qu v A-la-hn. TS
23
th ni, nu sp Thc ti lun vo trong h Duy l lun ph

nh ny l iu sai lm. Tuy nhin, nu chng ta thy rng
h ny duy tr gio ngha V ng, V thng, Kh v Stna bin dit ca i sng, th ta khng th gi nh qu
ng v nhng sc thi tch cc ca n. V cc tng phi
cn li, khng cn thit phi gii thch.
H cc tng phi khc ti xp vo ch ngha Trc gic qun
chiu, v tt c cc tng ny c ging thuyt ty thun
theo kt qu hot ng t duy hay qun chiu ca tm, ch
khng phi bng suy lun bin chng, hay tri gic n
thun ca cc gic quan.17. Cc tng phi trc qun ny li
c chia lm hai loi: n (Undifferentiative, khng phn
cp) v Tim (Differentiative, c phn cp).
Theo ti, Pht gio c th c phn loi nh sau:
I
CC TNG PHI THUC PH NH DUY L LUN18
1. Thc ti lun (Realism, Nht thit hu b: Sarvstivda,
A-t-m tng: Abhidharmika): Abhi-dharmakoa (A-t tma cu-x), Cu-x tng [Hu tng].
2. H v lun (Nihilism, Nht thit khng tng:
Sarvanyavda; Kinh lng b: Sautrntika), Thnh tht
tng [Khng tng].
17
Introspective Intuitionism, ch ngha trc gic ni quan, dch ca

t Qun tng i lp vi Gio tng. TS
18
Ch Gio tng. TS
24
CHNG I. DN NHP
3. Duy tm lun (Idealism, Duy thc tng:

Vijaptimtravda), Du-gi hay Php tng tng
[Hu-Khng tng].
4. Ph nh lun (Nht thit khng tng: Sarvaynavda):
Trung qun hay Tam lun tng [Phi Hu phi
Khng tng].
II
CC TNG PHI THUC NI QUN TRC GIC
LUN19
A. Trc gic v phn bit (n gio)20
5. Vin gio:21 Hoa Nghim tng .
6. Tng tng: 22 (Php Hoa, Nht tha gio): Thin thai
tng hay Php hoa tng .
7. Mt gio (Mantra): Chn ngn tng .
8. Thin tng (Dhyna), chia lm 4 chi phi:
a) Tng Lm T (Rinzai) thit lp bi Vinh
Ty (Eisai, 1141-1215).
b) Tng To ng (St) do o Nguyn
(Dgen).
c) Tng Ph ha (Fuke) do Gic Tm
(Kakushin), thnh lp nm 1255, dit nm 1868.
19
Ch Qun tng. TS
n, hay vin n. TS
21
Totalism: ch ngha ton th.
22
Phenomenology: hin tng lun.
20
25
d) Tng Hunh B (baku),do n Nguyn

(Ingen, 1592-1673).
B. Trc gic phn cp (tim gio)
9. Sng tn Di- (Sukhavati): Tnh tng , chia lm 4
chi phi:
a) Tnh tng (Jdo) do Php Nhin
(Hnen, 1133-1212) lp.
b) Chn tng (Shin) do Thn Loan
(Shinran, 1173-1262).
c) Dung thng nim Pht tng
(Yznembutsu) do Lng Nhn (Ryonin, 1071
1132) lp.
d) Thi tng (Ji) do Nht Bin (Ippen, 12391289) lp.
10. Nht Lin tng do Nht Lin (Nichiren,
1222-1282) lp.
11. Lut tng tc Tn Lut tng (Ritsu) do Du
Tn (Eison, 1201-1290) lp.
26
CHNG II
BI CNH N
1. PHT GIO N .
c Pht c th, hay khng th l ngi A-ri-en v i
nht ca tt c ngi A-ri-en hoc l trit gia v i ca
tt c trit gia, nh mt s ngi thng gi Ngi. Tht
kh m xc nh mt con ngi nh c Pht, mt ngi
hon ton khc bit vi nhng trit gia v o s n ng
thi li c th xut hin y, v Ngi hon ton chi
b tt c nhng thn linh ca truyn thng, nhng c tin
tn gio, nhng nh ch v nhng tp tc ca thi by gi.
Khi nhng ngi A-ri-en chinh phc n , h tin dn
xung min Nam theo hnh khc chin thng cho n khi
bc vo vng nhit i. Ri v kh hu qu nng nc, h
quyt la chn ni c ng trong nhng khu rng mt m
Hc sn, mt dy ni tng i nh hn nm dc theo chn
Hy m lp sn cao ngt. Dn dn, h xem rng ni nh l
ni n c l tng v by gi h c tp qun suy t vi Hy
m lp sn to ln nh l i tng cho nhng t tng ca
mnh, v l Hy m lp sn i i hng v, i i bt
kh xm phm. T sng n ti tuyt rng mu rc r nh
c nh mt tri chiu soi; ma ng, cc tng bng ng
dy trn cc thung lng, nhng n ma h, nhng tng
bng ny tan gi chy di theo thung lng ngon ngoo
trng nh con rng bt u sng dy sau mt nm yn ng.
Sau cng, dn A-ri-en, sau khi chinh phc n bng
v lc, nay li hon ton b chinh phc bi nh hng
huyn b ca Thin nhin.
Ni mt cch vn tt, B-la-mn gio (Brahmanism), tn

gio xa nht ca n , l phim thn gio vi Phm
Thin (Brahman, nguyn l vnh cu, tuyt i, bt bin)
nh l nguyn nhn u tin ca v tr. Biu hin ca
Phm thin ny thnh thong c nhn cch ha v gi l
Thn Phm thin (Thng hay i ng). Mi mt sinh
th u c mt Tiu Ng (tman). Brahman v tman l
mt v cng bn th. V vy, B-la-mn gio l mt c
gng i tm nguyn l ti hu, tc Brahman, bng cch
nghin tm Tiu ng l tman.
c Pht chi b s hin hu ca i Ng v Tiu ng, v
thit lp mt gio l mi l v ng (antman), theo , ngi
tuyn b rng mi vt u bin i v khng th l chng
c mt nguyn l bt bin tuyt i hay ci ng vnh cu
c.
C th ni rng vn minh n l mt nn vn minh Rng
Ni. Tn gio, trit l, vn chng u c pht xut t
rng ni. Nn gio dc c ging dy trong nhng rng
ni m u huyn b. m nhc, y hc v cc ngnh vn hc
khc thy u c vun bi rng ni m khng c trng
hp ngoi l no.
Nh vy, th nhng l thuyt cho rng i sng thnh th
to nn vn minh; hay ngun gc ca vn minh l s chin
thng ca con ngi trc thin nhin, u khng c
chp nhn n . Dn tc n tin tng rng cuc
tranh sng l mt tr ngi cho cng vic nng cao vn ha.
Vi h, vn minh c ngha l s th nhp ca con ngi
vo Thin nhin, do i sng thnh th ch l mt a
vc nui dng ti c m thi.
28
CHNG II. BI CNH N
B-la-mn gio, nn trit hc n , v Pht gio, c hai

u c th c xem nh l sn phm ca tu dng t
ng thun theo Thin nhin.1 Kt qu ca tp qun suy t
ngy m knh cn trc Thin nhin gi l du-gi
(yoga, tp trung t tng) theo B-la-mn, v thin na
(dhyna, tnh l) hay thin (zen) trong Pht gio. C th l
mt chi phi trong B-la-mn gio khng cn n yoga
nhng trong Pht gio khng c mt chi phi no c th
thnh lp m khng c thin. Hin ti, c mt vi tng phi
Pht gio khng tp thin thng nht, nhng chc chn l
chng vn bt ngun t thin. iu ny ng cho c Tiu
tha v i tha. Chng hn nh Tam hc (triika) ca
Pht gio l gii, nh v hu v mt trong su Ba-la-mt
(pramit) l Thin. Khng c Thin th khng th t
c Pht tri kin. i vi Pht gio, hnh ng ng l
suy t su.
2. C PHT, T TNG GIA UYN THM
c Pht (khong 566-468 ttl.) khng tha mn vi nhng
quan im ca cc t tng gia ng thi. S ngi nhn
cuc sng trn th gian ny bng cp mt lc quan th qun
rng nhng tht bi v tht vng cn ang ch. Mt s nhn
i bi quan thng kh, c th c dung th khi no h ch
n gin cm thy khng thch cuc i, nhng khi h bt
u b cuc sng v vng th tm n tr vo mt
cuc i tt p hn bng cch kh hnh p xc th h ng
Antman, v ng, ph nhn t ng nh l bn th hay thc th thng

hng. Nhng, Pht gio quan nim t ng nh l mt t hp ca tm v
vt bin chuyn lin tc. Ng ny c hon thin bng tu dng. Do
y l ngha ca t self-culture (tu dng t ng) hay selfcreation (sng to t ng).
29
b khinh tm. c Pht dy rng c hai cc oan hng lc

v kh hnh phi trnh xa v trung o mi l con ng l
tng theo. iu khng c ngha l ch cn xa lnh
hai thi cc v i theo trung o nh l con ng duy nht
cn li trn chy cuc i. M ng hn l ta phi siu
vit chng, ch khng phi chy trn mt cch n gin c hai
cc oan y.
Tm li, gio l ca c Pht da trn quan im nh thc
tri kin. iu c ngha l ta phi bit nhng s kin
chn thc chung quanh cuc sng trn gian ca ta, nhn n
m khng bin gii, v hng ngy tu chnh o c cho
cuc sng ty theo tri kin y.
Quan nim rng th gian ny khng c g ngoi s au kh
- cho n hnh phc ri cng phi chung kt trong au kh
- mt trong nhng nh ca Pht gio. Ngi ta c th
cho rng nim , xem i l kh, khng g khc hn l
bi quan. Tht l khng ng. Quan im nh th ny:
trong i sng hin ti va c hnh phc va c au kh.
Tht l nng cn mi ngh rng th gii ny ton l hnh
phc. Ci m ngi ta xem l lc th, n s gy au kh khi
lc th chm dt. Ni cch khc, kh au nm n trong
khoi lc ri. V vy, phi nhn cuc i nh l mt trng
tip ni kh au. Nh vy khng nn than th v iu .
Nu ai khng bit rng hnh phc l mm au kh, h s v
cng chn nn khi au kh hin n. c Pht dy rng
chng ta nn nhn thc au kh l au kh, chp nhn n
nh thc kin v chng li n. T , c Pht nhn mnh
n chuyn cn, tinh tn v nhn nhc. Nhn nhc l mt
trong Lc . Ni vn tt, trong cuc sng c c khoi lc
v au kh, nhng ta khng c chn nn khi au kh
n, cng nh khng c sa a khi hnh phc n. C
30
CHNG II. BI CNH N
hai, khoi lc v au kh u phi c chng ta d dt v

chng li vi tn cng sc lc ca ta. V l m tinh tn
c k trong Lc .
Trung o khng c ngha l chi t cuc sng m l bc
vo cuc sng v do khng c ngha l tr thnh n l
cuc sng.
Quan im ca c Pht v thc ti cng ngy cng pht
trin v tr thnh trit l ca o Pht. Th hin iu
trong cuc sng thc t ca con ngi, l kha cnh tn
gio ca o Pht.
Ngoi o Pht ra, vn c nhiu t tng gia c gng thit
lp t tng ca h trn phng din lc quan hay bi quan.
Ngay c trc thi c Pht cng c hai lung t tng
ri. T tng lc quan pht trin thnh nhng ch ngha
duy nhin, khoi lc, duy vt, c gii Vo thi c Pht,
ch ngha duy vt cn mnh hn l chng ta thy by gi.
Phi bi quan pht trin theo ng hng m chng ta c
th ni l c tnh tn gio hn. H l lun rng v c th
chng ta (thn th v tinh thn) l bt ton, chng ta cn
phi chin thng n bng cch p xc c th c sinh
vo ci thin ng kip sau. T , h pht minh nn
nhiu phng cch khc k v tu tp theo. c Pht
tng chi b li tu ny.
Bi v quan im ca c Pht i vi bi quan v lc quan
rt sng t nn chng c ngi no trong Pht gio m li i
lc theo ch ngha duy vt hay li tu p xc c. Tm li, hai
thi cc lc quan v bi quan u b chn ng bi hc
thuyt trung o ca c Pht. Nh vy, Pht gio l phc
chng li mi s xm lng ca c hai ch ngha duy vt
v kh hnh.
31
3. T NG L G ?
c Pht xem th gii ny l th gii ca kh au, v dy
nhng phng php i tr n. Vy, ci do u khin th
gii ny ton kh au? L do u tin, nh c Pht
dy, l cc php u v ng, ngha l vn vt - hu tnh hay
v tnh - tt c khng c ci m chng ta c th gi l bn
ng hay thc th. Ta th kho st con ngi. Mt ngi
khng th xem hch nhn hay hn ca y l mt thc ng. Y
hin hu, nhng khng th no nm c ci thc th ca
y, khng th tm thy c hch nhn ca y, bi v hin
hu ca con ngi khng g ngoi ci hin hu ty thuc
vo mt trng nhn duyn. Mi vt hin hu u l v
nhn duyn, v n s tan bin khi nhng tc dng ca trng
nhn duyn chm dt.
Nhng ln sng trn mt nc qu l hin hu, nhng c
th gi mi ln sng u c t ng khng? Sng ch c khi
m gi lay ng. Mi ln sng u c ring c tnh ty
theo s phi hp ca nhng nhn duyn, cng ca gi
v nhng chuyn ng, phng hng ca gi... Nhng khi
m nhng tc dng ca nhng nhn duyn chm dt,
sng s khng cn na. Cng vy, khng th no c ci ng
bit lp vi nhn duyn c.
Khi con ngi cn l mt hin hu ty thuc mt trng
nhn duyn th, nu y c gng tr gi ly chnh mnh v
nhn mi vt quanh mnh t quan im c tn ng l mt
iu tht v l. Mi ngi phi t b ci ng ca mnh, c
gng gip k khc v phi nhn thc ci hin hu cng
ng, v khng th no con ngi hon ton hin hu c
lp c.
32
CHNG II. BI CNH N
Nu mi vt u hin hu ty thuc vo trng nhn duyn

th ci hin hu cng ch l mt hin hu ty thuc iu
kin m thi; khng c mt vt no trong v tr ny c th
trng tn hay bit lp. Do , c Pht dy rng v ng l
yu tnh ca vn vt v t tt yu dn n mt l thuyt
na l vn vt u v thng (anitya).
Hu ht mi ngi u dc nng lng vo vic bo tn
hin hu v nhng t hu ca mnh. Nhng thc ra, khng
th no tm c hch nhn cho hin hu ca h, cng
khng th bo tn n i i. Khng vt no l khng bin
chuyn ngay c trong mt st-na. Khng nhng n bt n
trong tng quan vi khng gian m n cng bt n trong
tng quan vi thi gian na. Nu ta c th tm c mt
th gii khng c khng gian v thi gian, th gii mi
tht l th gii t do chn tht, tc l Nit bn (Nirva).
Nu, nh nhng nh vt l hin i xc nhn, khng gian
th gp khc v thi gian th tng i, th gii ca khng
gian thi gian ny l ci t ngc m chng ta khng th no
thot ra c - chng ta b buc cht trong vng nhn
qu ri vy.
Khi no con ngi cha tm c ci th gii khng b hn
cuc bi thi gian v khng gian, con ngi vn cn phi l
mt to vt kh au.
Qu quyt rng con ngi c th t n mt trng thi nh
th, khng b cc hn trong thi gian v khng gian, l
thng ip ca Pht gio.
L d nhin khng c g c th c xem nh l khng gian
v hn v thi gian v cng. Ngay c khoa hc vt l ngy
nay cng khng tha nhn tnh v hn ca thi-khng. Tuy
nhin, Pht xng thuyt v l tng Nit bn (tch
33
dit), theo nguyn tc v thng v v ng. Nit Bn c

ngha l hy dit sinh t, hy dit th gii dc vng, hy
dit nhng iu kin thi-khng. Sau ht, Nit bn c ngha
l cnh gii ca gii thot vin mn.
V ng (khng c ci bt bin), v thng (khng c ci
trng tn) l trng hung tht s ca hin hu ca chng
ta. Nit bn, theo ngha tiu cc l hy dit, theo tch cc l
trn y, l l tng ca chng ta, y l gii thot trn vn.
4. L TNG CA PHT GIO
on th c bit do Pht lp nn gi l Thnh Chng
(rya sagha), vi ch ch l ci ni ca nhng con
ngi cao qu. V truyn thng B-la-mn c thit lp
kin c, nn giai cp by gi c phn chia tht l r
rt. Bi l , c Pht lun lun xc nhn rng trong hng
Tng chng ca Ngi khng c phn bit gia B-la-mn
(o s) v v tng, hay gia ch v t. Ai c nhn
vo hng Tng chng u c hi hc hi v tu tp nh
nhau.
chng li tnh t cao ca ging dn A-ri-a v chng li
cch ging dn ny mnh danh cho nhng th dn hay
nhng ngi di c thi c i, tc nhng ngi khng phi
l A-ri-a (anrya) l h tin, c Pht thng dy rng
34
CHNG II. BI CNH N
danh t A-ri-en (rya) 2 c ngha l cao qu v chng ta

khng th gi mt giai cp no l cao qu hay khng cao
qu c, bi v vn c nhng ngi h tin trong ci giai
cp gi l cao qu v ng thi cng c nhng ngi cao
qu trong giai cp h tin. Khi chng ta gi cao qu hay
tin l chng ta ni v mt ngi no ch khng th c
ton th mt giai cp. y l vn ca tri thc hay tr tu
ch khng phi vn sinh ra ging h hay giai cp no.
Do , ch ch ca c Pht l to nn mt ngi cao qu
(rya-pudgala: Thnh nhn), theo ngha mt cuc sng cao
qu.
Thnh chng (rya sagha) c thit lp theo ngha
. Thnh Php (rya-dharma) v Thnh Lut (ryavinaya) c hnh thnh cho nhng ai mun tr thnh
cao qu. Con ng m Thnh gi i theo l con ng
Thnh o tm chi (rya-agika-mrga) v ci s tht
m Thnh gi tin theo l Bn Thnh (catvari ryasatyni). S vin mn m Thnh gi t ti l Bn Thnh
Qu (rya phala) v ti sn m Thnh gi s c l By
Thnh Gic Chi (sapta rya-dharma). ton l nhng
c tnh tinh thn c. Ngi hc Pht khng nn nh mt
ngha ca t ng thnh ny vn c p dng cn thn
Skt. rya, Pli: Ariya, danh t ch mt chng tc, nhng trong nguyn
ngha, ch hng ngi cao thng hay cao qu, m kinh Pht gi l
Thnh. Cf. DhA.ii. 396-8: Mt ng ph mt t lc gn cng bc thnh
Svatthi. c Pht cng cc t kheo n ni ngi y ang nh c ri
dng li gn y. Sau , c Pht ln lt hi danh tnh cc t kheo,
v khi thy ngi ny cng mun c hi tn, Pht lin hi ng ta.
Khi bit ng tn l Ariya (Thnh), Pht bo ng khng xng ng vi
tn y, v mt Ariya tht s khng bao gi gy thng tn chng sinh.
TS
35
vo mi im quan trng trong gio php ca c Pht.

c Pht, nh vy, c gng lm cho sng li ngha
nguyn thy ca t rya (thnh) ni c tnh con ngi
trong cuc sng thng nht ca chng.
c Pht c phi l mt ngi A-ri-en hay khng, chng ta
khng th ni c. C ngi cho rng ngi thuc ging
Indo-scythian, mt s khc cho l ngi Indo-Sumerian.
Vn ging ging khng quan h i vi Ngi, l ngi
m t tng siu vit tt c nhng phn bit giai cp v
chng tc.
L tng m Ngi dng ln phi c nhn thc l hon
ton thuc c nhn. L con mt ngi, Ngi dy con
ngi tr thnh con ngi ton thin, ngha l con ngi
ca gic ng vin mn.
5. THNH L G ? O L G ?
c Pht trnh by tng trong Bn Thnh nh
sau:
1. i sng hon ton l kh,
2. au kh c nguyn nhn,
(Hai chn l trn m t hin thc).
3. Nguyn nhn ca au kh c th b hy dit,
4. Con ng dit kh.
(Hai chn l sau din t l tng).
Bn Thnh c Thnh gi hay nhng ngi ang tu tp
trn con ng i n Nit bn tin theo. (Ch thnh
y - rya hay ariya - trong Pht gio bao gm c nhng
36
CHNG II. BI CNH N
ngi cn ang tu tp hay nhng ngi t c thnh

qu)3.
V gii thch Bn Thnh , c Pht dy Thnh o
tm chi4 m Thnh gi tu tp theo:
1. Chnh kin
2. Chnh t duy
3. Chnh ng
4. Chnh nghip
(Chnh t duy, Chnh ng v Chnh nghip l nhng
yu t nhn cch.)
5. Chnh tinh tn
6. Chnh nim
7. Chnh mng5
(Ba Chnh ny l nhng yu t ca cuc sng con
ngi hay nhng kha cnh sinh ng ca nhn cch.)
8. Chnh nh, l ng lc a con ngi vt qua
mi th gii gm Dc, Sc, V sc v Xut th i n
Nit bn (Pariirva), tc l Pht a hay Pht qu.
Thnh o tm chi cn c th c xem nh l nn o
c hc thc nghim ca Pht gio dng hun luyn c
tnh ca con ngi tr nn cao p hn, ng thi cng l
mt con ng tn gio a con ngi n gic ng, thnh
Pht.
Nhng cnh gii t c do tu tp Thin nh
3
Ch hng Thnh gi hu hc v Thnh gi V hc (A-la-hn). TS

Bt Thnh o hay Tm chi Thnh o. Skt. rygamrga: 1.
samyag-di, 2. samyak-sakalpa , 3. samyag-vk , 4. samyakkarmta , 5. samyag-jva , 6. samyag-vyyma, 7. samyak- smti,
8. samyak-samdhi. TS
5
Theo chun, chnh mng trn chnh tinh tn. TS
4
37

Php gii nh (Dharmadhtu-sampatti)
(Qun chiu th nhp nhp nguyn l ph bin, tc th gii)
Pht
Dit nh (Nirodha-sampatti)
A-la-hn (Arhat)
IV
Phi tng phi phi tng x thin

V
Naivasajnsajyatanam)
Sc
V s hu x thin (kicanyyatanam)
Gii
Thc v bin x thin (Vijnntyyatanam)
III
Khng v bin x thin (ksnantyyatanam)

T thin thin
Sc gii
Tam thin thin
II
Nh thin thin
S thin thin
Dc gii: th gii ca cc loi sinh ng
Thnh o tm chi khng phi l t hp ca nhng con

ng khc nhau, m l con ng nht tr. Con ng
ca Trc Ng (darana-mrga: kin o) a thnh gi n
ni vin mn.
Giai on th hai ca con ng6 ny l con ng tu tp
hay Tu o (bhvana-mrga) c din t l By B
phn7 nh sau:
6
c Pht dy c ba o: kin o, tu o, v hc o.
38
CHNG II. BI CNH N
1. Trch php: t duy v kho st v thc ti.

2. Tinh tn
3. H
4. Khinh an
5. Nim
6. nh
7. X
Ri bc Thnh i n giai on sau cng, l con ng
khng cn g hc hi na, V hc o. Khi , kt qu
m hnh gi hng n khi tu tp Bn Thnh s t n.
Ba giai on trn hnh gi phi tri qua khi tu tp Bn
Thnh . Giai on u: Thnh c tu tp bng cch
thc hnh Thnh o tm chi, k n, Thnh c quan
st tinh tng bng by Gic chi v cui cng l chng
nghim hon ton bng V hc o.
Khi Thnh gi t n giai on cui cng ny th tr thnh
mt v A-la-hn (Arahat). Theo Tiu tha, l qu v cao
nht ca gic ng. Nhng theo i tha, A-la-hn ch mi
gic ng c mt phn m thi. L tng ca o Pht l
hon tt phm cht ca mt con ngi, hay l a con
ngi tin n Pht qu bng cn bn tr tu v gii hnh
(l nhn cch cao nht). l nhng c im ca o
Pht.
7
By B- phn, cng gi l by Gic chi. Skt. sapta bodhygni: 1.

dharma-pravicaya, 2. smti, 3, vrya, 4. prti, 5. prarabdhi, 6. samdhi,
7. upek. TS.
39
CHNG III
NHNG NGUYN L CN BN TRONG

TRIT HC PHT GIO
Theo thng l, cng nn gii thch cc nguyn l tng qut,
chung cho tt c cc hc phi ca Pht gio. Trong chng
ny, ti s khng xt ti nhng hc thuyt no c t
trn cc nguyn l c bn ca cc tng phi hin hnh
Nht bn, v chng ta s kho st chi tit khi nhc n
nguyn l tng qut, c bit chung cho ht thy cc tng
phi i tha:
a. Nguyn l Duyn khi
b. Nguyn l Tt nh v Bt nh
c. Nguyn l Tng i
d. Nguyn l Nh thc
e. Nguyn l Vin dung
f. Nguyn l Gii thot cu cnh.
1. NGUYN L DUYN KHI.
Pht gio khng coi trng nim v Nguyn l Cn nhn
hay Nguyn nhn nht nh ta thng thy trong cc h
thng trit hc khc; v cng khng bn ti quan nim v
v tr lun. ng nhin, mt ngnh trit hc nh thn hc
khng pht trin trong Pht gio. ng mong c cuc tho
lun v thn hc ni mt trit gia Pht gio. i vi vn
sng th, o Pht sn sng chp nhn bt c hc thuyt
no m khoa hc c th tin trin, v o Pht khng tha
nhn c mt xung t no gia tn gio1 v khoa hc.

Theo o Pht, nhn loi v cc loi sinh ng u t to,
hoc ch ng hoc th ng. V tr khng phi l ng
tm; n l mi trng cng tc ca vn hu. Pht gio
khng tin rng vn hu n t mt nguyn nhn c nht,
nhng cho rng mi vt nht nh phi c to thnh t
nht l hai nguyn.
Nhng sng ha hay bin thnh ca cc nguyn nhn i
trc ni tip trong lin tc thi gian, t qu kh, hin ti
n tng lai, nh mt chui dy xch. Chui xch ny
c chia thnh 12 b phn, gi l Mi hai khoen Duyn
sinh hay Duyn khi.2 V cc b phn ny lin lp, chng
c gi l Duyn khi hay Chui duyn sinh. Cng thc
nh sau: Ci ny c, ci kia c; ci ny sinh, ci kia sinh.
Ci ny khng, ci kia khng; ci ny dit, ci kia dit.
C nhiu thuyt duyn khi c thit lp gii thch
hon ho v vn hu v vn tng.
a. Nghip cm duyn khi3
Trong qu trnh nhn qu, c nh lut v trt t. l l
thuyt v Nghip cm.
Trong o Pht, tn gio c hiu l s ng dng thc tin ca hc

thuyt trit l, khng xt n cc quan nim nh Thng , sng th,
v phn xt cui cng.
2
12 Nhn duyn, 12 Duyn sinh hay 12 chi Duyn khi; Skt.
dvdaga prattyasamutpd. TS
3
T gc Sanskrit, karma (hnh ng) thng b nhm vi quan nim
linh hn v do khin hiu sai gio l ca Pht. Karma n gin c
ngha l hnh ng, v hnh ng c ngha l nh hng ca n. nh
hng ny xc nh i sng tip theo.
42
CHNG III. NGUYN L TRIT HC PHT GIO
Trong 12 chi duyn khi, khng th nu ra mt chi no

ni l nguyn nhn ti s. Bi v, c 12 chi to thnh mt
vng trn lin tc m ngi ta gi l Bnh xe Sinh ha, hay
bnh xe lun hi. Theo thi quen, bnh xe sinh ha c
trnh by nh sau:
Nguyn l 12 chi Duyn khi c gii thch nh sau:

Ngi ta c thi quen coi thi gian nh l tin hnh theo
mt ng thng t qu kh v cng ngang qua hin ti
n v lai v tn. Th nhng, o Pht coi thi gian nh l
mt vng trn khng c khi u, khng c chm dt. Thi
gian tng i.
Mt sinh vt cht i khng l chm dt; ngay , mt i
sng khc bt u tri qua mt qu trnh sng cht tng t,
v c lp li nh vy thnh mt vng trn sinh ho bt tn.
43
Theo , mt sinh vt khi c nhn trong lin h thi gian,

n to thnh mt dng tng tc khng gin on. Khng
th xc nh sinh vt l th g, v n lun lun bin i
v tin ha qua mi hai giai on ca i sng. Phi hiu
ton b cc giai on ny trong ton th ca chng coi nh
l ang biu hin cho mt sinh th c bit. Cng vy, khi
mt sinh vt c nhn trong tng quan khng gian, n to
thnh mt phc hp gm nm yu t. Bnh xe Sinh ha l
li trnh by kh sng sa ca quan im Pht gio v mt
sinh vt trong lin h vi thi gian v khng gian.
Bnh xe Sinh ha l mt vng trn khng khi im, nhng
thng thng ngi ta trnh by n bt u t v minh
(avidy), mt trng thi v thc, m qung. V minh ch l
mt tip din ca s cht. Lc cht, thn th b hy hoi
nhng v minh vn tn ti nh l kt tinh cc hiu qu ca
cc hnh ng c to ra trong sut cuc sng. ng nn
coi v minh nh l phn ngha ca tri kin; phi bit n bao
gm c tr s m qung hay tm tr u ti, v thc.
V minh dn ti hnh ng u ti, m qung. Hnh
(saskra), nng lng, hay kt qu ca hnh vi m qung
, l giai on k tip. N l ng lc, hay ch Sinh tn.
ch mun sng ny khng phi l loi ch m ta thng
dng trong ngha nh t do ch; thc s, n l mt
ng lc m qung hng ti s sng hay kht vng m
qung mun sng.
V minh v hnh c coi l hai duyn thuc qu kh.
Chng l nhng nguyn nhn khi nhn ch quan t hin ti;
nhng nhn khch quan i sng trong qu kh l mt i
sng ton din ging ht nh i sng hin ti.
44
Trong i sng hin ti, giai on th nht l thc (vijna

= pratisandhi: kt sinh thc). y l giai on u tin ca
mt hin hu c bit, m trong i sng hin thc, n tng
ng vi giy pht u tin thai nghn mt hi nhi. Cha c
thc; ch c Tm tim thc, hay Kt sinh thc, hay ch
m qung hng ti s sng. Khi tm tim thc ny tin ti
mt bc to thnh hu hnh, l giai on th hai ca
hin ti, danh-sc (nma-rpa). Danh tc l tm, v tm l
ci m ta ch bit qua tn gi ch khng bt nm c n.
Danh-Sc l giai on sinh trng nguyn s khi tm v
thn ln u tin kt li thnh mt t hp.
Giai on th ba l mt hnh thi phc tp hn. By gi
mi thy c su quan nng: Lc nhp hay lc x (ayatana). l: Mt, tai, mi, li, thn (quan nng xc
chm) v .
Giai on th t tng ng vi mt hay hai nm u ca
tr s sinh. Su quan nng tin ti giai on hot ng,
nhng xc (spara) ni bt hn ht. Sinh vt bt u tip
xc vi th gii bn ngoi.
By gi sinh vt c th biu l thc ca n, bt u hiu
cc hin tng th gii bn ngoi mt cch c thc. y
l giai on th t, c gi l th (vedan), tc tri gic,
biu hiu cho thang trng thnh ca tr s sinh t ba n
nm tui. y, c bit tnh ca sinh vt c nhn ra mt
cch xc nh. Ni cch khc, trng hung ca i sng
hin ti c thnh hnh.
Nm giai on k trn c ni l Nm Qu ca qu kh
xut hin trong hin ti. Trong nhng giai on ny, c th
c hnh thnh, nhng c th khng hon ton c trch
nhim v s hnh thnh ca n, bi v cc nguyn nhn ca
45
qu kh gy hiu qu thnh s pht trin ca cc giai

on ny. T y tr i, c th bt u to nhng nguyn
nhn m y phi chu ly trch nhim. Ni cch khc, y bt
u bc vo mi trng t to ring.
Th nht trong ba duyn hin ti l i (t). Ngang qua
Th, hay tri gic, c th cm nghim s bun phin, khoi
lc v au kh, hay dng dng. Khi cm nghim bun
phin, au kh hay dng dng, chng c g xy ra nhiu
lm. Nhng khi n khoi lc hay hng th, c th s c
gi ly cho ring mnh. N lc ny l i, kht dc. N to
ra s chp th. Bc th nht ca chp th ny l giai on
k tip: th (updna), n lc duy tr i tng kht dc.
Giai on cui ca chp th l hu (bhava), tc hnh thnh
sinh th. Danh t Hu, hay Hin hu thng c dng
cho giai on ny, nhng v n l mt mc ni gia hin ti
v tng lai, v bc s khi ca Ti sinh, nn ti cho rng
thnh ng Hnh thnh Sinh th l t ng thch hp hn.
i, Th v Hu biu hiu cho ba giai an trong cc hnh
ng ca tui trng thnh, kt hp thnh ba duyn ca
hin ti. Khi mt c th th hng nhng hiu qu ca qu
kh l y ang to nhng nguyn nhn cho v lai. Khi tri
mn ang chn trn cy, th ht trong tri ang c thnh
hnh. Theo thi gian, tri chn v rng xung t, ht cng
sn sng ny ra mt cy mi cng loi mang li nhiu
tri hn trong tng lai.
C hai giai on trong thi v lai: Sinh v Gi-Cht, hay ni
gn, sinh v cht. Nhn t ba nguyn nhn hin ti, Sinh v
Cht c th c coi l nhng kt qu. Nhng nhn t nh
sng ca Bnh xe Sinh ha lin tc, chng ta c th coi thi
v lai nh l thi gian khi cc nguyn nhn trong hin ti
m ra v khp li. Cng vy, cc qu ca v lai t chng
46
cha ng nhng nguyn nhn cho i sng cho n thi v

lai xa xm na.
Hin ti l mt i sng ton din, v tng lai cng th.
Qu kh, Hin ti v Tng lai, mi thi l mt i sng
ton din. Trong Bnh xe Sinh ha ny, thi hin ti c
c bit gii thch chi li vi tm giai on, nhng thc s
v minh v Hnh ca qu kh, v Sinh v Cht ca tng
lai cng c nhng giai on tong t nh hin ti.
Bi v loi ngi nh chng ta c thi quen ly hin ti lm
khi im cho nhn thc, ng nhin v lai c coi nh
l nhng hiu qu ca hin ti. Do , i sng trong tng
lai c qui nh l Sinh v Cht. V bi v qu kh c
coi nh l nguyn nhn ca hin ti, cho nn n sm vai tr
cc nguyn l nhn duyn, V minh v Hnh.
Cng c th thit lp li Bnh xe Sinh ha theo cch sau
y, theo Sinh v Cht ch c coi nh l mt li m t
rt ngn ca i sng ton din; V minh v Hnh c coi
nh l mt li m t c tnh cch biu v chu k ca i
sng. Qu kh, Hin ti v V lai l nhng hng t tng
i.
Hin nhin, thuyt duyn khi ca o Pht khng ging
nh thuyt nhn qu ca khoa hc vt l c in, mt th l
thuyt c nh. Trong o Pht, mi giai on l mt nhn
khi c nhn t hiu qu ca n; nu nhn t nhn i
trc, n l mt hiu qu. Cng c th ni, c nhn trong
qu, v c qu trong nhn. Khng c ci g c nh trong l
thuyt ny.
47
V minh, vn tn ti sau khi mt sinh vt cht i, l s kt

tinh ca cc hnh ng (nghip: karma), m sinh vt
to tc sut trong cuc i ca n, hay ni cch khc, nng
lng hay nh hng ca cc hnh ng vn tn ti. Hnh
ng ca mt ngi l s biu l sinh ng ca nng lng
vt l v tm l. Nng lng tim tng ny c th coi l
nghip cm, nh hng ca hnh ng vn tn ti sau khi
hnh ng chm dt, v ci lm cho Bnh xe Sinh ha
vn chuyn. Bao lu cn c nng lng, n phi to tc, v
vng Nhn duyn nht nh phi tin hnh, mt cch v
thc hay m qung.
48
Ni cch khc, mt sinh vt t quyt nh bn cht v hin

hu cho chnh n bng cc hnh ng ca n. V vy,
chng ta c th ni rng sinh vt t to. Hnh vi t to
tip din t hng triu i sng trong qu kh, v sinh th
di chuyn quanh vng trn ca 12 chi Duyn khi t i
ny sang i khc.
Ty theo bn cht ca cc hnh ng i trc, Bnh xe
Sinh ha k tip c th l mt trt t cao hn hay thp hn.
Tc l, mt sinh vt c th thc sinh trong bt c hnh thi
no, t loi vt cho n loi tri, ty theo bn cht hnh
ng m n to tc. Hnh thi i sng c bin thin ti
din nh vy, c gi l samsra, lun hi.
Thng thng, sasra c hiu nh l s lu chuyn
ca linh hn, nhng l hiu sai. V khng h c tng
v mt linh hn sinh tn ti sau khi thn th cht i v vn
chuyn vo mt thn th khc. Sasra c ngha l tc
thnh mt i sng mi do nh hng ca cc hnh ng
trc kia ca sinh vt. im ch yu l o Pht t chi s
hin hu ca linh hn. i sng nh nhng ln sng trn
mt nc; phn t ny dao ng to ra s dao ng ca
phn t k tip, c th m ln sng lan xa ra. Mt ln sng
l mt i sng, v s tip din ca cc i sng l
samsra. Trong o Pht, s tip din ca i sng khng
tin hnh v tn theo ng thng. Chng lun hi trong
mt vng trn v c th m vng trn c ti din mi
mi. Bnh xe Sinh ha l mt vng trn nh ca i sng,
cn vng trn ln (s tip din ca Bnh xe Sinh ha) l
sasra.
Bi v tnh cch t to ny c iu hnh bi cc hnh vi
ca c th, nn n khng l thuc uy quyn ca mt ci
khc, uy quyn ca Thng chng hn. Khng bao gi
49
c s tp lon gia nh hng hnh ng (nghip cm) ca

cc c th khc nhau. T tc, t th, nhn tt th qu tt,
nhn xu th qu xu, - l nhng nh lut.
i khi, hnh ng c chia thnh hai loi: dn nghip v
mn nghip. Dn nghip a mt sinh vt thc sinh lm
ngi, lm tri hay lm th; khng th lc no c th a
mt sinh vt n mt hnh thi c bit no ca i
sng. Sau khi mi i sng c quyt nh, mn nghip
s kin ton tnh cht hu hnh ca sinh vt n tr thnh
mt chng loi hon ho.
C hai loi nh hng hnh ng: bit nghip v cng
nghip. Bit nghip to ra c bit th. Cng nghip to ra
v tr. y l ngha ca cc t chnh bo (hu qu c
nhn) v y bo (hu qu tp th).
T mt quan im khc, c th phn loi hnh ng thnh
ba nhm: thin, c v v k. Cng vy, ty theo bo ng
ca n, hnh ng c th phn loi thnh bn: cc trng
nghip, hnh ng gy bo ng tc khc; thun hin
nghip, hnh ng gy bo ng trong i sng hin ti;
thun sinh nghip, hnh ng gy bo ng trong i sng
k tip; thun hu nghip, hnh ng gy bo ng trong cc
i sau khng nht nh thi gian.
C hai cch nhn v qu trnh sinh ha. Trt t ca nhn v
qu thng thng c coi nh khi ln theo tun t trong
mi lin h thi gian. Tuy nhin, khi tt c cc chi ca
Mi hai Nhn duyn c coi l trc thuc ni mt sinh
th c nht, chng ta thy rng sinh th c lun tt c
cc chi trong cng mt lc (Khng x b Su quan nng
nhn Xc gic). Do , chng ta c th coi tt c cc chi h
50
tng lin i nh trong mt chui mc xch, din tin

ng thi, khng c ci no thun l nhn hay thun l qu.
Pht gio coi vn hu trong v tr nh l hin hu quan h
trong tin trnh nhn duyn. C nhn duyn, tc th c
hin hu. Khng c nhn duyn, khng c hin hu. Hin
hu khng thng tn v cng khng gin on. Trong
thut ng ca Pht gio, hin hu nh th c gi l
duyn khi hay tn ti ty theo iu kin. Li nhn vn
hu theo cch , c gi l bit v thy thc ti nh th
l nh th. Nhn vn hu trong v tr nh l chui sinh
thnh sinh ng, l mt hc thuyt c sc ca o Pht.
Trong 12 chi Duyn khi, V minh, i v Th c gi l
Hoc (m hoc); trong khi , Hnh v Hu thuc Nghip
qu. Cc chi cn li - 5 qu hin ti v 2 qu v lai - thuc
v Kh qu, tc nhng kt qu au kh.
Hoc (m hoc) l chng bnh ca tm, cn Nghip l biu
l vt l ca n, v kt qu l Kh. T d, ngi ta c th
ni nng trong tm ri hnh ng ty theo , nh hay
git, sau l bo ng au kh. T bo ng au kh, ngi
ta li to ra nhng m hoc khc, ri hnh ng v th kh,
c lp li din hnh nh th mi mi. l chui Nhn
duyn do Nghip cm. Ai, v ci g chu trch nhim cho
din tin ca chui Nhn duyn do Nghip cm ny?
gii thch vn r rng hn, chng ta bc qua li tho
lun v Nhn duyn vi thuyt A li da duyn khi.
b. A-li-da duyn khi
Nghip (karma) c chia thnh ba nhm: thn, khu v
nghip. Nu khi tm to tc, phi chu trch nhim vic
lm v s chu bo ng, bi v lc l mt hnh ng
ca tm ngay d n khng pht biu ra li ni hay bc l
51
trong hnh ng ca thn. Nhng tm l c im cn

nht ca tt c mi hnh ng, lut duyn sinh phi c
t vo kho tng tm , tc Tng thc hay A-li-da thc
(Alaya-vijna).4
L thuyt tm thc ca o Pht, tc hc thuyt Duy thc,
chia thc thnh tm cng nng: nhn thc, nh thc, t thc,
thit thc, thn thc, thc (thc th su: mano-vijna),5
mt-na thc (thc th by: manas-vijna) 6 v a-li-da
thc.
Trong tm thc ny, thc th by v th tm cn c gii
thch. Thc th by, Trung tm c bit ha ca Ng tnh, l
trung tm hin khi ca cc tng v ng, ch k, kiu
mn, t i, o tng v m hoc. Thc th tm, Trung tm
tch tr tm thc, l ni cha nhm cc ht ging (chng
t) ca tt c mi hin khi v chng c bc l trong cc
hin khi . o Pht ch trng rng nguyn khi ca
vn hu v vn tng l hiu qu ca th. Chng ta s tr
li ti ny sau, khi nhc n l thuyt nhn thc trong
phi Duy thc. y ch cn ni rng Tng thc, Trung
tm tch tr tm thc, l kho cha ht ging ca mi hin
hu. Mi chng t tn ti trong Tng thc v khi n tro
vt vo th gii khch quan, n s c phn nh tr
thnh mt ht ging mi. Ngha l, tm vn ra th gii
ngoi ti v khi tip nhn cc i tng n t nhng
tng mi vo tng thc. Li na, ht ging mi s tro
vt phn nh tr li thnh mt ht ging mi m khc
Nguyn ng Anh ca tc gi: Ideation-store, kho lc. TS

Ting Anh trong bn: sense-center: trung tm gic quan. TS
6
Ting Anh trong bn: the individualizing thought-center of egotism,
trung tm t duy c th ho ca tnh v k.
5
52
na. Nh th, cc ht ging, hay cc chng t, t tp li v

tt c c cha nhm y. Khi chng tim n, chng ta
gi chng l nhng chng t. Nhng khi chng hot ng,
chng ta gi l nhng hin hnh. Nhng chng t c hu,
nhng hin hnh v nhng chng t mi h tng ph
thuc ln nhau, to thnh mt vng trn mi mi ti din
tin trnh trc sau nh nht. y gi l A-li-da duyn
khi.
Ci lm cho chng t hay tm v thc pht khi thnh hin
hnh, ngha l ng lc to ra dng vn ng ca duyn
khi, chnh l tm thc. C th thy mt cch d dng, theo
thuyt A-li-da duyn khi ny, rng Hoc, Nghip v Kh
khi nguyn t nghip thc, hay lc.
Tng thc lu chuyn ti sinh quyt nh mt hnh thi
ca i sng k tip. C th coi tng thc ging nh mt
linh hn trong cc loi tn gio khc.
Tuy nhin, theo hc thuyt ca o Pht, ci ti sinh khng
phi l linh hn, m l kt qu ca cc hnh ng c thi
hnh trong i sng trc. Trong o Pht, ngi ta khng
nhn c hin hu ca linh hn.
c. Chn nh duyn khi
Chn nh (tatht) l t ng duy nht c th dng din
t thc ti cu cnh vt ngoi nh danh v nh ngha.
Cng gi n l Nh lai tng.7 Nh lai tng l Pht tnh n
tng trong bn tnh ca phm phu. Nh lai l mt biu hiu
c Pht t dng thay cho cc ting Ti hay Chng
ta, nhng khng phi l khng c mt ngha c bit.
Sau khi Ngi thnh o, Ngi gp nm nh kh hnh trc
7
The Matrix of Thus-come; Skt. Tathgata-garbha. TS
53
kia tng sng chung vi Ngi trong i sng rng r.

Nm nh kh hnh ny gi Ngi l Bn Gotama. Pht
khin trch h, bo rng, ng gi Nh lai (Ti n do gic
ng nh vy) l bn v ngang hng vi mnh, bi v Ngi
by gi l ng Gic ng, ng Ti thng, ng Nht
thit tr. Khi Ngi n nh vy trong t th hin ti ca
Ngi vi t cch l v o s ca tri v ngi, h phi coi
Ngi l ng Trn Lnh ch khng phi l mt ngi bn
c tri.
Li na, khi Pht tr v thnh Ca-t-la-v (Kapilavastu),
qu c Ngi, Ngi khng i n cung in ca Ph vng,
m sng trong khu vn cy bng ngoi thnh, v theo
thng l i kht thc mi ngy. Suddhodana, Ph vng
ca Ngi, khng th chp nhn con mnh mt hong t, li
i n xin trn cc ng ph thnh Ca-t-la-v. Lc , vua
n ving Pht ti khu vn, v thnh cu Ngi tr v cung
in, Pht tr li vua bng nhng li l nh sau: Nu Ti
vn cn l ngi tha k ca ngi, Ti phi tr v cung
in cng chung lc th vi ngi, nhng gia tc ca Ti
i. By gi Ti l mt ngi tha k cc c Pht trong
qu kh, cc Ngi n nh vy (tathgata) nh Ti
ang n nh vy ngy nay, cng sng trong cc khu rng,
v cng kht thc. Vy mong B h hoan h cho Ti. c
Vua hiu r nhng li , v tc th tr thnh mt ngi
t ca Pht.
54
Nh lai, n nh vy hay i nh vy,8 trn thc t, cng c

ngha nh nhau. Pht dng c hai v thng dng chng
trong hnh thc s nhiu. i khi cc ch c dng cho
mt chng sinh n nh vy, ngha l, n trong con
ng th gian. n nh vy v i nh vy do c th
c dng vi hai ngha: V gic ng nhng trong con
ng th gian mt cch n gin. Cu: Con ca ngi
(Son of man) trong Thin cha gio cng c ngha gn
nh th.
By gi, Chn nh hay Nh lai tng ch cho trng thi chn
tht ca vn hu trong v tr, ci ngun ca mt ng Gic
ng, cn c ca gic ng. Khi tnh, n l t thn ca Gic
ng (khng lin h n thi gian hay khng gian); nhng
khi ng, n xut hin trong hnh thc loi ngi ty thun
theo th gian v nhng sc thi ca i sng. Trn thc t,
Chn nh hay Nh lai tng l mt, v nh nhau: chn l
cu cnh. Trong i tha, chn l cu cnh c gi l
Chn nh hay Nh thc.
n y, chng ta mi gii thch thuyt Chn nh duyn
khi. Chn nh trong ngha tnh ca n th phi khng
gian, phi thi gian, bnh ng, v thy v chung, v tng,
khng sc, bi v bn thn s vt m khng c s biu l
ca n th khng c th c ngha v khng c din t.
Chn nh trong ngha ng ca n c th xut hin dui
bt c hnh thc no. Khi c iu ng bi mt nguyn
nhn thun tnh n mang hnh thc thanh thot; khi c
T Sanskrit tathgata c th phn tch, tath-gata, n nh vy,

Nh lai; hoc, tath-gata, i nh vy, Nh kh. T Sanskrit khc,
cng ch Pht: Su-gata, hiu theo trng hp sau: i mt cch an
lnh, Thin Th. TS
55
iu ng bi mt nguyn nhn nhim, n mang hnh

thc h bi. Do , Chn nh c hai trng thi: t thn ca
Chn nh, v nhng biu l ca n trong vng sng v
cht.
Nh vy, nn bit c ba loi duyn khi: (a) Nghip cm
duyn khi nh c miu t trong bnh xe Sinh ha; (b) A
li da duyn khi, gii thch cn nguyn ca nghip; (c)
Chn nh duyn khi, gii thch cn nguyn ca tng
thc. Tng thc ca mt ngi c qui nh bi bn tnh
ngi ca n v bn tnh ny l hnh thi ng ca Chn
nh. Khng nn hi Chn nh hay Nh lai tng khi ln t
u, bi v n l th tnh, l Chn nh cu cnh khng th
din t.
K n, chng ta phi nhn xt v ton th tin trnh duyn
khi ca v tr, v tr l biu l ng ca Chn nh.
d. Php gii duyn khi9
n y, chng ta s i vo chiu su ca duyn khi,
nhng vn cn phi nhn xt mi lin h h tng v
nhng bin hnh ca vn hu, v sau , chng ta i ti
nim v php gii duyn khi.10
V tr (vn hu) l biu l ng ca nguyn l tnh. Vn
hu h tng ph thuc, h tng giao thip, khng tr
ngi ln nhau.
Php gii duyn khi, hay Php gii v tn duyn khi; cng ni l
V tn duyn khi, hay Nht tha duyn khi. Thuyt Duyn khi ca
tng Hoa nghim. Cf. Thun (i Tu), Hoa nghim nht tha thp
huyn mn, Taish 45 No 1686. TS
10
Nguyn ting Anh: universal causation. TS
56
Php gii (dharmadhtu) c ngha l nhng yu t ca

nguyn l v c hai sc thi: (a) trng thi Chn nh hay
tnh th v (b) th gii hin tng.11 Trong thuyt Duyn
khi ny ngi ta thng dng theo ngha th hai, nhng
khi ni v th gii l tng s chng, ngi ta dng ngha
th nht.
o Pht ch trng rng khng c ci c to c nht
v ring r. Vn hu trong v tr tm v vt khi ln
ng thi; vn hu trong v tr nng ta ln nhau, nh
hng ln nhau, v do to ra mt bn i ha tu v tr
ca tng th ha iu. Nu thiu mt, v tr s khng ton
vn; nu khng c tt c, ci mt cng khng. Khi ton th
v tr tin ti mt bn ha m ton ho, n c gi l
Nht chn php gii, V tr ca ci Mt v ci Thc, hay
Lin hoa tng, kho tng Hoa sen. Trong v tr l tng
, vn hu s tn ti trong ha iu ton din, mi hu
khng chng ngi hin hu v hot ng ca hu khc.
Mc d quan nim vin dung v ng khi ca vn hu
c gi l thuyt Php gii Duyn khi, bn tnh ca hin
khi l ton v tr, n l mt th trit l v ton th tnh
ca tt c hin hu, hn l trit hc v nguyn khi.
Theo thuyt ny, ngi ta phn bit c bn hng v tr: (a)
s php gii, th gii ca i sng hin thc th gii kin
tnh; (b) l php gii, th gii l tng, ca quy lut hay
nguyn l; (c) l s v ngi php gii, th gii th hin l
trong s; s v l cng ha iu; (d) s s v ngi php
gii, th gii tng giao ha iu gia chnh cc s, cc
hin thc. Cc hng mt, hai v ba d hiu, v l nhng
quan nim thng c tho lun bi nhng ngi c t
11
Chn nh mn v sinh dit mn; cf. i tha khi tn. TS
57
tng. Nhng ci th t hi kh hiu, bi v trong nhng

thi c nhn ch ngha ngy nay, ngi ta thng ngh rng
mt c th nht nh i lp vi ci khc, v cc giai cp
trong x hi i nghch ln nhau, v nghip v cnh tranh
ln nhau.
Tri li, Php gii duyn khi chng t rng vn vt trong
th gii thc t phi c s ha iu gia chng, v v cc
l do sau y: 1.Vn vt ng thi hin khi; 2.Vn vt h
tng giao thip nh hng; 3.Vn vt thit yu h tng
ng nht (tng hy v tng thnh) th hin s ha
iu; 4.Ch v bn thit yu l nht th, hay ha iu,
thnh tu mc ch; 5.Vn vt khi nguyn t th do
mt nim tng ng phi c phn nh trong tt c;
6.Vn vt l kt qu ca nhn duyn do h tng ph
thuc; 7.Vn vt khng nh tnh nhng cng h tng ph
tr - do chng t do hin hu trong s ha iu vi tt
c; 8.Vn vt u c Pht tnh tim n bn trong; 9.Vn
hu, t ti cao cho n ti thp, u cng chung trong mt
Maala c nht (maala: lun vin, vng trn ton
vn); 10.V c s h tng phn chiu tt c mi tc dng nh trong mt cn phng dng cc mt knh chung quanh,
s vn ng ca mt nh tng to ra s vn ng ca hng
nghn phn chiu. Cc tc gi Pht gio lit k 12 l do,
nhng 10 im trn y biu dng cho ch ch ca
chng ta.
2. NGUYN L TT NH V BT NH.
Tt nh thuyt 12 ch cho l thuyt v s quyt nh do
nh mnh, Thin mnh, Thng , hay tng t. C gii
thuyt i khi cng c thi tng t i vi vn t
12
Determinism. Cng ni l tc mnh lun. TS
58
do ch ca con ngi. Mt vi nh vt l hc cn i
ngh l thuyt bt nh lun v theo th nghim khng th
quyt nh cc iu kin lp mt tt nh thuyt; l
thuyt khi c tng qut ho c gi l l thuyt v
quan h bt xc. Theo quan nim , bn cht ca mi
vt hay nhng bn th khng c cch no c th quyt nh
c bng l chng, bng th nghim hay khoa hc. L
thuyt ny c th mnh danh l bt tt nh, phn i
thuyt c cho rng mi vt c th xc nh c bng th
nghim. Ni mt cch tng qut, Pht gio khng tm
n cc thuyt tt nh hay bt nh, bi v n l mt tn
gio ch trng l thuyt t do ch (khng tuyt i) gia
cc lnh vc nhn sinh.
Do , o Pht khng lin h ti thuyt nh mnh, v n
khng chp nhn hin hu ca mt nh mnh hay phn
quyt s phn no . Theo o Pht, tt c mi loi chng
sinh nhn i sng hin ti nh l kt qu t to, v ngay
hin ti, chng cng ang t to ly. Ni cch khc, mi
loi l mt giai on ca dng bin hnh sinh ng. Mc d
ng cp v hnh thi ca s sng bin thin trong mi lp
th sinh, nhng ng tng l c s phn bit cht ch ca
thi gian nh qu kh hay v lai. S thc ch c hin ti l
duy nht. Ngha l, chng ta c mt din trnh hin hu lu
di, m sng v cht ch l nhng t sng ln hay chm
xung trong mt i dng ca i sng. Sng v cht
khng phi l s phn nh trc cho mt chng sinh, m
l mt hu thn ca hnh ng (nghip), nh mt s
ngi thng gi. Ai hnh ng, phi nhn ly hu qu,
hoc sm hay mun. Khi cm nghim mt hu qu, ngi
ta ang gieo trng nhng ht ging mi, nh th to ra t
sng k tip ca i sng cao hay thp ty theo bn cht
ca cc hnh ng trc kia ca mnh.
59
Ngc li, y, chng ta th kho st cc trng phi t

tng khc ng phng. Nu ni rng Khng gio ch
trng Thin mnh l nguyn l cn bn nhn sinh, th
Khng gio l tt nh thuyt. o gio cng th, v ch
trng rng o l cn nguyn ca vn vt. B-la-mn gio
n , cng vy, theo Phm thin (Brahman) c coi
l nguyn l sng to hay mt Thng hu ng. Cng
cc quan nim v tt nh thuyt nh th c th thy cc
trng phi t tng Ty phng.
Tri li, Pht gio cp vn bng mt phng php
khc hn. Trn thc t, khi tt c cc trng phi t tng
bt u vi mt nguyn l ti s tnh, th Pht gio bt u
vi th gii ng, hin thc; v c nhn, bng cch t ti
bi, n lc th hin l tng trong cu cnh. Samsra,
cc t chm ni ca i sng, khng phi l mt dng
nc tri xui, m mt chu k ba ng, mi t sng l
mt chu k ca i sng xut hin trn qu o v i ca
Samsra. N v chung, cng y nh ngi ta khng th im
vo ch khi u ca mt vng trn.
Do , y khng dnh ch cho quan nim v mt
Nguyn nhn Ti s, hay mt to ha c quyn quyt nh
vn vt. Trong Dhammapada (Php c), quan nim c
din t nh sau: Tt c chng ta u l kt qu ca nhng
g chng ta t tng; n nng ta trn cc t tng ca
chng ta.13 Tuy nhin, chng ta phi nh rng d ch vn
t do v bt nh trong th gii loi ngi, n c th xut
hin nh l bn nng kch ng tru tng hay dc vng
th tnh khng hn nh gia nhng th vt v cc hnh
13
Cf. Dhp. 1: manopubbagam dhamm manoseh manomay, cc

php c dn u bi , lm ch bi , tc thnh bi .
60
thc cao hn ca s sng vn l nhng ln sng nh trong

chui lin tc ca t to. C th l t to v t do, phn ln
v n khng c bn tnh hay c tnh tt nh.
S vn ng ca tm to tc hay ( nghip), ci qui nh
hnh thi mt i sng c th, th cng ging nh s vn
ng ca mt vi th trong th gii vt l. Vn hu, tm v
vt, khng c bn th, khng c linh hn, khng c thc ti
thng tr bt bin, khng c s th nh ng tuyt i.
Nhng ci trng nh l thc, ch l mt hin hu tm thi,
mt khong khc trong tin trnh nhn qu, mt gn sng
trong lp sng di, hiu qu c kt thnh bi hai nhn
hay nhiu hn.
Nu bn khng bo th v hin hu ca mt nguyn l
trung tm hay ng tuyt i, bn c th t xc nh ly
mnh ty theo s thch. Nu ni hi ht, nhng cng rt
ng khi ni rng bn hin hu v hin hu t biu l.
Nhng ni trong ngn ng xc thc v cn nhc k, th
khng th xc nh ci ti ring ca bn, v bn cng khng
th t xc nh hay t biu l. Tuy nhin, khng c g nguy
him khi bn qun mt bn thn, v khng ai c th lm tiu
dit nh hng ca hnh ng hay nng lng tim tng
ca bn. Nng lng ny biu hin ring trong hnh thi
con ngi, l bn v ton th ca bn trong lc ny.
Cht th c th tr thnh nng lng, v nng lng c th
tr thnh Cht th, nhng ng tng rng nng lng lun
lun c bo tn trong mt cht th c nht v nh nht.
Do chnh hnh ng ca mnh, bn s tip nhn i sng k
tip v c th din ra trn tuyn di ca cc i sng. V
khng c mt trung tm thng ti, mt sinh vt b bin i
theo thi gian, hoc tt hn hoc xu hn. Ci ti ca bn
khng hin hu bn ngoi nhng biu hiu bin thin,
61
nhng cc vng trn ca nhng biu hiu bin thin to

thnh mt ton th cho chnh bn. Do , tnh nh nht ca
bn khng d g b bin mt.
nim v s bt nh, m ta thy l c bn ca nim
v ch thuyt bt nh, c din t bng nhiu hng t:
Khng c t tnh, Khng c quyt nh tnh, Vn hu
l Khng, Khng c t tng, Ht thy u l gi tm,
Ht thy u l duyn sinh. V ng, v thng l
nim cn bn ca o Pht.
3. NGUYN L TNG DUNG14
Pht gio Tiu tha thng thng tha mn vi phn tch
v t khi thin v dung hp. Tri li, i tha thng thin
trng v h tng dung nhip gia hai nim tng phn.
Nu phe ny nhn quan im ca ring mnh, v phe kia
gi cht ca ring h, kt qu ng nhin l s chia r
nhau. y l iu xy ra trong Tiu tha. i tha dy rng
phi gc quan nim ca mnh sang mt bn trong mt lc
v ha ng lp trng ca ring mnh vi lp trng ca
k khc, nh th m h tng dung hp nhng lp trng
i lp. Ri c hai s thy chng hp nht nhau ton vn.
y thc s l qu trnh t ph nhn c ging k trong
phng php bin chng ca phi Tnh Khng (nyat).
Ch tng dung y theo ngha en l h tng i
i, ngha l h tng qun st t mi pha, h tng
ng nht cng y nh ni trao i cc quan im. Nht
thit phi thc hin mt cuc ha gii v nhng quan im
tng phn hay gy hiu qu nn mt ch trng hn hp
gia nhng h thng suy l i lp. Thc t, xu hng t
14
Reciprocal Identification, h tng ng nht. TS
62
tng ny c cng ln ti lp nim bao dung nguyn

thy c khai th trong gio php ca Pht nhng hu
nh mt hn trong nhiu b phi Tiu tha, chng l kt
qu ca nhng d bit v t tng.
Sau y l trong s nhng l do minh chng s ha ng
ca nhng quan im i lp nh vy: 1) ng nht tnh
phi c, v hai thnh t ring bit uc hp thnh mt nh
ng v km c pha trn vi nhau to thnh mt
hp kim l ng. L ng nht trong hnh thc ny l li
gii thch chung cho tt c cc trng phi Pht hc. 2)
ng nht tnh phi c v sp v nga c th coi nh khc
nhau nhng trong thc t chng l mt. C nhng ci nhn
i lp nh l mt trc v mt sau ca cng mt ngi nh.
Cng vy, nu i sng c nhn t quan im m hoc,
n l i sng, nhng nu nhn t quan im gic ng, n l
Nit bn. C hai thc ra ch tr vo mt. Mt vi trng
phi i tha ch trng li gii thch v ng nht trong
bn th ny. 3) ng nht tnh phi c, v rng ton din
thc th l ci mt ton vn, nh nc v sng, ton th ca
nc c biu hin nh l sng.
C ba kha cnh, hay ba ch im v ng nht tnh ny c
th tm tt: 1) ng nht trong hnh thc nh l hai yu t
d bit kt hp to thnh mt nht th. 2) ng nht
trong bn th d c th c nhiu gc cnh i lp. 3) ng
nht trong hnh thc v bn th nh nc v sng (hin
tng lun).
H tng i i bng cch t tng hy dit, khi c th
hin, c gi tr thc tin ln sau bng nhng quan im
tng phn hay to nn thin cm gia nhng phe phi i
nghch. Bng vo mt, hay nhiu hn, trong s cc phng
php ny, d bit tnh c th a ti ch lin hip, v cuc
63
i mng o c dung hp vi i sng gic ng. Nhng

tng nh ni: nhn bn th trong hin tng, coi ng
nh l tnh v tnh nh l ng, ng nht hnh v v hnh,
tnh v bt tnh, ton v bt ton, mt v nhiu, ring v
chung, thng v v thng, tt c c th t c bng l
thuyt ny.
S ng dng quan trng nht ca hc thuyt ny l nhm
ti ch ng nht i sng (sinh t) v Nit bn. Bn thn
i sng l Nit bn cng nh nc vi sng l mt. i
sng l ci ny th Nit bn l ci khng s sng kia. Nu
t ti Nit bn ngay trong s sng, i sng tr thnh l
mt vi Nit bn, nhng ch t trong tm v thn vn hin
hu. Nhng Nit bn ton vn hay trn vn c t n
khi cht. S dit tn ca thn xc l iu kin tt yu ca
Nit bn ton vn, cng nh s dng lng ca sng chung
cuc ni s tnh lng ton vn ca nc.
4. NGUYN L NH THC
Mt s vn ni ti Nh lai, Nh thc hay Chn nh
c kho st ni l thuyt Duyn khi. Chn nh l cn
bn ti hu ca t tng Pht hc cp trng thi chn
tht ca tt c nhng g hin hu.
iu t nhin l mi ngi trc tin i tm tinh th uyn
o nht gia gi tng ngoi gii ca vn hu, hay tm mt
s kin bt bin gia v s s vt bin chuyn. Ri tht bi,
ngi ta mi c phn bit ci bt kh tri vi ci kh tri, ci
thc vi ci gi, hay vt t th vi vt y tha. N lc ny ri
cng chung cc tht bi, v ci m h chn lm ci thc hay
vt t th hon ton vt ngoi nhn thc ca con ngi.
Nhng n lc nh th c th mnh danh l truy tm nguyn
l th gii hay nguyn l sinh mnh. Phng php truy tm
64
v nhng l thuyt kt qu thnh ra a dng. Mt s ch

trng nht nguyn hay phim thn, mt s khc ch
trng nh nguyn hay a nguyn.
o Pht mt mnh ng hn ngoi cc quan im . o
Pht l v thn - ci khi phi nghi ng. Khi c hi v
Nguyn nhn hay Nguyn l Ti s, Pht lun lun khng
ni. Cn i vi nguyn l sinh mnh, Ngi ph nhn hin
hu ca mt bn ng hay linh hn hay bt c ci g cng
loi m ngi ta c th gi l thc ng, nh chng ta
tho lun trn. Thy ci bn tnh chn thc hay trng thi
chn thc ca vn hu khng phi l tm thy ci mt trong
ci nhiu hay ci mt trc ci nhiu, cng khng phi l
phn bit nht tnh khc d tnh hay tnh khc ng. Trng
thi chn thc l trng thi khng c mt iu kin ring
bit no. S thc, l ci thc ti chn thc khng c
thc ti, ngha l, khng c mt tng trng hay bn tnh
ring bit no c. Tm tr con ngi rt kh m hiu ni
nim v mt thc ti trong khng ci g l bn tr (bn
th).
nim v mt bn th thng tr vi nhng phm tnh
bin chuyn, cm r qu su trong tp qun t tng
chng ta. Cc hc phi Pht hc, bt k phi no, Tiu tha
hay i tha, duy thc hay duy tm, hon ton khng l
thuc vo mt tp qun t tng no nh th v tt c u
ch trng l thuyt v bin dch trit . Khi mt ngi
theo o Pht ni v trng thi chn thc ca thc ti, ng
ta mun ni trng thi khng c bn tnh ring bit. Theo
quan im tng qut ca Tiu tha, trng thi khng iu
kin ring bit l Nit bn, v Nit bn l gii thot ton vn
khi rng buc. Phi Duy thc (Sarvstivda: Nht thit
Hu b), thuc h Tiu tha, bc xa hn, cho rng v ng,
65
v thng v Nit bn (s tt la) u l trng thi chn

tht ca vn hu. Phi H v lun (Satyasiddhi: Thnh tht
lun) ch trng rng vn hu, tm v vt, thy u khng
v bt thc, khng c ci g hin hu, c n Nit bn.
Trong i tha, phi Ph nh lun tc Trung qun
(Madhymika) dy rng chn l ch c th khm ph c
bng cc quan im ph nh v s hu; v ng khc, phi
Duy tm lun (Vijnaptimtra) ch trng rng s vin mn
chn thc ch c th chng c mt cch tiu cc bng
ph nhn bn tnh h o v duyn sinh ca hin hu. Phi
Hoa nghim (Avatasaka) ca i tha ngh rng th gii
l tng, hay Nht chn Php gii, l th gii khng c c
th bit lp. Phi Php hoa (Puarika) ng nht trng thi
biu hin nh th l nh th vi thc th chn thc ni ti
trong bn tnh.
Xt trn ton th, nu ch thy s kin mt a hoa ang
rng, th nht nh l mt thin kin theo thuyt v
thng. Chng ta phi thy rng ni ti trong s kin mt
a hoa ang rng cha sn s kin mt a hoa ang n,
v cng ni ti trong s kin mt a hoa n c sn s kin
o hoa rng. Nh th s i lp ca rng (dit) v n
(sinh) c dung hp v chng to thnh quan im v h
tng i i, l mt ci nhn trung o khng thin chp.
T , ni rng chng ta nhn thy ci v hnh trong ci
hnh, hnh trong v hnh, bt ng trong ng v ng
trong bt ng, lng trong sng v sng trong lng. Th l
chng ta i ti trng thi chn thc ca vn hu, ngha l
Trung o. V ci c gi l Nh thc hay Chn nh.
Khi quan im y c pht biu bng ph nh, n tr vo
s ph nh thc th hay ci Khng, bi v ph nhn ht
66
mi trng thi ring bit ca mi vt. Quan nim ti hu

ca trit hc Pht gio c nhn nh nh th. Khi nguyn
l ti hu c nhn nh t quan im ph bin, n c
gi l Php gii (dharmadhtu), Cnh vc ca L tnh,
nhng khi nhn nh t quan im nhn cch, n c gi
l Nh lai tng (Tathgata-garbha). Nhng cch din t
khc cng ni ln tng ny l: Pht tnh (Buddhat) hay
Pht t tnh (Buddhasvabhva), v Php thn
(Dharmakya). Nhng ch ny, trn thc t, ng ngha.
Nu khng bit ti nguyn l Chn nh hay Tnh Khng
theo ngha cao nht ca ch , khng cch no hiu ni
gio php ca i tha. Ch khng trong ngha cao nht
khng c ngha l khng chi c (ngoan khng) m n ch
cho ci khng c nhng iu kin ring bit, khng t
tnh.
5. NGUYN L VIN DUNG
V nguyn l Vin dung, c ni trong on tho lun
v Nguyn l Php gii Duyn khi. Chng ta thy rng
c bn loi v tr cn phi bit: 1) s php gii, 2) l php
gii, 3) l s v ngi php gii v 4) s s v ngi php
gii. S mt, s hai v s ba c th d hiu, nhng ci s
bn l mt nim kh kh thng. Trong th gii hin thc,
s php gii, ch ngha c nhn c c ni bt; cnh tranh,
xung t, tranh lun v tranh chp thng cng s lm ri
lon ha iu. Coi xung t nh chuyn ng nhin, l
ng li ca cc nn trit hc xa nay. o Pht dng ln
mt th gii trong i sng hin thc t ti ch ha
iu l tng.
Nhng l do nu ln minh chng kh tnh ca mt th
gii nh th, c trnh by ri. (Xem Ch. I). Theo
nguyn l ny, khng mt s hu no hin hu bi chnh
67
n v hin hu cho ci khc, nhng ton th th gii s vn

ng v hnh s trong nht tr, c h ton th uc t di
t chc tng qut. Mt th gii l tng nh th c gi l
Nht chn Php gii hay Lin hoa tng.
Nguyn l ny cn c trn php gii duyn khi ca
Dharmadhtu (Cnh vc ca L tnh) m chng ta c th
coi nh l s t to ca chnh v tr. ng qun rng
ch l duyn khi do cng nghip ca tt c mi loi, v
nguyn l ny cng nng ta trn thuyt v ng. Trong
thut ng Pht gio, nguyn l vin dung c gi l Hoa
nghim (Avatasaka), v s c tho lun trong chng
ni v tng phi ny.
6. NGUYN L NIT BN HAY GII THOT VIN
MN
hiu o Pht mt cch chnh xc, chng ta phi bt u
cu cnh cng hnh ca Pht. Nm 486 trc Thin cha,
hay vo khong , l nm chng kin thnh kt hot
ng ca Pht vi t cch mt o s ti x n. Ci cht
ca Pht, nh mi ngi u r, c gi l Nit bn tnh trng mt ngn la tt. Khi mt ngn la tt,
khng cn thy cn lu li mt cht g. Cng vy, ngi ta
ni Pht i vo cnh gii v hnh khng sao miu t
c bng li, hay cch no khc.
Ngay trc khi Ngi nhp Nit bn, trong rng Sala thnh
Kusinagara, Ngi ni nhng li di gio ny cho cc
t: ng than khc rng: c o s ca chng ta i
mt, v chng ta khng c ai tun theo. Nhng g Ta
dy, Php (Dharma) cng vi Lut (Vinaya), s l o s
ca cc ngi sau khi Ta vng bng. Nu cc ngi tun
68
hnh Php v Lut khng h gin on, h chng khc Php

thn (Dharmakya)15 ca ta vn cn y mi mi?
D c nhng li gio hun nh , mt s t ca Ngi
din ra mt kin d ngh ngay trc khi l tng ngi.
Do , ng nhin cc bc trng lo phi ngh vic triu
tp mt i hi trng lo bo tr gio php chnh thng
ca Pht. H khuyn co vua Ajtaatru lp tc ra lnh cho
18 tng vin chung quanh th phi trang b phng x cho
cc thnh vin ca i hi Vng x (Rjagha) sp ti.
Khi thi gian ti, nm trm trng lo c chn la
cng hp nhau li. nanda trng tuyn Kinh Php
(Dharma) v Upli gii thch nguyn nhn ca tng iu
lut ca Lut tng (Vinaya). Khng cn c li cc iu lut
v chng c Pht kt tp khi ti th cho cuc tp hi
hng tun (mi na thng) sm hi (b-tt). Hi ngh
kt tp c mt tuyn tp vi diu ca Php v Lut, con s
cc Kinh c quyt nh v lch s cc iu lut c tp
thnh.
Kt qu hot ng ca cc trng lo c nhng ngi c
khuynh hng ch hnh thc v thc ti lun tha nhn nh
l c thm quyn. Tuy nhin, c mt s c quan im d
bit Puraa l mt th d, v ny sau khi b git cht lc
ang ging php. Puraa trong mt khu rng trc gn
thnh Vng x (Rjagha) sut thi i hi, v c mt
c s n hi, Ngi tr li: i hi c th san nh mt
tuyn tp vi diu. Nhng ti s gi nhng g t mnh
nghe t c o s ca ti. Vy chng ta c th cho rng
15
Pht ni n Php thn vi ngha sc thn ca Ngi ri s tan bin

nhng gio php ca Ngi vn tn ti nh l bn thn l tng ca
Ngi. y l gii thch ca cc nh Tiu tha.
69
c mt s ngi c cc khuynh hng duy tm v t do

t tng.
a. Thnh in khng vn t
Ton b kit tp ca thnh in do i hi san nh cha
c vit trn giy hay trn l bi sut mt thi gian gn
400 nm. D nhin ngay thi B-la-mn gio cng cha
vit ra vn hc V nht l nhng sch khi th mnh
danh ruti (Khi th lc). Chng ta c th tng tng,
o Pht gin d noi gng nn tn gio xa hn, nhng
cng cn c nhng l do khc na: Trc ht, cc ngi
khng dm tc ha m thanh du ngt v nhng li m i
ca c Thch tn bng cch t chng vo nhng vn t
mo phm c ngun gc ngoi lai. Pht c ln cm dch
nhng li Ngi thnh ting Sanskrit ca V . Th th
Ngi s t hi lng hn nu vit nhng li Ngi trong mu
t ca ngi A-ka-i ngoi lai,16 vn ch c dng cho cc
mc ch thng mi v bnh dn. Th hai, ngn ng m
cc ngi chp thun trong i hi rt c th l mt th ting
hn chng, gn ging ting Pli, l ting Hoa th
(Pataliputra). Tht l khng thch hp nu ngn ng v vn
hc linh thing ca cc ngi phi m ra cho qun chng,
nht l khi c mt s trng lo c d kin theo khuynh
hng t do t tng. Th ba, t nhng thnh ngn ca
Pht vo vn t c th coi l mo phm cng nh miu
t thnh tng bng hi ha hay iu khc, ri ti s ni
16
Accadian, thuc vng quc Accad (Akkad) trong vng H lu

Lng h, trung tm mt vng quc rng ln ca dn Semite (Trung
) dng ln khong ba thin nin k trc Thin cha bao gm lnh
th ca Sumer v Babylone. Vn t Sanskrit c xem l c ngun t
loi ch ny. TS
70
ngay sau y. D sao, ton b vn hc c duy tr trong

k c v khng c php vit tri qua khong bn th k.
Cng ng Pht t, khc hn vi cng ng cc B-la-mn,
l mt tp hp ca c bn giai cp n t mi phng
hng, v khng thch hp cho vic tng c nghim tc
cc thnh ngn. Kt qu l mt cuc lu truyn thiu st.
V s tht lc v xuyn tc nhng gio thuyt nguyn thu,
vua Vattagamani Tch lan ban lnh ghi chp ton b vn
hc vit bng ch Tch lan, khong nm 80 trc Thin
cha.
b. Thnh tng khng t v
Tt c nhng iu khc u tin ti Sanchi v Barhut khng
trnh by Pht trong din mo con ngi. iu ng lu
chng ta l, nhng bin c chnh trong i sng ca Pht
c a ra y trong iu khc m khng mang din
mo mt nhn vt chnh. Lm sao c th c? Pht khi
ging sinh c tng trng bng o hoa sen n trn; Pht
lc thnh o tng trng bng cy b c tng ro
chung quanh; Pht lc thuyt php ln u tng trng
bng mt bnh xe trn i khi c thm du hiu tri-ratna
(tam bo); lc kht thc tng trng bng mt ci bnh bt;
v i loi nh th. Nu s gi hng l mt phng tin
ca ngh thut ch thc, cc ngh s Pht t u tin
hiu iu kh trn vn v dng nim mt cch
kho lo cho nhng mc ch thc tin.
Tuy nhin, tt c nhng iu ny khng nht thit c ngha
rng cc trng lo tuyt nhin khng trnh by c Pht
sut trong thi ti th ca Ngi, v c truyn k k li vic
h to mt bc tng cng dng sut trong thi Ngi
vng mt. H l nhng ngi ch hnh thc v duy thc
71
nh ni trn, v nh th nu Pht ang ngay trc

mt, h c quyn miu t ngi bng hi ha hay iu khc.
Nhng by gi Ngi i vo Nit bn, m trnh by mt
ngi khng cn hin hu trong thc ti na, l iu bt
xc. Chnh do sau s pht trin kh quan ca cc nn ngh
thut Gandhara m Nam phng Pht gio bt u c
nhng tng Pht. Theo ti, vic ny xy ra cng lc vi
vic ghi chp cc gio thuyt ca Pht thnh vn t, tc
khong 80 trc Thin cha.
Cc trng lo c khuynh hng duy tm v t do t
tng, m chng ta c th coi nh l nhng nh tin phong
ca i tha, hnh nh khng c nhng cuc hi hp
c li cc bi php ca Pht, cng khng m rng cc iu
khon lut ca h vt ngoi nhng g Pht thit nh.
H thng ghi li nhng thnh ngn bng k c hay bng
vn t ty theo s thch. H khng ngn ngi s dng cc
ti nng ca mnh trong hi ho hay iu khc miu t
hnh nh Pht theo l tng ring ca mnh v ci p v
ci ton, nh h lm ngh thut Gandhara.
Xu hng t do t tng cng c th c thy trong cc
lun gii siu hnh ca cc nh Vaibhasika (Phn bit
thuyt, hay T-b-sa), trong nhiu quan nim v php
(dharma) hay thng (v t) php (abhidharma) c su
tp v mt s quan nim t do c tuyn v c
khuyn co hc tp. Mc d phi T-b-sa thuc h Tiu
tha, nhng m ra mt khuynh hng nhm ti trng
phi t do t tng. Hng ngi t do t tng nh th c
nhin to bo trong vic thch ngha, bc hc, ch gii, hay
hnh thnh v din t bt c quan nim no. Tuy nhin, iu
ny khng c ngha rng h i xa ngoi cc gio php
nguyn thu ca Pht.
72
V Nit bn, nhm t do t tng trong s cc Pht t u

tin ht sc phng khong trong vic gii thch, bi v
Pht khng ni nhiu v iu trong thi Ngi ti th,
mc d i khi c cp n trong cc k th ca Ngi,
nh trong kinh Php c (Dhammapada). Mi khi c ngi
hi Ngi cn tn ti sau khi cht hay khng, hay Ngi i
vo th gii no sau khi Nit bn, lun lun Ngi im lng.
Khi Pht im lng trc mt cu hi cn tr li l phi hay
khng, s im lng ca Ngi thng c ngha l tha
nhn. Nhng s im lng ca Ngi trc cu hi v Nit bn
li do s kin rng cc thnh gi ca Ngi khng th hiu
ni ci trit l su xa nm trong .
Mt hm c ngi ni vi Pht y s nhp bn cc t ca
Ngi nu Ngi a ra c nhng gii p sng t cho cc
vn : Pht sng mi hay khng, nu th, ci g s xy ra
sau khi Ngi cht ? Nguyn nhn u tin ca v tr l g
v v tr ri s ging nh ci g trong v lai ? Ti sao loi
ngi sng v ci g xy ra sau khi chng cht ? Gii p
ca Pht c hiu qu nh sau: Gi s bn b trng mt mi
tn tm c, mt y s n nh mi tn ra khi thn th
bn v tr vt thng, trc tin bn c hi ng ta nhng
vn nh mi tn c lm bng th g, thuc c c
ch bng th g, ai bn mi tn , v nu y s khng tr vt
thng, ci g s phi xy ra, v nhng vn i loi nh
vy; v t chi cha tr, tr phi y s tr li tt c nhng vn
tha mn bn ? Bn s cht trc khi nhn c
nhng gii p.17
17
Cf. Pli, M. 63 Ca-lukyputta-sutta. Hn, Trung A-hm 60, s

221 Kinh Tin d. TS
73
Trong th d ny, Pht khuyn co ngi hi nu l t

Ngi ng mt thi gian v nhng vn qu su xa ngoi
tm lnh hi ca mt ngi thng c th sau mt cuc
tu tp lu di lm t ca Pht ri y s thu hiu.
Sau khi Pht vng bng, hu ht cc tho lun suy lun siu
hnh tp trung quanh ti Nit bn. Kinh i Bt-nit-bn
(Mahparinirva-stra), 18 nhng on vn bng ting
Sanskrit va c pht kin mi y mt Trung v
on khc Kyasan (Cao d sn) cho thy mt tho lun
sng ng v cc vn nh Pht tnh, Php tnh, Chn
nh, Php gii, Php thn, v s khc nhau gia cc
tng Tiu tha v i tha. Tt c nhng ch im lin
quan ti vn Nit bn, v cho thy mi bn tm ln ca
suy lun c t trn vn v cng quan trng ny.
Vn then cht ca o Pht, d ch hnh thc hay ch
duy tm, qui vo s dit tn ca phin no, dc vng ca
con ngi; bi v trng thi mo m ca tm c coi
nh l ci ngun ca tt c mi xu xa trong i sng ca
con ngi. Dc vng ca con ngi c th b dit tn ngay
trong hin th. Do , gii thot s mo m nh th ca
tm l i tng chnh ca tu tr trong Pht gio. S dit tn
(Nit bn) ca phin no, ca dc vng, ca gic nng, ca
tm tr, v ngay c dit tn thc c bit, thng c ni
n.
Trong tm ca ngi theo o Pht, Nit bn khng cha
bt c tng thn thnh ha no v c Pht. N n gin
18
Taish 12 No 374 i Bt-nit-bn kinh (Bc bn), 40 quyn, mv-sm dch; No 375 i Bt-nit-bn kinh (Nam bn), 36 quyn, Hu
Nghim bin tp; No 376 Pht thuyt i Bt-n-hon kinh, 6 quyn,
Php Hin dch.
74
ch cho s lin tc vnh cu ca nhn cch Ngi trong

ngha cao nht ca t ny. N ch cho vic tr v Pht tnh
bn hu ca Ngi, l bn thn Chnh Php19 ca Ngi ch
khng phi l bn thn kinh in20 ca Ngi nh cc nh
ch hnh thc quan nim. Php c ngha l l th m Pht
chng trong Gic ng vin mn. Cc nh duy tm cho
rng Pht c Php thn thn th ng nht vi l th. L
th c din t trong cc gio thuyt ca Pht nhng gio
thuyt ny lun lun b hn cuc bi ngn ng, c duyn v
thnh chng. V vy, cc nh duy tm ch trng, kinh in
khng phi l bn thn l th ca Pht. Thn l th
khng chu nhng hn cuc no c, l Nit bn.
Cc nh ch hnh thc, tri li, ch trng kinh in l s
biu dng trn vn cho l th ca Pht. Do h quan
nim Pht vnh vin tn ti trong bn thn gio php, cn
Nit bn l dit tn v d ca ngi.
By gi, chng ta phc ha thm nguyn l Nit bn (trng
thi tt la) trong nh sng ca thi gian v khng gian. i
vi cc trit gia, nht l cc trit gia n, nu tin rng khng
gian v thi gian l v hn, th l mt o tng. Th
nhng o Pht cha tng ni khng gian v thi gian l v
hn, v o Pht coi chng l nhng cht th vt l. Khng
gian c coi nh l mt trong nm hnh cht nm i:
t, nc, la, gi v h khng v i khi n c trnh
by l c hnh dng trn.
19
Dharma-kya, trong i tha, ch cho l th thun tnh c ngay trong

s Gic ng ca Pht ch khng phi ch trong gio php ca Ngi tc
l th y c din thnh li.
20
Bn thn kinh in ngha l, theo cc nh Tiu tha, Pht tip tc
tn ti nh l kinh in hay gio thuyt.
75
Mt s trng phi coi thi gian l thc hu, mt s khc

ni n bt thc. Nhng cn ghi nhn c bit rng thi gian
cha h c coi hin hu tch bit khng gian. Th c
ngha l, mi loi v mi vt u c thi gian ca ring n.
Khng gian v thi gian lun lun nng nhau. Loi ngi
c trng sng trung bnh, hay tui th, khong nm
mi nm. Nhng ngi ta ni hc sng mt nghn nm,
ra sng ti mt vn tui. Vi cc loi tri, ngi ta ni
mt ngy mt m ca h di bng c 50 nm ca ngi
trn. Tri li, rui nhng v nm mai sng vn vi ch c
mt ngy.
L thuyt ni khng gian cong, do cc nh vt l hc hin
i ra, kh thng thuyt Nit bn. V tr, hay Php
gii ni theo thut ng, l khu vc c chim c bi
khng gian v thi gian, v trong khu vc chng kim
sot nhng ngn sng ca hin hu. Vy trn thc tin, th
gii thi-khng l i dng ca nhng ln sng sinh t.
N l mi trng ca samsra (nhng chu k chm ni ca
i sng), th gii ca sng to, ca nng lng, ca nhn
duyn, ca lc, ca t to, v ca bin hnh. N l mi
trng ca dc, ca sc v tm.
i lp vi mt th gii nh th, trn phng din l
thuyt, chng ta c cho rng phi c mt mi trng khng
khng gian v khng thi gian, khng to tc, khng nhn
duyn, v khng b dao ng bi nhng ln sng sinh t. S
khng c Php gii theo ngha ng, ngha l, th gii biu
hin. Nhng s c Php gii theo ngha tnh, ngha l th
gii t thn; tc Chn nh hay Nh thc, trng thi ti hu
ca Nit bn, i Bt-nit-bn (Mahparinirva), hay
Chnh ng Chnh gic (Samyak-sambuddha). Php gii
(Dharmadhtu), ni theo ngha th gii hin tng, l th
76
gii ca mt vng trn khp kn c th c trnh by nh

sau:
Ci sc-tm
Ci thi-khng
Sinh-t, hnh nghip, nhn duyn
to tc, bin dch
Lun hi
Th gii ca dc, sc v tm
Nghip bo
Nit-bn hu d y
Th gii hin tng
Ngoi Php gii (Dharma-dhtu) theo ngha ny, c th

gii khng hn cuc c din t nh sau:
Khng khng gian - khng thi gian
Nit bn khng cn cc iu kin sng
(v D y Nit bn).
Khng sng - khng cht.
Khng to tc, khng nhn duyn, khng bin dch
Gic ng vin mn, gii thot vin mn
Chn nh, Nh thc, Nh lai
Trong s cc kinh vn Pht gio cn lu truyn n ngy
nay, chng ta khng thy c on no ch r nhng im
ny. Tuy nhin, chng ta c mt bn, d nguyn bn n
cha c pht kin, cha ng tng kh ging iu ti
din t y.
77
Bn ni: Trong php gii (th gii hin tng), c ba

th gii l dc, sc v tm. Ht thy cc loi to vt, c
thnh v phm, nhn v qu, u trong php gii . Ch
c Pht l ngoi php gii. Quan nim trong on vn
ny thc t ng nht vi th nu trn.
Kinh i Bt-nit-bn ca i tha, khng tha mn vi
tt c nhng minh gii tiu cc, ct ngha Nit bn bng
nhng t ng khng nh nh: thng (ngc vi v
thng th tc), lc (ngc vi kh no trn gian), ng
(ngc vi v ng ca mi loi), tnh (ngc vi bt tnh
ca nhn sinh). Tuy nhin, v chng thy u l nhng
phm tnh siu vit ca Pht, khng nn hiu nhng t ny
theo ngha thng thng. Th d, ng v ra cho mnh mt
v tr ring bit, mt th gii ca Nit bn, ni Pht tn
ti trong h v lc, v Nit bn ca Pht l Nit bn V tr
x.
Mt v A-la-hn bnh thng (mt ngi mi gic ng mt
phn) s cht t tt c nhng chng ngi c to ra do
phin no v dc vng, nh t ti mc tiu v d ca
mnh. V thy tha mn trong s hy dit i sng tri
thc, v v y ngh rng ci ngun ca phn bit, i lp hay
khu bit trong cc s vt u nm trong tm thc. Ngi
ngh trng thi v d ca mnh l l tng Nit bn. Nhng
s thc, ngi tr v vi v minh nguyn thy khi ri b
chng ngi ca tri thc. Ngi c th ang t ngh l mnh
gt b v minh. Nhng v minh l nguyn l cn bn
ca hin hu khng d g ct t mt cch gin d, cng
nh bng ti khng th b hy dit nu khng c nh sng.
Cch c nht tng kh bng ti l mt ngn n vo
phng ti. Do gic ng m bng ti chn ngang tri thc s
b gt i.
78
Ni theo thut ng, s dit tn ca phin no c gi l

Hu d y Nit bn, Nit bn vi iu kin ca hu vn
cn, hay ni st hn, Nit bn cn upadhi. Upadhi l
iu kin vt cht v phi vt cht ca s hu. Ni thng, ci
c ngha l tr thnh mt ngi khng cn li cht phin
no khi cn ang sng.
Ri n vn k tip: Nit bn khng cn li upadha (hu
d y Nit bn) l g? N l s dit tn ton din nhng iu
kin ca hu cng nh phin no. C th gi n l v d
ca hu. y l Nit- bn hay Gii thot vin mn, l s
cht ca Pht Thch ca Mu ni.
Quan im ch hnh thc ca o Pht y kt thc bng
s dit tn ca hu. Nhng nhng quan im suy l ca lp
trng duy tm khi s mi m vi on ng Pht hu
tng i vo ci v tng. Ngay trong thi ti th, Pht
t do ton vn trong hot ng tri thc, v khi Ngi cn l
mt con ngi, Ngi gic ng vt ln ngi. Cn phi
c t do no hn na Ngi phi i vo cnh gii v vi
ca Nit bn? By gi Ngi tr v vi bn thn l th ca
mnh. N c gi l T Tnh Thn tri ngc vi Ty
Loi Ha Thn. Tt c nhng l thuyt v Ho thn du
nhp trong cc thi sau bt ngun t li gii thch Nit
bn .
Pht trong Nit bn c t do ton vn, sng bt c ni
no ty . Ngi c th lm bt c cch no Ngi mun, v
rng Ngi khng c tr x c nh, nn Nit bn ca Ngi
c gi l Nit bnV tr x. c Th tn c th ti
xut trong th gian ny khi Ngi thy cn cu ht thy
mi loi nh c Thch ca Mu ni lch s tng thc
hin. Do , theo quan im duy tm, Pht khng tn ti
trong th gii ca sng v cht v Ngi khng b chi phi
79
bi nhn qu. Tuy nhin, cng lc Ngi khng an tr ni

Nit bn, v Ngi l ngi th kh cho ni kh ca tha
nhn.
80
CHNG IV
CU-X TNG
(ABHIDHARMA-KOA )
(Thuyt Nht thit Hu A t m tng)
(Thc ti lun: Hu tng) [Tiu tha]
1. CNG YU
Tn gi ca tng phi ny, ting Nht l Kusha,1 l mt
danh t gin lc ca Phn ng Abhidharma-Koa (Koa:
Kusha). 2 l nhan sch mt tc phm ca Th Thn
(Vasubandhu),3 vit v ch thuyt duy thc v c th dch
l Kho tng ca Php ti thng (Thng php hay V t
php). Chng ta s tr li tc phm ny sau.
Trc ht, chng ta hy nhn xt ngha t dharma trong
Pht gio. T ng ny xut x t ng t dh (gi li,
mang), v hnh thc danh t ca n, dharma, c ngha l
ci c nm gi,4 hay l th nu chng ta gii hn
1
Cu-x .
A-t-t-ma cu-x lun (vit tt: Cu-x) , 30
quyn, Huyn Trang dch. Taish 29 No 1558. Bn dch Php, bi
L. de la Valle Pousin, L Abhidharmakosa de Vasubandhu, 6 vol.;
Paris 1923-31. B sung: bn dch Anh (t bn Php), Leo M. Pruden,
Abhidharmakosa, Asian Humaniti Press 1988-1990. Nguyn bn
Sanskrit, Abhidharmakoa-bhyam of Vasubandhu, Edit. A. Thakur,
Patna, 1975. S gii ca Yoso, Spurthvykhy, phn I, 2, phm u,
Varanasi, 1970. TS
3
Th Thn (Vasubandhu) , khong 420-500 TL.
4
Cu-x 1, tr. 1b09, Ci duy tr yu tnh ca n c gi l php. Cf.
Bhya: svalakanadhrad dharma. TS
2
ngha ca n trong nhng tc v tm l m thi. Trnh

ca l th ny s sai bit ty theo s tip nhn ca mi c
th khc nhau. c Pht, n l s ton gic hay vin mn
tr (bodhi: b-). Th n, l th din t trong ngn t s
l gio thuyt, gio l, gio php ca Ngi. Th ba, l
tng ra cho cc t ca Ngi th l Lut nghi, Gii
cm, Gii iu, c l. Th t, l th chng ng s l
nguyn l, thuyt l, chn l, l tnh, bn tnh, lut tc, iu
kin. Th nm, l th th hin trong mt ngha tng qut
s l thc ti, s kin, s th, yu t (th to hay khng th
to), Tm v Vt, th v Hin tng. Trong trng phi
duy thc ca cc Lun s A-t-m, t ng dharma c
dng nhiu nht theo ngha th nm cui cng ny.
By gi n lc chng ta tm hiu Abhidharma c ngha l
g. Tip u ng abhi cho ta ngha hn th hay ni
v. Nh vy, Abhidharma, 5 c ngha l Php ti thng
hay c thng hay Trn thut v Dharma. C hai u
thch nghi vi mc ch ca chng ta. Trong khi dharma l
gio l tng qut ca Pht, th Abhidharma l mt lun gii
siu hnh c bit do cc bc trng lo mang li.
Hu ht nhng trng phi A-t-m c l pht khi sau
cuc kit tp ca Aoka (khong 240 ttl.), bi v vn hc At-m gm tt c 7 b lun, ln u tin c cng nhn l
Cf. Bhya: tad aya paramrtha v nirva dharmalakaa v

pratyabhimukhe dharma ity abhidharma, php i din trc tip vi
thng ngha l nit-bn, hay yu tnh ca php, c gi l abhidharma.
Cf. Hn dch, Cu-x, ibid., php i hng php thng ngha l nitbn, hay i qun php php tng l bn Thnh , php y c gi
l i php. TS
82
CHNG IV. CU-X TNG
mt trong Ba tng kinh (Tripiaka) trong cuc kit tp ny.6

Trong cuc kit tp ln u v ln th hai ch c hai tng
(Kinh: Stra, v Lut: Vinaya).7 Trong k kit tp Aoka
ny, Abhidharma c thm vo lp thnh Tam tng.
Trong khi Thng ta b (Theravda)8 ny n phng
Nam, chnh yu l Tch lan, th mt trng phi ca duy
thc cng khai hn ang ln mnh phng Bc, nht l
Kamra v Gandhra.
S c mt ca Nht thit hu b (Sarvstivda)9 ny c th
c nhn thy, trong lch s n , ko di t cuc kit
tp ca Pht gio di thi Aoka cho n thi Ngha
Tnh10 du hnh sang n (671-695 stl.).11 Trong tp Lun s
(Katha-Vatthu) c son tp vo thi vua A-dc (Aoka),
Hu b hnh nh chim mt a v vng chc gia nhng
phn t tranh bin. C im chnh ca b phi ny l
Kamra (Ca-thp-di-la hay K-tn), , ch thuyt ny
c ging dy trong tinh ty ca n v cui cng c
khai trin thnh mt h thng chi li c gi l T-b-sa
(Vaibhika).12
Xem, Takakusu, On the Abhidharma Literature of Sarvastivadins,

Journal of the Pali Text Society, 1905.
7
Stra: cc bi php do Pht thuyt; Vinaya: k lut tu o do Pht ch.
8
Thng ta b .
9
Thuyt Nht thit hu b .
10
I-tsing (Yi-Jing) .
11
Xem bn dch ca Takakusu, A Record of the Buddhist Religion as
Practised in India and Malay Archipelago (A.D. 671-695) bi Ngha
Tnh. - (Hn: Nam hi k quy ni php truyn , 4
quyn, Taisho 54 No 2125. TS)
12
T-b-sa .
83
Theo thi gian, mt chi lu khc ca phi T-b-sa

(Vaibhika) c thit lp Gandhra (Kin--la) v
hnh nh rt khc bit vi phi Kamra trong mt vi quan
im; bi v, c hai thng c trch dn song song trong
mt vi bn vn thng c dng.
Phm vi a l ca b phi ny rng ln hn bt c mt b
phi no khc, v ph bin khp n , n c bin cng
pha Bc l Persia, Trung , v tn min Nam l Sumatra,
Java, ng dng v ton th Trung hoa.
Nht thit hu b lin h cht ch vi b phi chnh truyn
l Thng ta b. N tch khi b phi ny ln u tin c
l trc cuc kt tp Aoka. Ci nim cho rng tt c cc
php u hin thc c th ngc dng t thi i ca chnh
c Pht, bi v t ng sabha-atthi (tt c u hin thc)
c thy ngay trong Samyutta-Nikya (Tng ng b
kinh).13
Bn vn Abhidharma chnh yu ca b phi ny l
Jnaprasthna 14 ca Ktyyanputra (Ca-a-din-ni t)
cng c gi l Aa-grantha (Bt kin lun),15 c l
c tp thnh rt sm, khong 200 trc TL. Nhng tc
13
Bn dch Anh bi C.A.F. Rhys Davids v F.L. Woodward: The Book

of Kindred Sayings, Pali Text Society Translation Series, Vols. VII, X,
XIII, XV, XVI, 1918-30. Xem Rhys Davids Index to Samyutta, p. 107.
Tng ng Hn, Tp A-hm kinh (Tng, Cu-na-bt--la
dch, Taish 2 No 99).
14
Pht tr lun. A-t-t-ma Pht tr lun , 20 quyn,
tc gi Tn gi Ca-a-din-ni T , Huyn Trang dch.
Taish 26 No 1544. TS
15
A-t-m Bt-kin- lun , 30 quyn, tc gi Cachin-din T (Ktyyanputra), Tng-gi--b & Trc Pht
Nim dch. Taish 26 No 1543. TS
84
CHNG IV. CU-X TNG
phm ph theo ca b phi ny hnh nh l ch gii chuyn

bit v ch cha ng trong . t ra c 6 Pada16 (Lc
tc lun), tn gi m ngi ta a t cho nhng tc phm
ny, cn truyn n chng ta.
Ri c l vo th k II TL trc hay sau cuc kit tp ca
triu Kanika, chng ta khng th ni c mt s gii v
i v chi ly mnh danh Ti-b-sa lun (Vibhs-stra)
c tp thnh da trn tc phm ca Ktyyanputra. T
ng Vibh c ngha l mt qung din, hay nhng
d kin,17 v tiu ny t ra rng nhiu quan im ca
thi y c tp hp v ph bnh chi tit, v mt vi quan
im ring t c tuyn chn v ghi chp li. Mc ch
chnh ca s gii T-b-sa l lu truyn lp trng chnh
xc ca trng phi A-t-m, t trng phi ny mi
c gi l phi Vaibhika (T-b-sa s).
Ri xut hin mt yu th ca hc thuyt A-t-m gi l
A-ti-m
Tm
lun,
Adhidharma-hidaya,
ca
Dharmottara18 thuc chi phi Gandhra (c dch sang
Hn vn vo nm 391 stl.). Mt bn ch gii v tc phm
16
Lc tc lun .
Cf. Ph Quang, Cu-x lun k 1 (T41n1821, 11a17): T (vi)
ngha l qung (m rng); hoc ni thng (bt), hoc d (sai
khc). B-sa (bh) ngha l thuyt .V Lun ny phn bit
ngha l mt cch rng ri, nn ni l Qung thuyt. V thuyt minh
ngha l mt cch c sc nn gi l Thng thuyt. Do s gii thch
ngha l khc nhau ca 500 v A-la-hn, nn gi l D thuyt. TS
18
A-t-m tm lun , Tn gi Php Thng to
Tng-gi--b v Tu Vin dch , 4 quyn. Taish 28
No 1550. Cf. A-t-m tm lun kinh , lun bn: Php
Thng, gii thch: u-ba-phin-a , Tng-gi--b v Tu
Vin dch , 6 quyn. Taish 28 No 1551. TS
17
85
ny l Samyukta-abhidharma-hdaya, do Dharmatrta, 19
mt ca Dharmottara, son tho. Tc phm ny tr
thnh bn vn cn bn ca chi phi Gandhra v sau cng
l ca phi A-t-m Trung hoa.
VN HC A T M
I
Thn lun (mlastra)
Ktyyanputra (Ca-a-din-ni-t)
Jna-prasthna (Pht tr lun )
hay Aa-grantha (Bt kin- lun)
Lc tc lun (a-pada)
v tc phm trn
1
Vasumitra (Th Hu) Devasarma

Prakaraapda
(Phm loi tc lun)20
4
Maudgalyyana
Prajapti
(Thi thit tc lun)23
19
Sariputra (X-li-pht)
Vijna-kya
(Thc thn tc lun)21
5
Pura
(Ph lu na)
Dhtu-kya
(Gii thn tc lun)24
Dharmaskandha
(Php un tc lun)22
6
Mahkauhila
(i cu thi la)
Sagti-paryaya
(Tp d mn tc lun)25
Tp A-t-m tm lun , tc gi Php Cu , Tnggi-bt-ma dch, 11 quyn. Taisho 28 No 1552. TS

20
A-t-t-ma Phm loi tc lun , Tn gi Th
Hu to, Huyn Trang dch; 18 quyn. Taish 26 No 1542.
TS
21
A-t-t-ma Thc thn tc lun , A-la-hn -bthit-ma to, Huyn Trang dch, 16 quyn.
22
A-t-t-ma Php un tc lun . Tn gi i
Mc-kin-lin to, Huyn Trang dch; 12 quyn.
86
CHNG IV. CU-X TNG

Prva (Hip Tn gi)
26
Mahvibh (i T-b-sa, i s)
Hn dch 200 quyn
27
Vibh (B-b-sa-lun, lc gii)
Hn dch 14 quyn
Nh vy, Trung hoa chng ta c hai bn lu truyn ca Vibh, i
b (200 quyn) v Tiu b (14 quyn). Chng ta khng th oan chc
rng b ny c phi l bn tm tt ca b kia. Nhng theo nhiu quan
im chng ta c th tin rng b ln thuc phi Kamra v b nh
thuc Gandhra.
II
Tc phm cng yu ca b phi A t m
Dharmottara: Abhidharma-hdaya (A-t-m tm lun)
(dch nm 391 stl.)
Dharmatrta: Samyukta-abhidharma-hdaya (Tp A-t-m tm lun)
(dch nm 426 stl.. T y, hc phi T m c thnh lp Trung hoa).
23
Thi thit lun , tc gi khuyt, Php H dch, 7 quyn.

24
A-t-t-ma Gii thn tc lun , Tn gi Th Hu
to, Huyn Trang dch, 3 quyn. Taish 26 No 1540. TS
25
A-t-t-ma Tp d mn tc lun , Tn gi Xli T to, Huyn Trang dch, 20 quyn. Taish 26 No
1536. TS
26
A-t-t-ma i t-b-sa lun , Nm trm i
A-lan-hn to, Huyn Trang dch, 200 quyn.
Taish 26 No 1545. Cf. A-t-m t-b-sa lun , Cachin-din T to, Nm trm La-hn gii thch, Ph--bt-ma & o
Thi dch, 60 quyn. Taish 18 No 1546. TS
27
B-b-sa lun , Thi--bn-ni son, Tng-gibt-trng dch, 14 quyn. Taish 26 No 1547. TS
87

Vasubandhu (Th Thn): Abhidharma-koa (A-t-t-ma cu-x)
28
a. Hn dch ca Chn (Paramrtha) (563-567 stl.)
T y hc phi Cu-x c thnh lp Trung hoa.
b. Hn dch ca Huyn Trang (596-664 stl.) (651-654 stl.) 29
Sau bn Hn dch ny, hc phi Cu-x c kin ton nh

mt h thng Trit hc, chnh yu l do Khuy C (632682), t ca Huyn Trang.30
Cu-x tng Nht bn
Hc phi Duy thc
Nht thit hu b
T m tng
Gandhra
Tc phm ca
Katyayaniputra
Jnaprasthna
T m tng
Kamra
Su Pada
Vaibhsika (C t b sa)
Mahvibh ca Prva
28
A-t-t-ma Cu-x thch lun , B-tu-bn-u

to, Chn dch, 22 quyn. Taish 29 No 1559.
29
A-t-t-ma Cu-x lun , Tn gi Th Thn to,
Huyn Trang dch, 30 quyn. Taish 29 No 1558. Xem cht. 2, chng
iv, tr. 35.
30
Trong cc nh ch gii v Cu-x Trung hoa, khng thy c Khuy
C. Cc bn s gii ni ting: Ph Quang , Cu-x lun k
, 30 quyn; Taish 41 No 1821. Php Bo , Cu-x lun s
, 30 quyn; Taish 41 No 1822. Vin Huy , Cu-x lun
tng s , 30 quyn; Taish 41 No 1823. V nhiu nh ch
gii khc, Nh Thn Thi, Php Doanh, Hu Huy, Tun Lun, v.v.; c
90 v.
88
CHNG IV. CU-X TNG

Tn - Vaibhasika
Vasubandhu (K.420-500TL)
(chit trung)
Cc tc phm:
Abhidharma-koa-krik 31
v
Abhidharma-koa-stra
(Bhya: Lun thch)
Saghabhadra(Chng Hin)
(chnh thng)
Cc tc phm
Nyyanusara (Thun chnh l) (lun)32
v
Samaya-pradpika
33
(Hin tng lun)
2. LCH S
i trit gia Th Thn (Vasubandhu) sinh Puruapura
(Peshwar: Bch-sa-nga) x Gandhra (Kin--la) v xut
gia theo Hu b. Ngi nc danh n Kamra (Ca-thp dila) hc trit hc A-t-m. Khi tr v c hng, ngi vit
Abhidharma-koa hin tn ti trong 60 quyn ca bn Hn
dch.34 Bn vn Phn ng tht lc nhng may mn chng
ta c mt bn ch gii do Yaomitra vit mnh danh l
31
A-t-t-ma Cu-x lun bn tng , Huyn

Trang dch, 1 quyn. Taisho 29 No 1560. TS
32
A-t-t-ma Thun Chnh l lun , Tn gi Chng
Hin to, Huyn Trang dch, 80 quyn. Taisho 29 No 1562. TS
33
A-t-t-ma tng Hin tng lun , Chng Hin
to, Huyn Trang dch, 40 quyn. Taisho 29 No 1562. TS
34
Hn dch ca Huyn Trang, 30 quyn. Hn dch ca Chn , 22
quyn. Cng tt c gn 60 quyn. Th Thn u tin ging ngha ca
i t-b-sa, mi ngy c tm tt thnh mt bi tng. Ton b hn
600 bi tng. Tng chng Ca-thp-di-la rt mng, cho rng gio ngha
ca b phi mnh c tuyn dng. Sau Th Thn vit trng hng
gii thch; by gi mi bit nhiu ch bc b quan im ca Ca-thp-dila. Cf. Chn , B-tu-bn-u Php s truyn ;
89
Abhidharma-koa-vykhy; 35
nh tc phm ny m c gio
s Louis de la Valle-Poussin
B 36 d dng trong vic ti
lp bn vn tht lc v c
kin
ton
bi
Rahula
Sankrityayana ngi Tch lan.
Theo n bn ny v dch bn
Trung hoa, ni dung ca lun
Cu-x nh sau:
1. V cc php (Phn bit
Vasubandhu [Th Thn]
gii)
2. V cc quan nng (Phn bit cn)
3. V th gii
(Phn bit th gian)
4. V cc nghip
(Phn bit nghip)
5. V cc phin no (Phn bit ty min)
6. V thnh gi v o (Phn bit ty thnh)
7. V tri thc
(Phn bit tr)
8. V thin nh
(Phn bit nh)
35
Nguyn bn Sanskrit c pht hin tai Ty tng do Mahpaita

Rahula Sankrityayana, gm c Bhya (Thch lun) vit trn 367 l bi.
Sau , bin tp bi Gs. Prahlada Pradhan, n hnh nm 1967. n bn
mi, Abhidharmakoa-bhyam of Vasubandhu, Edit. A. Thakur, Patna,
1975. S gii ca Yaomitra, Sphurthvykhy, phn I, 2 phm u,
Varanasi, 1970. TS
36
L. de la Valle Pousin, L Abhidharmakoa de Vasubandhu, 6 vol.;
Paris 1923-31. B sung: bn dch Anh (t bn Php), Leo M. Pruden,
Abhidharmakosa, Asian Humanities Press 1988-1990. TS
90
CHNG IV. CU-X TNG
Hn dch c mt phm th chn, Ph ng phm, bc b

nim v ng .
Khi vit lun Cu-x, Th Thn hnh nh noi theo tc
phm ca v tin bi, Php Cu, gi l Samyuktaabhidharma-hdaya (Tp A-t-m tm lun); v tc phm
ny li l s gii v Abhidharma-hdaya (A-t-m tm
lun) ca Dharmottara. So snh k lng c ba tc phm
ny ta s thy rng Th Thn c trc mt nhng tc
phm ca cc tin bi, nu khng th nhng vn c
tho lun trong cc tc phm ny chc chn cng l nhng
ch chung ca hc phi ny. Tm chng u ca tc
phm ct ngha nhng s kin hay nhng yu t (php) c
thng l Sc v Tm, trong khi chng chn v l chng
cui minh gii nguyn l c bn v tng qut, tc v ng,
mt nguyn l m ht thy cc hc phi Pht gio khc u
phi noi theo. c bit, chng chn hnh nh xut pht t
quan im ring ca Th Thn, v khng c du vt g v
ch ny trong nhng sch khc.
Mc d ging vi Tm lun v ch , nhng khng c
chng c no ni rng Cu-x vay mn Tm lun khi
thnh lp cc quan im, bi v Th Thn rt t do v qun
trit trong t tng ca mnh, v ngi khng ngn ngi ly
nhng ch trng ca bt c mt b phi no ngoi ch
trng ring ca mnh khi tm thy chng li l lun tuyt
ho.
Khi lun Cu-x ca Th Thn c truyn b Gandhra,
lin gp phi s chng i nghim khc t bn trong v bn
ngoi b phi ca ngi (Hu b). D vy, hnh nh thng
li cui cng v pha ngi, bi v tc phm ca ngi ph
bin khp n, c ging dy rng ri v c nhiu ch
gii c vit Nalanda, Valabhi v nhng ni khc. N
91
c dch sang Ty tng ng do Jinamitra v dch sang Hoa

ng ln u tin do Chn t 563-567 TL v ln cui do
Huyn Trang, tng du hc i hc Nalanda, t 651-654
TL. c bit Trung Hoa ta c nhiu kho cu v t ra c 7
b s gii c vit cn k v n, mi b c trn hai hay ba
mi quyn.
Trc khi lun Cu-x c dch, Trung hoa c mt
hc phi mnh danh l T-m-tng, ng u trong bn
danh sch v cc tng phi Trung hoa trn. T-m l tn
gi tt ca Trung hoa v Abhidharma. Tng phi ny i
din cho chi phi Hu b Gandhra. Nhng tc phm
chnh ca phi ny, cng vi bn s gii Vibh c dch
sang Hn ng rt sm, vo 383-434. Bn i s MahVibh thuc chi phi Kamra cng c phin dch,
nhng khng c tng phi Trung hoa no i din c. Khi
lun Cu x ca Th Thn c Chn (Paramrtha)
dch, t 563-567 TL, li do Huyn Trang dch t 651-654,
t Cu-x tng (Kusha) xut hin, c nghin cu
tng tn v tr thnh mt nn tng thit yu cho tt c
nhng kho cu Pht hc. T-m tng hon ton c thay
th bi tng phi mi l Cu-x tng.
Nht, tng phi ny c gi l Kusha, ph thng c
coi nh l do Tr Thng (Chits)37 v Tr t (Chitats)38
truyn vo Nht bn vo nm 658; l hai nh s Nht
theo hc vi Huyn Trang mt thi gian. V sau, tng ny
li c truyn vo ln na vi Huyn Phng (Gemb,
735 TL),39 ca Tr Chu. Chu40 l i th ba
37
Tr Thng .
Tr t
39
Huyn Phng .
38
92
CHNG IV. CU-X TNG
ca Khuy C v C vn l trc tip ca Huyn

Trang.
Trong mt ti liu chnh thc nm 793, phi Cu-x duy
thc c k ti nh l mt tng phi ph thuc tng Php
tng duy thc, khng c v tr ring no dnh cho n, bi
v khng c nhng mn chuyn nht vi n.
3. TRIT L
Trit hc Sakhy (S lun: Nh nguyn lun), mt trong
nhng nn trit hc ti c n , c nhiu im chung vi
Pht gio, ch trng rng vn hu thng tn d chng
bin chuyn lin l, khng c g mi xut hin cng khng
c ci g bin mt.
Tuy nhin, Pht gio ch trng rng vn hu ch hin hu
trong tng st-na; hon ton khng c bn th lu tn.41 C
Pht gio v S lun u ph nhn l thuyt v suy lun (t
lng). Do , ta c th ni Pht gio ch trng l thuyt
v tnh tm thi hay tc khc (thuyt st-na dit). C th
phn chia mi thc ti thnh nhng php st-na sinh dit.
Hnh thc a nguyn lun ny i lp trc tip vi nht
nguyn lun, c bit l ca o-ngha th (Upaniad).
Hc phi ny li cn ch trng thuyt vi th v tha nhn
c ba th vi th: 1. Cc vi (parama-au); 2. Vi t (au); 3.
Vi trn (rajas). Cc vi l vi th bt kh phn, v cng vi t
v khng th phn tch c na, n ch c th nhn ra
c bng thin nh.
40
Tr Chu .
Th. Stcherbatsky, Buddhist Logic, Vol. I, p. 109. Bn th, ting Anh,
substance = sub-stance, yu tnh lu tn.
41
93
By cc vi to thnh vi t, l bn th nh nhim nht. N

c hnh thc lp phng. By vi t ny to thnh vi trn m
con mt ca mt v B-tt, mt v Pht tng lai, c th
nhn thy c. Thm na, phn lng cc on ca thi
gian c coi nh tng ng vi s vn chuyn ca mt
cc vi ny n mt cc vi khc, nh th khng gian v thi
gian lun lun h tng. D thuyt cc vi c nu ln rt
t m trong hc phi Cu-x chp hu v c trong Thnh
tht tng42 chp h v, ti s khng bn nhiu v vic y, v
ti ngh rng n khng phi l chnh yu i vi nhng hc
phi ch trng l thuyt st-na sinh dit.
Ht thy cc yu t hay php to thnh nhng d kin gic
quan v nhng d kin t tng trong tng st-na u c
hc phi Duy thc lit k, c l y l ln u tin trong
lch s trit hc n . nim mt s th khng c bn th
lu tn i i vi thuyt bin dch v thng, mi vt
khng thng tn. Theo thuyt ny th ch c hin ti l
thc hu. Qu kh khng thc hu v n khng cn na, v
v lai th bt thc v n cha xut hin.
Thuyt ny c cc b phi Pht gio khc trung thnh tin
tng nh i chng b (Mahsaghika), Ho a b
(Mahsaka) 43 v Kinh lng b (Sautrntika). Nhng
Nht thit hu b, v bt ngun t Thng ta b chnh
truyn, xng ln mt bc nn nghim khc v tha nhn
rng qu kh v v lai u l thc hu, bi v hin ti c cn
ca n trong qu kh v hu qu ca n trong v lai.
Ngoi ra, phi ny cn ch trng rng ba giai on ca
thi gian phi hin hu tch ri nhau, v nhng khi nim
42
43
Thnh tht tng . Skt. Satyasiddhi.

Php tng b , trong nguyn bn. TS
94
CHNG IV. CU-X TNG
v qu kh v v lai s khng xut hin trong chng ta nu

khng c nhng thc ti d bit.
Khi phn xt t nhng tho lun ghi trong vn hc i-tb-sa (Mahvibh), tnh d bit ca ba thi v tnh thc
hu ca mi thi, hnh nh c nhn mnh l v cng
quan trng. Tuy nhin, tnh thc hu ca ba thi khng c
ngha rng ba thi t chng thng ti, cng khng c
ngha rng thi gian l mt thc th. N c ngha l tt c
cc php u thc hu trong qu kh v trong v lai cng
nh thc hu trong hin ti; nhng khng ko di t thi
gian ny thi gian khc.44
Lin h vi l thuyt ny, c bn lun chng m Th Thn
trch dn t nn vn hc Lun tng:45
1. Lun chng ca Php Cu (Dharmatrta) bn v sai
bit gia phm loi hay kt qu, nh mt thoi vng, c th
c lm thnh ba th dng, nhng mi th vn gi y
bn cht ca vng.
2. Lun chng ca Diu m (Ghoa): Sai bit v
tng dng hay kin t, nh cng mt cng vic c th t
n c bng ba nhn cng khc nhau.
3. Lun chng ca Th Hu (Vasumitra): Sai bit v
nhim v hay v tr, nh trong k ton cng mt con s c
th c dng din t ba gi tr khc nhau, t d, mt
n v s c th l mt hay ch cho 10, hay cho 100.
4. Lun chng ca Gic Thin (Buddhadeva): Sai bit
v im nhn hay tng quan; nh mt ngi n b c th
44
45
Cu-x 20 (tr. 104b03). Koa, k. v. 25.

Op.cit. (tr. 104b29). Koa, k. v. 25d-26.
95
cng mt lc va l con gi, l ngi v v b m ty theo

s tng quan vi m, vi chng hay vi con ca mnh.
Th Thn tn ng quan im ca Th Hu (im 3) l hp
l nht trong bn lun chng, d ngi khng hon ton tha
mn vi n. Theo lun chng ny th ta c th a ra nhiu
gi tr khc nhau cho mi mt trong ba thi: v lai l giai
on cha hin hnh, hin ti l giai on ang hin hnh
thc s v qu kh l giai on m hin hnh chm dt.
Do bi nhng sai bit v giai on, nn ba thi d bit r
rt, v tt c cc php trong u l nhng thc th c
thc. Do c cng thc tam th thc hu, php th hng
hu; ba giai on ca thi gian u c thc v do thc
th ca tt c php u lin tc hu. Ch im Php hu
Ng v, khng c bn ng lu tn m ch c thc ti tnh
ca cc php, cho thy rng v ng vn cn l nguyn l c
bn ca Nht thit hu b.
D vy, thuyt ca Hu b theo Th Thn khng thy c
trong nhng gio thuyt thun ty ca Pht, m l mt tn
thuyt ca nn vn hc T-b-sa (Vibh) ca hc phi At-m. Quam im ca cc phi A-t-m (Abhidharmika)
chng li Kinh lng b l phi bm cht ly nhng bi
thuyt php ca Pht (strnta) v ch trng rng ch c
hin ti l thc hu. Theo , Th Thn trong lun Cu-x
chp nhn kin gii ca Kinh lng b, d trn i th ngi
ging thuyt theo nhng ch im ca cc nh A-t-m
Kamra.
Mc d mt khuynh hng duy thc cng thnh l mt
phn nhnh t gio l nguyn thy v th tnh st-na, iu
y hnh nh khng hin nhin lm nh khi va thot nhn
thy, bao lu m phn t phn ly khng b st cng thc
nguyn thy: V ng (antma), V thng (anitya), Kh
96
CHNG IV. CU-X TNG
(dukha) ngoi tr Nit bn (Nirva). Nh vy, th tnh

thc hu ca Nht thit hu b c ngha l mt hin hu
st-na hay tng tc tnh ca nhng hin hu st-na d bit.
Trong Pht gio khng c tc gi phn ly vi nghip, khng
c ngi tri gic tch ri s tri gic (th); do , khng c
ch th tm thc ng sau thc. Tm ch l trng thi bin
chuyn ca mt thc v mt s vt. Khng c ch th tm
thc thng hng, bi v khng c sn vt ca mt sc thn
tn ti y nhin qua hai thi hn ni tip nh cc nh vt l
hc ngy nay c ni. Pht gio tha nhn rng iu y cng
ng cho c tm na.
75 php
Mi yu t trong v tr c Th Thn gii ngha chi li
trong lun Cu-x. Danh t quan trng ca trng phi ny
l sarva-asti-vda, hc thuyt v tt c u hin hu,
khng nh mi hin hu, c tm v vt, cng nh khng
phi tm v khng phi vt. Tuy nhin iu ny khng phi
tha nhn hin hu ca Ng (tman), mt bn ng c
bit hay mt linh hn hay nguyn l ph qut hay Nguynnhn-u-tin. Chng ta khng bit Th Thn c tin on
mi nguy him do s tha nhn c Ng, s xy ra hay
khng m ngi li dnh ton chng chn ca lun Cux bc b thuyt Hu ng.
Bn lit k cc php trong lun Cu-x rt nn c so
snh vi nhng bn lit k tng t trong
Abhidhammattha-sagaha (Thng php tp yu lun) ca
Anurudha thuc th k th 8 TL, A-t-m tm lun ca
Dharmottara (Hn dch 391 TL) v ca Dharmatrta (Hn
dch 426) v c th c Thnh tht lun (Satyasiddhi) ca
Harivarman (khong 250-350).
97
Trong Abhidhammattha-sagaha, tt c cc php c chia

lm su lp, trong khi A-t-m tng chung c phn
phi thnh nm cp. Trong lun Cu-x, nhng php ny
c sp xp v phi tr cn thn trong nm phm tr.
Thnh tht lun, mt tc phm ca Kinh b v chp khng
k c 84 php. Tt c nhng b phi ny ch trng rng
mi php u ng c phn thnh hai loi l hu vi
(saskta) v v vi (asaskta). Php hu vi li c chia
ra thnh bn loi:
I. Sc Php (rpa, 11) gm nm cn (gic quan), nm
cnh (nhng i tng tri gic) v v biu sc.
II. Tm php (citta, 1) i khi c chia thnh nm
php tng ng vi nm cn.
III. Tm s php (caitasika, 46, c chia thnh su
cp tc l nhng nhim v tng qut, thin, bt thin, phin
no, tiu phin no v bt nh.
IV. Tm bt tng ng hnh php (citta-vipratayukta)
khng thuc Sc cng khng thuc Tm (c 14).
Nhng php ny (I-IV) u l php hu vi (tng cng c
72), cng vi ba php v vi to thnh nm b loi vi 75
php. Trong s nhng php ny, nhng php m tt c cc
b phi v cc lun in trn thut v cng cn k, l nhm
php c mnh danh Tm s php (caittasika). Trong
nhm Tm s php, c 52 php trong ba cp bc, theo
Abhidhammattha-sagaha; 58 php trong by cp theo A-tm Tm lun v 46 php trong su cp theo lun Cu x.
So snh mt cch s lc, ta thy chng hm cha nhiu
hn l nhng phn ca tm l thng thng, nhng lun
Cu-x v A-t-m Tm lun c nhng s tinh t cht ch
98
CHNG IV. CU-X TNG
hn nhng tc phm khc. Lun Cu-x l mt h thng

ha ca A-t-m Tm lun.
Cc php bao gm ton th th gii ca tm v vt, nhng
hin hnh tch cc v tiu cc, nhng yu t tm l biu
hin v c biu hiu hay nhng d kin gic quan v
nhng d kin tng ng. S lit k ca Th Thn l v
nhng yu t y. Bn yu t cui cng ca nhng Tm s
bt nh: tham, sn, mn, nghi c trnh by ring r v
khng xc nh nh l nhng tm s bt nh. S thm tht
v nhng yu t ny hnh nh c cc tc gi Trung
hoa sau ny thit lp, nht l Ph Quang.
Tng qut, cc php c phn phi nh trong bng lit k
km theo sau. (Xem trang 108, cui chng).
Lc gii thch bng lit k
biu lit k tt c cc yu t ca nhng g c th c
gi l th gii khch quan. S tht nhng php m b phi
Hu tng ca Pht gio bn n u ch l nhng khch
th. B phi ny khng nhn nhn bt c mt ch th no
theo ngha thng thng ca t ny. Ngay c tm cng
khng phi l mt s th ch quan, v khng c tc gi
ngoi tc nghip v khng c ch th tm thc tch ri
thc. Ch c mt trng thi v thng ca tm. Tt c thc
ti tnh c th c coi nh l ch c hin hu st-na.
Theo nguyn tc nguyn thy ca Pht gio, tt c cc php
(tm v vt) c coi nh l nhng yu t st-na, d bit, c
gi tr ngang nhau. Phn phi tt c cc yu t ny vo
trong mt h thng iu hp, phn chia sc php thnh
nhng nhm ch quan v khch quan, v gi thit s sai
bit gia nhng yu t trng tm ca thc thun ty v
nhng yu t th yu v cc nhim v tm l hay nhng
99
nng lc o c, hnh nh rng, nh gio s Stcherbatsky

c ni, l mt ng r ca b phi ny i vi Pht gio
nguyn thy (hc thuyt v ng). Nhng bao lu m chng
ta vn cn tm thy tnh cht st-na ca th tnh ni b phi
ny th by lu chng ta khng th xem nh l mt phn
ly trit .
Cc php hu vi (sarva-sasksra, hoc saskrita
dharma) to thnh i phn u tin trong biu ca
chng ta. Nt c trng ring bit ca chng l v thng.
Php hu vi:
I. Sc php (rpa c 11). Trn thc tin, nhm ny
bao gm tt c nhng ci m chng ta gi l vt cht. Trong
11 php ny, nm php u l nhng quan nng (cn), v
nm php k tip l nhng i tng gic quan (cnh). Bn
i (t, nc, gi, la) c biu hin bi nhng i
tng gic quan. Ngoi nhng php ny, cn c mt php
t bit, l v biu sc (avijaptirpa). Khi chng ta
mun hnh ng th by gi tm s c gi l t (cetan).
Trong Pht gio iu ny c gi l nghip. Thng
thng tm s ny c biu l qua li ni, y l ng
nghip; hay bng thn th, tc l thn nghip. C hai
nghip ny c biu l bn ngoi, hoc thin hay c,
chng biu hiu cho mt hot ng tng ng v tng t
trong tm v to thnh mt n tng hay mt nh tng lu
tn (avijapti-karma: v biu nghip). V vy m chng
c gi l tc nghip khng biu l. Nhng tc nghip ny
c xem nh thuc Sc php, chng l nhng i tng
gic quan, mc d khng c biu l (v biu).
100
CHNG IV. CU-X TNG
II. Thc hay Tm php (citta, mt php). y chnh l

tm thc. D ch c mt m ng nhin n hnh s qua
nm ng ng tng ng vi nm cn.
III. Tm s php (citta-saprayukta saskra, hay
caitasika, c 46 php). B loi nhng kh nng tm l ny
l phn c trng phi ny ch trng nht, v bi l
m ta c l khi gi trng phi ny l mt phi tm l hc
ca Pht gio. Tt c nhng yu t tm l li c phn
nhm thnh su loi:
1) i a php, (mahbhmika), cc chc nng ph
bin, mi php. Mahbhmika c ngha thuc v c a
ph qut , c a y ch cho tm. Bt c khi no tm
hot ng, th nhng i a php nh th (tri gic), tng
( nim), t ( ch), lun lun cng xut hin (sarvadharma-sdhrana: cng ng tc dng ca ht thy cc
php).
2) i thin a php (kuala-mahbhmika), cc
chc nng ph bin c tnh thin, c mi php hin hnh
vi tt c tm s thin.
3) i phin no a php (klea-mahbhmika), cc
chc nng ph bin nhim, c su php, l nhng th b
nhim bi tham dc (klea).
4) i bt thin a php (akusala-mahbhmika) c
hai php, cng xut hin vi tt c nhng t tng bt
thin.
5) Tiu phin no a php (upaklea-bhmika) c
mi php, l nhng php thuc c cht tham dc thng
thng. Chng lun lun i theo tm xu xa cng nh vi
tm v k chng ngi thnh o (nivta-avykta) v
chng cn phi b loi tr dn dn trn con ng tu tp
101
(bhvan-mrga: tu o), ch khng on tr ngay do con

ng ca thy chn l (darana-mrga: kin o).
6) Bt nh php (aniyata-bhmika) c tm, l nhng
php khng th sp xp vo bt c u trong nm chc
nng trn.
Trong s nhng php hu vi, cn c nhng php khng
tng ng vi sc hay tm (citta-viprayuktasaskra: tm
bt tng ng hnh) c 14. Chng khng phi l sc hay
tm: (1) c (prpti), s th c l nng lc buc mt vt
th t c vi k t c n. (2) Phi c (aprpti) l
nng lc lm phn ly mt vt th vi ch hu ca n. (3)
Chng ng phn (sabhga) l nng lc to ra nhng c
loi hay mt b loi c nhng hnh thc tng t ca s
sng. Php th (4), (5), v (6), tt c u l nhng kt qu
khng t tng v khng iu kin t c bi nh.46 (7)
Mng cn (jvitndriya), nng lc sinh mnh, l nng lc
duy tr tui th. (8), (9), (10) v (11) bao hm s sng v s
cht, tc l nhng con sng ca bin dch.47 (12), (13), v
(14) l nhm b phn (kya) ca danh, c, v vn t, tt c
u lin h n ngn ng (vk).
By gi chng ta i n phn hai ca bng i phn loi;
l cc php v vi (asaskta-dharma). (1) H khng
(ka) l ci khng gy cn tr ci khc v t n xuyn
sut mt cch t ti qua bt c vt ngi no; t thn n
thng hng bt bin. (2) Trch dit (pratisakhynirodha), s dit tn t c bng t duy, nh Nit-bn.
46
Ch v tng qu (asajika), v tng nh (asaji-sammpatti),

v dit tn nh (nirodha-sampatti). Th t lit k ny theo trong lun
bn, quyn 4 (tt. 22a6 v tip). TS
47
Bn c tng ca hu vi (saskta-lakaa): sinh, tr, d dit. TS
102
CHNG IV. CU-X TNG
(3) Phi trch dit (apratisakhy-nirodha), dit t c do

s vng mt ca cc duyn.
y l lc thut cc php thc hu c lit k trong 75
php.
Mt s hc thuyt c sc ca Cu-x tng
Nhiu ch im c hu ca Hu b sau cng c Th
Thn thit lp ng c ghi nhn sau y:
Trc tin, nhng phn bit nh gia hu vi (saskta) v
v vi (asaskta), biu (vijapti) v v biu (avijapti),
nh (niyata) v bt nh (aniyata), tng ng tm (cittasaprayukta) v khng tng ng tm (citta-viprayukta),
cn ch .
75 php y mc d d bit nhau, u lin kt nhau trong th
gii hin thc. Hin tng ny c ct ngha bng l
thuyt v tng quan nhn qu, i khi c gi l thuyt
v Mi nhn, trong c su cn nhn (hetu) v bn
duyn (pratyaya).
Su nhn l:
(1) Nng tc nhn (kraa-hetu) l yu t dn o trong s
pht sinh mt hu qu;48 (2) Cu hu nhn (sahabh-hetu),
trn hai yu t lun lun cng hnh s vi nhau;49 (3) ng
loi nhn (sabhga-hetu), l nhn tr gip nhng nhn
48
Cf. Cu-x 6 (tr. 30a16): Tt c cc php hu vi, tr t th ca n,

u l nguyn nhn nng tc (nguyn nhn tc thnh). Koa k. ii 50a:
svato nye karaahetu. TS
49
Ibd., tr. 30b18: Cc php h tng gy qu cho nhau, nn h tng
l nguyn nhn cho nhau. Koa k ii. 50c-d: sahbhr ye mithaphal/
bhtavac cittacittnuvarilakaalakyavat// TS
103
khc cng loi vi n;50 (4) Tng ng nhn (saprayuktahetu), xut hin vo bt c lc no, t bt c ng lc no,
i vi nhng s kin no, trong bt c c hi no v trong
bt c mi trng no;51 (5) Bin hnh nhn (sarvatragahetu) l nhn lun lun lin h vi nhng t kin, hoi nghi
hay s ngu dt to ra tt c nhng sai lm ca con ngi;52
(6) D thc nhn (vipka-hetu) l nhn to ra kt qu ca n
trong mt i sng khc, nh khi nhng thng pht nhn
lnh c trong mt i sng sau khi cht.53
Bn duyn l:
(1) Nhn duyn (hetupratyaya), hot ng nh mt cn
nhn, khng c s phn bit no gia cn nhn v nguyn
nhn th yu, th d, nc v gi to ra sng;54 (2) ng v
gin duyn (samanantrapratyaya), din ra trong trt t, ci
ny tip theo ci kia, nhng hu qu n trc tip, v bnh
ng sau nhng tin nhn, nh nhng ln sng ny k tip
50
Ibd., tr. 31a23: Php tng t lm nhn ng loi cho php tng
t. Ngha l, nguyn nhn cho ra kt qu ng loi. Koa k ii. 52a:
sabhgahetu sad. TS
51
Ibid., 32b26: Tm v tm s lm nguyn nhn tng ng cho nhau.
Koa k ii. 53c-d: saprayuktakahetus tu cittcitt. TS
52
Ibid., 32c15: Cc php nhim sinh, vn ph bin trong tt c
gii a, chng lm nhn cho php nhim cng gii a, c gi l
bin hnh nhn. Koa ii 54a-b: sarvatragkhya klin svabhmau
prvasarvag. TS
53
Ibid., tr 33a05 Nhng g l hu lu c tnh thin v bt thin l d
thc nhn Koa k ii 54c-d: vipkahetur aubh kual caiva
ssrav . TS
54
Cu-x 7 (tr. 36b16): Trong su nhn, tr nng tc nhn, cn li u
l duyn tnh ca nhn (hetupratyayat). Koa ii 61d: hetvkhya
paca hetava. TS
104
CHNG IV. CU-X TNG
theo nhng ln sng khc; 55 (3) S duyn duyn

(lambana-pratyaya), c mt i tng hay mi trng khi
mt nguyn nhn din ra, th d, nhng ln sng to ra do
ao, h, sng, bin hay tu b; 56 (4) Tng thng duyn
(adhipatipratyaya), nguyn nhn c quyn nng nht trong
vic a nhng nguyn nhn kia tn ti n ch cc thnh;
th d, ln sng cui cng lm lt con thuyn trong mt
cn bo.57
Trong nhng duyn k trn, duyn th nht, nhn duyn,
hot ng nh mt cn nhn, v duyn th t, tng thng
duyn, l nhng duyn quan trng nht, v lm sng t
hai duyn ny nn su cn nhn c ni r hn. Nng tc
nhn t n l tng thng duyn trong khi nm nhn kia
ng nht vi nhn duyn. T , chng ta phi hiu rng
nhng t ng nhn (hetu) v duyn (pratyaya) khng phi
l nhng t c xc nh nghim xc. Chng din ra hoc
nh l nguyn nhn ch yu hay nguyn nhn th yu ty
theo trng hp cn thit.
Mt cch khi qut, bn duyn ny tng ng vi bn
nguyn nhn ca Aristotle: 1. Nhn duyn nh l nguyn
nhn hu hiu; 2. ng v gin duyn nh l nguyn
nhn cht th; 3. S duyn duyn,"nguyn nhn hnh th
v 4. Tng thng duyn,"nguyn nhn cu cnh. im
khc nhau gia hai nhm nguyn nhn l duyn, Cu-x
55
Ibid., Tr tm-tm s php ti hu ca v A-la-hn khi nhp Nitbn, cc tm-tm s php cn li sinh khi u l duyn tnh ng
v gin (lm iu kin khai o cho tm-tm s tip theo sinh khi).
TS
56
Ibid., tt c cc php, l duyn tnh s duyn, khi n l i tng cho
tm-tm s sinh khi. TS
57
Ibid., Tng thng duyn chnh l nng tc nhn. TS
105
tng, ch cp n nhng hot ng tm l trong mt

tc v tng t xy ra trc tip sau mt tc v khc i
qua.
4. TM TT
Pht gio khng tha nhn c tn th, khng c bn ng c
bit thng tn, khng c linh hn, khng c ng sng to,
khng c nguyn l cn ca v tr. Nhng iu ny
khng c ngha l tt c cc sinh th v s th u khng
hin hu. Chng khng hin hu vi mt th ct hay mt
tinh th thng hng trong chng, nh ngi ta thng
ngh, m chng qu hin hu nh l nhng quan h hay
nhng t tp nhn qu. Mi bin dch, hoc c nhn hay
vn hu, u bt ngun t nguyn l hot dng nhn qu v
hin hu trong nhng tc hp nhn qu. Tm im ca hot
dng nhn qu l tc nghip ring ca mi c th, v tc
nghip s li nng lc tim n ca n quyt nh cuc
sng sinh tn k tip. Theo , qu kh hnh thnh hin ti
v hin ti hnh thnh tng lai ca chng ta. y l l
thuyt t tc t th.
Do , chng ta lun lun to tc v lun lun bin i.
Loi ngi mi mi tri ni trn nhng ln sng ca bin
dch vn chuyn gi l sasra (lun hi), dng sng. T
chng ta to tc v bin dch nh l mt ton th m chng
ta c tin hnh mi trong cuc sng. Khng phi s nh
mt ng nht tnh, v bn ng hin ti ca chng ta, nh
mt ton th, l mt hu qu ca nguyn nhn m ta gi l
bn ng qu kh ca chng ta; cng vy, trong v lai, bn
ng ca chng ta cng khng th b nh mt v chc chn
rng chng ta l nhng sinh th t to. Tm mt yu tnh bt
bin trong mt sinh th bin chuyn l iu v l.
106
CHNG IV. CU-X TNG
C bn i chng (nhng yu t ht ging) l t (cng),

nc (t), la (m) v g (ng); v tt c nhng sc
php hay vt cht hu hnh u l mt t hp ca bn i
ny.
S hnh thnh ca mt nhn cch hay ca v tr cng ging
vy, c hai gm c tm v vt, ch khc nhau l, nhn
cch tm ni bt v v tr th vt ni bt. Nhn cch gm
c nm un (skandha): sc, th (tri gic), tng (khi
nim), hnh ( ch) v thc. Sc li gm c t, nc, la
v gi. V vy, con ngi ng c coi nh l mt s th
c sc, th, tng hnh v thc. y l nhng tc nghip
(karma) cng to thnh hin hu c bit ca con ngi,
hin hu ny khng c thc ti tnh no khc. Mt con
ngi l mt thc th tm thi, v ch sng trong tng tc
tnh ca st-na. bin i nhn cch ca mnh cho tt p
hn, s ti bi v kin thc v tr tu l cn thit; bi v s
vin mn ca tr tu l s vin mn ca nhn cch: s Gic
ng.
Cu-x tng, d ch trng rng tt c cc php u thc
hu, hon ton khc vi duy vt lun ngy th thng tnh,
bi v theo l thuyt ca tng ny, vn hu l nhng php
bao gm c tm v vt, tt c cng trn cc a nh
nhau. Tng ny tha nhn thc ti tnh ca mi php nhng
li chp nhn thuyt khng tn th, khng c thng hng,
khng c phc lc ngoi tr Nit bn (v ng, v thng,
kh v Nit bn).
107
CU-X TNG
75 php (a)
Php hu vi saskta-dharma
I
Sc php
rpni
II
12.Tm
citta
III(a)
Tm s hu php
caitasika(citta-saprayuktasaskra)
A
Bin i a php
Mahbhmika
1. mt cakus
2. tai rotra
3. mi ghra
4. li jihv
5. thn kya
6. sc rpa
7. thanh abda
8. hng gandha
9. v rasa
10. xc spara
11 v biu sc vijapti-rpa
13. th vedan
14. tng saj
15. t cetan
16. xc spara
17. dc chanda
18. hu mati
19. nim smti
20. tc manaskra
21. thng gii adhimoka
22. nh samdhi
B
i thin a php
Kuala-mahbhmika
108
CHNG IV. CU-X TNG

23. tn raddha
24. cn virya
25. x upek
26. tm hr
27. qu avatrpya
28. v tham alobha
29. v sn akrodha
30. bt hi ahis
31. khinh an prarabdhi
32. bt phng dt apramda
C
i phin no a php
Klea-mahbhmika
33. v minh moha
34. phng dt pramda
35. gii i kausdya
36. bt tn araddha
37. hn trm styna
38. iu c auddhatya
109
CU-X TNG
75 php (b)
III (b)
IV
Tm s hu php
Bt tng ng hnh php
caitasika(citta-saprayuktasaskra)
citta-saprayuktasaskra
D
i bt thin a php
59. c prpta
Akuala-mahbhmika
60. phi c aprpta
39. v tm ahrkya
61. ng phn sabhga
40. v qu anapatrpya
62. v tng qu asajika
63. v tng nh
asajika-sampatti
64. dit tn nh
Tiu phin no a php

nirodha-sampatti
65. mng cn jvita
Upaklea-bhmika
66. sinh jti
41. phn krodha
67. tr sthiti
42. ph mraka
68. lo (=d) jra
43. khan mtsarya
69. v thng (dit) anityat
44. tt ry
70. danh thn nma-kya
45. no pradsa
71. c thn pada-kya
46. hi vihis
72. vn thn vyajana-kya
47. hn upanha
110
CHNG IV. CU-X TNG

48. huyn my
49. cung hya
Php v vi
50. kiu mada
73. h khng ka
74. trch dit
pratisakhya-nirodha
75. phi trch dit
apratisakhya-nirodha
F
Bt dnh a php Aniyata-bhmika
51. c tc kauktya
52. thy min middha
53. tm vitarka
54. t vicra
55. tham rga
56. sn pratigha
57. mn mna
58. nghi vicikt
111
CHNG V
THNH THT TNG
Sarvanyavda: Nht thit Khng tng

Sautrntika: kinh lng b
(H v lun Tiu tha Khng lun)
1. CNG YU
Thnh tht tng, i lp vi Cu-x, ch trng khng c
g thc hu, k c tm v vt. y l mt Tiu tha khng
lun (hay h v lun) v c gi l Jjitsu theo Nht ng
(satyasiddhi: chng thnh s tht); l mt tng phi c
gi theo nhan sch ca Harivarman (Ha-l-bt-man)1 sng
n (kh. 250-251), khong mt th k trc Th Thn.
Trong bi tng m u, tc gi ni rng ng mun lm sng
t ngha chn tht ca kinh. T , chng ta c th suy ra
rng, nhan sch Thnh Tht lun, c ngha l s thit lp
ton vn v chn l c pht biu qua nhng bi thuyt
php ca Pht.
Trong 18 b phi n , Thnh Tht tng thuc Kinh
lng b (Sautrntika),2 b phi ny theo kinh tng nguyn
thy, chng li ch trng Thc hu lun ca Hu b
(Sarvstivda) m mt vi ch im ca b phi ny c
1
Ha-l-bt-ma ; dch ngha: S T Khi . Tiu s,

xem Xut tam tng k tp 11, Ha-l-bt-ma truyn (T55n2145, tr.
78b28). TS
2
Ng nguyn, sautrntika = stra (Kh kinh) + anta (cu cnh).
Th Thn coi nh l nhng cch tn ca cc lun s T-bsa hay ca nhng v chp trc vo gio l A-t-m. Nu
ch trng thc hu lun c th c gi l mt s phn ly
khi Pht gio nguyn thy, th ch trng khng lun ny
ng c coi nh l i lp li vi n. Thnh tht tng,
trn mt phng din, c th c coi nh l mt tng phi
chnh thng ca Pht gio, c bit l v n gn vi gio l
nguyn thy ca Pht hn Hu b: v ng (antma), v
thng (anitya), kh (dukha) v Nit bn tch tnh.
2. LCH S
Chng ta bit rt t, hay khng bit g c, v lch s ca
tng phi ny n . C l cha tng c mt tng phi
bit lp mnh danh l Satyasiddhi n. Nu c mt tng
phi m ca Satyasiddhi, th y phi l mt tng phi
bm cht vo gio thuyt nguyn thy ca Kinh tng. Kinh
b (Sutravda) hay Kinh lng b (Sautrntikavda) c
cp n nh l hu du cui cng trong 18 b phi ca
Pht gio.3 D mi lin h ca Ha-l-bt-man vi tng phi
ny khng c r rng, rt nhiu im v gio l do Ha-lbt-man ra u mang du vt ca b phi ny. Hnh nh
n chim mt a v c nh hng ln n, bi v c
Th Thn nhc n mt cch trc tip hay gin tip; thc s
Th Thn chp nhn ch im ca phi ny trong mt vi
quan im trng yu, th d, vn thi gian.
Thnh tht lun (Satyasiddhi) c dch sang Hn vn tht
sm, vo 411-412 TL, do Cu-ma-la-thp (Kumrajva);4 v
3
Rhys Davids, Katha-vatthu, pp. 3, 5. Vassilief, History of Buddhism,

Second Supplement, p. 222.
4
Thnh tht lun , 16 quyn, Cu-ma-la-thp dch
(A.D. 411-412, hoc 400). Taish 32 No 1646. TS
114
CHNG V. THNH THT TNG
ny tng dy mt s phi ging thuyt v lun ny.

Mt trong nhng , Tng
Du, 5 khi tho lun v lun
ny, khm ph ra rng, tc
gi Ha-l-bt-man bc b
nhng ch im ca phi At-m trong nhiu trng
hp - trn by ln nh vy.
T , chng ta c th xc
nhn rng c hai tng phi
(Hu lun v Khng lun)
thng gi v tr i lp nhau,
vo thi trc hay ngay trong
thi i ca tc gi.
Trong s cc mn ca Lathp, c hai hay ba hng truyn tha
ca tng ny, trong khong t 411 n 498 TL, v nhiu s
gii - tt c c 12 - c son tho. Hng trm bui ging
thuyt v bn vn ny c truyn b khp Trung hoa, mi
bui ging thuyt c lp li hng hai mi, ba mi, bn
mi hay c n chn mi ln trong cng mt a im.
Cu-ma-la-thp
Trc ht, mt s ngi c thm quyn cho rng lun ny

thuc i tha,6 nh ba nh hc gi danh ting vo triu i
Tng Du , xem Cao tng truyn 6 (T50n2059, tr. 364b07): sau

khi dch xong lun ny, La-thp bo Tng Du, Trong lun c by ch
bc b A-t-m, nhng vn t kn o. Khng cn hi m hiu c
mi l anh ti. Du bn nghin cu v pht hin ng nhng ch m
La-thp m ch. TS
6
Cf. Ngng Nhin (Nht bn) Ng gio chng thng l k 16
(T72n1339, tr.416a5). TS
115
nh Lng (502-557) l Php Vn, 7 Tr Tng, 8 v Tng

Mn. 9 Nhng hc gi khc nh Tr Khi, 10 Ct Tng, 11
Tnh nh,12 li cho l thuc Tiu tha. Phi i n o
Tuyn,13 mt mn ni ting ca Huyn Trang, cui cng
gii quyt vn , bng cch tuyn b rng l tc
phm thuc Tiu tha v Kinh b, bi v Thnh tht tng
khng vt ngoi trnh v uy th ca hc phi T-b-sa.
Tuy nhin, o Tuyn tha nhn rng n c mt khuynh
hng nhm n gio l i tha.
Thnh tht tng c truyn vo Nht bn do Hu Qun
(Ekwan), 14 mt Php s Cao ly; ng n cha Hryuji
(Php long t) vo nm 625 TL v c c lm Tng thng
u tin y. T v sau, Thnh tht tng c
nghin cu khp trong nhng trng i hc Pht gio,
nhng n cha h c nhn l mt tng phi c lp
Nht, m ngi ta lun lun xem n l mt chi phi ca
Tam lun tng (s ni Chng viii).
3. TRIT L
Hc thuyt ca Thnh tht tng thng c hiu nh l
ch trng nhn khng (pudgala-nyat) v php khng
7
Php Vn , 476-529.
Tr Tng , 458-522.
9
Tng Mn . Son Thnh tht lun ngha s, xem bi Ta ca
Lng Hong Thi t, Qung hong minh tp 20 (T52n2103, tr.
244a19). TS
10
Tr Khi, 531-597. Xp Thnh tht v Khng mn thuc Tng gio
trong Thin thai t gio. TS
11
Ct Tng, 549-623.
12
Tnh nh.
13
o Tuyn , 596-667. Cf. T phn lut yt-ma s 3. TS
14
Hu Qun.
8
116
(sarva-dharma-nyat). Do , n l mt ch trng nh
khng, tri ngc vi hc thuyt ca Hu b ch trng
ng khng nhng php hu. Nhn cch c to thnh do
nm m (sc, th) khng c bn th v khng c t ng,
cng nh ci vi trng rng khng c nc hay yu tnh ni
ti. Thm na, v tr gm 84 php, nhng tt c hon ton
khng c thc ti lu tn, cng nh ci vi t n khng c
thc ti thng hng. Mi mt php trong nm un hay bn
i chng (t, nc, la, gi) m do v tr c kt
hp thnh, khng c bn th thng hng v bt bin,
chng ch l gi danh.
Theo Ha-l-bt-man, tt c vn hu cui cng phi i n
chn l ca tch dit (nirodha satya: dit ), tc Nit bn;
l s tch dit cu cnh. Nh th ch c Tnh Khng l
chn l cu cnh. iu ny khng c ngha l tng phi ny
ph nhn thc hay hin tng gi hu ca vn hu, bi v
n tha nhn nm b loi chia thnh 84 php, thay v 75
php nh Cu-x tng.
Trong biu sau y, chng ta thy rng nhng thnh t
ca n khng khc vi cc thnh t trong biu ca Hu
b cho lm.
117
84 php ca Thnh tht tng15
Php hu vi
Sc
Php V Vi
Tm
Tm s
(1)
(49)
i a,
(14)
1-10k
11 t
12 nc
13 la
14 gi
Bt tng ng hnh
thin, 1-10k
phin no, 1-6k
bt thin, 1-2k
tiu phin no, 1-10k
bt nh, 1-8k
9. hn
10. lc
11. hn trm
(17)
1-2k
(3)
1-3k
3 (k3,7) mng cn
4-6k
7 (k8) sinh
8 lo
9-11k
12 t
13-15 (k12-14)
16 phm phu php
17 v biu (k1,11)
Bng lit k cc php ca Thnh tht tng chc chn l

c thnh lp theo kiu mu ca Hu b. N ch c
thuyt minh theo tc , chn l ca th gian thng tnh,
bi v chn th hon ton v php. Trong s nhng php
ny, nm cnh (sc, thanh, hng, v v xc) c xem nh
tng i, trong khi mt i chng v nm cn c nhn
l gi tm.
Khi phn tch nm cnh, tng ny gin lc chng vo vi
trn, v ri gin lc thm na cho chng vo cc vi, v
bng cch lp li tin trnh nh th, sau cng tng ny t
n yu t nh nhim nht c mt bn cht hon ton khc
15
Ch k ch rng cng hng mc nh trong bng lit k 75 php ca

Cu-x tng, chng IV trc.
118
vi nhng i tng ban u. Tin thm bc na, tng

ny t n Khng. Nh th, h v lun ca tng ny l
chit php khng hay ci Khng tru tng. Ni cch
khc, bn tnh phi hu c tha nhn theo tng phi ny l
mt th phn tch v s hu, hay ch l mt th thin khng
(khng mt chiu), i nghch vi thc hu. V y khng
phi l ci Khng siu tuyt (Bt n Khng: khng phi
ch c Khng) m Tam lun tng xin dng. Chng ta c
th ni y l hc thuyt v v th, hay v ng, bi v n
ph nhn hin hu ca t ng v ca tt c cc php, tm v
sc. Ni r hn, tm (citta) khng thng tn, v nhng
tm s (caitasika) khng t hu; tt c cc php tm bt
tng ng (cittaviprayukta) thy u gi hu; php v vi
(asaskta) cng phi thc. Hc thuyt Khng v ton din
(sarva nyat), nu chng ta ni theo chn l tuyt i.
Ch quan im tc , chng ta mi tha nhn hin hu
ca vn hu.
Hc thuyt Khng, khng phi khng tn thnh l duyn
khi v hin hu tc thuc t hp nhn qu, v n
cng khng loi b nguyn l lun hi (samsra), v cn c
n gii thch trng thi bin dch sinh ng.
Chng ta thy rng Hu b cng nhn c ba gii h ca
thi gian u thc hu v tt c cc php cng thc hu
trong mi khonh khc. Chng li ch trng ny, Thnh
tht lun ch trng h v, tha nhn ch c hin ti l thc
hu cn qu kh v v lai th v th (hin ti thc hu, qu
v v th). Nh tt c cc tng phi i tha khc, tng ny
tha nhn ci Khng ca tt c cc php (sarva-dharmanyat: nht thit php khng) cng nh khng t ng
(pudgala-nyat: ng khng). Thm na, n tha nhn c
hai chn l: Chn v tc . y l l do chnh yu
119
khin tng phi ny trong mt thi gian di c xem l

thuc i tha, Trung hoa.
chng ng Nht thit Khng, ngi ta phi la b ba s
chp th: chp th vo gi danh tm, chp th vo php
tm, v chp th vo khng tm. Vn hu v vn vt, v
hin hu nh l s kt hp ca nhng nhn qu c lit
vo gi danh bi v khng c cch no ch nh hin hu
bin chuyn ca n ngoi tr bng tn gi. Ta phi nhn ra
rng tht v dng khi bm cht vo mt t ng m thc s
n ch l mt tn gi. Trc ht chng ta phi t b s chp
th vo gi danh ca mnh y. Cc php l nn tng m tn
gi danh khi ln. T b s chp th vo cc php l ta phi
chng nhp khng tnh nh trn. Khi chng ta theo nh trn
chng ng khng tnh ca ng v php, chng ta tng
chng c th t n Nht thit Khng, k thc vn cn
c thc v Khng chng khc g nh c mt s th no
ang hin hu. Khng tm ny c th xa b khi ngi ta
i vo dit tn nh (nirodha-sampatti) hay vo Nit bn
vin mn. Dit tn nh, nh ni A-la-hn, l mt trng
thi trong tt c nhng tham dc u b x ly; v Nit
bn vin mn, nh trng hp c Pht, l trng thi
trong tt c nhng iu kin ca s sng, tm v vt, u
b dit tn bng s gic ng, ging nh bng ti b tiu dit
bi nh sng; bi v c Pht t n trng thi Nit bn
vin mn ni y khng cn nhng phm tnh phn bit, v
siu vit c t c.
n , ngi ta ngh rng c bn lun chng (t c) v
bt c mt vn no: Hu, V, va Hu va V, v Phi
hu Phi v. Trng thi m ngi ta gi l siu vit t c
Pht c gi l Chn thn ca Pht, v thn ca Pht xut
hin trong th gian ny c gi l Ho thn. Ho thn ny
120
c y nhng c tnh ca mt ngi trong cc hnh thi

ca n, v ty thun theo mi phng cch ca mt con
ngi; nhng Ngi l mt ngi ca tr tu vin mn. Gii
thch v im ny, Thnh tht tng da trn cc kinh in
i tha nh Bt nh (Praj-pramit), Php hoa
(Saddharma-Puarka)
hay
i
Nit
bn
(Mahparinirva). y l mt l do khc khin cho mt
thi gian di tng ny c cho l thuc i tha.
Con ng ta t n cu cnh gm c, nh thng l,
ba mn hc: Gii, nh v Hu. c bit, nh v Hu
c theo ui mt cch nghim mt.
121
CHNG VI
PHP TNG TNG
Vijaptimtrat: Duy thc tng

Yogcra: Du-gi tng
(Quyn i tha)
1. CNG YU
Php tng 1 (dharma-lakaa) c ngha l nhng c
tng biu hin ca cc php. Php (dharma) y ch
cho cc s th thuc vt cht v tinh thn (sc v tm), bi
v, i tng chnh ca tng phi ny l truy cu v bn
cht v phm tnh ca mi hin hu. Sng t ca tng ny
l V Trc (Asaga) 2 - anh rut ca Th Thn
(Vasubandhu)3 - tc gi ca Du-gi-s a lun (Yogcrabhmi).4 Ti n , u tin tng ny c gi l Yogcra
(Du-gi tng), ch cho s thc hnh v php qun tng
(Yogcra: qun hnh).
Th Thn, sau khi nh anh khuyn tr v vi i tha v
tp i thnh cc quan im trit hc ca Du-gi tng,
qui nh ch im ca tng ny l Duy-thc
(Vijnaptimtra), t s hin hu ca tt c ngoi gii ni
1
Nht: Hoss .
V Trc , khong 410-500 A.D.
3
Th Thn , khong 420-500 A.D.
4
Du-gi s a lun , Di-lc B-tt thuyt,
Huyn Trang dch; 100 quyn. Taish 30 No 1579.
2
thc - ni tt, ch c thc l thc hu. Trn phng din th

tnh lun, tng ny ng gia cc tng phi chp hu v
chp v, nh ni trc. N khng chp vo hc thuyt
tt c mi s th u hin hu, v quan nim rng khng c
g ngoi tm (ngoi tc ng ca tm), cng khng chp
vo hc thuyt chng c g hin hu, v qu quyt rng c
s hin hu ca cc thc. Tng ny hon ton tn ng hc
thuyt trung o khng bao gi i n cc oan ca ch
trng hu lun cng nh v lun. Nh vy, tng ny c
th c mnh danh l Duy tm Thc ti lun hay Thc
tm lun. Danh hiu chnh thc ca n l Duy thc 5
(Yuishiki, hay Vijmtra), Tnh tng hc (Shz-gaku),6
kho cu v bn tnh (svabhva) v c tng (lakaa)
ca cc php hay dharma.
Con ng gia m chnh Pht dy, chi b hai cc
oan ca i sng hng lc th tc v i sng bi quan
kh hnh by gi li c thc y n con ng gia ca
hai quan im v th tnh lun ca cc hc phi Tiu tha.
Ta c nhiu l do cho rng tng phi ny vn thuc hng
Tiu tha chp tng v chp hu. N hng vo s phn
tch th gii hin tng, v c gi l quyn i tha,
tc i tha tm thi. Ta s thy iu ny sau.
2. LCH S
a. Nhip lun tng (Sagraha),
Tin thn ca Php tng tng (Dharma-lakaa, hay
Hoss):
5
6
Nht: Yuishiki .
Nht: shz-gaku
124
CHNG VI. PHP TNG TNG
Mt tc phm tiu biu ca i tha Duy tm lun c

gi l Nhip i tha lun (Mahyna-sagraha)7 do V
Trc vit vo th k V, v Th Thn ch gii, c Pht-phin-a (Buddhanta) dch sang Hn vn vo nm
531; v Chn (Paramrtha) vo nm 563, v li c
Huyn Trang dch ln na trong khong 648-649. Trong
cc bn dch ny, bn th hai ca Chn lm cn bn cho
Nhip lun tng Trung hoa.
Chn qu qun Ujjayini (u-thin-ni),8 c l c quan
h n i hc Valabhi, mt trung tm hc Pht, n Trung
hoa nm 548, v trong khong thi gian t n 557
dch 32 tc phm. Ngi ta ni ng cng c vit trn 40 tc
phm khong 200 quyn. i tng chnh ca ng l
7
Hn tng hin cn tt c by bn dch lin h, gm c Lun bn v

Lun thch: 1. Nhip i tha lun , A-tng gi tc,
Pht--phin-a dch (A.D. 531), 2 quyn. Taish 31 No
1592. 2. Nhip ai tha lun , V Trc B tt to,
Chn Tam tng dch (A.D. 536); 3 quyn. Taish 31 No 1593.
3. Nhip i tha lun bn , V Trc B tt to, Huyn
Trang dch (A.D. 618-619), 3 quyn. Taish 31 No 1594. 4. Nhip i
tha lun thch , Th Thn B tt thch, Chn dch
(A.D. 563); 15 quyn. Taish 31 No 1595. 5. Nhip i tha lun thch
Th Thn B tt to, Cp-a & Hnh C dch
(A.D. 605-616); 10 quyn. Taish 31 No 1596. 6. Nhip i tha lun
thch , Th Thn B tt to, Huyn Trang dch (A.D. 618649); 10 quyn. Taish 31 No 1597. 7. Nhip i tha lun thch
, V Tnh B tt to, Huyn Trang dch (A.D. 648-650,
hoc A.D. 648-649); 10 quyn. Taish 31 No 1598. TS
8
Cf. Trng Phng, Lch i Tam bo k 1 (T49n2034, tr. 88a25):
Chn , ngi Thin trc, nc u-thin-ni , hiu l
Tam tng Php s Cu-na-la- , dch l Thn Y . - Tc
Cao tng truyn 1 (T50n2060, tr. 429c6): Cu-na-la-, dch l Thn Y.
Cng c tn l Ba-la-mt- , dch l Chn . TS
125
truyn b hc thuyt A-t-t-ma Cu-x v Nhip i tha

lun. Hot ng vn hc v tn gio ca ng hnh nh
gy nh hng ln trong tm hn Trung hoa thi by gi;
iu ny c minh chng vi nhiu xut sc dui
trng.
Chn thit lp Cu-x tng nh ta thy trn v
Nhip lun tng. Hot ng ca ng ch c th so snh
c vi Cu-ma-la-thp, ngi n trc ng; v Huyn
Trang, ngi n sau.
Khi kho cu v Nhip Lun tng, trc ht ta phi bit ni
dung ca b Nhip i tha lun. B lun ny, cng vi
bn ch gii ca Th Thn, l b lun u tin v hm sc
nht trong cng cuc pht biu hc thuyt ca Duy thc v
l sch cng yu i biu ca Duy thc tng. Lun t
trng tm ni 10 c im ca i tha.
Ni dung gm c: 1. A-li-da thc (laya-vijna), t ,
tt c cc php hin khi; 2. Hc thuyt v Duy thc, tt c
cc php khng c tng h tnh (y tha khi), phn bit tnh
(bin k s chp) cng khng c c chn thc tnh (vin
thnh tht); 3. S c ng tr tu duy thc; 4. Su Ba-lamt; 5. Mi a B-tt; 6. Gii; 7. nh; 8. Hu; 9. V
phn bit tr; 10. Ba thn Pht.9
Cf. Nhip i tha lun bn (T31n1594, tr. 132c25), mi th thng:

1. S tri y (ch A-li-da) th thng; 2. S tri tng (ba t tnh) th
thng; 3. Nhp s tri tng (Duy thc tnh) th thng; 4. B (Duy thc
tnh) nhp nhn qu (su ba-la-mt) th thng; 5. B nhn qu tu sai
bit (mi a) th thng; 6. Tng thng gii th thng; 7. Tng
thng tm th thng; 8. Tng thng hu th thng; 9. B qu on
th thng (v tr Nit-bn); 1o. B qu (Ba thn Pht) tr th thng. TS
126
Khi vn vt phn chiu trong tm tr ta, th th lc phn bit

hay tng tng ca tm ta sn sng hot ng ngay. y
gi l thc (vijna). Chnh v thc, kt hp vi tt c yu
t phn chiu, tng cha chng, nn c gi l A-li-da
thc hay tng thc (thc tng tr). Tng thc chnh n l s
hin hu ca tp hp nhn qu v nhng yu t thanh tnh
hoc nhim , c tp hp hay ln ln vi n theo tng
quan nhn qu. Khi tng thc bt u hot ng v bc
xung th gii thng nht ny, th chng ta c hin hu a
dng vn ch l th gii tng tng. Tng thc, vn l
chng t thc, l trung tm thc; v th gii do thc biu
hin l mi trng ca n. Ch c ni s Gic ng vin
mn ca Pht, thc thanh tnh mi bng chiu ln.
Tnh thc ny c th ty sch phn nhim ca tng thc
v cn khai trin th lc tr tu ca n. Th gii ca tng
tng (bin k s chp) v th gii h tng lin h (y tha
khi) c a n chn l chn tht, tc tnh vin thnh
tht (parinipanna). Sau khi t n , chng t tng, tc
l thc, s bin mt v cui cng a n trng thi ni m
ch th v i tng khng cn bit phn. y l V phn
bit tr (avikalpa-vijna). Trng thi ti hu l V tr Nit
bn, (apratihita-nirva) ngha l s thnh tu t do hon
ton, khng cn b rng buc ni no na.
Theo lun ny, c Pht c 3 thn:
Php thn (Dharmakya), m bn tnh l L th v

Tr tu.
Bo thn (Sambhogakya) hay Th dng thn, ch

th hin cho B-tt.
Ha thn (Nirmnakya), biu hin cho thng

nhn h tn sng.
127
A-li-da thc; , chn v vng ha hp (chn vng ha

hp thc), thc t cng ging nh thuyt do M Minh
(Avaghoa) xng trong i tha khi tn lun. 10
Nhip lun tng quan nim A-li-da -lc tr nn thanh
tnh v khng cn nhim l Chn nh (tathat). N c
coi nh l thc th chn. Theo , cc quan nng ca thc
c tng phi ny, do Chn sng lp, gm c nh sau:
Chn thc
Tin ng thc:
Bn ni thc:
nhn thc
nh thc
t thc
thit thc
thn thc
thc
mt na thc
A-li-da thc
V cu thc
Nhip lun tng, ni y c thay th bi Php tng

tng (Hosso) do Huyn Trang ging thuyt v t l
Khuy C (632-682) sng lp nn.
b. Php tng tng (Dharmalakaa, Hosso):
n dng nh c n ba dng truyn tha ca Du-gi
duy tm lun, sau khi Th Thn tch. Dng u l truyn
chi Trn-Na (Dignga) th k th 5, V Tnh (Agotra) v
H Php (Dharmapla, 439-507); trung tm dng ny l i
hc Nalanda. Gii Hin (labhadra) gc ngi Nalanda v
v t Trung hoa l Huyn Trang thuc dng ny. Dng
10
i tha khi tn lun , 1 quyn, M Minh B-tt to,

Chn dch. Taish 31 No 1966. Bn dch Anh bi Timothy Richard
v Yang Wen-hwui: The Awakening of Faith in the Mahyana
Doctrine, 1894; v bi D.T. Suzuki: Avaghoa s Discourse on the
Awakenning of Faith in the Mahyana, Chicago, 1900.
128
th hai l truyn chi c Hu (Guamati) v An Hu

(Sthiramati) m ni truyn tha dng nh l i hc
Valabhi; Chn , sng t Nhip lun tng Trung hoa
thuc dng ny. Dng th ba l truyn chi ca Nan-
(Nanda), ngi m gio ngha c Chn theo ui, v
Thng Qun (Jayasena) l ngi tng ging dy nhiu
vn cho Huyn Trang. Dng truyn tha cht ny khng
pht trin my n v dng nh sm bin mt sau .
Huyn Trang, khi cn qu hng, d thnh cc bui ging
thuyt v i tha Nhip lun vi hn by lun s khc
nhau. ng l mt hc gi rt nhit tm vi Duy thc tng.
Tuy nhin, kin ca cc gio s ca ng sai bit nhau qu
nhiu khin ng khng th nhn thy v no l ti gii nht
theo, ng bn quyt nh Ty du vi hy vng tm c
mt lun s ti ba. Cuc Ty du khi hnh t Trng an
nm 629. Cng nm , ng ch n Karakobjo, x Ty
khng. Mi n 632 hay tr hn na mi n Nalanda,
gn thnh Vng x ni m Gii Hin, by gi 106 tui,
ang l th ta ca i hc ny.
Huyn Trang th php vi Gii Hin nhng hc thuyt
quan trng ca Pht gio; trc tin l Duy thc hc do Th
Thn ci t qua b lun Duy thc (Vijaptimtrat), k n
l Thc ti lun ca cng tc gi qua b A t t ma Cu-x
(Abhidharmakoa). Sau 17 nm trng du hc ti n ,
Huyn Trang hi hng nm 645 v khi dch Thnh duy
thc lun (Vijaptimtratsiddhi)11 ca H Php cng vi
hn 74 b kinh lun khc.
11
Thnh duy thc lun , H Php v cc B-tt to,

Huyn Trang dch; 10 quyn. Taish 31 No 1585.
129
Khuy C, v t xut sc ca Huyn Trang, dng nh l

ngi c nht truyn tha hc thuyt Duy thc. Php
tng tn qu nhin l do Khuy C h thng ha v chnh
yu sng lp nn. Hai sng tc quan trng ca Khuy C,
i tha php uyn ngha lm chng 12 v Thnh Duy
thc lun thut k,13 l cn bn ca tng phi ny.
o Chiu (Dsh, 628-700), mt tng s Nht bn c
gi sang Trung hoa nm 653; ng th php vi Huyn
Trang hn 10 nm v cng sng chung tht vi C. Huyn
Trang c bit dy ng php thin qun v khin ng truyn
b phng ng (i vi Trung hoa, tc Nht bn). m
hm trc bui khi hnh, ng c Thy tng cho nhiu
b kinh, lun v lun s vit v Duy thc lun. Hi hng,
o Chiu khi s truyn b Duy thc tng ti cha
Gwangji. (Nguyn hng t). t ca ng l Hnh C
(Gygi, 667-748). Dng truyn tha th nht ny c gi
l Nam t.
Dng th hai do Tr Thng (Chits) v Tr t (Chitatsu)
c gi sang Trung hoa nm 654 v h nhit tm hc
php vi Huyn Trang v Khuy C. Dng th ba do Tr
Phng (Chih) l tng s Triu tin gc ngi Tn la, cng
vi ng o l Tr Loan (Chiran) v Tr Hng (Chio) vn
Trung hoa mt thi gian, v hc php vi Huyn
Trang. C ba n Nht nm 703 truyn hc thuyt Duy thc
cho Ngha Uyn (Giyen, mt nm 724), mt t ca Hnh
C. Dng th t do hc gi Huyn Phng (Gemb) n
12
Khuy C, i tha Php uyn ngha lm chng ,

7 quyn; Taish 45 No 1861. TS
13
Khuy C, Thnh duy thc lun thut k , 20 quyn.
Taish 43 No 1830.
130
Trung hoa nm 616 v hc php vi Tr Chu (688-723),

mt t ca Khuy C. ng y gn 20 nm; n nm
735 tr v qu hng v thuyt ging hc thuyt ny ti
cha Kbukuji (Hng phc t). ng truyn php cho
Huyn Tng (Genj, 723-797) l ngi tn ty ph b hc
thuyt ny. Dng ny c gi l Bc t, c xem nh l
dng truyn chnh thng.
3.TRIT L
Duy thc tng ca Th Thn l h thng Du gi c ci
bin v bn vn chnh yu l Duy thc Tam thp tng
(Vijaptimtrattriik) ca Th Thn, trong 24 bi
tng u dnh ni v tng (svalakaa) ca cc php
(dharma), bi tng k ni v tnh (svabhva) ca cc php
v 4 bi tng cui v giai on ca cc Thnh gi.
Php tng tng mc du l Duy thc, li khc bit vi
Nhip lun tng vn l duy tm lun tng trng v sau
c Php tng thay th ti Trung hoa. Cc nh duy tm
lun ca Php tng tng nhn nhn l truyn tha v h
thng chnh thng ca Th Thn, nhng thc t th tht kh
c quyt. Tam thp tng (Triik) ca Th Thn c hn
10 bn ch gii, trong , Huyn Trang v t l Khuy
C chnh yu theo kin ca H Php Nalanda. Kt qu
tu thnh 30 quyn Thnh Duy thc lun (Vijaptimtratsiddhi)14 l bn lun cn bn ca tng ny. Do ,
nh Duy thc hc Trung hoa, chp nhn kin ca Th
Thn qua thch gii ca H Php vn c th hoc khng th
ph hp vi mc ch nguyn s ca chnh tc gi Th
Thn.
14
Bn dch 10 quyn, v Thut k 20, cng chung thnh 30 quyn. TS
131
H Php nhn nhn s khc bit gia tng (lakaa) ca

cc php v tnh (svabhva) ca cc php tc Chn nh
(tathat). kin ca ng c xem nh l thuc th tc
(l th lun, laukika-satya) ch khng thuc nht ngha
(Paramrtha-satya). Th tc cho rng s v l lun
lun song hnh v ta khng bao gi c th ng nht chng
bng tng hp, kin nh vy khng ng hn l i tha
m gm c na phn Tiu tha, cho nn tng ny thng
c xem nh Bn i tha.
Hc thuyt ca Duy thc tng ch trng n tng ca tt
c cc php; da trn , lun thuyt v Duy thc hc c
lp nn minh gii rng khng c php no tch bit khi
thc c (l thc v bit php). Mc du tng ny thng
c biu l bng cch ni rng tt c php u ch l thc,
hay rng khng c g ngoi thc; thc ra th ngha chn
chnh ca n li khc bit. N duy thc, ch v tt c cc
php bng cch ny hay cch khc lun lun lin h vi
thc.
V thuyt duy thc ca tng ny, cn phi c mt lun iu
ph hp vi gio chng v vi l chng. Thuyt duy
thc, theo th ba gii ch hin hu trong thc, c th
c minh chng bng chnh nhng li dy ca c pht
trong kinh Hoa nghim (Avatasaka).
Nhng lm sao minh chng iu ny mt cch hp l? Th
gii ngoi ti khng hin hu nhng ni thc pht hin gi
tng ca n nh l th gii ngoi ti. Nhn thc c iu
ny l do s kin chng ta chng th tm u ra mt ci
ng hay php chn thc no c. iu m ta cho l chn
thc chng phi l chn thc, m ch l mt biu l ngoi
ti ca ci thc. Ton th th gii do hoc l to nn do
o tng hay do nhn duyn, v khng c thc ti thng
132
tn no c. Tuy nhin, c th c ngi hi rng, nu tt c

u l sn phm ca thc, th sao mi vt ch c pht
hin mt cch xc nh mt ch (khng gian) v vo mt
lc (thi gian) no m khng tt c mi ni v tt c
mi lc nh ta c th ngh ra c? Li na, ti sao tt c
mi loi u nhn thy c cng mt vt v s thng
thc vt gy cho h mt tc dng ging nhau?15
Cu tr li c hu ca tng ny tht l gin d: ngay c
trong gic mng, vn khng c thc ti, ngi nm mng
cng ch thy mt ch nht nh v vo mt lc no , vi
tt c nhng bi cnh chung quanh . Trong , y c th
c tc dng th xc nh m hi, la ht hay nhy ma.
Li na, nhiu ngi cng thy nhng i tng nht nh
ging nhau, cng nh loi qu i thy trc mt chng
cng mt ging sng, bng nhin bin thnh d bn lc m
chng nh ung nc . y l v chng c cng chung
nghip qu kh.
Theo cch , mi lun chng v bi bc c trnh by
trong cc b lun Duy thc, m ti ngh l khng cn thit
phi i su vo chi tit y.
Trong bng lit k cc php sau y, ta thy chng
c chia lm 5 loi: 1) Tm php c 8; 2) Tm s hu
php c 51; 3) Sc php c 11; 4) Tm bt tng ng hnh
php c 24; 5) V vi php c 6. Tt c hp thnh 100 php
15
Cf. Duy thc nh thp lun (T31n1590, tr. 74c3): Nhc thc v thc
cnh, tc x, thi quyt nh, tng tc bt quyt dnh, tc dng bt
ng thnh , , . Nu
ch tn ti thc (biu hin) ch khng thc cnh, s khng chng minh
c tnh xc nh ca khng gian (x), thi gian, tnh bt nh ca cc
sinh loi, v tc dng khng c. TS
133
(bch php).
Trong tt c cc php ny, sc l biu hin ngoi ti ca
thc; tm bt tng ng hnh l tn gi ch tin trnh
tng phn ca thc hin hnh; v v vi l tnh tnh lng
ca thc. Khng c php no tch bit khi thc.
Tm tm php bit lp nhau, nm thc u lp thnh nhn
thc gic quan; th su l thc (manovijna) th by l
mt-na (manas) v th tm l tng thc (citta). Theo t
tnh, tt c cc thc ny l thuc vo mt php khc, tc l
y tha khi tng (paratantra-lakaa) nhng chng khng
phi ch l tng tng (bin k s chp tng:
parikalpitalakaa). Gi thuyt v thc ti bit lp ca tm
thc ny l l thuyt ring ca H Php v khng th tm
thy u khc trong Pht gio, ngay c trong Tiu tha.
Mi mt thc c bn phn c bn cht lin i: 1. Tng
phn (lakaa-bhga): i tng b thy; 2. Kin phn
(darana-bhga): ch th thy; 3. T chng phn
(sktkri - bhga); 16 4. Chng t chng phn. Tng
phn l hnh bng ca i tng ngoi ti phn nh trn
mt tm thc v kin phn chiu soi, nhn thy v kinh
nghim n. Vy th, ai bit c l ch th (kin phn)
thy i tng (tng phn) hay ch l thy ci hnh bng
ca i tng m thi? y chnh l thc t n thy v
tip nhn phn v ch th. Phn v thy nhn gi l t
chng; khng c n th khng th c nhn thc. Chng t
chng hon thnh tc dng ca tm thc. y l bn phn
v ca tm thc.
16
Skt. gi thit ca Takakusu. Cf. Nyyabindu (Tscherbatsy: Buddhist

Logic ii): svasavedana; Wei Tat (Vi t): Thnh duy thc lun, Anh
dch: svasavittibhga.
134
Th d, mt t giy biu l trong tm l tng phn, tc l,

hnh bng ca n. Kin phn l dng c o lng bit
chiu di v rng ca n. T chng phn nhn thc n di
v rng bao nhiu ty thuc theo s o lng . Chng t
chng phn nhn nhn s chnh xc ca s o lng . V
c s h tng nhn thc ny, cho nn nhng phn v khc
khng cn thit.
Trong s nhng nh Du gi tng n , Trn-Na v V
Tnh khng chp nhn phn chng t chng thm vo
trong ba phn kia. H Php v k tha ca ng, Gii Hin
Nalanda, tr gi thuyt v bn phn nhng h li ngh rng
ba hay bn g cng c, v phn bn ch l phn vi t hn
ca phn ba m thi. An Hu (Sthiramati), mc du chp
nhn s hin hu ca ba phn, li cho rng ch c mt phn
v t chng l t th phn m thi. Theo ng, kin phn v
tng phn theo t tnh ch l tng tng gi t, hin khi
do thc, trong lc t chng phn, tc thc , l hin hu
ty thuc nhn duyn v khng c thc ti tnh. Nan- cho
rng ch c hai phn hin hu, l kin v tng phn; kin
phn l phn v chnh thc m tng phn bt ngun t n
hin khi, m hon tt thuyt v duy thc.
Tng Duy thc xem c hai, t chng v chng t chng
phn nh l chnh thng. Tng phn ca thc ch l hnh
bng ca th gii ngoi ti v ty thuc vo kin phn, theo
ngha thng thng ca danh t ny. Bn cht m t
hnh bng xut pht th li khc bit hn vi d kin gic
quan v d kin tm thc.
i tng ca th gii ngoi ti (viaya: cnh), in hnh
bng vo mt tm thc gm c ba loi cnh: 1. Tnh cnh,
hay l tri nhn tc thi, ngha l i tng c bn cht
nguyn bn v trnh by n nh l n, cng nh nm i
135
tng gic quan - sc, thanh, hng, v, xc c tri nhn

nh vy. Tin ng thc v bt, A-li-da thc, tri nhn
i tng theo cch ny; 2. c nh cnh, hay l o gic.
Hnh bng ch xut hin t ni tng tng v khng c
hin hu thc s. L d nhin, n khng c bn cht nguyn
bn, nh mt bng ma vn khng c hin hu; 3. i cht
cnh: i tng c mt bn cht nguyn bn nhng li
khng c tri nhn ng y nh vy. Khi tht, mt-na
thc, nhn li nhim v ch th ca bt thc, A-li-da,
n xem thc ny nh l ng. Nhim v ch th ca A- lida bt thc c bn cht nguyn bn, nhng n khng
c tht thc mt-na nhn thy y nh vy, v ch c
xem nh l ng, m thc ti th ch l o gic v n khng
phi l ng.
Thuyt v ba loi cnh c th l xut x t Nalanda. Nhng
bi k thng dng ca tng ny li hu nh thuc ngun
gc Trung hoa, nh sau:
Tnh cnh bt ty tm
c nh duy ty kin
i cht thng tnh bn
Tnh chng ng ty ng.
17
Bi k ny gii thch bng cch no m ba loi cnh lin h

vi nhim v ch th v bn cht nguyn bn ngoi ti. Bn
c th in u trong khi tm hiu v sao Duy thc hc li
17
Cf. Khuy C, Thnh duy thc lun chng trung xu yu 1A

(T43n1831, tr. 620a19): dn k v gii thch: 1. Tnh cnh, ch cho chn
th ca cc php... 2. c nh cnh, ty theo kin phn (tng tng),
nh lng ra, hoa m, thch n... 3. i cht cnh, nh tng ca n
c bn cht. TS
136
c ci gi l thc th nguyn bn . Tht ra, ta khng nn

qun rng mc du n l thc th ngoi ti, n li l ci
biu hin ra ngoi t ni thc. bt A-li-da thc t n
khng phi l thc th (dravya) c nh, khng thay i; n
lun lun bin chuyn tng st-na mt, v c hun tp
hay ghi nhn n tng bng tri nhn v hnh ng, n tr
thnh tp qun v hiu qu trong s biu hin ngoi ti. N
ging nh dng nc cun chy khng bao gi dng li
mt ni no trong hai thi hn tip ni nhau. V ch duy c
da vo s lin tc ca dng nc m ta mi c th ni
v con sng
Hiu qu hay nng lc sn xut mt kt qu c gi l
chng t v n c cha trong mt kho tng ht ging
v theo thi gian ny mm khi mt nguyn nhn lp c hi
cho n. T ni kho tng ht ging ny m th gii ngoi ti
pht hin trng hp vi biu hin ca tri nhn v hnh ng
qu kh. Nh k thuyt:
Chng t (bja) sinh hin hnh (samudcra)
.
Hin hnh hun chng t .
Tam php trin chuyn .
Nhn qu ng thi .18
18
Khuy C, op.cit. tr. 631b29. Cf. Thnh duy thc lun thut k
(T43n1830, tr. 310b7), Trong mt nim c th c 4 php: 1. chng
t bn hu; 2. hin hnh do bn hu sinh; 3. chng t c hun tp
bi tn hin hnh; 4. hin hnh sinh bi chng t ny. Nhng sao li
ni ba php trin chuyn? ... . Tham chiu bin lun, Lng Ton
(Nht bn), Thnh Duy thc lun ng hc sao 28 (T67n2263, tr.
170b15), Ba php l, chng t nng sinh, hin hnh c sinh, chng
t mi hun tp... TS
137
V na:
Chng t sinh chng t .
Nhn qu d thi .19
Nh vy, th gii ca s sngv th gii ca kh mnh
sng trong 20 ng thi sinh khi t kho tng A-li-da
v cng c cha ng trong ; iu gy nn sai lm
v o tng trong i sng hng ngy ca chng ta.
Cc chng t c tim tng trong bt thc hin hu t v
thu. Chng c gi l chng t bn hu, ht ging c sn
t nguyn thu. Cc chng t mi theo dng thi gian c
hun tp thm mi; chng c gi l chng t tn hun.
Chng t c v mi, hp li to thnh nhng biu hin ca
hin hu m lm ca i sng. Do , bt A-li-da thc
c v nh l mt loi thc thuc bn cht h vng hay bt
thc. Tuy nhin, n cha ng mt chng t khng nhim
; chng t ny gn cht vi n. Khi chng t ny pht
trin do tu tp, n dn dn ch ng bn cht h vng ca
bt thc v kt qu ca s ch ng l i sng m hoc
19
Cf. Du-gi s a lun 5 (T30n1579, tr. 302b9): Php v thng

lm nhn cho php v thng. N lm nhn cho tha tnh. N cng lm
nhn cho t tnh sinh sau, nhng khi y khng ng thi. Thnh duy
thc lun thut k 3A (T43n1830, tr. 310a17) gii thch: Lm nhn
cho tha tnh, tc chng t sinh hin hnh. Lm nhn cho t tnh, tc
chng t sinh chng t... Nu chng t sinh chng t m (nhn qu)
ng thi, th sinh sn s tr thnh v cng. V trong mt st-na m
nhiu chng t c th cng sn sinh, m thy u khng c nhn trc
tip. TS
20
Ch hu tnh th gian (sattva-loka), th gii ca sinh vt, tc bn thn
ca cc loi sinh vt hay qun th sinh vt, x hi; v kh th gian
(bhjana-loka), th gii dng c (nh ci a, ng), tc th gii t
nhin. TS
138
tr thnh vi diu cho n khi t n trnh cao nht l

gic ng.
Duy Thc tng cho rng tnh (svabhva) ca cc php
hon ton khc vi tng (lakaa) ca php tng. Do ,
l hon ton khc bit vi s, ngha l, tnh v tng nh
hai ng thng song song; v cng th, l vi s. Hai
ng song song khng bao gi gp nhau. Tng, hay l
s, hay ni cch khc, nhng biu hin ca tt c cc php,
l vn quan h chnh yu ca tng ny. Do m c tn
l Php tng tng. Cn phi phn bit r rng n vi cc
tng phi chuyn lun v tnh ca php hay l, tc l Php
tnh tng.
Do , Duy Thc tng khng chp nhn l mi chng sinh
u c Pht tnh. Nm hng ngi u bit lp nhau (ng
tnh cc bit) trong c mt hng ngi khng bao gi c
th tr thnh Pht (nht-xin-: icchantika). Do , theo
tng ny, ba tha (Thanh vn -rvaka-yna, c gic Pratyeka-budddha-yna v B-tt tha - Boddhisattvayna) l chn tht, bi v h thuc th gii hin thc, ngha
l, c ba u ph kh hp vi th gii hin thc ca con
ngi. Nht tha (Ekayna) ch l phng tin v tm thi
(thuyt Tam thc Nht quyn). Cc tng phi khc hon
ton tri ngc li. Hn na, tng ny khng nhn nhn s
ng nht ca tnh i vi tng ca cc php. V vy,
khng sao c th ni kt Chn nh, bn tnh ca cc php,
n tng ca cc php c. Vt t thn (thing in itself) lun
lun tch bit vi vt gio tha (thing for other). Chn nh s
khng bao gi b hun tp hay b nh hng bi i sng
thng nht v n biu hin ty theo duyn.21 Tng ny qu
21
Ty duyn khi ng .
139
quyt rng Chn nh lun lun trong trng thi ngng

nhin tnh ti, m khng bao gi bin ng trong cnh gii
ca cc php.22
Nhng tng phi ch trng v tnh b Php tng tng
kch khng nng. Mt hc thuyt nh c xng
trong Khi tn lun rng Chn nh t biu hin ty theo
duyn hoc tnh hoc nhim, hc thuyt l i tng
chnh cho s ph mnh lit ca tng ny. Nhng iu
ny ch l kha cnh tiu cc ca nhng bin lun v
ngha Chn nh. Chng ta s nghin cu v kha cnh tch
cc ca bin lun phn cui chng ny.
Nhip lun tng gi mt thi khc hn v im ny.
Trong Khi tn lun, m tc gi c cho l M Minh, bt
u bng Chn nh, vn b nhim bi v minh v cp
tng thc l mt bn tnh hn hp chn v vng; trong lc
Duy thc tng bt u bng th gii ca hin tng vn
xut pht t A-li-da thc, l h vng, khng chn tht.
Thc ny, trong mt cch th no , cha ng mt chng
t thanh tnh v ngu nhin pht trin n cho n khi gic
ng. Nhip lun tng cng ng vi tc gi ca Khi Tn
lun, tin xa thm bc na v nhn nhn s hin hu ca
mt thc th chn khng nhim (V cu: amala vijna).
Nh vy trong A-li-da thc hu nh c s hin hu ca
hai yu t: chn v vng. Tuy vy Duy thc vn sai khc
vi tt c cc tng khc trong vic xem Chn nh nh l
22
Chn nh ngng nhin bt tc ch php . Cf.

Thnh duy thc lun 9 (tr. 48a21): Thng ngha ca thng ngha, tc
php gii nht th tuyt i ... l Chn nh. Chn, v khng phi h
vng. Nh, v thng hng nh vy. Tnh chn tht ny trong tt c mi
trng thi thng hng nh l t tnh ca n, nn ni l Chn nh. Tc
ni c ngha l trm nhin khng h vng. TS
140
tnh v tng thc l tng ca cc php. Chn nh l vin

thnh tht (parinipanna) trong khi A-li-da thc l y tha
khi, tc da vo php khc m khi ln, (paratantra).
Vin thnh tht, Y tha khi v Bin k s chp
(parikalpita) u c gi l lakaa (tng) trong Phn
ng, nhng trong trng hp ca Vin thnh tht, khng
phi l lakaa m l alakaa (v tng), xa la ht thy
mi tng, tc l, svabhva: (t tnh).23
NG V BCH PHP
Php tng tng, tuy l duy tm lun, li dng khun mu
ca phng php phn tch dng trong cc tng phi thuc
thc hu v thin khng, v phn th gii hin hu lm
nm phm tr, gm 100 php. Bng lit k ny rt t m hn
cc bng.
Mt c im trong bng ny l tm c chia thnh tm
thc, mi mt thc l mt thc ti bit lp. Khng c tng
phi no trong Pht gio c mt hc thuyt nh th. Thm
vo nm thc (nhn, nh, t, thit, v thn) cn c gic quan
th su, thc, th by, t thc v th tm, tng thc.
Hai thc sau cng c gi l mt-na thc v A-li-da thc.
Trong s tm thc ny, su phn u hp thnh thc nhn
thc (vijna), th by l (manas) v th tm l tm
(citta). Ni cch gin d hn, nm phn u ch l cc gic
quan; th su, trung tm gic quan to cc khi nim do
23
Cf. op.cit., tr. 46b10-14: Tnh vin thnh thc, l thc tnh ca cc
php, c thnh tu vin mn, c hin l bi hai khng (nhn
khng v php khng...N chnh l th tnh m trn y tha khi khng
cn bin k s chp, c hin l bi hai khng. Th tnh ca n l
chn nh.
141
nhng tri gic t c t th gii bn ngoi; th by, mt

na-thc, trung tm t duy, suy ngh, yu cu v suy lun
da trn nn tng thc; th tm, A-li-da thc, cha gi
nhng chng t, ngha l gi nhng hiu qu hay nng
lng ca tt c nhng hin hnh. Th su, by v tm lun
lun da vo nhau m hot ng, bi v lc thc l tm
im chung cho tri gic v tri nhn hng ni; n hot ng
hng ngoi da trn mt-na thc, m thc ny li da trn
A-li-da thc. Mt na p ng cho t thc, t quan tm hay
nhng xu hng v k. Nhim v ch th ca bt thc
c tht xem nh l ng mc du trong thc t khng
c g l ng c. tng v ng gi o ny lm nhim tt
c nhng t tng khin khi dy tng v c th hay t
ng.
Theo quan nim Pht gio, vn hu sinh t (manoja) v
tc thnh bi (manomaya), v nht l trong hc thuyt
duy thc, ci m chng ta gi l hin hu n tin hnh t
thc m ra. Theo , mi vt hin hu c xp ty theo
bn tnh ca n vo ba loi:
Nhng hu hin khng tht (vng hu tnh) vn ng thi
khng c mt bn th (adravya), nh ma qu ch hin hu
trong s tng tng ca con ngi ch khng c trong
thc ti.
Nhng hu th gi tm hay nht thi (gi hu tnh) khng
c t tnh (asvabhva) thng ti nh cn nh c dng
bng g, gch, ngi... N ch hin hu bng mt trng tng
hp nhng nhn duyn v khng t hu. N khng c thc
ti thng tn.
Nhng hu th chn tht (chn hu tnh), ngha l, phi hu
trong ngha cao nht ca danh t ny, xa la tt c tng
142
khng tht v gi tm (v tng). S thc, ci ny khng

phi l phi hu m l hin hu siu vit.
Ba tnh ny tht ra c gi l: 1. Bin k s chp tnh
(parikalpitalakaa), tnh ca tng tng c hiu;24 2. Y
tha khi tnh (paratantralakana), tnh ca s nng da
vo tnh khc; 3. Vin thnh tht tnh (parinispannalakana), tnh ca thc ti ti hu.25
Trong ba tnh ny, th nht ch hin hu trong tng tng,
th hai ch trong tp hp nhn duyn v th ba nh l bn
th (tm gi nh vy) ca tt c v ch c nhng ngi c
tr tu siu vit mi thu hiu n c. Ta khng nn gii
thch thc ti tnh ny mt cch qu xc nh, v n ch l
ci cn li sau khi hai tnh trc b loi b.
S phn bit cc php y ph hp vi quan im hu
nhng khi c nhn theo quan im phi hu th ba tnh
ny tr thnh ba v tnh (abhva, nisvabhva). Th nht;
l tng v tnh (lakaa-nisvabhva) khng c bn th,
nh tnh no c. Th hai l sinh v tnh (utpattinisvabhva), khng sinh, khng t tnh, khng hin hu
mc du c v nh l hin hu, th ba l thng ngha v
tnh (paramrtha-nisvabhva), y l phi thc chn tht,
siu vit tt c nhng c tnh v iu kin ca cuc i,
y l Chn Nh, l Thc Tng, v l Chn Tnh ca php.
24
Tam thp tng, tng 20: do nhng suy lun tng tng nh vy v
nh vy m hin hu s th c suy lun tng tng. Nhng g hin
hu bi suy lun tng tng, chng khng c t tnh. /
/ / . TS
25
Ibid., tng 21: Y tha khi t tnh, l s phn bit xut hin do bi
duyn. Vin thnh thnh thc, l t tnh hng loi tr hai tnh trn.
/ / / . TS
143
Theo Php tng ch c tr tu v lu mi thu hiu rng tt

c th gii hin tng cng vi ht thy mi loi chng
sinh u ch l hin hu tm thi hay o tng (gi hu)
biu hin bi thc (duy thc s hin) bn trn thc ti ti
hu (tnh vin thnh tht). Trung o ca c Pht by gi
c ng nht vi Chn nh, thc ti ti hu va ni n.
ngha ca trung c thnh lp nh th no, c
gii thch bi lin h h tng gia ba tnh trn. Tnh th
nht, ch l tng tng, khng hin hu, cho nn Khng.
Tnh th hai, hin hu bng tp hp nhn duyn, nn ch
C mt cch tm thi (Hu). Do , trung o l, khng
phi C cng khng phi Khng (phi hu phi khng). Nh
vy, thc ti ti hu ca tnh th ba siu vit c Khng v
Hu.
Chn nh siu vit tt c t tng v Hu v Khng, chng
ta c th ni l: ci ny hin hu nhng y khng phi
l hin hu hin tng. Hay chng ta c th ni: ci ny
khng hin hu nhng y khng phi l mt phi hu hin
tng. i lp vi hin hu gi tng, ta gi y l Khng
(V), v trnh nhm ln vi ci khng gi tng, ta gi
y l Chn khng v Chn hu. Chn khng l tnh khng
(nyat), s vng mt ca tt c c tnh theo ngha cao
nht v Chn khng l Diu hu, thc ti ti hu. Tt c
nhng iu qu tm vi ca tr tu con ngi.
Khi tr tu ca mt ngi c vin mn do tu chng, th
thc s tr thnh tr tu vin mn nh sau:
Tin ng thc tr thnh Thnh s tc tr (tr tu hon thnh
tt c nhng g cn phi lm, ktynusthnajna).
lc, thc tr nn Diu qun st tr (tr tu, qun st tn
tng, pratyvekaajna).
144
tht, Mt na thc tr thnh Bnh ng tnh tr

(samatjna).
bt, A-li-da thc tr thnh i Vin cnh tr
(daranajna).
C thy to thnh bn phn tr tu ca Pht.
Nh chng ta bit, Cu-x tng c thuyt nghip cm
duyn khi; Php tng tng li thay th n bng A-lida duyn khi (duy thc duyn khi). iu ny cho thy
mt pht trin ca hc thuyt v nhn qu bi v nghip ch
l kt qu ca thc v thuyt nhn qu ca Duy thc tng
cn phi lp trn gi thuyt v nghip nh l khi nguyn
ca tt c cc php.
145
PHP TNG TNG

I THA BCH PHP
146
CHNG VII
TAM LUN TNG
Sarvanyavda: Thuyt Nht thit khng

Mdhyamika : Trung Qun Lun
(Bn i tha)
1. CNG YU
i tha ph nh lun, ting Phn gi l Mdhyamika,
hc thuyt v Trung o, hay Khng lun (nyavda),
hay Tng i lun. Trung hoa v Nht bn, tng ny
c bit n di danh hiu San lun, hay Saron, tc Tam
lun. y l 3 tc phm cn bn chuyn v hc thuyt
Trung o bng cch bi bc nghim khc nhng kin gii
sai lm ca B-la-mn, Tiu tha v cc tng phi i tha
khc ngoi Tam lun tng. Trong ba tc phm ny, tc l
Trung lun (Mdhyamika-stra) 1 ca Long Th
(Ngrjuna). May mn nguyn bn Phn ng hin vn cn
tn ti. Bn Hn vn do Cu-ma-la-thp (Kumrajva) dch.
Trong tc phm gm 400 bi tng ny, Long Th bc b
mt s nhng kin gii sai lm ca Tiu tha hay ca cc
trit gia k chung, ri t bc b tt c nhng quan nim
duy thc v a nguyn gin tip thit lp hc thuyt nht
nguyn ca mnh.
1
Trung lun , Long Th B-tt to, Thanh Mc Phm ch thch

, Cu-ma-la-thp dch (A.D. 409), 4
quyn. Taish 30 No 1564. Tn Sanskrit cng gi l Mlamdhyamaka-krik, hay Pryamlastrak. TS
b-tt Long Th
Tc phm tip theo l Thp nh

mn lun (Dvdaa-dvra) 2
cng ca Long Th, nguyn bn
Phn tht lc, nhng dch bn
Hn vn hin tn ti. Tc phm
ny c tt c 12 phm hay
chng v ch ch l nhm
kiu chnh nhng sai lm ca
chnh cc nh i tha. Tc
phm th ba l Bch lun
(atastra) 3 ca -b (ryadeva), t ca Long Th. Tc
phm ny ch ch bc b
nhng t kin ca B-la-mn
gio.
V Tam lun tng qu thin trng v duy tm lun ph nh,

nn ny ln mt phi tch cc l T lun tng (Shih-lun,
Shiron), bng cch thm vo mt tc phm th t, ca Long
Th, l i tr lun (Prajpramit-stra),4 trong
chng ta thy rng ngi thit lp quan im nht nguyn
ca mnh c tnh khng nh hn trong bt c tc phm no
khc. Nhng tt c u t tay Long Th, nn khuynh hng
tng qut ca nhng lun chng siu hnh cng gn ging
nhau. V h thng Trung qun n tr thnh mt th
bn th lun hon ton tiu cc, nn h thng Du-gi lun
2
Thp nh mn lun , Long Th B-tt to, Cu-ma-la-thp

dch (408 stl.), 1 quyn. Taish 30 No 1568. TS
3
Bch lun , -b B-tt to, Cu-ma-la-thp dch (404
stl.), 2 quyn. Taish 30 No 1569. TS
4
i tr lun , Long Th B-tt to, Cu-ma-la-thp dch
(402-405 stl.), 100 quyn. TS
148
CHNG VII. TAM LUN TNG
ca V Trc v Th Thn xut hin nhm ti lp Pht gio

trong duy tm lun nguyn thy tch cc hn. Tuy nhin,
duy tm lun ca Du gi kt thc bng l thuyt nhn
qu v tng thc, v rt l th ng trn phng din tnh
lun (ontology).
Trung hoa, nhiu hc gi ting tm xut hin to nhng
bc ln trong trit hc duy tm; h khng hn st km
nhng tc gi n ng thi. Khi Tam lun tng chim u
th, T lun tng nh nhng b v bin mt hn khi mi
trng tranh lun tnh khng.
Nhng c gng ca Tam lun tng qui t vo ch bc b tt
c cc quan im tch cc v khng nh ca cc tng
khng ly ph nh bin chng (dialectical negation) lm
cn bn. S bi bc trc ht nhm thng vo nhng quan
im sai lm ca cc d gio; th n nhm vo nhng thin
kin ca Tiu tha; v sau cng l nhng kin gii c on
do cc tc gi i tha tch cc ra. L tng ca Tam
lun tng hnh nh l dit h lun (niprapaca): v h
lun, ngn vong l tuyt. C bn ca mi lun chng l
t c: 1. Hu (sat), 2. V (asat), 3. Dic hu dic v, 4.
Phi hu phi v. Nu chng ta phi tr li mt cu hi,
chng ta khng c cch no khc hn l tr li theo bn
lun chng ny.
Nu chng ta din t cu tr li, n phi l: 1. Phi, 2.
Khng phi. 3. Va phi va khng phi, 4. Va khng
phi va khng khng phi; ngha l khng quan h n
cu hi hay khng cn phi tr li.
Nu khng thu trit l tng cn bn k trn lm nn tng
cho mi lun chng, th khng d g theo di khuynh hng
ph nh ca Tam lun ny.
149
2. LCH S
Gio s Stcherbatsky c nu ln nhng giai on sau y
trong dng pht trin ca trit l i tha c quan h c
bit n Trung qun:
1. Th k I: Hng khi ca i tha A-li-da thc v
Chn Nh, c hai u do M Minh (Asvaghoa) khi
xng.
2.Th k II: Tnh khng duyn khi lun, do Long
Th v B thnh lp.
3. Th k III v IV: Mt khong trng
4. Th k V: Lp trng duy tm ca V Trc v
Th Thn.
5. Th k VI: Phn tranh gia cc phi duy tm v
tnh khng. An Hu (Sthiramati) v Trn-na (Dignga) i
biu cho duy tm; Pht H (Buddhaplita) v Thanh Bin
(Bhvaviveka), i biu cho tnh khng.
6. Th k VII: H thng Trung qun hon thnh trit
do Nguyt Xng (Candrakrti) xin dng.
Trn y l lit k ca gio s Stcherbatsky, nhng khong
trng th k III v IV c th lp vo bng Kin Hu
(Saramati) v Di-lc (Maitreya). Di-lc l v thy trc tip
hay gin tip ca V Trc v tnh cch lch s ca ng th
khng th nghi ng g c mc d c nhng huyn thuyt
vy quanh nn mt s hc gi c khuynh hng coi ng l
mt nhn vt tng tng. Chng ta nn dnh vn
ny cho nhng kho cu tng lai. D sao, Tnh khng
lun (nyavda) n, vi phn ng duy tm ca n, v
Duy Thc lun (vijnavda), biu dng s pht trin
150
v i ca Pht gio v nh hng nhng hot ng tr thc

ny mi mi tn ti trong lch s trit hc n.
Lch s ca Tam lun tng bt u Trung hoa vi s xut
hin ca Cu-ma-la-thp, ngi x Qui T (Kucca). S
truyn tha k nh sau:
Th k V: Trung lun ca Long Th c Cu-ma-la-thp
phin dch v truyn cho cc l o Sinh, m T, v
Tng Lng, mt truyn nhn xut sc, cui cng tch
hn Tam lun tng khi Thnh tht tng (Tiu tha Khng
lun), m chng ta bn trc. Tam lun tng c nn
tng thc th l do cng trnh ca Tng Lng.
Th k VI: Php Lng l mt bc thy v i, c 25 t
theo hc. Ct Tng l mt nhn vt li lc trong nhm ny.
Thn ph ng xut gia v thng dn ng i nghe Chn
(Paramrtha) ging php. Ri Ct Tng xut gia theo
Php Lng v c Php Lng dy d c bit. Khi 19 tui,
ng c v trng tuyn nhng bi ging ca thy khng
my may sai lc khin thnh chng rt i kinh ngc. ng
ng ti cha Gia Tng, do c gi l Gia Tng i
s.
Ct Tng vit mt bn s gii v ba lun (Tam lun s),5
mt tc phm v tinh ngha ca h thng Tam lun (Tam
lun huyn ngha),6 mt tc phm v i tha (i tha
Tam lun s, tn gi chung cho s gii ba b lun: 1. Trung qun lun

s , Ct Tng son (A.D. 549-623), 10 quyn.
Taish 42 No 1824. 2. Thp nh mn lun s , 3 quyn,
A.D. 608. Taish 42 No 1825. 3. Bch lun s , 3 quyn, A.D.
608. Taish 42 No 1827. TS
6
Tam lun huyn ngha , 1 quyn . Taish 45 No 1852. TS
151
huyn lun)7 v mt tiu lun v Nh (Nh ngha).8

Ngoi ra, ng son tp by tc phm khc nhau v kinh
Php Hoa,9 hai tc phm v i bt nh kinh10 v Nit-bn
kinh,11 v c 120 quyn gm nhng s gii v Hoa nghim,
(Avatasaka), 12 Thng Man (rml), 13 Duy-ma-ct
(Vimalakrti),14 i V Lng Th kinh,15 Qun V Lng
Th
kinh
(Amitayur-dhyna), 16
Kim
cang
17
(Vajracchedika), Kim quang minh ti thng vng kinh
(Suvaraprabhsa), 18 Di-lc h sinh (Maitreyastra) 19 v
Nhn vng kinh...20. Hot ng vn hc ca ng, chng t
c nhiu v tham bc, ng thi v trc khng ai
snh bng, v iu ng ch l tt c tc phm ca ng
7
i tha huyn lun , 5 quyn. Taish 45 No 1853. TS

Nh ngha/ chng /, 3 quyn. Taish 45n1854 TS
9
Bn tc phm v Php hoa: 1. Php hoa huyn lun , 10
quyn. T34n1720 2. Php hoa ngha s , 12 quyn.
T34n1721. 3. Php hoa du , 1 quyn. T34n1722. 4. Php
hoa lun s , 3 quyn. T40n1818. TS
10
i phm du , 1 quyn. Taish 33 No1696. TS
11
Nit-bn kinh du , 1 quyn. Taish 38 No 1768. TS
12
Hoa nghim du , 1 quyn. Taish 35 No 1731. TS
13
Thng Man bo qut , 6 quyn. Taish 37 No 1744. TS
14
Tnh Danh huyn lun , 8 quyn. Taish 38 No 1780. TS
15
V Lng Th kinh ngha s , 1 quyn. Taish 37 No
1746. TS
16
Qun V Lng Th kinh ngha s , 1 quyn.
17
Kim cang Bt-nh s , 4 quyn. Taish 33n1699. TS
18
Kim quang minh kinh s , 1 quyn. Taish 39 No 1787.
TS
19
Di-lc kinh du , 1 quyn. Taish 38 No 1771. TS
20
Nhn vng Bt-nh kinh s , 6 quyn. Taish 33
No1707. TS
152
u c son tp trong thi k chinh chin lin min gia

cc triu i Trn n Ty.
Th k VII: Hu Qun, ngi Cao ly, ca Ct Tng,
sang Nht vo nm 625 v ging gio l Tam lun ti cha
Nguyn hng (Gwangji) Ni Lng (Nara). y l s
truyn tha ln u ca tng ny ti Nht bn. Truyn tha
th hai do Tr Tng (Chiz), mt ca Hu Qun
(Ekwan). Ln th ba do o T (Dji), ca Nguyn
Khang, tc gi ca mt bn s gii v Tam lun.
Trung hoa, Tam lun tng khng cn pht trin khi Php
tng tng hng khi do Huyn Trang v l Khuy
C. Tuy nhin mt Phm tng tn l Sryaprabhsa (Nht
Chiu) n Trung hoa nm 679 v ging Tam lun cho
Hin Th, tc gi mt bn gii thch Thp nh mn lun21
ca Long Th. Dng truyn tha ny c gi l Tn Tam
lun tng phn bit vi C Tam lun tng k t La-thp
n Ct Tng ko di t 409-623 TL.
Nht, tng ny khng h l mt ngnh hc c lp,
nhng hc thuyt vn c tip ni hc hi mt cch nng
nhit ngay n c ngy nay, v l thit yu cho ngi hc
Pht nh l mt trong nhng i tng ch yu ca vic
hc Pht v l mt kh gii sc bn ca lun chng bin
chng, cng nh l cn c l thuyt lm nn tng cho nhiu
tng phi tch cc v hot ng ca Pht gio Nht bn
ngy nay.
21
Thp nh mn lun tng tr ngha k , 2 quyn,

Php Tng (Hin Th) thut. T42n1826. TS
153
3. TRIT L
Hc thuyt Tam lun tng c ba phn: 1. ph t hin chnh;
2. phn bit chn tc ; 3. bt bt Trung o
(mdhyama-pratipad).
Mc tiu ca tng ny l tt cnh khng, tnh khng tuyt
i, tc l ci khng khng th bt nm (aprptavyanyat: v s c khng, bt kh c khng), ngha l
chnh kin v v c (aprptitva). Ni mt cch tng qut,
khi mt t kin b bc b th mt quan im khc li c
chp trc vo v c coi nh l chnh kin, nh l mt
kt qu t nhin. Tuy nhin, tng ny, tuyn trch cng l
mt chp trc hay mt s c v mt quan im v do
cng b loi b. Chnh s phi bc v mt t kin cng ng
thi phi l s minh th v mt chnh kin. Ngha l, ph t
v hin chnh l mt, bi v khng c g c thu hoch c.
y l mt trong nhng c im ca tng ny.
Tuy nhin, c hai mnh ny vn tch ri nhau trong mc
ch thc tin, bi v ph l cn thit cu tt c chng
sinh ang chm trong bin chp trc, cn hin cng quan
trng v xin dng li dy ca Pht.
Ph (ph nhn) nh th l vin ton. Trc ht, tt c
cc quan im y c trn chp trc u b ph nhn. Th
th, nhng quan im nh thuyt v ng (tman) ca cc
trit gia B-la-mn, thuyt a nguyn lun ca cc lun s
A-t-m (Vaibhika, Koa) v nhng nguyn l gio iu
ca cc lun s i tha, khng bao gi c thng qua m
khng b bc b chi ly. Hu (tt c u c), v (tt c u
khng), thy u b ch trch.
Trong s nhng quan im Pht gio Trung hoa, th vi
Hu Qun, gio l ca Pht c chia thnh hai gio v
154
nm thi; Ct Tng th c nht th ca nh , chn v tc;

v vi Tng Triu cng nh Php Vn, l sai bit tnh ca
nh ; tt c u b ch trch thm t nu nhng quan im
ny qu chp trc. Tuy nhin, trn kha cnh tch cc,
tng phi ny tha nhn c nhn chnh v php chnh. Long
Th c coi nh l nhn vt chn chnh (tc nhn chnh)
bi v trong s tin on Pht c ni n s xut hin ca
ngi. Php chnh y l trung o, xa la danh v tng, c
ngn ng v tm tng u khng th t n c. Php
chnh siu vit tt c nhng im tranh lun nh t c v
bch phi, v nh th l i xa hn c Yajavalkya vi l
thuyt thi danh neti, neti (khng phi! khng phi!)
trong Upaniad.
Chn l ch c th t c bng ph nh hay bi bc cc
t kin bn trong v bn ngoi Pht gio v nhng sai lm
ca c i Tiu tha. Khi m gi nhng t kin sai lm,
con ngi s m qung trong phn on. Lm sao m mt
ngi m c th c c ci thy ng, v nu khng c n
th hai cc oan khng bao gi c th trnh c? Cu
cnh vong ngn tuyt l l bui bnh minh ca trung o.
Ph v ch c ph mi c th dn n cu cnh chn l.
Con ng gia, con ng xa la danh v tng, khng
th tiu danh v khng c c trng, th m chng ta bt
buc phi nu ln theo mt cch th no phn bit.
Do n c gi l hin chnh.
Tm tt, c hai kha cnh ca chnh: th chnh v dng
chnh. Th chnh l chn l siu vit vt c chn v tc .
Trong lc dng chnh l chn l nh , chn v tc. Trung
lun cho rng ch Pht trong qu kh tuyn thuyt
nhng gio l ca mnh cho chng sinh bng phng tin l
nh . Chnh theo tc (samvti-satya) m c Pht
155
ging rng tt c cc php m c l do nhn duyn; nhng

theo chn (paramrtha-satya) th tt c cc php u
khng. Thc ra, nh c ging thuyt l dn mi
ngi i vo chnh o.
i vi nhng k chp vo khng ca h v lun, l thuyt
v hu s c ging gii theo phng din tc , vi
nhng ai chp hu th hc thuyt v phi hu (v) s c
ging theo phng din chn dy cho h cnh gii v
danh v tng v l th chnh vy.
D chng ta c th ni n s hu, nhng n gi tm v bt
n. Ngay c s phi hu (khng) cng gi tm v bt n. V
vy khng c s hu thc s cng khng c ci khng ch
thc. Hu th v v th ch l hu qu ca tng quan nhn
qu v do , bt thc. Nh th, l tng ca hai cc oan
v hu th v v th b xa b. Do , khi chng ta cp
n tc , chng ta c th ni v th gii hin tng m
khng lm in o th gii bn tnh. Khi cp n chn
, chng ta c th vn ti th gii bn tnh m khng lm
xo trn th gii gi danh. Phi hu cng l hu. Danh hnh
v tng sc ng thi l khng v ri khng cng tc th
hnh danh sc tng.
Nh th bn tnh ca tt c cc php l khng c t tnh.
Do , ta c th thy rng nh c ging dy ch v mc
ch gio ha. Tam lun tng ny coi thuyt nh nh l
ngn gio, ngha l gio l c mc ch bin gii, trong khi
cc nh i tha khc coi n nh l l gio, ngha l nh
chnh l nguyn l m Pht ging dy. Vn gy ra nhng
d bit l: Chn l () l phng tin hay cu cnh. Tam
lun tng xem n nh l phng tin. y l mt c im
na ca tng ny.
156
Thuyt Bt Bt cng c mc ch tng t. N c Long

Th nu ln trong bi tng tn khi ca Trung lun v y
l bn dch ting Anh ca Stcherbatsky (The conception of
Buddhist Nirvana, tr. 69):22
Ti knh l c Pht ton gic,
Bc nht trong tt c hng thuyt gio.
Ngi tuyn thuyt
Nguyn l tng i tnh ph qut.
nh l tnh lc (Nit-bn),
S tnh ch ca a nguyn tnh.
Khng c g bin mt,
Cng khng c g xut hin,
Khng c g kt thc,
Cng khng c g vnh cu,
Khng c g ng nht (vi chnh n),
Cng khng c g d bit,
Khng c g vn chuyn,
22
Nguyn vn ting Anh dn trong nguyn bn: The perfect

Buddha,/ The fore most of all teachers I Salute,/ He has
proclaimed/ The principle of (universal) relativity./That is like
Blissful (nirva),/ Quiescence of plurality./ There nothing
appears,/ Nothing has an end,/ Nor is there anything eternal,/
Nothing is identical (with itself),/ Nor is there anything
differentiated, / Nothing moves,/ Neither hither no thither. Vit
vn c dch st theo ting Anh, theo bn ca tc gi lm c
s i chiu vi bn Hn dch ca Cu-ma-la-thp. TS
157
Khng n y cng khng n kia.23

Theo bn dch ca La-thp nh sau:
Bt sinh dic bt dit
Bt thng dic bt on
Bt nht dic bt d
Bt lai dic bt xut
Nng thuyt th nhn duyn
Thin dit ch h lun
Ng kh th l Pht
Ch thuyt trung nht 24
Nh th tt c nhng sc thi c hu ca hin th u b
ph nhn. S thc chnh bt bt y khng c mt mc ch
c bit no c. Ta c th coi n nh mt mc tro cn qut
tt c tm th sai lm gn lin vi th gii ca bin dch,
23
Skt. anirodham anutpadam anucchedam avatam/ anekrtham

annrtham angamam anirgama// ya prattyasamutpda
prapacopaama iva/ deaym sa sabuddhasta vande
vadat vara// C th dch li cch khc t bn Sanskrit i chiu
vi cc bn dch dn trong y: Ti knh l Pht Chnh ng gic, v
ti thng trong cc v thuyt gio. Ngi tuyn thuyt l duyn khi,
vn l s tnh ch ca h lun, l s an lnh. (L duyn khi) l: s
khng tch dit cng nh s khng sinh khi, khng gin on cng
khng thng hng, khng nht th cng khng a th, khng quy
hng cng khng phn ly. TS
24
Tham chiu Hn dch ca Ba-la-ph-mt-a-la, Bt-nh ng lun
(T30n1566, tr. 51c15): Bt dit dic bt khi, bt on dic bt thng,
phi nht phi chng chng, bt lai dic bt kh; duyn khi h lun tc,
thuyt gi thin dit c, l b B-gi-b, ch thuyt trung ti thng.
/ / / / /
/ / . TS
158
hay mt s o thi h tng ca bn cp thin kin, hay

mt chui di xuyn qun gt b tng sai lm ny n sai
lm khc. T d: ph hy nim v sinh khi bng nim
v dit; ph hy nim v dit bng nim n (lai); ph
hy nim n bng nim i (kh); ri ph nim
ny bng nim v thng hng; ph hy thng hng
bng on dit; ph hy on dit bng nht th; ph hy
nht th bng a th; ph hy a th bng sinh khi.
Theo cch , tt c nhng bin bit v t hay tha, v b
hay th u b tuyt dit. Do , ph mt t kin hay thin
kin ng thi cng l hin th chnh kin. Khi chnh i
lp vi t, l mt th chnh phn (i thin chnh),
ngha l ci chnh vi t cch l i nghch vi t. Khi t
hon ton b ph hy, by gi s c ci chnh khng l
thuc phn (tn thin chnh), ngha l, ci chnh siu
vit. Khi nim v chnh v t hon ton b trit h, by gi
s l chnh tuyt i (tuyt i chnh), ngha l chn l.25
Chnh l mt khong gia. Khong gia chim ch hai thi
cc l mt khong gia ca phn , hay khong gia ca
tng quan: i thin trung. Khong gia vt ngoi c hai
thi cc hon ton b ph hy l khong gia vt ngoi
cc thi cc: tn thin trung. Khi tng v hai thi cc
hon ton b xa b, by gi l khong gia tuyt i: tuyt
i trung. Nh vy tuyt i chnh cng l tuyt i trung.26
25
Ba ngha chnh: i thin chnh , tn thin chnh ,

tuyt i chnh , xem Tam lun huyn ngha, T45n1852, tr. 7b24
26
Bn ngha trung: i thin trung , tn thin trung, ,
tuyt i trung, , thnh gi trung . op.cit. T45n1852, tr.
14b21. Cf. Trung qun lun s 1 (T42n1824, tr. 2a13): ba lp trung. TS
159
Khi tuyt i trung c em ra gio ho qun chng, n

tr thnh mt th Trung o hay chn l gi tm: thnh gi
trung. Nh vy, ta c bn th Trung o.
V nhu cu thc tin dt dn qun sinh, thm mt trnh
t khc na c chp nhn. Trnh t ny c gii thch
qua bn lp nh sau:
1. Khi hu i lp vi khng th hu c coi nh tc
v khng l chn : tc hu, chn khng.
2. Khi hu v khng i lp vi phi hu phi khng th
hu khng l tc v phi hu phi khng l chn ; hu
khng: tc; phi hu phi khng: chn.
3. Nu c bn quan im i lp ni trn thy u
thuc tc , th nhng quan im no cao hn, ph nhn
chng, c xem l chn ; hu khng phi hu khng:
tc; phi phi hu phi phi khng: chn.
4. Khi nhng quan im c din t trong giai on
trn y tr thnh tc , th s ph nhn tt c chng s l
chn ; phi phi hu phi phi khng: tc; phi phi bt hu phi
phi bt khng: chn.27
Nh th, cng tin ln cao bao nhiu, nu ta tha nhn mt
quan nim hay mt nhm nhng quan nim, chng ta s li
gp s ph nh v chng tip din mi. Ch c ph nh
mi c th dn ta n ca chn l tuyt i. Ni tm, iu
chng ta ang hng ti l l v c (aprptitva) m ta t
c bng thuyt ph nh ton din c trnh by qua
mc tro bt bt v qua chui di bn trng nh . S thc,
l mt ph nh v cng cho n khi mu sc ca tc
27
Bn lp nh , xem Trung qun lun s 1 (tr. 28b11). TS
160
c ty sch hon ton. Do , chn l cu cnh t c

bng phng php bin chng nh th c gi l bt bt
trung o, hay nh trung o.
Thm na, nh trung o c trnh by bng nhiu
phng thc phc tp. Nu c ngi ch trng thuyt
thc sinh thc dit ca th gii hin tng, th li l tc
phin din (n tc). Nu, ng khc, c ngi dnh vo
thuyt bt dit ca th gii hin tng, li l chn
phin din (tc). Nu ngi ta thy rng c gi sinh v gi
dit ca cc hin tng, l trung o ca tc . Nu c
ngi thy rng khng c gi sinh hay gi dit (gi bt sinh
gi bt dit) l trung o ca chn . 28 Nu ta nhn
nh rng khng c sinh dit hay bt sinh bt dit th l
trung o c biu th bng s kt hp ca tc v chn
(nh hip minh trung o).
Trn y c gi l nm huyn ngha v ba trung o.
l trung o tht tng.
Tam lun tng chia gio php thnh hai tng (Piaka):
Thanh vn tng v B-tt tng. Gio php li c chia lm
ba thi chuyn php lun (dharmacakra): 1. cn bn php
lun l Hoa nghim; 2. chi mt php lun l cc kinh in
Tiu tha v i tha; 3. nhip mt qui bn php lun l
thi Php hoa.29
Cn bn php lun trc ht c ging cho cc B-tt
ngay khi Pht thnh o. l chn l m Pht chng c
28
op.cit. tr. 24b09: ly khng-hu lm th , th th l gi sinh gi

dit. i th gi sinh m thuyt minh chn gi bt sinh; i th
gi dit m thuyt minh chn gi bt dit. Bt sinh bt dit l trung
o ca chn . Cf. ibid., 26a18, 35b5. TS
29
Ba php lun, xem Trung qun lun s 1 (tr. 8b25). TS
161
qua s gic ng ca Ngi, nhng Pht tha ny qu su xa

kh hiu i vi hng phm phu nn Pht bt u xin
dng ba tha (Thanh vn, c gic v B-tt tha) a
n mt Pht tha duy nht.
nya v mt tiu cc l Khng, v mt tch cc l
duyn sinh, ngha l vin ly thc ti t hu, hay vin
ly t tnh, nh th nyat l v th v ng thi l duyn
sinh, ngha l php ch c duyn khi. Hnh nh quan nim
v duyn khi ny c truyn b rt mnh trong phi
Trung qun n . V pha Trung hoa, Tam lun tng cng
vy, chng ta c ch duyn hi, nh l ng ngha vi
trung o, v t tnh (svabhva-abhva), php t tnh
(dharma-svabhva) v Khng. Nhng ch ny chc chn
cng mang mt quan nim tng t, bi v ai cng bit
rng duyn khi c gi l tnh khng. Nhng ti khng
th xc quyt c cc lun s Tam lun Trung hoa c i
qu xa khi gii thch duyn khi nh l mt ng ngha xc
thc vi nyat hay khng. Tuy nhin, chc chn rng
Trung hoa khng qu ch trng v duyn khi, bi v
nyat theo Hn vn l Khng, bao hm tt c nhng giai
on thit yu ca ngha: trc ht, Khng trong ngha
n khng hay thin khng; th n l v t tnh (t tnh
khng; vabhva-nyat), v t tng; (svalakaaabhava) th ba, Khng trong ngha cao nht hay Khng
siu vit, (atyanta-nyat), ngha l tng hp tt c nhng
i lp (paramrtha nyat: thng ngha khng, hay
nht ngha khng) v cn nhiu na.
Danh t Khng khng hon ton thch hp v thng b
lm ln, nhng nu chng ta tm mt danh t khc, th li
khng c ch no ng hn. Rt li, Khng l mt nim
c thit lp bng bin chng php. N v danh (akhyati)
162
v v tng (alakaa). ch l s ph nh mt thc ti

t hu hay ph nh c tnh c hu. Ngoi s ph nh,
khng c g na. H thng Tam lun tng do l mt ph
nh lun (negativism), l thuyt v s tiu cc. Vn hu
u khng c thc ti tnh t hu, ngha l, chng ch l
hin hu tng quan, hay tng quan tnh theo ngha bt
thc trn cu cnh nhng thc hin tng.
4. TM TT
i tng ph nh lun l chng ng tr tu vin mn. Tr
tu y i lp vi tt c kin thc cc din, hay ng
hn, n bao hm tt c kin thc cc din. Nh th, do
khng chp vo tri kin v nhng s th c d, ngi ta c
th t n tr tu vin mn, v do khng trc vo vt ny
hay vt kia m ta t c t do vin mn. Tuyt i
Khng, bao hm vn hu. Khng, khc hn vi h khng
(khng gian) bi v h khng l ci c th chim c. Hc
thuyt v khng ca phi ny thc ra l bt khng, ngha l,
ci khng, khng phin din, khng tru tng, bi v n
c th dung np bt c s th no.
Tiu cc hay ph hy ch l phng php t c trng
thi bch tnh thay cho trng thi nhim m chng ta
thng c, am trc vo v khng th x ly c. Mt ln
na, y cng l l v c.
Sau cng, luyn tp bng s ph nh c ngha l khng c
tri kin cc b, khng n tr nh kin no, khng tru
tng ha ci khng, khng m trc vo thnh tu c
hu, khng tha nhn t tnh v khng mong cu phc li
no c.
163
CHNG VIII
HOA NGHIM TNG
Avatasaka
i tha Mn gio
1. CNG YU
Hoa nghim c ngha l Trang nghim bng hoa v c
coi nh mt dch ng t Phn vn Avatasaka ch cho
trng hoa hay vng hoa. y l danh hiu ca mt quyn
kinh trong gio ngha b mt ca c Pht i Nht
(Mahvairocana) c m t rt t m. Kinh ny c coi
nh l do c Pht thuyt ngay sau Ngi thnh o, nhng
thnh chng nh cm nh ic khng ai hiu c mt li.
Do Ngi li bt u thuyt php d hn, l bn A-hm
v cc gio l khc.
Nhng g Ngi ging thuyt ln u l nhng g m Ngi
chng ng. Chn l m Ngi chng ng c tuyn thuyt
minh nhin. Ch bc tin b nh mt v b-tt
(Bodhisattva) mi c th hiu c Ngi, cn phm phu
hon ton khng th thu c bn ca Ngi.
Dch bn ca kinh Avatasaka bng Hn vn c ba b: Bt
thp, Lc thp v T thp Hoa nghim.1 Hai bn u chng
1
Lc thp Hoa nghim: i phng qung Pht hoa nghim kinh, 60

quyn, Pht--bt--la dch (A.D.18-420). Taish 9 No 278. Bt thp
Hoa nghim: i phng qung Pht hoa nghim kinh, 80 quyn,
ta khng cn nguyn bn Phn ng; bn cui, Hoa Nghim

40 quyn, cn c nguyn bn Phn ng l Ganda-vyha
(Nhp Php gii phm) hin c n hnh ti Nht bn
(do H. Izumi, thuc i hc ng Otani, Kyoto).
Bn vn ny m t cuc chim bi c thc hin bi
Thin Ti (Sudhana), thm ving 53 Thnh a, ca i s
tng l v c s. Mc ch ca cuc chim bi ny l
chng nhp Php gii (Dharmadhtu).
Ti n, khng coi Hoa nghim tng nh l mt tng phi
c lp. Tuy nhin, s tch chim bi ca Thin Ti c
k t m trong Divya-avadna, v cuc hnh trnh ny c
miu t t m trong nhng iu khc Java.
Trong kinh ni rng B-tt Vn-th (Majur) ng trn ni
Thanh lng Trung Hoa, v thuyt php trong mt thi.
Ni Thanh lng ny c ng ha vi Ng i sn
Trung Hoa. Chnh danh t Ng i hnh nh ch cho
Pacaikha (Ng nh), mt danh hiu ca Vn-th. i t
vin Hoa nghim trn ni ny l thp thing th B-tt ny.
c tin v Ngi n cng nh Trung hoa, hnh nh c t
th k th V Ty lch hay sm hn.
Nm 447 TL, mt v Hong t ln ni v t thiu minh
chng lng nhit thnh kht vng c tng ng B-tt.
V sau, nm 735, mt nh s n tn Bodhisena (B-tin-na) cng vi mt nhc s ngi M-lai tn l Pht Trit
n Trung hoa v vt ni ny tm gp Vn-th. nhng
khi nghe ni v Thnh ny khng c trn ni m ang du
Tht-xoa-nan- dch; (A.D. 695-699). Taish 9 No 279. T thp Hoa

nghim: i phng qung Pht hoa nghim kinh, 40 quyn, Bt-nh
dch; (A.D. 795-798). Taish 9 No 293. TS.
166
CHNG VIII. HOA NGHIM TNG
hnh Vin ng, h lin i sang Nht bn kim ngi.

Khi ti Osaka, h c B-tt Hnh C (Gygi) tip n;
y l mt nh s thng thi, ngi Nht, thng c gi
l B-tt (Bosatsu) v B--tin-na v Pht Trit xem ng
nh chnh l Vn-th ha thn. C hai u nhn c mt
vi tr cp ca Thin triu v an nhin ng li ti Ni lng
(Nara). B--tin-na, vi t cch nh s ch l, c hnh
l cng dng i Pht Nara v c vinh d lit vo
hng mt trong nhng khai t ca ng i t (Tdaiji).
ng ging gio l Hoa nghim ti cha i An (Daianji),
Nara.
Danh t Mn chu (Manchu) ca triu i cui cng ca
Trung hoa c xem nh do ch Majur (Vn Th) vit
tt. Trong nhng cnh th t Nepal gi cho triu nh
Trung hoa, cc v Hong Trung hoa c gi l r, r
Majur. Hiu chnh thc ca triu nh ny l Thanh,
cng c xem nh do ch Thanh lng sn. Cho n ngy
nay Ng i sn cng vn cn l mt trong nhng Thnh
tch ca Pht gio Trung hoa.
2. LCH S
Trc Hoa nghim tng, Trung hoa c mt phi mang
tn l a lun tng, y c trn bn lun gii ca Th Thn
v Thp a kinh (Daabhmi-stra). Tc phm ny c
phin dch sang Hn vn trong nm 508-512 do cng trnh
ca B--lu-chi (Bodhiruci), Bo Hu (Ratnamat) v
Pht--phin-a (Buddha-nta), tt c u t n .2
V sau mt cuc phn chia trong a lun tng xy ra. o
2
Thp a kinh lun , Thin Thn B-tt to ,

B--lu-chi dch , 12 quyn. Taish 2 No 1522.
167
Sng, mt ca B--lu-chi, tr pha Bc thnh

Lc dng, gy c nh hng ln trong qun chng,
trong khi Tu Quang, ca Bo Hu, tr pha Nam
hong thnh v cng c nh hng khng km trong nhng
hot ng tn gio ca ng. Dng th nht c gi l
Bc o phi v dng th hai Nam o phi.
V Thp a kinh c Th Thn ch gii, nn A-li-da
thc cng nh su thc trc u c trnh by trong .
Mi tng quan gia cc thc ny v s lin h ca chng
vi Chn nh (Tathat) hay Nh lai tng
(Tathgatagarbha) khng c ging thuyt r rng. V
im ny, hai v s n khng ng vi nhau v do
m hai phi trn tin n ch phn r nhau.
A LUN TNG
Bc o phi
o Sng, B--lu-chi
A-li-da phi thc v
bit lp vi Chn nh
Nam o phi
Tu Quang, Bo Hu
A-li-da thc hu v ng nht
vi Chn nh
Hoa nghim tng
Khi u, dng nh Bc o phi thnh hn, v nghe ni

o Sng c hn mi ngn v chnh ng c tn
dng nh l mt trong su bc i thnh ca triu nh
Trn, v v sau nh l mt trong mi v i hin ca triu
i nh Ty. Nhng v mt vi l do no m truyn nhn
ca ng khng thnh cng c nh ng.
Nam o, Tu Quang c v l mt hc gi hn l mt
nh truyn gio. ng thm hiu Phn ng, tng theo hc
168
vi Gic Hin (Buddhabhadra) v Lc-na-ma- v thng

hiu nhng im tranh lun chung quanh kinh Thp a.
ng c mi t ti nng, trong s , Php Thng
(495-580) l li lc nht. Hot ng vn hc ca cc
ng cng ng thn phc. Tuy nhin, khi Thun, khai t
chnh thc ca Hoa nghim tng xut hin, th nhng v
hot ng tch cc cho dng phi ny thy u b thu ht
quanh ng. Vy chng ta c th ni rng a lun tng sau
cng c hp nht vi mt tng phi mi hng khi,
l trit hc Hoa nghim.
Hoa nghim tng, sau khi tip nhn a lun tng, khai
sng mt thi k phn thnh cho Pht gio Trung hoa. C
s ca hc thuyt c thit lp ngay t do bi nh
s ti danh Thun. Php danh ng l Php Thun,
nhng v gia nh ng h , nn ng c gi l
Thun. ng ni ting l mt thut s v Thi tn Hong
nh ng tng vi ng vo cung v phong ng tc hiu
Tm tn gi. Ngi ta tin rng ng l ha thn ca
Vn-th B-tt.3
xut sc ca ng, Tr Nghim (602-668), k t ca
tng ny, c ng truyn th mn tu qun. V t ny
vit nhiu tc phm v nhng cn bn ca cc gio thuyt
ca thy mnh. Mt trong nhng ca ng, Ngha
Tng (625-702) t Tn la, mt tiu quc thuc Cao ly, hi
hng nm 668 v thit lp ln u tin Hoa nghim tng
Cao Ly. Nhng v t th ba, Php Tng (643-712) mi l
sng t ch thc ca tng ny, v ng c cng h thng
ha ton vn nn trit hc ny. Hot ng ca ng khng
3
Tiu s, xem Tc cao tng truyn 25, Thch Php Thun truyn
; T50n2060, tr. 653b15
169
phi ch cng trnh vn hc, m cn c dch thut v

din ging. Khi vo nm 680, Nht Chiu (Divkara, 613687) mang Gaa-vyuha (bn kinh 40 quyn) n Trung
hoa, Php Tng tm n, nu nhiu im v gio l ny v
yu cu ng dch on ni v cuc chim bi ca ng t
Thin Ti, m bn Lc thp Hoa nghim trc kia thiu.
Khi Siknanda (Tht-xoa-nan-; 655-970), ngi Khotan,
mang bn kinh 80 quyn n, Php Tng c tham d vo
vic dch thut bn ny. ng cn gip Ngha Tnh (635713), nh Ty du ni ting, -vn-bt-nh (Divapraj,
tr Trung hoa t 689-691) trong nhng cng trnh dch
thut. Nm 704, ng ging v Hoa nghim tng cho Tc
Thin V Hu. Ch ca bi ging ny l: Thp Huyn
mn v Lc Tng, m chng ta s bn n sau. Nhng
bi ging uyn o ca ng thng c km theo nhng th
d sng t. Nhng tc phm ca ng v s gii v t in
c n 80 loi v lp thnh trn 1.000 quyn. Bn s gii
sau cng v Bt thp Hoa nghim c lu li trong mt
tnh trng d dang. Thy ca ng l Hin Th v Quc
Nht.
Mt trong nhng ca Php tng, Thm Tng, ngi
Tn la, n Nht vo nm th 20 nin hiu Tempyo (Thin
bnh; 740) v ging v tng ny ln u tin y. Trng
Qun (760-820) mt khc, c truy tng l t t
v n lc nhit thnh ca ng trong vic bi bc d thuyt
ca Hu Vin, cng l mt ca Php Tng, v ng
thi ti lp gio l ca thy mnh trong thun cht nguyn
thy ca n.
Mt t khc, o Tun, n Nht nm 730 v ging hc
thuyt ny. B--tin na t Trung n ti Nara cng lc
hay sm hn (kh.720) v cng ging gio l Hoa nghim.
170
Thin hong Thnh V (Shmu, 724-848) c cai tr Nht

bn bng l vin dung ca Hoa nghim tng; Thin hong
xy cha ng i (Tdaiji) v trong an tr tng ng
v i ca c i Nht Nh Lai. Cha ny l Php tng
hay Php hi ca hc thuyt Hoa nghim. Bn v khai t
ca tng ny c k l: Thnh V Thin hong, B-tin-na i B-la-mn tng, Hnh C B-tt v Lng
Bin Phng trng (Rben).
D c nhng cng trnh kin thit ng ghi nh ny trong
thi i Nara, nhng dn chng by gi cnh gic rng
khng th ln ln o hc vi chnh tr c. Ngy nay,
ng i t ch cn l mt tu vin danh ting thuc Hoa
nghim tng. Trong thi i Kamakura (Lim thng), mt
nh s bc hc tn Minh Hu (Myoe) ni Toganoo (Cao
v), thuc Kyoto, n lc thit lp mt tn phi ca Hoa
nghim, v v sau trong thi Tokugawa c Phng m
(Htan, 1657-1738) mt hc gi ca hc thuyt Hoa
nghim, c gng thnh lp mt hc trng c bit,
nhng c hai v ny u khng thnh cng. Tuy nhin, s
nghin cu hc thuyt Hoa nghim c theo ui tch cc
trong tt c nhng trung tm hc thut Pht gio Nht
ngay c n ngy nay.
HOA NGHIM TNG
Hua-yen
Kegon
Trung hoa
Nht bn
1. Thun (557-640)
Tojun ( Thun)
2. Tr Nghim (602-668)
Chigen (Tr Nghim)
3. Php Tng (643-712)
Hz (Php Tng)
4. Trng Qun (kh. 760-820)
Chkwan (Trng Qun)
5. Shinsh (Thm Tng, n Nht nm 736)
6. Rben (Lng bin, 689-772)
171
3. TRIT L
L vin dung ca Hoa nghim tng c pht trin chnh
yu l Trung hoa. y l mt im son cho nhng cng
trnh hc thut ca Pht gio Trung hoa. Nh cc tng phi
khc, Hoa nghim tng lp cc trn nn tng ca l nhn
qu duy tm, nhng theo ch trng ca Hoa nghim, l
thuyt ny c c im ring. y l Php gii duyn
khi. T ng Php gii (dharma-dhtu) i khi c
dng ng ngha vi chn l cu cnh. Do , Anh ng m
dch l the Element of the Elements (Php th ca Vn
php) th rt xc ng. Nhng cng c lc n li c ngha l
v tr, cnh gii ca tt c cc php (the Realm of all
Elements). C hai ngha, v tr v nguyn l ph bin, lun
lun phi c in su trong tr chng ta mi khi t ng ny
c dng n. Ngha no cng c dng nh l danh
hiu ca thuyt duyn khi.
Php gii duyn khi l cc im ca tt c nhng thuyt l
nhn qu; thc s l kt lun ca thuyt duyn khi bi
v n l l tc nhn qu ph bin v nm trong l bn
hu, v tn, thng huyn, ca v tr; hay ni th no cng
c. L tc duyn khi, nh ta thy trn, c gii thch
trc tin bng nghip cm duyn khi, nhng v nghip
pht khi trong tng thc, nn th n ta c A-li-da duyn
khi. V A-li-da, hay tng thc, l kho tng chng t, sinh
khi t mt ci khc nn ta c Nh lai tng
(tathgatagarbha) duyn khi, hay l Chn nh. T ng k
l ny ch cho ci lm khut lp Pht tnh. Do s che khut
ny m c phn nhim, nhng v c Pht tnh nn c c
phn tnh na. N ng ngha vi Chn Nh (tathat hay
tathtva; khng phi Nh Th Ny hay Nh Th Kia =
tatva) m theo ngha rng nht th c c bn cht nhim
172
v tnh. Do cng nng ca nhng cn nhn tnh v bt tnh,

n biu l sai bit tng ca hu tnh nh sng v cht,
thin v c. Chn nh bo tr vn hu, hay ni ng hn, tt
c vn hu u trong Chn nh. Ni y, giai on th
t, Php gii duyn khi c nu ln. l l tc t khi
v t to ca hu tnh v v tr, hoc gi chng ta c th
gi n l duyn khi do nghip cm chung ca tt c mi
loi. Ni hp th v tr s l mt s biu hin ca Chn nh
hay Nh lai tng. Nhng ni rng th l duyn khi ca
v tr do chnh v tr, ch khng l g khc.
Php gii trong ngha va l cnh gii ca l tc v
va l s tng ca tt c s tng ng ngha vi Nh
lai tng v cng ng ngha vi v tr hay th gii hin
thc, ngha l cnh gii ca tt c mi yu t tn ti. L
duyn khi (prattya-samutpda) ny c th c hiu
cng lc vi c hai ngha. Php gii duyn khi nh th
l l thuyt cho rng v tr cng hu trn ph qut, tng
h trn i th v hin khi trong giao h, khng phi l
n c hin hu mt cch c lp. Do , mi hai nhn
duyn c hiu nh l mt chui dy tng lin trong thi
gian. ng khc, trong l tc duyn khi ph bin ny, n
l mt s l thuc ca ci ny v ci kia, do , n c ngha
trong chiu hng khng gian.
Theo phn gio, s phn loi bnh ngh v gio l ca Pht,
m tng phi ny ra, th c nm gio chia lm thnh
mi tng ch. Trong nhng thi k thnh hnh u tin ca
Pht gio Trung hoa, nhiu s phn chia bnh ngh v Pht
hc (tc l phn gio) c nu ln, nhng v chng hm
hn, nn ti khng cp n mt phn gio no trong
s y. y, ln u tin, chng ta s c mt s phn loi
173
minh bch tng tn v ng c bn qua mt cch chi

tit.
Phn gio4
1. Gio l Tiu tha (Hinayna).5
Gio l ny thuc kinh in A hm (gama). Mc d ph
nhn s hin hu ca mt bn ng c bit (pudgalanyat: nhn khng), nhng ch trng thc hu v tha
nhn s hin hu ca tt c php sai bit (php hu). Theo
kinh in ny, Nit-bn l cu cnh dit tn, nhng li
khng thu trit v tnh cch bt thc ca cc php
(dharma-nyat: php khng), th d, Cu-x tng. V
duyn khi lun, gio l ny thuc v nghip cm duyn
khi. Gio l ny c xem nh l ngu php tha.
2. i tha Thy gio (Mahyna)6
Hai trnh ca i tha c phn bit. Trc tin l gio
l nhp mn y c trn sai bit tng ca tt c cc php
(dharma-lakaa: php tng tng). Th n, gio l nhp
mn y c trn s ph nh v tt c cc php (dharmanyat): Khng thy gio, th d, Tam lun tng. Bi v
c hai u khng tha nhn hin hu ca Pht tnh trong
mi loi, nn c hai c xem nh l nhp mn s thy.
Php tng tng nu ln thuyt A-li-da duyn khi trn
nn tng php tng v khng bit n nht th ca s v
4
Thun , Hoa nghim ng gio ch qun .

5
Php hu ng v mn (Tiu tha gio) (). Ibid., tr.
509b01. TS
6
Sinh tc v sinh mn (i tha thy gio) ().
Ibid., tr. 510a28. TS
174
l. V tng ny ch trng s sai bit cn ca nm hng

ngi, nn khng tha nhn rng mi ngi u c th t
n Pht qu. Tam lun tng, tri li, ch trng thin chp
v Khng trn cn c ca t tnh (svabhva-alakaa:
tnh v tng) hay khng c bn cht tn ti. Nhng tha
nhn nht th ca hu, nn tng ny xc nhn rng mi
ngi trong ba tha (yna) v nm chng tnh (gotra) u
c th t n Pht qu. Khi nu ln im ny, Tam lun
tng tin thm mt bc trong gio l cu cnh ca i
tha nh sau:
3. i tha Chung gio.7
y l gio l v Chn nh ca cc php (dharmatathat),
tha nhn rng tt c chng sinh u c Pht tnh v u c
th t n Pht qu, theo nh gio l c cha ng
trong kinh Lng-gi (Lakavtara)8 kinh i Bt-nit-bn
(Mahpari-nirva) v lun Khi tn (Thin Thai tng theo
gio l ny)
Chn l cu cnh ca i tha c trnh by bng gio l
ny. Do , n c gi l gio l thun thc (Thc gio).
V n xng hp vi thc ti, n cng c gi l Thc
gio. Trong th gio, s v l lun lun tch ri nhau, trong
khi chung gio, s lc no cng l mt vi l, hay ng
hn, c hai ,l mt. Nh lai tng duyn khi l c im
ca gio l ny. N cng cn c gi l Chn nh duyn
khi.
7
S l vin dung mn (i tha vin gio) ().

Ibid., tr. 511b04. TS
8
Taish 670. Bn dch Anh ca D.T. Suzuki: Lakvatara-stra,
London, 1932; i Nit-bn kinh, Taish 1527; i tha khi tn lun,
xem cht. tr. xxx.
175
4. i tha n gio.9
y ch cho s tu tp khng cn ngn ng hay tm hnh,
m ku gi trc kin ca mi ngi. Nh trc kin ny,
hnh gi c th t n gic ng vin mn tc khc. Tt c
ngn ng v vn t u nh ch ngay.10 L tnh s biu l
trong thun ty ca n, v hnh ng lun lun s ty thun
vi tr tu v tri kin. Nu t tng khng cn mng khi
trong tm ca hnh gi th ngi l mt v Pht. S
thnh t nh vy c th gt hi c qua s im lng, nh
c chng t bi Duy-ma-ct (Vimalakrti), mt v Thnh
ti gia T-da-ly (Vaili); hay qua thin nh nh trng
hp ca B--t-ma (Bodhidharma), mt Phn tng v l
s t ca Thin tng Trung hoa. Gio l ny khng ging
v l duyn khi c bit no bi v khng t c ring
phng php gio ha no c.
5. i tha Vin gio.11
C hai trnh ca i tha Vin gio:12
A. Nht tha ca ng gio, trong nht tha c ging
thuyt bng phng php ng nht hay tng t vi c ba
tha. Theo Hoa nghim tng, ba tha y l: 1. Tiu tha;
9
Ng qun song tuyt mn (i tha n gio) (

). Ibid., tr. 511c19. TS
10
Ngn ng o on, tm hnh x dit . Ibid. TS
11
Hoa nghim tam-mui mn (Nht tha vin gio) (
). Ibid., tr. 512b06. TS
12
Trng Qun , Hoa nghim kinh s 2 (T35n1735, tr.
514a): Vin gio ny, ni chiu rng, gi l V lng tha. Ni thiu
su, gi l Nht tha. Nht tha c hai: 1. ng gio nht tha
, v ng n v ng tht; 2. bit gio nht tha , duy ch
vin dung, trn cc c tng. TS
176
2. i tha Tim gio (a. i tha Th gio, b i tha

Chung gio); 3) i tha n gio (th d, Thin ca i
tha).
Nht tha ca Hoa nghim tng bao gm tt c cc tha.
Ty theo cn c m ba tha ging dy chun b cho
nhng k kht ngng. C ba tun chy t Nht tha v
c ging dy bng phng php ng nht nh l mt.
C hai phng din c Pht tuyn thuyt trong ng
gio: nh ni v nh ngoi. nh m Pht th nhp trc
khi Ngi ging kinh Hoa nghim l Hi n Tam mui
(Sagaramdra samdhi), 13 trong tt c nhng gio l
c tuyn thuyt sut trong thi ti th ca Ngi v tt c
chng sinh quy hng theo sut nm mi nm gio ha
ca Ngi u phn chiu ngay lc , cng nh tt c
nhng nh tng c phn chiu trn mt bin c trm
lng. Nhng gio l khc u c tuyn thuyt khi Ngi
ra ngoi nh ny.
Gio l Hoa nghim biu hin cho s gic ng ca Pht v
n c Ngi chng thc v chng ng. Nhng kinh
gio khc c tuyn thuyt ty theo c hi. Hoa nghim
tng nh th c coi nh l nn tng ca tt c.
B. Nht tha ca Bit gio, trong nht tha c nu ln
hon ton khc bit hay c lp vi nhng tha khc, nh
trng hp gio l Hoa nghim trong ni ln hc thuyt
v th gii h tng dung nhip. Nht tha cao hn ba tha
kia. Nht tha l chn tht cn ba tha kia c coi nh l
quyn bin (tam quyn nht tht).
Phn tch ton b gio l ca Pht nh th, Hoa nghim
13
Hi n tam-mui , xem Trng Qun, ibid., tr. 522a. TS
177
tng c thit lp v h thng ha. i tng ca gio l

ny l thit lp mt ton th nhp nhng ca mi loi l ly
s gic ng vin mn ca Pht lm tm im. L vin dung
ca Hoa nghim li cn cn c trn thuyt v ng
(antman) trn nh thc duyn khi v trn nim xc tn
vo hin hu ca Pht tnh tim n trong mi loi.
Thm na, c mi ch im c k ra phn chia nm
loi gio l. l:
1. Ng php cu hu tng: nh c tha nhn vi
c t b (Vtsiputriya).
2. Php hu ng v tng; thc hu tnh ca ba thi
(qu kh, hin ti v v lai) v thc hu tnh ca cc php
(tam th thc hu, php th hng hu). Ch im ny l
ch trng ca Nht thit hu b (Sarvstivda).
3. Php v kh lai tng: ch c hin ti l thc hu,
cn qu kh v v lai l bt thc, c tha nhn bi i
chng b (Mahsaghika)
4. Hin thng gi tht tng: trong thc ti tnh ca
hin ti, ch c nm un (sc, th, tng, hnh thc) l thc,
cn mi hai x (6 cn v 6 cnh) v mi tm gii (6 cn,
6 cnh v 6 thc) u gi hu v bt thc; ch trng ca
Thuyt gi b (Prajaptivda).
5. Tc vng chn thc tng: chn l thng tnh
(laukika/ samvti-satya: th/tc ) th h vng cn chn l
ti thng (lokottara/paramrtha-satya: xut th/ thng
ngha ) th thc hu: ch trng ca Thuyt xut th b
(Lokottaravda).
6. Ch php n danh tng: tt c cc php u ch l
nhng danh t (khyti-mtra/ nmamtra), khng c thc
178
ti tnh: ch trng Nht thuyt b (Ekottiya).

7. Nht thit giai khng tng: tt c cc php u
khng, hay khng c t tnh (sarva-dharmanyat/ sarvanyat) nh c ging dy trong kinh i Bt-nh
(Prajpramit) hay c Tam lun tng tha nhn. y
l gio l ca i tha, ph nhn hu th ca s tng sai
bit (lakaa-abhva: tng v tnh) vi hai hc thuyt c
s trn.
8. Chn c bt khng tng: Mc d Chn nh khng
c nh tng nhng vn c v s n c m t biu l
tt c cc php tt nh v sai bit. Ch im ny c chp
nhn trong i tha Chung gio (Thin thai tng) v trong
lun Khi tn.
9. Tng tng cu tuyt tng: ni y s sai bit
gia tm thc ch quan v thc ti khch quan hon ton b
xa b, ch c s hp nht ch v khch, trng thi khng
c sai bit v khng c tm tng. Tt c nhng n gio
u thuc vo y, c bit l Thin tng.
10. Vin minh c c tng: l gio l trn y v trong
sng trong tt c nhng biu hin u hin hu trong
mt ton th nhp nhng nh Vin gio ca Hoa nghim
tng.
Phn gio v gio l ca Pht, u tin c nu ln do
Khuy C (632-682), ca Huyn Trang (596-664).
y l li phn loi chia thnh tm th gio l. Li phn
gio chia thnh mi ch im nh trn l mt bin thi t
s phn chia ny. Trong mi ch im, t mt n su l
Tiu tha, nhng nm v su c th ni l bn i tha, v
t by n mi l nhng gio l i tha thc th.
179
Bn loi php gii c bit ca Hoa nghim tng i khi

tng ng vi nm thi thuyt gio ca Pht. Php gii c
bn:14
1. S php gii: th gii ca thc ti, th gii hin
thc, thc tin, n biu hin cho gio l duy thc (Tiu
tha).
2. L php gii: th gii ca l tc. N c Tam lun
tng v Php tng tng ch xng, dy rng l bit lp
vi s.
3. L s v ngi php gii: th gii ca l tc v ca
thc ti c hp nht, hay th gii l tng c th ng.
N biu hin cho hc thuyt ca lun Khi tn v Thin thai
tng, vi ch trng nht th gia s v l.
4. S s v ngi php gii: th gii ca tt c thc ti
hay thc t c kt dt li hay c ng nht trong nhp
iu ton vn. y l ch trng ca Hoa nghim tng,
theo tt c nhng s thc hay thc ti d bit nht thit
phi to thnh mt ton th nhp nhng do s tng dung
tng nhip chng ng th gii l tng l Nht nh.
Ni mt cch tng qut, em thc hnh m thch ng l
thuyt khng phi l iu kh khn, nhng con ngi, tai
hi thay, k th qu thin trng l thuyt, k li qu thin
trng thc hnh. Do cn phi c mt gii php hu l.
14
Cf. Trng Qun, Hoa nghim php gii huyn knh

(T45n1883, tr. 672c10): Php gii, l tng ch huyn vi ca ton b
Kinh. V tng th, ly duyn khi php gii bt t ngh lm tng. c
tng ca php gii c ba, nhng tng th ton vn ca n c bn: 1.
s php gii ; 2. l php gii ; 3. l s v ngi php gii
; 4. s s v ngi php gii . TS
180
Li na, trong th gii thc t (s), thc hnh thng chng

li thc hnh, s kin chng li s kin, cng tc chng li
cng tc, c th chng li c th, ng cp chng li ng
cp, quc gia chng li quc gia. l sc thi ca th gii
c nhn ch ngha, ri t , ton th th gii ha ra phn
chia thnh mnh vn vt. Ch ngha tp th hay tinh thn
tng tr khng thi, cha ngn chn c tnh ca i
sng. ha iu mt trng thi sinh tn nh vy v
a tt c vn vt n ch nhu ha, th gii tng giao
tng cm cn phi c to ra. Mt th gii l tng nh
vy c gi l s s v ngi php gii.
thuyt minh kh tnh ca mt th gii l tng , Hoa
nghim tng ra mi huyn mn:15
15
Th t 10 huyn mn trong sch ny, theo Php Tng, Hoa nghim

thm huyn k (T35n1733, tr. 123a28). Th t ny khc vi Php
Tng, Hoa nghim Nht tha gio ngha phn t chng (T45n1866, tr.
505a13), v cng khc vi Hoa nghim nht tha thp huyn mn,
Thun thuyt , Tr Nghim son, Taish 45 No 1868. TS.
181
1. ng thi c tc tng ng mn:16

Ni v s cng ng lin h, trong vn vt cng ng
hin hu v ng thi hin khi. Tt c u cng ng hin
hu khng nhng ch trong quan h khng gian m c trong
quan h thi gian; khng c s phn bit gia qu kh, hin
ti v v lai, mi thi bao hm cc thi phn khc. Mc d
chng c v sai bit v cch bit trong thi gian, nhng tt
c u c hp nht thnh mt thc th, theo quan im
vin dung.
2. Qung hip t ti v ngi ngn:17
Ni v t do ton vn trong mi loi thng minh hay
ngu n u tng giao vi nhau m khng c nhng
chng ngi no. Nng lc ca tt c ni hm cng nh
ngoi trng u v hn nh nhau. Mt hnh ng, d nh
bao nhiu cng bao hm tt c mi hnh ng (nghip).
Mt v tt c u tng giao mt cch t do v bt tuyt.
3. Nht a tng dung bt ng mn:18
Ni v s h tng nhip nhp ca nhng s th bt ng.
Tt c nhng hin hu bt ng u c nhng im tng
ng. Nhiu trong mt, mt trong nhiu v tt c
trong nht th.
4. Ch php tng tc t ti mn:19
Ni v t do ngha l, vt ngoi nhng sai bit k cng
trong tt c cc php u h tng ng nht. y l
s ng nht ph bin ca vn hu. Thc ra, h tng ng
16
.
.
18
.
19
17
182
nht l s tiu hy. Khi ng nht ta vi k khc, ta c th

ha hp vi k khc. T tiu hy v t ng ha vi ci
khc to thnh mt ng nht ha tng hp. y l l
thuyt hay thc hnh c bit ca i tha, p dng cho bt
c l thuyt hay thc hnh no. Hai l thuyt i nghch
hay nhng s kin kh dung hp thng c kt li thnh
mt. Thng thng do phng php ny m ngi ta i n
mt gii php m p cho mt vn . Do kt qu ca s h
tng nhip nhp v h tng ha hp, chng ta c khi
nim Mt trong Tt c, Tt c trong Mt, Mt ng sau
Tt c, Tt c ng sau Mt; ln v nh, hay cao v thp,
cng vn chuyn nhp nhng vi nhau. Ngay c nhng
ng gp khim nhng nht vo cng cuc ha iu, cng
khng ai c th tch khi hay bit lp mt mnh c.
5. n mt hin liu cu thnh mn:20
Ni v thuyt tu thnh, nh m ci n mt v ci hin
hin cng to thnh mt ton th bng h tng chi tr. Nu
ci ny trong th ci kia ngoi hay ngc li. C hai h
tr ln nhau to thnh mt nht th.
6. Vi t tng dung an lp mn:21
Ni v s thnh lp bng h tng nhip nhp ca nhng
vt cht vi tiu v n o. Ni mt cch tng qut, mt s th
cng vi tiu v n o, ngi ta cng kh vt ngoi lnh hi
ca mt ngi cng phi th hin l thuyt v mt trong
nhiu v nhiu trong mt nh s 3.
7. Nhn--la vng cnh gii mn:22
20
.
22
21
183
Ni v s phn chiu ni ti, nh trong lnh vc c bao

quanh bng mnh li Indra (mt mnh li vi mi mt
li l mt vin ngc thch lp lnh), nhng ht ngc
phn chiu rc r ln nhau. Cng vy, nhng s kin thc
t ca th gii u chen ln v chiu ri ln nhau.
8. Thc s hin php sinh gii mn:23
Ni v s thuyt minh chn l bng nhng in hnh thc
s. Chn l c biu l trong s vt v s vt l ngun
gc ca gic ng.
9. Thp th cch php d thnh mn:24
Ni v s thnh tu t a th ca 10 thi gian to thnh
mt thc th. Qu kh, hin ti, v v lai, mi thi u
cha ng ba thi, nh th to thnh 9 thi, chng hp li
thnh mt thi duy nht chn v mt, tt c l mi thi.
Mi thi, tt c u khc bit, nhng nhip nhp ln nhau,
hon thnh ci l tc mt trong tt c. Tt c nhng l
thuyt khc, chnh yu lin h vi s h tng nhip nhp
ny trong bnh din hng ngang, nhng l thuyt ny li
lin h vi mi quan h hng dc hay thi gian, ngha l
mi loi b phn tch dc theo chn thi, mi thi t y
cui cng tt c u tng quan tng lin trong mt
thi c nht; mt thi c nht c hnh thnh bng chn
thi kia.
10. Duy tm hi chuyn thin thnh mn:25
Ni v s thnh tu ca nhng thin c m nh , ch v
t cng hot ng mt cch nhp nhng v xn ln. Nu ci
ny l ch th tt c nhng ci khc s hot ng nh l
23
25
24
184
thn t ca n, ngha l theo l tc nht tc nht thit v

nht thit tc nht. Chng to thnh mt ton th vin ton
trn thc t, ci ny ci kia xen ln nhau.
Trn y l Tn huyn mn. C huyn mn, truyn t
Thun n Tr Nghim c Php Tng sa i li v
li trnh by ci cch ny c coi l tn huyn mn, by
gi c tng ny coi nh l nhng l thuyt c thm
quyn. Chng hi phc tp; nhng l thuyt v ng thi
(1), tng dung (3), tng nhp (4), v thin thnh (10) u
c nghin cu mt cch cn thn c bit nh l in
hnh cho l tc nht tc nht thit v nht thit tc nht ca
tng ny.
K n, chng ta c lc tng, su bn cht c bit ca tt
c cc php, l: 1. Tng tng, 2. Bit tng, 3. ng
tng, 4, D tng, 5. Thnh tng, 6. Hoi tng.26
Ly th d v con ngi; tt c mi ngi k chung u l
thc th:
1. Tng tng: do nm un hp thnh.
2. Bit tng: (nhng) cc cn ca cc loi ngi u c
ring c d tnh theo ngha c trng hay nng lc c
nht. Mi ngi u c i mt nhng khng c i mt
no c cng nng lc nh nhau.
3. ng tng: cc cn u nh nhau, u l cn, trong
ngha cng ng lin h trong mt cn th.
4. D tng: (nhng) mi cn u c sai bit tnh v n
c mt quan h c bit i vi ton th.
26
Xut x, Thp a kinh lun, T26n1522, tr. 125a1
185
5. Thnh tng: tt c cc cn cng tc ng chung

hon thnh mt n th ton din.
6. Hoi tng: (nhng) mi quan nng trong v tr ring
bit ca n thi hnh nhim v c th ca n.
Tng tng l ton th ca nhng b phn c bit trong
khi bit tng l nhng b phn c bit to thnh mt ton
b. ng tng c ngha l tt c nhng bit tng u c
nng tnh ca mt sinh th c tit iu ng u nh nhau
khi to thnh mt ton b. D tng ngha l nhng bit
tng, d th tnh ca chng c tit iu vi nhau, vn gi
nguyn nhng sc thi ring bit ca mnh. Thnh tng l
nhng bit tng, d chng c bit, vn to thnh tng
tng, bng cch kt hp nhau thnh mt. Hoi tng c
ngha l bit tng, d chng kt hp thnh tng tng, vn
khng nh mt nhng sc thi ring bit ca mnh. Th d
nh mt lu i, tng tng l ngi nh ton b. Ngi nh
ny cha ng nhiu phn t ring bit, bit tng chnh l
nhng phn t , nhiu khng phi l mt, nhng khng
ly cch vi nhau; ng thi c ngha l tt c nhng phn t
khng xung t nhau m cng lin h to thnh ngi nh
ton b; d tng c ngha l tt c nhng phn t ca ngi
nh vn gi y nhng bit tng ca ring chng; thnh
tng l s kt hp ton vn ca tt c nhng b phn, mt
quan h nhn qu lin i ca mt v nhiu; hoi tng c
ngha l tt c nhng phn t, mi ci ng trong v tr
ring ca n, gi y nhng bit tng ca chng.
Lc tng hay su bn cht ny chng t rng khng c
php no c hin hu n c v c lp; mi php u c
su bn cht ngay trong lng ca chnh n. Thuyt su
tng nh th rt cn thit lnh hi trung thc v mi
huyn mn.
186
Trong su c tng ny, (1) (3) v (5) thuc loi qun bnh
v thng nht, cn (2) (4) v (6) thuc loi phn bit v
phn phi. Mi php u c su bn cht c bit ny, cn
nhng l tc nht tc nht thit v nht thit tc nht u
c qung din bng mi huyn mn.
Nn tng thit lp mi huyn mn cn c gii thch
thm. Nn tng ny y c trn nhng quan nim tng qut
ca Pht hc, c mi:
1. Bi v mi loi cng nh mi vt u c hin
khi do ni thc nn cn nguyn l mt.
2. Bi v mi loi cng nh mi vt u khng c bn
tnh quyt nh, tt c u vn hnh t ti nn v ng l
chn l ti thng.
3. Bi v l duyn khi ch cho s tng y tng
quan, nn tt c u cng ng lin h.
4. Bi v tt c u c chung php tnh (dharmat) hay
Pht tnh (Buddha-svabhv), nn tt c u c kh nng
chng c nh nhau.
5. Bi v th gii hin tng c cho l mng huyn,
nn th gii Nht chn c th bng bc khp mi ni khng
b c thc.
6. Bi v th gii hin tng c coi nh l bng m
hay o nh nn th gii Nht chn bng bc khp ni.
7. Bi v trong s gic ng ca Pht, nhng cn nhn
ca hin khi c coi nh v hn, nhng cm qu l vn
trng v v bin, nhng chng khng chng ngi nhau m
li cn cng tc hnh thnh mt ton th nhp nhng.
187
8. Bi v s gic ng ca Pht l ti thng v tuyt

i, nn s chuyn ha ca th gii l theo ch ca Ngi.
9. Bi tc dng thin nh thm o cu Pht, s
chuyn ha ca th gii l ty theo ca Ngi.
10. Do bi nng lc siu nhin khi ln t s gii
thot, s chuyn ha th gii l t ti.
Trn y t (1) ti (4) l quan trng nht v d nhn bit
nht. l tc Mt trong Tt c, Tt c trong Mt (tng
nhp, tng dung) y c trn tc dng, hnh ng, nng lc
hay hiu nng, trong khi l tc Mt l tt c, v Tt c l
Mt (tng tc, tc thit) c khai din ty theo mi loi
hay mi vt hoc ty theo nhng c tnh ca ring chng.
Mi php mn ny nng nhau to thnh s biu hin ca
th gii l tng v duyn khi lun nh vy c gi l
Thp huyn duyn khi. Duyn khi lun ny c gi
khc, nh ta thy trn, l Php gii duyn khi. Duyn
khi y, tht ra, l Duy tm duyn khi ngha l duy tm
thun ty. Nhng l thuyt duyn khi c bit ca tng
ny ch cho s tng y ton din, tng quan ph qut,
nhn v qu kt dt ln nhau khp mi ni. Nh th t khi
thy n to thnh mt ton th ton vn khng c mt s
th n c c lp no c. Tt c mn--la bao qut (lun
vin c tc) v chu k ca ln sng thng hng u hon
ton rc sng do c i bi i Nht Nh Lai.
Thc s, y l th gii ca sinh thnh linh ng trn cn
c v ng. Th gii l tng trong vin mn c gi l
Lin hoa tng hay Nht chn php gii, hay th gii Tu
gic ca c Pht, ng Vin mn gic.
Mi giai on ca B-tt (Thp a B-tt) nguyn lai
c tm thy trong Thp a kinh ca tng ny, ch l
188
nhng tiu danh cho nhng phm phu cha c s chng

nghim trong V hc o (aaika-mrga). Mi giai on
ca i tha gio ny c coi nh l c xin dng
phn bit a v ca B-tt vi a v ca Tiu tha Thanh
vn v c gic.
Th nht l Hoan h a (pramudit) trong B-tt
t c bn tnh Thnh hin ln u v t n tnh lc khi
on tr m hoc kin o (darana-mrga) v
hon ton chng c hai th tnh khng (nhn v php
khng).
Th hai l Ly cu a (vimal) trong B-tt t n
gii c vin mn (la-pramit, gii ba-la-mt)), v hon
ton v nhim i vi gii.
Th ba l Pht quang a (prabh-kar) trong Btt t c nhn nhc vin mn (knti-pramit) v thot
khi nhng m hoc tu o (bhvan-mrga) sau khi
t c ni qun thm su.
Th t l Dim hu a (arcimati), y B-tt t
c vin mn ca tinh tn (vrya), nhn cng lc cng
tng gia nng lc qun hnh.
Th nm l Nan thng a (sudurjaya) y B-tt
t c s vin mn ca thin nh (dhyna), nhn m
t thnh s tng ng ca nh trong hot ng tm linh.
Th su l Hin tin a (abhimukh) trong B-tt
t c s vin mn ca tr tu (praj-pramit) v an
tr trong bnh ng tnh i vi tnh v bt tnh.
Th by l Vin hnh a (dragama), y l a v
b xa tnh trng ng chp ca nh tha. y B-tt
189
thnh tu s vin mn ca phng tin (upya) v bt u

tu tp i bi i vi tt c chng sinh.
Th tm l bt ng a (acala), ni ny B-tt thnh
tu nguyn vin mn (praidhna) v tr trong v tng
(alakaa) m du hnh t ti ty theo bt c c hi no.
Th chn l Thin hu a (sdhumati) trong B-tt
t c mi thn lc, sau khi thnh tu lc vin mn
(bala) v ging php khp ni ng thi phn xt nhng
ngi ng cu v nhng ngi khng cu c.
Cui cng l Php vn a (dharmamegha) ni y
B-tt c th ging php cho tt c th gii mt cch bnh
ng nh nhng m my tun xung nhng cn ma ln
trong ma i hn. Thc t, y l a v ca c Pht biu
hin ni mt B-tt.
Mi a ny c nu ra trong kinh Hoa nghim (Thp
a kinh) v c bit cho i tha. Mc d chng l trnh t
thng tin ca B-tt, chng c th c dng lm nhng
mc tiu cho bt c ai kht vng hc tp hay tu tp thin
nh tin n nhng qu v Thnh hin trong tng lai.
Ngoi nhng iu ny, cn c nhng danh s khc bit
trong Tiu tha cng nh i tha, nhng trn y l biu
trng ca Thp a B-tt.
190
CHNG IX
THIN THAI TNG
Sadharma-Puarka - Php hoa

i tha Tht tng lun
1. CNG YU
Thin thai l tn ca mt hn ni Thai chu, min Nam
Trung hoa. Mt trit gia v i, Tr Khi (531-597), tr ti
ni ny v ging dy chng sut i nh Trn v Ty.
Tng phi do ng thnh lp thng c gi l Thin thai
theo tn ni, nhng ng tn n l Php hoa (Nht; Hokke)
theo nhan sch Saddharma-puarka l kinh lm cn bn
cho hc phi Thin thai. Php hoa l dch ng ca kinh.
Chng ta thng gi l Php hoa kinh hay Php hoa tng,
v Diu php lin hoa kinh1 l dch ng y ca nhan
sch.
Trc khi tng ny c thnh lp, vic nghin cu kinh
Php hoa c khi xng rt sm, t nm 300 TL. V
nhng cuc din ging c m ra khp ni. Mt bn s
gii (gm bn quyn) do Trc Php Tng hon thnh,
Diu php lin hoa kinh , Cu-ma-la-thp dch (A.D.

406), 7 quyn. T09n262. Bn dch sm hn: Chnh php hoa kinh
, Trc Php H dch (A.D. 286), 10 quyn. T09n263. Bn dch tr
hn: Thim phm Diu php lin hoa kinh , X-naqut-a & Cp-a dch (A.D. 601), 7 quyn. T09n264. TS
nhng s nghin cu ch ca Php hoa

th bt u t sau bn dch ca Cu Ma La
Thp, vo nm 406.
Nh ghi nhn nhiu bn s gii c son
vo th k th nm do cc v truyn
nhn ca La-thp, m chng ta c th hiu
r v nh gi c tm ph bin v vic
nghin cu kinh Php hoa din ra
nghim mt nh th no. Sut trong thi
gian ny, c tm bn s gii c hon tt v nhiu kho
cu chuyn mn v nhng kha cnh c bit ca hc
thuyt c thc hin.
S TR KHI
Mc d cng cuc kho cu c khi u phng bc

v cng trnh dnh cho Php hoa, ngha l nhng vic
phin dch v s gii, bt u phng bc, tng phi
nghing v hc thut ny c bit ny n phng nam, l
s kin khin khi ln s thnh lp ca Thin thai tng.
Chng ta nn nh rng kinh Php hoa, nguyn c
Cu-ma-la-thp phin dch thnh by quyn gm 27 phm.
Php Hin, tm kim mt phm na (phm th 28) nn du
hnh sang n vo nm 475. Khi n Khotan, ng tm thy
phm v Devadatta (-b-t-a). Devadatta l anh h v
cng l k ph hoi Pht. ng tr v, v yu cu Php ,
ngi n, phin dch phm ny. Phm ny v sau c ph
thm vo bn kinh trc. Do , kinh Php hoa hin thi
c 28 phm.
Gio l ca kinh Nit bn l mt ti hc hi hp dn
khc trong thi k ny. o Sinh, hng ch tm vo vic
nghin cu kinh Php hoa, cng l mt lnh t trong vic
qung din l tng Nit-bn. Nhn c bn cu dch kinh
192
CHNG IX. THIN THAI TNG
Nit-bn, gm su quyn, ng nu ln ch trng rng

nht-xin- (icchantika, hng ngi c xem nh khng
c Pht tnh v khng th thnh tu Pht qu) cng c th
t n Pht qu. Ri ngay sau , mt bn kinh bng Phn
ng v i Bt-nit-bn c truyn vo v phin dch ra
Hn vn. L thuyt cho rng nht-xin- cng c th t
n Pht qu c tm thy trong kinh ny. Ngi ta kinh
d v trc kin su xa ca ng, v ng ly lm tha mn.
ng son tho mt s gii v kinh Nit-bn ngay sau .
Thuyt khc ca ng v s n chng Pht qu cng rt ni
ting.
Mc d vic nghin cu kinh Nit-bn vn tip tc c hai
min nam v bc, nhng Nit bn tng li c thnh lp
phng nam, a s hc gi c ti nng sng . Khi
Thin thai tng xut hin, nam phi ca Nit-bn tng c
st nhp vo.
Theo c Tiu tha v i tha, Nit bn khng phi l mt
s cht t nhin. Ngay trong Pht gio Pli, Nit bn c
coi l xy ra theo ca Pht. i tha tin mt bc xa
hn v ch trng rng s sng v cht ca Ngi ch l
nhng th hin cn Php thn ca Ngi th trng tn. T
ng Php thn, Phn ng gi l Dharmakya. Pht ni:
Ny cc T khu, cc ngi ng phin mun, bo rng:
o s ca chng ta mt ri! Nhng g Ta ging
dy (chnh php v gii lut) s l nhng o s ca cc
ngi sau khi Ta tch dit. Nu cc ngi gn gi v tu tr
nhng li dy ca Ta, h khng phi l Php thn ca ta
vn tn ti mi mi hay sao? Php thn y c ngha l
th xc ca Ngi vn cn li nh l Php (dharma, kinh
in) sau khi sc thn Ngi dit . Ty theo s pht trin
ca l tng v Php, m ngha thm trm ca Php thn
193
cng bin i theo. Th xc ny c coi nh l Thnh

in, yu t, l tc v tr, tm linh v l tng. i tha coi
nh l mt th xc tm linh hay mt th xc v tr tn
ti vnh vin. y l l tng cn bn ca Nit bn tng.
Quan nim ph cp c trin khai t bn thn v tr ca
Pht khng chp nhn s c mt ca nht-xin-, hng
ngi b coi l khng bao gi thnh tu ni Pht qu.
Nhng nghin cu xa thm vn m l thuyt cho rng
tt c chng sinh, khng c ngoi tr, u c Pht tnh.
Ngay c c tnh ca bn thn v tr vn v tng cng
c m t nh l thng, lc, ng, tnh m ba c tnh
trc u tri ngc vi nhng quan nim cn bn ca Pht
gio, tc l v thng, kh v ng. i vi tng phi ny,
Nit bn l s gii thot khi tham i ca con ngi
(moka), l tr tu vin mn, v l Php thn. Tng qut,
Nit bn tng phng nam ch trng hc thuyt v
Nit-bn thng tr, trong khi cc hc gi ca Nit bn
tng phng bc coi hc thuyt Nit bn nh l ph thuc
gio l ca Hoa nghim. Mc d Nit bn tng khng c
nhiu nh hng, nhng ch im ca n v Php thn, v
Pht tnh nh hng su rng trn tt c cc tng phi
i tha Trung hoa.
Cui cng, tng phi ny mt hn s c lp ca n v
c st nhp vo Thin thai tng, cng nh a lun tng
c hp nht vi Hoa nghim tng nh chng ta
thy trc.
2. LCH S
Khai t ca Thin thai tng l Hu Vn (505-577), tng l
mt hc gi v i v l mt lnh t ca hng trm hc
chng. Khi ng khm ph mt bi tng v trung o trong
194
Trung lun (Mdhyamika-stra) v mt on ch gii lin

quan n ch tr trong i tr lun
(Mahprajpramit stra), c hai u ca Long Th
(Ngrjuna), ng lin t ng.
Bi k y nh sau:
Nhng g khi ln do cc duyn,
Ta gi chng tc th khng
V cng chnh l gi danh
V cng l ngha ca Trung o.2
Bi k mun ni, duyn khi (prattya-samutpda) l t
ng ngha vi tnh khng (nyat) v tn gi gi thit ca
trung o. Ba chn l ca Thin thai bt ngun t y.
Hu Vn li cn tm thy trong i tr lun mt on
ni v nhn thc nhng chng loi ca o l (o chng
tr), nhn thc v vn s hu (Nht thit tr) v nhn thc
v cc chng loi ca tt c vn s hu (Nht thit chng
tr). Do o chng tr m chng c Nht thit tr. Ri
nh tr ny m t c Nht thit chng tr. V do tr ny,
qu trnh ngng tr ca tham i b ct t.3
2
Phm 24, k 18. Chng nhn duyn sinh php, ng thuyt tc th v,

dic vi th gi danh , dic th trung o ngha. /
/ / . Cf. Sanskrit, Ch. xxiv, k.18: ya
prattyasamutpda nyat tm pracakmahe/ s prajaptir
updya pratipat saiva madhyam. Ti ni, duyn khi chnh l tnh
khng; n (tnh khng) do quy c (gi thi thit), v n (tnh khng)
cng l trung o. TS.
3
on dn, Cu-ma-la-thp, Ma-ha Bt-nh ba-la-mt kinh 1 (T8n223,
tr. 219a19): B-tt mun thnh tu o hu, hy hc Bt-nh ba-lamt. Mun bng o hu m thnh tu o chng hu, hy hc Bt-nh
ba-la-mt. Mun bng o chng hu m thnh tu nht thit tr, hy
195
Khi ch thch v on vn trn y, Long Th ni: Tt c

nhng kha cnh ca tr tu bn y u c chng ng
ngay cng mt lc. Nhng tng tin s l gii v tr tu
vin mn (Bt nh ba-la-mt), chng c trn thut ring
r theo th t.4 c ch thch ny, Hu Vn hi ngay
ngha. Nhn thc v cc chng loi ca o l l nhn thc
v o l (o chng tr) soi sng th gii ca sai bit v
gi danh. Nhn thc v vn s hu (Nht thit tr) l nhn
thc v tt c ci g ang hin hu u l phi hu hay
khng (nyat) v khm ph th gii v sai bit v bnh
ng, trong khi nhn thc v cc chng loi ca vn s hu
(Nht thit chng tr) l nhn thc ca quan im trung
dung soi sng trung o khng nghing v hu hay v, sai
bit hay v sai bit.5 Th l chng ng ba tr ca tng phi
ny c t n.
Do , v pha khch th, chng ta c ba chn l, v v pha
ch th, ta c ba tr. V chn l (ba ), khng cng l gi
danh, gi danh ng thi cng l trung o, v trung o
cng l khng.
hc Bt-nh ba-la-mt. Mun bng nht thit tr m thnh tu nht thit

chng tr, hy hc Bt-nh ba la-mt. Mun bng nht thit tr m on
tr phin no tp, hy hc Bt-nh ba-la-mt. on vn gii thch,
lun i tr 27 (T25n1509. tr. 257c19-262a17). Ba tr, Huyn Trang
dch (i bt-nh 402, tr. 7c18): o tng tr (mrgkra-jna),
Nht thit tr (sarvajna), Nht thit tng tr (sarvkra-jna). TS
4
on dn, i tr 27 (T25n1509, tr. 260b20). TS
5
op.cit., tr. 258c27: Hi: Nht thit tr v Nht thit chng tr khc
nhau th no?...C ngi ni, tng tng l Nht thit tr; bit tng l
Nht thit chng tr... Nht thit tr tng ph v minh si m trong tt c
php. Nht thit chng tr qun nhiu chng loi php mn ph tr
v minh... TS
196
Tam nht (tam tr nht tm trung c) l l thuyt cn bn

ca tng phi ny.
T th hai l Hu T (514-577), c thy l Hu Vn dy
d tn tnh. Khi ng mang bnh, ng nhn rng bnh pht
khi t to tc, ri th to tc pht khi t tm v khng c
thc ti khch quan. Nu theo du n ci ngun ca n
trong tm, ta khng th nm gi to tc c, v thn ca
chng ta nh bng my c c tnh ring bit nhng khng
c thc ti tnh. Nhn thc nh th, ng lin t c thanh
tnh trong tm. Nm 544, ng n c trn ni i t Qung
chu, ni y ng ging dy hng trm .
T th ba l Tr Khi (571-597) th php vi Hu T vo
lc ny v c dy ring php tu qun ca kinh Php hoa.
V sau, Tr Khi, vo tui 38, ln ni Thin thai vi
l Hu Bin v chng hai mi khc. y ng gp
mt k tc, nh Quang, n ni ny 40 nm v trc.
V ny tip nhn Tr Khi v dy cho ng tt c nhng
ngnh hc thut Pht gio (Gio mn).
Tr Khi c ng trn ni ny sut chn nm v thit lp
y mt i tng vin gi l Quc thanh t. ng thng
c tn hiu l Thin Thai i s. Ty Dng , by gi
ang lm Tng qun t Dng chu, phong ngi tc hiu
l Tr Gi. Bi s ni bt v nhn cch v s thm trm v
s hc ca mnh, ng t a v cao nht trong tt c nhng
hc gi Pht gio v dy d nhng ngi hc Pht, cha ai
snh ngang ng ni. S kin ton ca Thin thai tng l do
ng, v v vy ng c xng tng nh l t th nht ca
tng ny, d thc s ng l t th ba trong th h gio hc
ca hc thuyt Thin thai.
197
T th hai ca h ny l Qun nh (561-632). Ba tc

phm ln ca tr Khi u do Qun nh tp thnh ton
vn.
T th su, Trm Nhin (717-782) l mt i hc gi v l
ngi phc hng tng phi ny, by gi ang hi suy yu.
Mt trong nhng ca ng, o Toi l v t k tip v
l thy ca Ti Trng (Saicho tc Truyn Gio i s,
Dengy), sng t ca Thin Thai tng Nht bn. Ti Trng,
vo tui hai mi, n Nara v hc v gio l Thin thai
vi mt vi hc gi n Nht vi lut s Chn Gim
(Kanjin) v hc tp ba tc phm ca Tr Khi. Khi ng ang
hc na chng nhng tc phm ny ln th hai, ng nhn
c lnh ca Thin hong sang Trung hoa hc Pht.
ng c o Toi truyn th hc thuyt Thin thai v Btt gii, c Thun Gio truyn th hc thuyt Chn ngn
tng v Tu Nhin truyn cho Thin tng. Sau mt nm lu
tr Trung hoa, ng v nc thit lp Thin thai tng v
ging kinh Php hoa, lp Chn ngn Mt gio, Thin tng
v Lut tng. Trung tm ging hun trn ni Hiei (T du)
do Ti Trng thit lp v tr thnh trung tm ln ca ngnh
gio hc Pht gio Nht bn. Mt thi c 3.000 t vin
lm tc x cho hc chng, qui t tt c mi ngnh Pht hc
hin v mt. Hin ti, c ba chi phi ca Thin thai tng.
l Sn mn (Sammon), T mn (jinon) v Chn thnh
(Shinsei).
Chi phi sau ny l Tnh . Nhng t vin thuc ba chi
phi ny hin thi tnh khong trn 4.000.
3. TRIT L
S phn loi bnh ngh v gio l ca Pht (tc phn gio)
Thin Thai tng l Ng thi bt gio. Thi k th nht l
198
thi Hoa nghim. Gio l c ging dy trong thi ny l

Php t chng ca Pht trong s gic ng ca Ngi, ngha
l, khai th v s gic ng ca Ngi. Thnh chng khng th
thu thit ni v h nh cm nh ic.
Thi k th hai l thi Lc uyn, ni y Ngi ging cc Ahm nguyn thy kh hp vi nhng k cn tnh thp
km. Chng t ca Ngi by gi c th tun theo li dy
ca Ngi v thc hnh mt cch xng l t c qu
A-la-hn. Thi ny cng c gi l thi D dn, tc l
thi k m mi ngi c dn d i n gio l cao
hn.
Thi k th ba l thi Phng ng, y l thi m nhng
ngi Tiu tha quy u sang gio l i tha v v mc
ch ny m Pht ging cc kinh c gi l Phng ng
(Vaipulya, tc trin khai). V Pht thng hay khin trch
cc v La-hn do t kin hay thin kin ca h, nn thi ny
c gi l thi n ha. Cc v Tiu tha, theo ging lun
ca Pht, thc tnh v nhng thin kin ca mnh v hc hi
thy gi tr i tha.
Thi k th t l thi Bt-nh, khi Kinh i Bt-nh c
ging thuyt v mi nim bin bit v chp th u b loi
b quyt lit. Bi vy, n c gi l thi o thi. Sut
trong thi ny, gio l v Khng c ging dy nhng
chnh Khng li b ph nhn. Do , thi Bt nh cng
c gi l thi Hi nht thit php, bc b mi phn tch
v thng nht chng li.
Thi k th nm l thi Php hoa hay Nit bn. y s
truy cu hay phn tch v dung hp v cc hc thuyt c
ging dy. Quan im cho rng ba tha (Thanh vn, c
gic v B-tt tha) c th t c Thnh qu ch l mt
199
gio thuyt tm thi (khai) cui cng c ba u c

hp nht vo mt tha (hi). Nh th thi th nm c bit
c gi l thi khai hi. Nhn duyn xut hin th
gian ca Pht l cu tt c chng sinh v nhn duyn y
ch c th c hon thnh bi kinh Php hoa. Do , Php
hoa l gio l rt ro trong tt c nhng gio l ca Pht v
vua ca tt c cc kinh. Kinh Nit bn c ging vo thi
ny nhng l tot yu ca tt c nhng g c qung
b t trc.
S phn chia thnh nm thi chng t rng y, gio l
ca Pht c phn phi theo thi gian. Nhng khi thuyt
gio, Pht thng x dng cng lc c nm khi no c c
hi. Do , thu r bn cht cc gio l ca Pht, chng
ta phi phn phi chng ring bit. S phn chia lm tm
gio c ngh t n ch ny. bn gio l u l
phng thc gio ha:
1. n gio: y, Pht tuyn thuyt v s chng ca
Ngi m khng cn n phng tin no c; y l thi Hoa
Nghim,
2. Tim gio: Ni y, Pht dn d mi ngi i ln
vo s t duy su thm, dng tt c mi phng tin; y l
thi Lc uyn, Phng ng v Bt nh.
3. B mt gio: Trn thc t, y l gio l b mt bt
nh, n khng nht nh v bin thin v thnh gi khut
lp nhau bi s thn thng ca Pht v mi ngi ngh rng
Pht ch ging cho ring mnh m thi. Nh th tt c cng
nghe nhng cch bit v khc bit nhau. S bt nh nh
vy c t thi Hoa nghim cho n thi Bt nh.
200
4. Bt nh gio: y l mt gio l bt nh khng b

mt, tt c thnh chng u bit rng ht thy cng ang
nghe nhng h nghe v hiu khc nhau.
Bn phng thc gio ha ny l ti bi kh nng ca
thnh chng, v do , chng ch c p dng trc thi
Php hoa. Phng thc gio ha nh th khng cn thit
trong thi Php Hoa v gio l ca Php hoa khng phi l
n hay tim, b mt hay bt nh. Tc l thi Hoa nghim
th gm n gio, b mt gio v bt nh gio trong khi
thi Lc uyn, Phng ng v Bt nh gm tim, b mt
v bt nh gio.
K n, bn gio l nh l bn cht ca chnh gio l:
1. Tng gio: A hm v tt c gio l Tiu tha, nh
thy trong vn hc T-b-sa (Vaibhika).
2. Thng gio: Chung cho tt c ba tha v l gio l
s c ca i tha. Trong khi mt v s tm B-tt theo
nhng tu tp nh cc v trong ba tha, th mt i B-tt
thm nhp cnh gii ca hai giai on, hay gio l sau y:
3. Bit gio: Thun i tha v ring cho cc B-tt.
Gio l th nht v th hai ch ging v ci khng phin
din (thin khng), gio l ny ging v trung o, v do
, n ring bit.
4. Vin gio: Vin c ngha l ton thin, bin mn,
vin mn, vin thng. Bit gio ging v mt trung o c
lp v cch bit v ch l mt phng tin ring bit, cn
vin gio ging v trung o ca vin thng v qun trit.
Do , n khng phi l mt trung o cch bit, phin
din, m l mt trung o nh l tht th, hon ton ha
hp, trn l thuyt cng nh trn thc tin. Nh th, vin
201
c ngha l mt php cha ng tt c cc php, ngha l

Nht tc nht thit v Nht thit tc nht.
By gi chng ta xt n nm giai on ca gio l ny
trong tng quan vi bn gio thuyt nh l bn cht ca
gio l, chng ta c kt qu nh sau:
Thi Hoa nghim khng phi l thun vin v n gm c
bit gio.
Thi Lc uyn ch phin din v ch ging cc kin gii
Tiu tha.
Thi Phng ng ging cng lc c bn gio thuyt nhng
vn cn tng i.
Thi Bt-nh ch yu ging vin gio nhng cn lin h
thng gio v bit gio. Do , n cha phi hon ton vin
mn.
Thi Php hoa mi l thun vin v ti thng. V y
nhn duyn xut hin th gian ca Pht c biu l y
. Kinh ph thuc, Nit-bn, tm tt nhng g Pht dy
trong sut c cuc i ca Ngi, ngha l tam tha v t
gio u c xa b do hi tam tha v nht tha v hp
t gio thnh mt vin gio cu cnh. Nh vy, tt c gio
l ca Pht sau cng u quy t vo Php hoa m Thin
thai coi nh l gio l ti thng ca tt c Pht gio.
Tng phi ny ch cng nhn duy nht tha, tt c chng
sinh qua bin sinh t, d n cng tha nhn s c mt tm
thi ca ba tha, tc l Thanh vn, c gic v B-tt tha.
V phng tin thin xo, c ba tha ny c ging dy,
nhng cu cnh chng c a v mt tha chn tht l
Pht tha (Buddhayna).
202
Trong lun thch ca Long th v kinh i Bt-nh (i tr

lun), c mt ch gii v nhng nguyn l cn bn ny:
tt c cc s th b chi phi bi iu kin v thng (sarvasaskra-anitya: nht thit hnh v thng); mi yu t
u khng c t ng (sarva-dharma-antman: nht thit
php v ng) v Nit-bn l s vng lng (nirva-ntam;
Nit bn tch tnh). Ba du hiu ca php (tam php n)6
c th c qung din thnh bn bng cch thm vo mt
du hiu khc: tt c u l thuc kh au (sarva-dukham:
kh) hay c th rt ngn vo du hiu chn tht duy nht:
tht tng n. C th dch ch tht tng nh l v tng
hay v tht, nhng khng c ngha l m vng; v tng
hay v tht y c ngha l khng c mt trng thi
(tng) no c thit lp bng lun chng hay c truy
nhn bi t tng; n siu vit c ngn thuyt v tm
tng. Li na, Thin thai gii thch n nh l nht
(eka-satya), nhng nht y khng phi l nht ca
danh s, n ch cho tuyt i. Nguyn l ca hc thuyt
Thin thai quy t trn tht tng ca vn php.
Tht tng hay tht th ch c th nhn qua cc hin
tng. Chng hai ca Php hoa ni: Nhng g Pht
thnh tu l php ti thng. Hi hu, kh hiu. Ch c ch
Pht mi thu sut c tht tng ca tt c cc Php, tc
l tt c cc php u nh th tng, nh th th, nh th
nhn, nh th lc, nh th tc, nh th duyn, nh th qu,
nh th bo, nh th bn mt cu cnh ng.7
6
Cf. i tr 32 (T25n1509, tr.297c23).

Diu php lin hoa 1 (T09n262, tr. 5c10).
. Cf. Saddharmapuarka-stra (Wogihara, Tokyo 1958;

29.4): sarvadharmn api tathgata eva jnati/ ye ca te dharm yath ca
7
203
Qua nhng biu hin ny, ca nhng hin tng hay ca

Chn nh, chng ta thy c tht tng. ng hn, nhng
biu hin ny tc l tht tng. Khng c tht th bn ngoi
hin tng, chnh ni hin tng l tht th.
Khng nn ngh rng, nh thi thng, c mt bn th
trng tn bt ng ngay trung tm, m chung quanh
l hin hu ca cc phm tnh, vn ng v bin chuyn.
Nu bn gi thuyt tht th l mt bn th trng tn nh
vy, bn s b m hoc hon ton. Ngay c nhng ngi
theo i tha, ch trng thuyt nh , c hai chn l l
th tc v ti thng, thng b hiu lm bi mt nim
phn hai ca lun chng. Thin thai tng, v vy, ra ba
chn l (tam ), tc l, chn l ca khng (Khng ),
chn l ca gi tm (Gi ) v chn l ca phng tin
(Trung ). Mi s th u khng c hin thc v do , tt
c u khng. Nhng chng c hin hu gi tm. ng thi
chng l phng tin, hay qung gia, ngha l tht tng
hay Chn nh.
Theo tng phi ny, c ba chn l y l ba trong mt. Mt
trong ba. Nguyn l th l mt, nhng phng php din t
th l ba. Mi mt trong ba u c gi tr ton din. V vy,
khi lun chng ca chng ta y c trn khng, chng ta
khc t hin hu ca gi v trung, v chng ta coi khng
nh l siu vit tt c ba. Nh vy, c ba thy u l khng.
Cng vy, khi lp lun ca chng ta a vo gi hay trung
. Do , khi mt l khng th tt c u khng; khi mt l
te dharm yd ca te dharm yal laka ca te dharm yat

svabhv ca te dharm/ ye ca yath ca yd ca yal laka ca yat
svabhv ca te dharm iti/ teu dharmeu tathgata eva pratyako
paroka/ TS
204
gi th tt c l gi; khi mt l trung th tt c l trung:

Nht khng nht thit khng, nht gi nht thit gi, nht
trung nht thit trung. ng khc, chng cng c gi l
tc khng, tc gi v tc trung. Cng gi l vin dung tam
, ba chn l ng hp trn y, hay l tuyt i tam ,
ba chn l tuyt i.
Chng ta khng nn coi ba chn l ny nh l cch bit
nhau, bi v c ba thm nhp ln nhau v cng tm thy s
dung ha v hp nht hon ton. Mt s th l khng
nhng cng l gi hu. N l gi bi v n khng, v ri,
mt s l khng, ng thi l gi cho nn cng l trung.
Phi hu v gi hu c th c coi nh l tng phn.
Trung khng c ngha l gia hai. N trn, vt qua
hai. Thc ra, n tc l c hai bi v thc tng c ngha
rng trung, chnh l khng tng v gi tng. C ba chn
l ny lun lun hp nht v dung ha. ng ra, chng bao
gm ln nhau. Trung o (madhyam pratipad). Tht tng
(svalakaa) v Nh nh (tathat) y ng ngha v
ng nht trong mi trng hp. y ta cn ghi nhn
rng d t ng khng c dng n, nhng n khng c
ngha l khng v s hu (hay v th) m l la xa tm
tng hay thot khi chp trc: ly tnh khng. Ngay
c nim khng cng b ph nhn; n hon ton l mt s
ph nhn. Th l, bt c hin hu no cng phi l gi tm
bi v tt c cc php u c thi thit trong tm hay
hin hu bi nhng tp hp nhn qu. Chng ch hin hu
danh ngn, khng c trong hin thc; tc l chng hin
hu bng gi danh. Phi khc t bt c hin hu thng
hng no, nhng phi tha nhn hin hu gi danh. Mi s
th u l khng, v gi danh l trung o, tc l tuyt i.
205
Chn l cu cnh c ging theo Thin thai tng l Nh

nh, khng phi l tht th (tattva). Nh, c ngha l tht
tng ca chnh tt c cc php trong khi th gii hin
tng l tng dng ca cc php biu hin trc mt.
Khng th nhn thy trc tip hay tc thi c tht tng
ca cc php. Chng ta phi nhn n trong cc hin tng
lun lun bin chuyn v bin d, nh th, tht tng vn
linh hot. Chnh cc hin tng u tc l tht tng ca
cc php. Tht tng ca cc php l Nh, ngha l cc
php nh l biu hin ca chng, cng nh cc ln sng
chuyn ng khng khc vi nc vng lng. Chng ta
thng t tng phn gia nc vng lng v sng ng;
nhng d chuyn ng hay tnh lng, chng cng ch l s
biu hin ca cng l nc m thi. Nhng ci c biu
hin hay c pht l bn ngoi khng g khc hn chnh
l s th y. Khng c khc bit no gia c hai.
y l l thuyt v tht tng ca tt c cc php, ngha l
tt c cc php c biu l u l nhng php ngay
trong t tng ca chnh chng (sarva-dharmasvalakaat: ch php tht tng). Hoc gi, din t cch
khc, tng dng th gian (hin tng gii) l thng tr
(lokalakaa-nityat: th gian tng thng tr).
Theo hc thuyt Thin thai, mi mt php t biu l trong
tt c ba chn l. Tt c mi hin hu nh th l tng
thng trong tt c ba chn l.
Ton th v tr c coi nh l s tp thnh ca ba
nghn, nhng l thuyt ny khc hn nhng h thng a
nguyn khc. N khng phi l mt li lit k tt c cc
php; cng khng phi l th gii h ca ba i thin v tr.
Vy n l g? Chng ta cn gii thch ci ba nghn ny.
Ni l ba nghn, khng phi ch cho mt tnh cht bao la
206
ca danh s hay bn th, m ni ln s tng dung ca

tt c cc php v nht th cu cnh ca ton th v tr.
Vi cn bn ba nghn ny, Thin Thai tng ra mt th
gii h gm mi cnh vc, tc l, th gii ca hu tnh
c chia thnh mi ci, trong cao nht l bn ci
thnh v thp hn l su ci phm.
MI CNH VC
Pht
1.
gii. Mt v Pht khng trong vng mi ci th gian
ny, nhng v Ngi th hin gia loi ngi ging dy
gio l ca mnh nn mt phn Ngi c k vo trong .
2. B-tt gii. Mt v Pht tng lai.
3. c gic Pht. Mt v Pht t gic ng, khng ging dy
k khc.
4. Thanh vn gii. t trc tip ca Pht.
207
Bn hng trn y c xp vo hng cc ci thnh.

5. Thin gii. Mc d l siu nhn, nhng hng ny khng
th gic ng vin mn nu khng c gio thuyt ca Pht.
6. A-tu-la. Nhng qu thn hiu chin. D thuc thin gii
mt phn, nhng chng c t na phn thp hn thin
gii.
7. Nhn gii. C bn cht trung ha.
8. Ng qu. Nhng loi cht, gi khc i l cc qu i.
9. Sc sinh. C bn cht m mui, gm tt c cnh gii loi
vt.
10. a ngc. Nhng loi b hnh ti, ci thp nht.
Mi ci ny tng dung v tng nhip ln nhau, mi ci
mang trong n chn ci cn li kia. T d nh, nhn gii s
bao hm c chn ci khc, t Pht cho n a ngc, v mi
mt trong mi cnh vc kia cng vy. Ngay c cnh gii
ca ch Pht cng bao gm bn cht ca a ngc v cc
ci khc, bi v mt c Pht, d Ngi khng c bn cht
ca a ngc, nhng v cu ri nhng chng sinh
nhim y nn cng c a ngc ngay trong tm ca
Ngi. Trong ngha ny, Pht gii cng bao gm c chn
ci khc.
Mi mt th gii bao hm tt c mi th gii, c nhn
ln thnh 100 th gii. Thm na, mi cnh vc c mi
sc thi khc nhau (mi Nh) nh ta thy trn; tc l:
tng, tnh, th, lc, tc, nhn, duyn, qu, bo v bn mt
cu cnh. y l mi hin tng ca Nh. Do khm ph
ra mi hin tng ny trong 100 th gii, Thin Thai tng
t n thuyt l v 1000 ci: Bch gii Thin nh.
208
Li na, mi ci gm c ba phn: chng sinh gii, h

khng gii hay kh th gian v ng un c tch ri t
chng sinh gii (sc, th, tng, hnh v thc). Nh vy l
c ba nghn cnh vc to thnh ton th ca thc ti c
biu hin.
Trong Pht gio, ch ba nghn thng ch cho i thin
v tr gm mt nghn tiu, mt nghn trung v mt nghn
i th gii. Vi Thin thai tng, tri li, y khng phi l
mt th gii h, m l v tr ca tt c hu tnh v v tnh,
ngha l ton th th gii sinh ng.
Thc cht Pht gio khng phi l tm kim mt nguyn l
hay coi tuyt i th nh l ly cch hay c lp. y,
Thin thai tng hon ton quay v l thuyt duy tm nhng
din t khc hn. Tng ny nu ln rng trong mt st-na
tm hay mt khonh khc ca t tng bao gm c ba
nghn th gii (nht nim tam thin). y l mt l thuyt
ring bit ca tng ny v c gi l Bn c tam thin
hay L c tam thin hay Tnh c tam thin, v c khi
c gi l Vin c tam thin. Ni th, hoc c hay bn
tnh hay vin (mn) u ch chung cho mt nim nh
nhau, tc l, trong mt khonh khc ca t tng (st-na
tm) u c c 3.000 th gii. C ngi coi nim ny nh
l rt gn vi nim v tuyt i th. Nhng nu bn coi
tuyt i th nh l cn nguyn ca tt c to vt th n
khng ng hn l tuyt i th. Vy n c th c coi
nh l mt hnh thi ca l thuyt duy tm, nhng nu
ngi ta ngh rng tm th y biu hin th gii ngoi ti
bng tin trnh phn hai th li khc hn, v n khng c
ngha rng, mt khc ca t tng to ra ba nghn th gii,
bi v mt s to tc l s khi u ca mt chuyn ng
theo chiu dc, ngha l to tc trong thi gian. N cng
209
khng c ngha rng ba nghn th gii c thu vo trong

mt khonh khc ca t tng, bi v s thu gim l mt
hin hu theo chiu ngang, ngha l cng hu trong khng
gian.
D y ch thuyt ba nghn th gii c qung din trn
cn bn duy tm nhng n khng ch l duy tm v tt c
cc php trong v tr u ngay trong mt nim nhng
khng gin lc vo tm hay .
Quan nim rng th gii tim tng trong mt khonh khc
ca t tng, l trit hc v ni ti th, th hin tng v tc
ng ca tm l mt. Ta c th gi l hin tng lun
(phenomenology), nhng theo thut ng, nn gi l tht
tng lun, mi hin tng tm hay vt, t biu l l tnh
hay bn tnh ca chnh n.
Nguyn l m mi hin tng t biu l l ba chn l trong
mt ha iu: vin dung tam tc khng, gi v, trung,
ngha l, tht th vn ni ti, hon ton ni ti, ni ti trong
l tnh v ni ti trong bn tnh. iu ny c ngha l, mt
s th hay mt hin th t n l tht tng. Do m ni:
Mi vt, ngay c mu sc hay hng v, u ng nht vi
trung o (nht sc nht hng v phi trung o).
Ba thn (trikya) ca Pht c coi nh l Pht qu; l
l thuyt c trng ca Thin thai tng. Mi c Pht gic
ng vin mn u c quan nim l c ba thn. D nhng
danh t gc Dharmakya, Sambhoga-kya, Nirmakya nguyn ngha l Php thn, Th dng thn v
ng ha thn, nhng t ng thn theo ngha thng rt
d b hiu lm v n gi ra tng v mt hin hu th xc.
Php thn chnh l l nim, l tnh hay chn l, khng c
mt hin hu hu ng no c. N ng nht vi trung o
210
. Th dng thn l hin thn hu ng vi chng ng chn

tht, ngha l t thn t c do bo ng ca mt tc nhn
lu di. Thn ny c hai: a) T th dng thn; l nhn cch
khi Ngi th hng s t gic ca mnh; b) Tha th dng
thn; tha y l cc v B-tt qua giai on s c; thn
ny biu l cho cc v . ng ha thn l thn th xut
hin qua nhiu hnh thc cu ri chng sinh. ng ha
thn c hai: a) thn th ch ring cho cc v B-tt s c; b)
thn th dnh cho nhng chng sinh di cp bc ny.
Mi c Pht u c ba sc thi ny. Trong khi mt v Pht
biu hiu cho l tnh hay chn l m Ngi chng ng, th
mt ng Ngi l v chng ng l gii hay th hng s
gic ng ca mnh v ng khc Ngi l v ban b l gii
hay l v cu tt c chng sinh ang kh no v h ly.
Nh vy, Pht c coi nh chnh l tng gii (Gic ng),
v th hng l tng gii (S gic), ang ban b cho k
khc (Nng gic). Th dng thn m Pht chng c nh
l bo ng ca n lc lu di, trong khi ng ha thn m
Ngi ha hin t ti l gp g nhng nhu cu ca chng
sinh v th gii.
Ba thn ca Pht li c chia thnh bn, nm, su hay
mi, nhng ba thn ca Thin thai tng trn y c th
c coi nh l l thuyt cn bn v Pht.
211
CHNG X
CHN NGN TNG
i tha mt gio
1. CNG YU
Chn Ngn (Nht: Shingon) l dch ngha Phn ng
mantra, c ngha l b mt gio, mt gio php khng
th pht biu bng nhng ngn ng thng thng. Gio
php , c ni bng chnh ngn ng ca Pht, phi
c phn bit vi l tng n kn trong tm Pht vn
khng biu l bng li. Chn ngn tng nhm tm hiu
chnh Pht l khng biu hin thnh ngn ng . Mt t
chc ca Pht gio di hnh thc Mt tha
(Mantrayna) dng nh c thnh hnh ti Na-lan-
(Nalanda) vo thi ca Ngha Tnh, ca th k VII sau Tl,
v Ngha Tnh c cp n mt s vn hc Mt gio ang
c lu hnh ti y, m chnh ng cng tng hc tp v
Mt gio mc d khng am tng hon ton. Trung tm
hc tp ca mt gio hnh nh di v i hc Vikramala
tn cui dng sng Hng (Ganges), v Pht gio Ty tng
c lin h c bit vi i hc ny.
Mt iu r rng l ti n , ngay t thi V , c
nhng tp tc v ma thut, gm bn li t t Homa (ha
n) hon ton trng hp vi nhng tp tc ca Pht gio.
Li t t ny c th l nhng tp qun ca th dn n hay
c th l ca di dn c thi. Sau mt thi gian thc hnh lu
di, tp tc ny dn dn ng ha vi Mt gio, mt tng
phi thng b nhm ln vi Kim cang tha (Vajrayna)

ca Pht gio. Nu v l do no m Mt gio (ca Pht
gio) c lin h n nhng tp tc ng ght kia th n
khng th c coi l Kim cang tha, v y l mt t ng
dng ch cho tng ch b mt cao siu, vt hn c Tiu
v i tha. Kim cang tha nh th ch c th c tiu
biu ni Hong Php i s (Kb), (774-835) l ngi tp
i thnh ton b mt gio.
Phn gio ca Hong Php i s tht s cn c vo mi
giai on pht trin ca tm, tc thp tr tm (khng nn
nhm ln vi thp tr a):1
1. D sinh k dng tm: nhng no ng ca cuc
sng m qung do bn nng iu khin (giai on ca phm
ngu).
2. Ngu ng tr trai tm (nhn tha): c gng vt ln
cho mt i sng o c (nh trng hp Khng gio).
3. Anh ng v y tm (thin tha):giai on chng
sinh ci thin, n lc cho mt sc mnh siu nhin. (Lo
gio v B-la-mn gio).
4. Duy un v ng tm (Thanh vn tha), tha ca cc
t trc tip ca Pht, vn ln i sng tm linh cao
ng nh trong cc b phi Tiu tha: Cu X v Thnh
tht tng:
5. Bt nghip nhn chng tm (c gic tha), th
hng gic ng ring t nhng cn v k.
6-7. Tha duyn i tha tm, Gic tm bt sinh tm:
cho rng ba tha l chn tht (giai on Tam lun, Php
1
Cf. Khng Hi, Thp tr tm lun, 10 quyn, Taish 77 No 2425. TS
214
CHNG X. CHN NGN TNG
tng tng).
8-9. Nht o v vi tm v cc v t tnh tm: Nht
tha, cho rng ch c Mt tha l chn tht. (Giai on ca
Hoa nghim v Thin thai tng).
10. B mt trang nghim tm (Kim cang tha), tng
ch ca Chn ngn tng.
Nhng giai on no t thp ln cao, cho thy s tin trin
ca tm thc con ngi theo thi gian, cn nhng giai on
cng pht trin ng thi, cho thy tnh trng ca th gii
hng thng.
Trong mi tr tm, tr tm th nht khng c coi nh l
tha, nhng v chng sinh ang hng v cc tha nn
mi c xp vo chung . Theo quan im ca Chn
ngn tng, Kim cang tha ng trn cc tha khc, l
Ti thng tha v Mt gio.
Khng nn qun rng c n hai phi Mt gio: tc Thai
mt (Taimitsu) v ng mt (Tmitsu). Phi trc l Mt
gio c truyn t Thin thai tng, cn phi sau c
truyn vo ng t (Tji) ca Chn ngn tng. C hai
khng khc nhau lm nhng v s tng thc hnh th
ng mt l mt tng phi c bit v n hnh nh ph bin
hn Thai mt; cn v gio tng (l thuyt) th khng c g
khc nhau gia hai phi c. Th d, c hai cng ng quan
nim v c Pht Thch-ca-mu-ni v i Nht
(Mahvairocana), v thm na, trong vic p dng l thuyt
ny vo Thn o (Shinto) Nht. Hc gi tham kho v s
lin h gia Pht gio v Thn o cn phi thng r iu
ny, v t ng Thn o nh Lng b (Rybu) v Nht
chn (Ichijtsu) bt ngun t s sai bit v t tng ca hai
phi Mt tng ny.
215
2. LCH S
Kinh in ca phi m ta thng gi l Mt gio Tp b
(Tp mt)2 c dch rt sm vo th k th t sau TL. Ct
Hu (rmitra: Thi-l-mt-a-la hay Thi-l-mt), ngi x
Pai (Kuccha, hay Qui T, mt b lc da trng) dch mt vi
bn kinh sang Hn vn. l nhng ba ch, lc thut v
cc loi ph php khc, thng gm c mt vi mt ch v
nhng bi tn thn hay thnh thng gii, nhng tht ra
chng khng th c xem nh l biu dng cho nhng
c vng cao.
Phi m ta mnh danh l Mt gio Thun b (Thun mt)
do ba v php s n n Trung quc vo i ng
(713-765). V u tin l Thin V y (Subhakarasiha,
637-735), tng l mt v vua ca x Orissa. ng xut gia
lm tng v n i hc Na-lan- ni Php mt (Dharmagupta) tr tr. Thm hiu du gi (yoga), chn ngn
(dhra) v n quyt (mdra), ng khi hnh i Kamir v
Ty tng, v cui cng n Trng an vo nm 716, ni
ng c vua Huyn Tn (685-762) tip n nng hu.
V Hnh, mt hc gi Trung hoa, du hnh sang n , gp
Ngha Tnh ti Na-lan- v thu thp nhiu bn kinh Phn
vn. ng mt trn ng hi hng, nhng nhng ti liu
thu thp ca ng vn c a n cha Hoa nghim
Trng an. Khi hay tin , ThinV y bn cng Ngha
Tnh chn la vi bn kinh quan trng, v vo nm 725,
khi dch kinh i Nht v cc kinh khc. Thin V U
mun tr v n , nhng khng c php khi hnh, v
mt vo nm 735.
Cc kinh in thuc Tp mt, Nanjio No. 167, 309, 310.
216
CHNG X. CHN NGN TNG
V th hai l Kim Cng Tr (Vajrabodhi 663-723), ngi

Nam n, hc o ti Na-lan-. Nm 15 tui ng sang Ty
n v hc tp Nhn minh lun trong bn nm tri vi Php
Xng (Dharmakrti), nhng ri tr v li Na-lan- th
i gii. Trong su nm tri, ng chuyn cn hc Lut
(vinaya) v Trung qun lun (Mdhyamika) vi
ntabodhi; ba nm k ng nghin cu Du-gi lun
(Yogcra) ca V Trc, Duy thc lun (Vijaptimtra)
ca Th Thn v Bin trung bin phn bit lun
(Mdhyntavibhaga) ca An Hu (Sthiramati) vi
Jinabhadra ti Ca-t-la v, Bc n. Ri by nm sau nghin
cu Kim cang nh (Vajra-ekhara) v cc kinh Mt gio
khc vi Long Tr (Ngbodhi) Nam n. Sau cng, ng
p thuyn theo ng Nam hi n Lc dng vo nm
720. ng dch thut nhiu kinh in quan trng ca Mt
gio, nh Kim cang nh v.v Nm 741, trong lc
Trng an, ng c php tr v n nhng mt trn
ng v ti Lc dng.
Bt Khng (Amoghavajra, 705-774), t xut sc ca
Kim Cng Tr, ngi Bc n, th Sa-di nm 15 tui v
n Qung ng cng vi thy, l ngi m ng theo hu
n tn Lc dng, v th i gii nm 20 tui. Trong 12
nm, ng thm hiu c gio tng v s tng ca Mt
gio. Khi thy mt, ng sang Tch lan cng vi cc t, c
thy 37 ngi, v tm n Php s Ph Hin
(Samantabhadra) nghin cu v gio l ca kinh Kim
cang nh du gi (Vajra-ekhara-yoga) v i nht thai
tng (Mah-vairocana-gharbha-koa). ng tr v Trng an
nm 746 vi mt s kinh in phong ph .
Bt Khng l Quc s ca ba triu vua: Huyn Tng, Tc
Tng, v i Tng. ng dch c thy 110 b kinh, gm 143
217
quyn trong c b quan trng nht l Kim cang nh;3

iu ng ghi nhn ni y, l kinh m gio s Tucci
ngi v gio s Ono ngi Nht tnh c pht kin ng
thi. Gio s Tucci tm thy Ty tng bn Phn vn; v
gio s Ono khm ph, ti Nht bn, ch gii kinh bng
tranh nh, c Tr Chng i s (Chisho, tc Vin Chn,
Enchin) mang v t Trung hoa nm 853. Dp may khm
ph ny ca hai v gio s danh ting s ng gp rt nhiu
cho lch s ca Chn ngn tng ti n , Ty tng, Trung
hoa v Nht bn.
Nht Hnh (Ichigy, 783-727), t ca Thin V y, tinh
thng v Tam lun, Thin, Thin thai v lch s, tng gip
Thin V y dch kinh i nht.4 Nh nghe thy ging,
Nht Hnh trc tc mt bn s v kinh ny, gi l i
nht kinh s.5 V l mt hc gi uyn thm v Thin thai
gio, nn bn s gii ca ng c xem nh cha ng rt
nhiu gio ngha Thin thai. Bn co lu truyn cha c
tu chnh, sau cng c Tr Nghim, t ca Thin V
y v n C, t ca Kim Cang Tr, hiu nh v t ta
li l i nht kinh ngha thch. ng mt vn y theo bn
kinh cha c tu chnh c trong lc Thai mt li dng bn
c hiu nh ny. Nht Hnh theo hc vi c hai Php s
n , Thin V y v Kim Cang Tr v c c hai
truyn cho cc nghi qu v Kim cang gii (Vajradhtu) v
3
Kim cang nh nht thit Nh lai chn tht nhip i tha hin chng
i gio vng kinh , Bt
Khng dch, 3 quyn. Taish 18 No 0865.
4
i T-l-gi-na thnh Pht thn bin gia tr kinh
, Thin V U dch, 7 quyn. Taish 18 No 0848.
5
i T-l-gi-na thnh Pht kinh s, Nht Hnh, 20 quyn. Taish 39
No 1796.
218
CHNG X. CHN NGN TNG
Thai tng gii (Garbhakoa, hay Garbhakuki), nhng c

ngi cho rng ng coi Kim cang gii quan trng nht
trong hai gii .
biu sau y ch r h thng truyn tha:
I
1. Thin V y (637-735)
Nht Hnh (683-727)
A. Thai Mt
a. Truyn tha ln u:
Ngha Lm
Thun Hiu
Truyn Gio o s
B. ng Mt
b. Thai trng
Huyn Siu
Hu Qu (746-805)
Hong Php i s
II
1. Bt Khng (705-774)
a) Truyn tha ln hai
Ngha Tho
Ngha Chn
T Gic i s
b) Kim Cang tng

Hu Qu
Truyn Gio i s
Hu Tc
Trong nin hiu Hi xng (845), ti Trung quc c nn

n p Pht gio, Vin Nhn (Ennin) tc T Gic i s
(Jikaku), thuc Thin thai tng ang ng ti x ny. ng
gp nhiu kh khn trong thi k ny nhng li nh vo lc
lon lc m thu thp c rt nhiu ti liu qu gi v
Pht gio Mt tng.
219
May mn l gio tng v s tng ca Mt tng c

mang v Nht bn do bn v i s v nhng v khc, v
ngay t , c t chc v h thng ha hon b nh ni
bn tay ti tnh ca Khng Hi (Kkai) tc Hong Php i
s (Kb). Cao d sn (Kyasan), trung tm hc tp Mt
gio, c cho rng c n 990 ngi cha trong thi k
hng thnh nht.
Hong Php i s, t s ca Chn ngn Nht bn, l ngh
s u tin v li lc nht v iu khc v th php. Th
cch vn hc ca ng c ngng m c Trung quc ln
Nht bn. ng dng mt t thc v ngh thut c xem
nh l mt trung m gio dc cho qun chng ti Kyoto.
Mc du trng ny b hy b ngay sau khi ng mt, nh
hng v gio dc s hc vn tn ti mi mi ti y. Vn
Iroha c coi nh do cng ng to nn l iu hu l nht,
nay rt ph thng v qung b khp Nht bn.
Hin ti, Chn ngn tng chia lm hai phi: c v tn; cha
chin thuc tng ny gm c 10,000 c thy.
3. TRIT L.
Chn ngn tng t cho l duy nht b truyn trong lc cc
tng khc c xem nh l cng truyn. S phn bit gia
hai gio l Mt v Hin l do ni lun gii v Php thn ca
c Pht. Php thn l th tnh nn khng hnh danh sc
tng, khng thuyt php, theo Hin gio; trong lc theo
gio l b truyn ca Mt tng th c Pht ha thn thuyt
php t thn l Php thn v c hnh tng sc danh
v c thuyt php. Nhng li dy ca ngi c ghi trong
i Nht Kinh v Kim Cang nh Kinh. Thm vo , Hin
gio nhn rng nhn duyn ca Pht qu c th gii thch
c tng phn trong lc qu bo th khng th gii thch
220
CHNG X. CHN NGN TNG
bng cch no c. Trng thi bt kh t ngh ca Pht

qu li c gii thch trong cc kinh in b truyn k trn.
Cn v thi gian t chng c Pht qu th Hin gio
cho rng phi tri qua ba a-tng-k kip trong lc Mt gio
quan nim ch cn mt nim hay cng lm th mt i l
, v qu quyt chnh t thn ny ca chng ta s thnh
Pht. Trong mt tng phi Hin gio, Tam tng kinh in l
ch y c, trong lc Mt gio ch trng hnh thc nghi l
(kalpa hay vidhi: nghi qu) hn.
Mt ch (mantra) l ngun t c nng lc gia tr ca
Pht. Nu chng ta ni v s thuyt php ca Php thn v
tnh cch c th gii thch ca qu bo, th chng ta c th
ni th, v rng tt c gio thuyt u do chnh c Pht ty
ging ni, hay ng hn, chng ta phi ni rng, l s
thuyt php v ngn Ngi t hng th php lc.
Theo Hin gio, nhng li dy ca c Pht hon ton ng
theo s hp th ca chng sinh, cn chnh Php thn th bt
kh tri v ngay c Pht qu cng hon ton khng th bin
gii. Do , khng c s thuyt php ca Pht thn. Chn
ngn tng, ngc li, qu quyt rng c Pht khng c
nm tay gi b quyt m ngi biu l bng chnh tay
Ngi, v Ngi thng tr thuyt php nhng v thnh chng
khng c tai nghe v khng c tr hiu.
Tam mt v thn, khu, ca c Pht s vnh vin l b
mt nu khng c phng tin dn . Mt phng tin dn
nh vy phi bt u t gia tr lc (adhihna) ch
khng do n lc hu hn ca hnh gi. Phng tin
cng ch l biu hiu ca nng lc b mt, c th c bc
l qua ba nghip ca chng sinh: thn, khu, . Theo nghi
qu, phng tin dn c ba th: 1. Tay kt n kh
(mdra), v nhng c ch khc ca thn; 2. Ming tng
221
chn ngn -la-ni (dhra), v nhng li cu nguyn

khc; 3. Tm nhp bn tn tam-ma-a, tng ng vi ba
nghip ca chng ta. Do , qua nghi qu va k, chng ta
c th bit c cm ng ton vn ca c Pht v chng
sinh t t c kt qu Pht trong ta, ta trong Pht
(nhp ng, ng nhp); t , thc hnh v gio tng ca
Pht qu kh c ngay ni nhc thn ny.
i T-l-gi-na (Mahvairocana), l danh hiu c Pht
i Nht theo Phn vn, c v nh khc bit vi c Pht
Thch-ca-mu-ni nhng nu nghim theo mt ngha, th
Thch-ca cng chnh l i Nht; cn B-tt Ph Hin
(Samantabhadra), th gi ca c Thch-ca-mu-ni, th tr
thnh Kim Cang Th (Vajrapi) th gi ca c i Nht.
V ngay c c Pht huyn mt kia cng c n hai thn,
thng c tng trng bng hai v Pht ring bit.
i Nht Nh Lai
Trong Pht gio,

mt v Pht, lu
i n bao nhiu
v c nhn duyn
trng i n
my, vn l mt
c th, bi v tr
tu vin mn l s
vin mn ca
nhn cch, v
nhn cch l
Pht. S vin mn
nhn cch c
222
CHNG X. CHN NGN TNG
trang nghim bi Ba-la-mt l Tr php thn. Pht tnh v

mt tnh vn c sn y nh ngun sng v i (Kim
cang gii) v l i Nht ca Kim cang gii. Chng ta vn
cha nhn thc r rng l nng lc sinh ng ta sng khp
ni, nh hi m hay tnh thng, bao gi cng p tt c
chng sinh hin hu trong th gii Thai tng. Do , L
php thn, c m t nh l tnh gii, tc l v tr t thn,
phi c thp sng v n ngun sng ca tr tu vin
mn. c Pht thnh tu n ch lc i v ngi: a,
thy, ha, phong, khng v thc; v l c Pht i Nht
ca Thai tng gii. Nhng danh hiu k d nh Kim cang
gii v Thai tng gii ch c c tnh bt dit ca tr tu c
th, hoc cng gi l cnh gii ca qu v cn nguyn bn
hu ca mi loi (thnh thong li c gi l cnh gii ca
nhn).
Hai hnh thi ny ca Pht hon ton khc nhau. Ti dng
ch tnh v ng dnh cho nhn cch ca Pht da trn
s biu hin nng lc gia tr ca Ngi. Nhn t ni cng v
chng ng tr tu vin mn ca Ngi, th c Pht ca cnh
gii bn hu l tnh v do c nh n, trong lc c
Pht ca cnh gii tr tu l ng, do tht chng l tng v
c tr n. Th d c mt c th t pht trin v chng ng
v tin xa n ch th nhp vo l tnh v tr, c th s
l Pht i Nht ca Kim cang gii. Trong iu khc, v
s c trnh by bng bn tay tri nm ly ngn tr ca
bn tay phi, du hiu ca tr n.
Li na, khi v tr t n c ri sng v tip nhn ngun
sng ca tr tu, th ngi s l c i Nht ca Thai
tng gii, trong iu khc, c din t bng nh n v v
tr, vi bn tay mt trn bn tay tri, hai ngn tay ci giao
nhau.
223
Nh th, ta c n hai c Pht cng ng danh hiu; khc

nhau qua biu hin nhng ging nhau trong bn cht. Hai
m khng hai (nh nhi bt nh). Khi lc i giao tro nhau
(theo khng gian), chng to thnh v tr Php thn ca
Thai tng gii. Khi lc i c sp xp theo chiu dc
(theo thi gian), chng ta c nm un (sc, th, tng, hnh
v thc) to thnh mt c th, tc Pht thn ca Kim cang
gii. Ni theo Mt gio, hai nhn cch vin mn cu cnh
phi l mt, cng c chiu rng v chiu cao nh nhau.
din t mi trng hot ng ca hai c Pht , mt
th hnh trn (mn--la) c to ra cho mi v, gia
l Pht, c cc thnh gi vy quanh, Kim Cang gii thp
cu hi:
x
x
x
x
x
x
1
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
7
x
3
x
8
x
x
x
x
x
x
9x
224
CHNG X. CHN NGN TNG
Trong hnh, trung ng gm chn v tng trng cho

Kim cang gii. Nhng s biu hiu y tng cng l 414
thnh gi (xem hnh chi tit, theo s th t 9 hi):
Kim Cang gii thp cu hi. H. 1
225
Kim Cang gii thp cu hi. H. 2.
226
CHNG X. CHN NGN TNG
227
228
CHNG X. CHN NGN TNG
229
230
CHNG X. CHN NGN TNG
231
232
CHNG X. CHN NGN TNG
233
Thai Tng gii tam i

vin:
Mi phng l mt v
Pht. Bn gc l bn Btt, nh vy lp thnh
chn bn tn.
Thnh gi y gm c
1461 v tt c. (xem
hnh chi tit trang bn).
Mn la c bn loi:
1. i mn--la (mah-maala): l vng trn ca
c Pht v cc ty tng c trnh by bng hnh nh hay
tranh v, tc trnh by mt phng.
2. Tam-ma-da mn--la (samaya-maala):l vng
trn ca cng hi chng ny c biu th bng nhng
dng c tng trng cho mi v. Tam-ma-da trong Phn
ng c ngha l bn th nhng y c trnh by bng
mt vt tiu biu do mi v cm tay.
3. Php mn--la (dharma-maala): l mn--la
bng vn t (bja-akara) trnh by ton th cc thnh gi.
4. Kit-ma mn--la (karma-maala): l mn la
bng nhng hnh nh iu khc.
Nht, khng c mn--la bng iu khc. Nhng v s
tng Pht Java c xem nh l thuc loi ny. Karma
trong Phn ng c ngha l nghip hay hnh ng, y
c bit c ngha l cng trnh ngh thut trnh by bng vt
rn.
234
CHNG X. CHN NGN TNG
Bn mn--la ch
nh nng lc hiu
nghim ca ba
mt. Nhng hnh
nh, v hay iu
khc, cho thy
thn mt ca Pht;
vn t l ng mt
ca Pht; v cc
vt tiu x ch cho
bn th, tc mt
ca Pht.
Chn ngn tng c
nghi qu qun nh
(abhieka)
cng
nh nghi qu n
trng. Ni sa
son l qun nh
phi c trang hong bng mn--la ca c hai gii; v
tt c nhng nhu cu l tit phi c thc hin y . i
khi cc mn--la c ni rng ra lp thnh mi trng
hnh l. Do m ni y c gi l mn--la (vng
trn). Ch khi no nghi thc c trit tun hnh mi c
th t c linh nghim t nng lc gia tr ca Pht. Theo
truyn thuyt, Thin V y v l Nht Hnh, truyn
tha Thai tng gii trong lc Kim Cng Tr v t l Bt
Khng ging thuyt v Kim cang gii. Th nn ta phi nhn
nh rng c n hai dng truyn tha, m mi dng ch l
mt phn hay phin din.
i bi Thai tng i mn--la, cha
Thch sn
235
Tuy nhin, s khm ph mi y ca gio s Tucci v

Tattva-sagraha Ty tng, v ca gio s Ono v cun
Vajra-ekhara (Rita-sagraha) Nht khin cho nhng
truyn thuyt c khng cn ng vng na, bi v quyn
Vajra-ekhara trnh by trong Ng B Tm Qun c gi
b mt ti t vin Mii mi v Shorenin, Kyoto. Ng b l
Pht, Lin Hoa (Padma), a Bo (Ratna), Kim cng
(Vajra) v Kit-ma (Karma). y nguyn l cc b phn
ca Kim cang gii; r rng l ngay t u chng ta c
bn kinh v Kim cng gio thuyt do Thin V y mang
n. Thc s chng l dng truyn ca Thin V y. T
, ta nhn thy rng vo thi ca Thin V y, c hai gio
thuyt v Kim cng v Thai tng c mt Trung quc.
Bn ca Tucci bng Phn ng v ca Ono l bn gii thch
bng tranh nh, nu khng c n th kh m theo di
nguyn bn Sanskrit. Nhng ngi nghin cu Mt gio c
th hy vng c h tr thc t nh kho cu cc bn vn
ny.
236
CHNG XI
THIN TNG
i tha Qun mn
1. CC TNG PHI PHT GIO THI LIM
THNG (1180-1335)
Pht gio di thi Ni lng (Nara, 710-794) l mt nn
trit hc suy l v t bin; trong lc di thi Bnh an
(Heian; 749-1185), mt ngoi, l mt ch ngha chit trung
hay tng hp d bit gia Thn o (Shinto) vi cc quan
im Pht gio, v mt trong, l mt cuc thng nht hc
thuyt chn tm (hin gio). Pht gio thi ny c nh
hng ln i vi sinh hot x hi v vn ha v mi
phng din qua ch trng v nng lc h tr ca n (mt
gio). Trong triu Lim thng (Kamakura, 185-1335), c
tnh ni bt ca Pht gio l c thc tin, quc gia,v tinh
thn kh ci m trong vic truyn o, c on trong tn
ch, n gin v chuyn bit hn trc, nhng rng ri
trong vic ng dng hay th hin l tng; v tt c cc
tng phi Pht gio trong thi k ny u rao ging v s
cu , tc con ng i n gic ng cho tt c, ngha l
gii thot ton din.
Hot ng tn gio trong thi k ny, trn mt phng din
no , chng i mnh lit cc tng phi chnh thng
trc kia, m hnh nh ang kt thc trong s khoa i ca
cng trnh t bin hay ca hiu nghim l bi, ng thi
gy nn thoi ha nhanh chng cho sinh hot tn gio
trit hc trn tng qut bng ci ho nhong qu tc v hnh
thc nghi l ca chng. Ngi ta thy r iu h trng l

phi phc hi nn tn gio nht nguyn v thc tin ca
Thnh c Thi t (Shtoku, 574-622). S nht tr ca cc
tng ch o v s cn thit phi ci ha tinh thn trong
qun chng to ra kiu mu tn gio chung cho thi i
. ng nhin mi hoi vng v Thnh c Thi t
bng dy mnh lit, v ngi ta thy r mc tng gia ng
k v cc nh tng, cc n th v cc l tng nim dnh
cho Thi t, thm ch cc nhm ngh s lin h vi Thi t
cng tng gia, sut trong thi k ny. Mt trong cc tng
phi Pht gio c thnh lp trong thi gian tn th
ngi coi nh l khai t ca Nht bn.
Pht gio di thi Lim thng (Kamakura), o Pht ca
Ton gic, c th c tng k vo by tng phi:
1. Thin tng; qun mn:
a. Lm t tng (Rinzai) do Vinh Ty (Eisai, 1141-1215)
lp.
b. To ng tng (St) ca o Nguyn (Dgen, 12001253).
2. Ph Ha tng (Fuke) chuyn tu kh hnh ni qun, do
Gic Tm (Kakushin) lp nm 1255.
3. Tnh tng (Jdo), tn ngng Di- do Php Nhin
(Hnen, 1133-1212) lp.
4. Chn Tng, tn ngng Di-, do Thn Loan (Shinran,
1173-1262) lp.
5. Thi tng, tn ngng Di-, do Nht Bin (Ippen, 12391289) lp.
6. Nht lin tng, tn ngng Php hoa, do Nht Lin
(Nichiren, 1222-1282) lp.
238
CHNG XI. THIN TNG
7. Tn lut tng, (Shin-Ritzu), do Du Tn (Eison,

1201-1290), ngi ti thit Lut tng.
2. CNG YU
Tha k ging A-ri-en c i, n c truyn thng t duy
c thc hnh trong tt c cc trng phi trit hc cng
nh tn gio. C su phi trit hc (darana), trong s ,
Du-gi (Yoga) l mt phi c bit chuyn v t duy hay
tp trung t tng.
H thng Du-gi l kha cnh thc hnh ca trit l S lun
(Sakhy), vn l nh nguyn lun. Theo S lun, Thn
ng (tman) v T tnh (Prakti), mt ng th m, mt th
qu, khng th hnh s nu khng c hp nht. Ng c
tc dng tri thc, nhng khng th hot ng nu khng c
tc dng cht th ca T tnh. Khi c hai hp li, mi thy
c con ng v hot ng ty . Ng, nh k t chc
mt tung ht, ch chm sc din vin trnh din v hot
ng trong v kch , du trn thc t, ch c T tnh l
vn hnh v chu tt. Ch c t tu tp mi mang li t do,
ngha l, c lp ca Ng. Phng php t tu tp thc ra l
h thng Du-gi ca Patanjali (th k th hai trc TL). H
thng S lun, nguyn lai t o v l V thn, ch tha
nhn s hin hu ca T Ng (tman) m khng nhn c
i Ng (Mahtma; Brahman). Nhng khi thc hnh v t
duy tru tng, i tng vi s tp trung t tng rt cn
thit v do hc thuyt ny chp nhn mt hnh thc ca
T nhin Thn gio (nhng khng phi l Hu thn). n
giai on sau cng ca t duy khi s tch ri hon ton
gia Ng v T tnh c hiu qu, th i tng ca t
duy, Brahman, i Ng hay Thng , bt c l g, khng
cn cn thit na.
239
i khi c tm yu t ca Du-gi (tp trung t tng): 1.

Ch gii (yama); 2. Ni ch (niyama); 3. Ta php (sana);
4. S tc; qun hi th (prayama); 5. Ch cm
(pratyhra); 6. Tng tr (dhraa); 7. Tnh l (dhyna, tp
trung t tng). Nhng tp luyn ny ca nh Du-gi tht
ra cng ging nh cc nh thuc hc phi Du-gi lun
(yogacra) ca Pht gio. Yogacra (tng ng tu) c ngha
l thc hnh s tp trung t tng v c nhiu im
chung vi trit l Du-gi. Du-gi lun l duy tm lun ca
Pht gio do V Trc (Asaga) xng v c em l
Th Thn (Vasubandhu) h thng ha thnh hc thuyt Duy
thc (vijaptimtra) v Huyn Trang a vo Trung quc
thnh Php Tng tng. Theo Ngha Tnh, nh chim bi
n ni ting, hc thuyt ny l mt trong hai trng
phi i tha n (Trung lun v Du-gi lun). iu
ny c Sayana, trong bn ch gii cho Vednta Stra xc
nhn, m trong , c hai c xem nh l nhng h thng
Pht gio duy nht hin hu ng thi.
Tnh l hay Thin (dhyna) m Thin tng tu tp gm c
12 cch, ba cp v mi cp bn loi, gi l bn Sc gii
thin (rpadhtu), bn V sc gii thin (arpyadhtu) v
bn V lng Thin (aprmadhyna). V lng thin
hon ton ging nh thin ca h thng Du-gi. Bn no
vay mn bn no, chng ta khng th ni c, mc du
c hai c v u mang cht Pht gio. y l: 1. T v
lng; 2. Bi v lng, 3. H v lng; v 4. X v lng.
Bn thin ny ly tt c chng sinh lm i tng mc du
l ch quan trong khi Sc v V sc gii thin c Sc gii
thin v V sc gii thin lm i tng. Truyn thuyt cho
rng c Pht tu tp V sc thin vi Ara Klma, mt
nh tu kh hnh t c trng thi Thc v bin; v vi
Udraka Ramaputra, mt nh tu kh hnh khc t c
240
CHNG XI. THIN TNG
trng thi cao nht l Phi tng phi phi tng x nh. Cui
cng c B-tt vt qua cc thy mnh, v khng cn g
hc hi na, t dn bc i trn con ng ca mnh,
mc cho nhng li yu cu nng hu ca hai nh tu kh
hnh kia li dy cho cc ca h.
Tm quan trng ca thin nh trong h thng Du gi h
ch pht trin v phc hi nhng nguyn l nh nguyn, v
gii thot trn vn Thn ng khi T tnh, trong khi phi
Du gi duy tm lun ca Pht gio t trng tm ni s
nht thng ca th gii bn trong v bn ngoi, tng hp
cc hin hu nhn qu v gi tm ca chng ta, v t ,
m khm ph ra mt cch tiu cc trng thi chn Nh
(tathat).
D nhin, Pht gio c mt hc thuyt c bit v Thin.
Mc du chiu su v chiu rng ca thin qun ty thuc
ni cn tnh c nhn, nhng phng php hay ni dung ca
thin nh do c Pht thuyt ging Tiu tha v i tha
u ging nhau. Thin c bit ny thng c gi l Nh
lai thin, v n l mt phn ca Thnh gio. Pht trin cao
nht trong thin ny c tm thy trong ch qun
(amathavipayana) ca Thin thai tng v trong b mt du
gi ca Chn ngn tng.
3. LCH S
hiu Nh lai thin, hc gi phi nghin cu v lch s
php mn thin hc ca Pht. Khi ni v Nh lai thin, l
m ch ca s hng khi ca T s thin qua s xut hin
ca B- t-ma (Bodhidharma) ti Trung hoa nm 520.
a. Nh lai thin
Trc tin, Pht dy v Tam hc (triika): Tng thng
gii (adhi-la), tng thng tm (adhi-citta) v Tng
241
thng tu (adhi-praj). Trong su ba-la-mt, thin nh

(samdhi) l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng nht. Ngi
cn dy Thin nh l cn bn ca hnh ng (karmasthna:
nghip x, mc thin), nh qun mi bin x, qun bt
tnh, qun v thng, qun hi th Vi Pht, hnh nh
ch ch ca thin phi t n trc ht, l s yn tnh ca
tm, tc ch, ri sau mi l hot ng ca hu, tc qun. C
hai Tiu v i tha u ng v im ny. pht trin
tng nguyn thy , v p dng n rng ri, mi tha
li chi tit thm nhng i tng ca thin nh.
Ni chung, s vun bi tm thc ca Pht gio c chia
lm ba phn: 1. Gia hnh v, giai on n lc; 2. Kin o
v, giai on thy Thnh ; 3. Tu tp v, giai on thc
hnh. Hnh gi, trc tin phi d b sn sng tin bc
trn con ng tu tp, ngha l, t tng ca hng hu hc.
Con ng u tin m hnh gi phi i l gia hnh v,
trong , hnh gi tu ch v qun. Hnh gi phi thc hnh
nh sau:
b. Ch
A. Ng nh tm qun:
1. Qun th gian bt tnh dit tr tham dc v keo kit
(bit tng).
2. Qun t bi vun bi nim thin cm vi mi
ngi v dit tr sn hn (tng tng).
3. Qun duyn khi dit tr v minh hay si (bit
tng).
4. Qun sai bit gii nhn thc s sai khc gia cc
quan im, dit tr ng kin (tng tng).
242
CHNG XI. THIN TNG
5. Qun hi th a n s tp trung t tng nh

ch tm lon ng (bit).
Khi khut phc tm m hoc v t c tnh lng, th
tin n giai on k:
c. Qun
B. Bn nim x
1. Qun thn nh thn, thn bt tnh;
2. Qun th nh th, cc cm th l kh;
3. Qun tm nh tm, tm v thng;
4. Qun php nh php, php l v ng.
Tiu tha Pht gio gi nhng phng php ny l nghip
x (kammatthna), l mt trong nhng phng php t
duy phn bit. C li 40 php thin nh vy lit k trong
Thanh tnh o lun (Visuddhi Magga): bn v lng;
mi bt tnh; bn v sc; mi bin x; mi nim; mt
tng v mt tng. Chng ta khng cn phi i su vo
chi tit ca nhng thin ny.
Phng php tp thin nh sau:
Hnh gi trc tin phi sa son ta c cho ng hong,
ri ngi thng lng, chn kit gi, mt khp va phi,
khng m cng khng nhm kn, v nhn thng pha trc
chng mi hay hai mi thc Anh (li ba n by thc
Ty). Hnh gi phi ngi tht ngay ngn, nhng thn mnh
vn c th iu ha theo hi th. iu ha hi th, hnh
gi m hi th ra v hi th vo k l mt, v t t m
nh vy cho n mi, khng nn bao gi m xa hn.
Tuy thn ngi thng v an tnh, nhng tm hnh gi vn c
th vng ng. Do m hnh gi phi qun s bt tnh ca
loi ngi qua bnh cht v sau khi cht.
243
Khi sn sng qun tng, hnh gi bt u tp ch

tm vo mi bin x. y l mt li nh tm v nhng
hin tng sai bit vo mt trong mi bin x, tc xanh,
vng, , trng, t, nc, la, gi, khng v thc. Trong
hnh gi qun v mt bin x cho n khi mu sc hay
cht th b qun hin r rng trc mt. D nh hnh gi
qun nc, th c th gii chung quanh s ch l dng nc
ang chy.
Tin trnh ca t duy nh th chung cho tt c cc trng
phi Pht gio, Tiu tha cng nh i tha, v l c sc
ca Nh lai thin.
d. T s thin
Lch s ca Thin tng vn cn l mt huyn thoi. Truyn
thuyt cho rng mt ngy n, thn Brahm hin n vi c
Pht by gi ang ti ni Linh thu, cng dng Ngi
mt cnh hoa Kumbhala v yu cu Ngi ging php. c
Pht lin bc ln ta s t, v cm ly cnh hoa trong tay,
khng ni mt li. Trong i chng khng ai hiu c
ngha. Ch c Ma-ha Ca-dip (Mahkyapa) l mm ci
hoan h. c Th Tn ni: Chnh Php nhn tng ny, Ta
ph chc cho ngi, ny Ma-ha Ca-dip. Hy nhn ly v
truyn b. Mt ln khi A-nan (nanda) hi Ca-dip c
Pht truyn dy iu g, th Ca-dip bo: Hy i h ct
c xung! A-nan lin ng ngay. C th m tm n c
truyn tha. Gio php ny c gi l Pht tm tng.
V T th 28 l B--t-ma. Vn l Thi t th ba ca
vua Kacipura Nam n. Vng theo li Thy l Bt-nh-ala (Prajtara), B--t-ma lin vn du sang phng ng
v n Trung hoa nm 520. V nh Lng vi T n
Nam Kinh triu kin. hi: T khi tc v n nay,
244
CHNG XI. THIN TNG
H. Hu Kh cu o
trm cho to cha, sao chp

kinh in v tng rt nhiu.
Cng c nh vy ln nh th
no? Khng c cng c g
c, l cu tr li. Th no l
Thnh nht ngha?
Rng tuch, khng c Thnh
g ht. Vy ai ang din kin
trm y? Khng bit.
khng ng c. T B-t-ma lin b i, vt sng
Dng t v n Lc dng,
kinh ca Bc Ngy. Sau
mt thi gian y, T n
Ng i sn v tr ti Thiu
lm t, ni ngi din bch
trong chn nm trng.
Mt nh nho nhit tm, Hu Kh, tm n T hi php.

Khng c gii p. Th l Hu Kh, ng di cn tuyt
ri, cht t cnh tay tri minh chng lng thnh tht v
quyt tm ca mnh. B--t-ma lin thu nhn lm
v truyn y bt cho. y l h T Thin (Trung hoa).
ng t, Hong Nhn, c hai t xut sc. Mt trong hai
ngi, Hu Nng (638-713), c truyn tm php v sng
lp nn Nam tng. ch nhm ca T l n ng thin v
phi ny c l nam n. V t kia l Thn T (605706), phng Bc v truyn b h T Thin rt hng say.
Phi ny c gi l Bc tng. Gio php ca ng l tim
ng v c gi l Bc Tim. V Bc Tim cng ging dy
Nh Lai thin nn Ti Trng, tc Truyn Gio i s,
c xem nh l thuc phi ny. Tt c nhng phi thin
Nht bn u thuc nam tng.
245
e. Thin Nht bn
Thin du nhp Nht bn nhiu t. t ca Huyn Trang,
o Chiu (Dsh, 629-700), n Trung hoa vo nm 654,
ln u tin mang Thin v truyn b ti Thin ng
Gangji Nara. K n l o Tun (Dsen), mt v Lut
s Trung hoa, n Nara nm 710 v truyn Bc tng, ngi
truyn php cho Hnh Biu (Gyhy) nm 733 v Hnh
Biu truyn cho Ti Trng.
Mt v Thin s Nam tng, Ngha Khng (Gik), l t
ca Dim Quan T An (Enkwan Saian) n Kyoto v ging
thin t 851 n 858, ti cha Danrinji (n lm t) do
Hong hu ca Ta Nga thin hong (Danrin) lp nn. ng
thnh cng m mn trong s nghip hong php. Trong
nhng trng hp k trn, s truyn b u c triu nh
ng h nhng khng bn lu. V Thin s sau cng ny
phi tht vng b v nc nm 858, li mt thnh tch
ti L sinh mn (Rashmon), Kyoto, ghi chng: mt k lc
v s truyn b Thin ti Nht bn.
Khu quyt ca Thin Trung hoa l: Sa mn bt knh
vng gi. Thi ny khng gy c nh hng i vi
nhng nh qun ch Nht. Trong thi Kamakura, nhiu
thin s Trung hoa c chnh quyn Tng qun
(Shoguna) thnh vi hay tip n. o Long Lan Kh
(Dry Rankei, sng lp cha Kenchoji nm 1249), T
Nguyn V Hc (Sogen Mugaku, lp cha Engakuji nm
1273) v Nht Ninh Nht Sn (Ichinei Issan, l ngi, tuy
khng c vi thnh, n cha Shuzenji nm 1299)
tng n Kumakura v lo ging dy thin hc. Tuy nhin,
ta phi nh rng, ch sau khi nhng sng t xut sc ca
Thin Nht, l Vinh Ty v o Nguyn khai sng v
thnh cng rc r trong vic dn o, cc Thin s Trung
246
CHNG XI. THIN TNG
Hoa ny mi c th xut hin trn v i c. Vinh Ty,

lp cha Kin nhn (Kennenji) ti Kyoto, sng tc lun
Hng Thin h quc, trong , s lp lun rng s truyn
b thin l cng c s hng thnh ca quc gia. ng
c l, v tn gio mi ny gip an nh v gy dng cm
trong lng nhng chin s. Thin dy rng, ngay c nhng
chin s cng phi tu tnh v ngh n o c cng nh
trch nhim. o Nguyn mun chnh n nhng sai lm
ca triu nh v qu hng n ni c vn cho Nhip chnh
vng by gi l quyn thn Thi Li (Tokiyori) v vic
vn hi chnh th cho Thin hong. Khi ngh khng
c chp nhn, ng lin b i ngay v v tr ti cha
Eiheiji do chnh ng dng nn ti tnh Echizen. S kin ny
khin cho quyn thn knh trng ng thm v y ph d mt
ca o Nguyn mang mt chng th cp rt nhiu
t cho thy. Nh s ny vui mng lm theo. Khi nhn
c chng th, o Nguyn ni gin n ni ui t
i ngay. S ra lnh ph hy chic gh ngi dnh cho nh
s ny v o ch t gh su gn thc v qung vt t
ni i. Sau v ny, ng li cng c trng vng hn
bao gi ht v t , php thin tr nn ph bin trong qun
chng.
Phi thin th hai, Ph Ha, do Gic Tm sng lp, l
ngi, cng nh Vinh Ty v o Nguyn, du hnh sang
Trung hoa nm 1249 v hc tp thin vi Pht Nhn, mt
i Thin s by gi. Nm 1255 ng hi hng v lp nn
phi thin theo li u kht thc, thng c gi l
phi H v tng, theo , thin gi phi n gi, nm
sng. Phi ny dn dn tr thnh tp on lng s (rnin)
chuyn gip chnh quyn v dn chng trong nhng dp cn
thit. Phi ny b tiu dit sau cuc i Phc hng nm
1868.
247
Thin hin ti c ba phi chnh:

1. Lm t tng (Rinzai) t Trung hoa do Vinh Ty
truyn nhp ln u tin nm 1191, sau do Bin Vin
(Benen) nm 1235;
2. To ng tng do o Nguyn truyn nhp nm
1127.
3. Hong B tng (Obaku) do n Nguyn (Ingan)
truyn nhp nm 1654. Phi ny, tuy truyn nhp sau cng
m vn c n 640 ngi cha.
4. TRIT L V TN GIO.
Thin tng nng v trit l nhng khng phi l mt nn
trit hc theo ngha hn hp ca n. y l mt hc phi c
cht tn gio hn tt c mi hc phi Pht gio, nhng
khng phi l mt tn gio theo ngha thng thng ca
danh t ny. Thin tng khng c kinh in no ca Pht
cng khng tr gi mt k lut no do Pht c ch ra.
Nu khng kinh, khng lut, th khng mt hc phi no c
th ra v Pht gio. Tuy nhin, theo ngha ca Thin, ai
m cn chp trc vo vn t hay lut l th khng bao gi
c th thu o hon ton ngha chn tht ca ngi ni.
L tng hay chn l m c Pht chng ng chc chn
khc hn vi nhng g m Ngi ging dy, bi v gio
thuyt nht thit b c nh bi ngn t m Ngi dng, bi
thnh chng m ngi gio ha v bi hon cnh xy ra cho
ngi ni v ngi nghe. Ci m thin nhm n l l
tng ca Pht, minh nhin v khng b c nh. Hc phi
ny cn c gi l Pht tm tng. Pht tm vn cng ch
l tm ngi thng. Ch cn nhn thng vo tm a l
c th a hnh gi n gic ng vin mn. Nhng bng
cch no?
248
CHNG XI. THIN TNG
Ch chung ca Pht php l hnh gi t thy ng v

t i ng. ng li thy (darana-mrga) khc bit
vi ng li i (bhvna-mrga). Ngi ta thng i
m khng nhn thy ng i. Tn gio ch trng trn thc
hnh, tc i nh th no, nhng li xao lng vic gio ha
nhng hot ng tr thc xc nh con ng chn chnh
tu tp, tc thy nh th no. phn on con ng sp
i c ng hay khng, trc nht, hc vn hay khoa hc l
quan trng, nhng cng i chng ta cng khm ph ra rng
trit l quan trng hn tt c nhng th khc. Trong trng
hp m khoa hc khng cung ng mt gii p tha ng,
th chng ta phi trng cy vo phng php t duy ca
thin soi t vo bt c vn no c nu ra .
Trc tin, hnh gi phi tm thy con ng ri bt u i
trn . Mi bc tin nh vo t duy s a ngi vt
qua lp sng ca nhn sinh, tin ln n ci h khng ca
thin gii v cui cng t n gic ng vin mn nh c
Pht. Qun l con mt trc th v ng thi l bc chn
trn con ng chn tht. Thin v qun l thu knh trong
nhng i tng bn ngoi b t hi ri phn tn v
khc n tng ln mt ca nhng m bn bn trong. S tp
trung vo thu knh ny chnh l nh (samdhi) v nh
cng su th gic ng cng mau chng. Nhng g khc m
hn vo lp phim m bn l hu (praj) v l cn bn ca
nhng hot ng tr thc. Qua nh sng tr tu ri ra bn
ngoi, hnh gi nhn v thy li ci ngoi gii sai bit ln
na ri theo m hnh s thch nghi vo cuc sng thc
t.
Thin ca T thin, do , khng phi l mt phng php
phn tch nh khoa hc, cng khng phi l mt phng
php tng hp nh trit hc. y l mt h thng t duy
249
khng t duy theo thng tc, n siu vit tt c nhng

phng php ca lun chng hp l. T duy khng cn
phng php t duy l to c hi cho s thc tnh ca
tu gic. Hnh gi c th p dng nhng phng php tu
thin ca Tiu tha, ca Du-gi lun (bn i tha), php
ch qun ca Thin thai, hay Du-gi b mt ca Chn ngn
tng nu hnh gi thch, nhng tht ra tt c nhng phng
php ny u khng cn thit.
Quan im ring ca Thin tng c th tm tt nh sau: d
tm truyn tm, bt lp vn t, gio ngoi bit truyn,
trc ch nhn tm, kin tnh thnh Pht, hay Th tm tc
Pht. Bch n (Hakuin) pht biu ngha ny rt r
trong bi k v php ta thin: Chng sinh vn l Pht;
cng nh bng (c duyn hin ti ca chng ta) v nc
(Pht tnh n tng), khng c nc th khng c bng
Chnh th gian ny l lin hoa cnh gii v thn ny l
Pht.
nim cn bn ca Thin tng l ng nht tnh ca hu
v v. Chn tng v tng, Php mn v mn,
Thnh tr v tr. S h tng ng ha gia hai tng
i lp, nh en v trng, thin v bt thin, thanh tnh v
nhim l kt qu ca thm nhp thin t duy su thm.
Php thn khng tng, nhng ha hin mi hnh tng
Kim khu khng li, nhng pht hin mi li. Nhng
nim cng loi thng bt gp trong thin tng.
Tuy nhin, c mt qu trnh ring bit ni Thin tng. Khi
nh tm vo t duy tch mc, mt cng n c t ra
cho hnh gi trc nghim kh nng tin b n t ng.
Khi nhn mt cng n, hnh gi bt u tnh ta ni Thin
ng. Ngi thoi mi, chn kit gi, thn ngay ngn v
thng lng, tay kt thin n, mt m na chng. y gi l
250
CHNG XI. THIN TNG
ta thin, c th ko di trong nhiu ngy m. Sinh hot

hng ngy, , n, ng, tm u c gi c chng mc.
Im lng c tuyt i tun gi; tc khi ta thin, th thc
hay ty trn, khng ai c ni li no v gy ting ng
no. Thnh thong xy ra cuc i thoi gi l vn p
gia hnh gi v Thin s c mnh danh l vn thy
(hc tu thin), hnh gi nu nhng thc mc v Thin s tr
li hoc bng n d hay qut mng. Khi hnh gi sn
sng gii quyt vn , ng ta n ving thm s ph ni
trng tht, trnh by nhng g thu hiu v xin c
gii quyt cng n. Nu Thin s c , ngi s nhn cho l
c o; nu khng, hnh gi li phi thin qun thm na.
Thin, thng c thc hnh trong khu rng xa vng, c
v nh qu b xa th gii thc t, nhng m tm thc ca
cc hnh gi thin l lun lun hng n s tun gi
nghim mt v vi t nhng gii lut. L tng ny c th
hin ngay trong i sng hng ngy v trong kinh nghim
c nhn. Thng nhng l tng ny rt thc dng. Nhng
cch ngn danh ting ca cc thin s nh l bt tc bt
thc (T Bch Trng), nht tn nht nht tn, Bnh
thng tm l o, i, ng, ngi, nm, l Thnh gio,
l in hnh cho s thc hnh ca l tng ny. Khng
cn ngn ngi khi ni rng Thin l s i hi mt cuc tu
tp lng nghe ting ni trong im lng, tm thy hnh
trong v hnh, ng trong bt ng hay an nhin trong
tnh lng v khng s hi trc ci cht. Khuynh hng ny
chc chn li cun c giai cp v s v t ngu nhin
dn ng cho s hin din ca cp v s o (bushid).
Ngoi ra, khi ta thy nh hng hin nhin ca Thin trong
vn hc (thi ca v.v...), kch ngh (kch N, kch th...), hi
ha (thy mc, truyn thn), kin trc (cha chin, vch
251
giy, tr tht), k ngh (sn mi), v sinh hot x hi (tr

o, nu chay, cm hoa, trang tr), v hin ti, trong ngnh
gio dc ca Nht bn, c th thy ngay rng Thin hu
nh khng th tch ri khi cuc sng ca quc gia Nht.
C th l l tng quc gia v s gin d, thanh khit v
thnh tht biu l hu ht ni s thc tp Thin ca
Pht gio.
252
CHNG XII
TNH TNG
Sukhavati - Tn ngng Di-

(i tha)
1. CNG YU
Nht ng thng dng cho tn ngng Di- l Jdo, tc
Tnh , vn dch ngha ca ch Sukhvat (cc lc quc
). Ai l ngi tin tng ni Pht A-di- s thc sinh vo
ni Tnh thnh Pht.
tng c cu i khi coi nh l mi m trong
Pht gio. Nhng vua Milinda (Menandros, mt Hong
Hy lp tr v ti Sagara vo khong 115 trc TL) hi Lun
s Nagasena, cho rng tht l v l khi mt ngi c li
c cu nu y tin tng ni mt v Pht vo m hm
trc ngy y cht. Nagasena (Na-tin T kheo) p rng:
Mt hn , du nh cch my, vn chm trong nc;
nhng ngay c mt tng nng trm cn, nu t trn tu,
cng s ni bng bnh trn mt nc. Long Th
(Ngrjuna, kh. 100-200 TL) li c quyt c hai phng
tin t n Pht qu, mt kh (nan hnh o) v mt d (d
hnh o). Mt nh l i b cn mt na l p thuyn.
ngha thuyn hay xe (tha) y t ra cng gi li cho
ta danh t Tiu tha, v i tha, mc d nhng danh t
ny khng phi tht do Long Th ch nh. Tn ngng Di s l Tha ti thng trong cc Tha cho tt c
nhng ai cn n phong tin d dng nh vy.
C hai nguyn bn bng Phn ng, i v tiu

Sukhvatvyha (Lc trang nghim ) u c dch ra
Hn vn, tc l V lng th kinh1 v A-di--kinh.2 Cc
bn Hn dch trong thi gian t 147 n 713 sau TL gm c
mi hai quyn tt c, nhng ngy nay ch cn c nm m
thi.
Theo nhng s kin va nu, khng ai c th nghi ng xut
x ca thuyt Pht Di- cu . V c tin hnh nh xa l
i vi mt s ngi, nhiu t tng v gi thuyt c
xng chung quanh vn c tin ny. Vi ngi c quyt
rng n c vay mn ni Thin cha gio, chnh yu t
ni huyn thuyt v cng cuc truyn gio ca Thomas ti
n (theo Dahlmann). Mt s khc nu ra mt vi im
trng hp vi Avesta 3 hay vi Manichaeism4 (quan nim
ca Eliot). Mt s li i qu xa hn na, cho rng gio
thuyt ny c th c thu thp trn ng truyn b t
Trung n phng ng (Trung quc) (theo Reischauer).
(Pht thuyt) V Lng Th kinh , Khang Tng Khi

dch, 2 quyn. Taish 12 No 360. Kinh cng thuc hi th nm
V Lng Th Nh lai Hi ai bo tch, Taish 12 No 310 (5).
Cng cn thm bn bn trng dch na, trong , bn dch ca Chi Luca-sm cng kh ph bin: Pht thuyt V lng thanh tnh bnh ng
gic kinh, 4 quyn, Taish 12 No 361. TS
2
Pht thuyt A-di- kinh , Cu-ma-la-thp dch, 1
quyn, Taish 12 No 366. Cng gi l V Lng Th kinh, V Lng
Th Pht kinh, hay Tiu kinh (Tiu Di-) phn bit vi i kinh
hay i Di-. TS
3
Avesta : Thnh in ca Zoroastianism do Zarathustra sng lp.
4
Manichaeism do Mani lp. C hai tn gio ny lin h nhau v cng
th thn la.
254
CHNG XII. TNH TNG
Nhng ngi ny thng ly kin ca h ni nhng im

c v ging nhau hnh thc bn ngoi m khng i su
vo ni dung pht trin ca t tng i tha. Nim tin ni
Pht Di- ch gin d l kt qu ca chim nghim qu xa
tm vi v Pht tnh. Nu bn loi b tt c nhng c tnh
ngoi ti ca c Thch-ca-mu-ni (c Pht lch s), v tt
c nhng c duyn trong i sng ca Ngi n , bn s
tm thy mt c Pht l tng ph hp vi s gic ng
vin mn ca Ngi. Ni cch chnh xc hn, nu chng ta
m t mt v Pht da trn cn bn gic ng vin mn,
chng ta s i n mt l tng v Pht ngha l c Pht
ca nh Sng V Hn (V Lng Quang) v ca tui th
V Hn (V Lng Th). Khi l tng v Nit bn, vn l
phi khng gian phi thi gian, bt sinh, bt dit, bt ng,
c th hin, th y chnh l V Hn hay V Lng (Adi-, Amita hay Amitabh). S m t v ci Cc lc,
ngha V Lng Quang v V Lng Th, v nhn cch
gic ng ca tr tu v t bi v cng tn, tt c ch gin d l
nhng gii thch v V Lng.
2. LCH S
Cc bn thch lun v Thp a kinh (Daabhmi-stra),
ca Long Th (Ngrjiuna) 5 v ca Th Thn
(Vasubandu),6 l nhng tc phm n c Tnh nhn
nhn c thm quyn. Con ng d dng v tha lc
c ch nh v minh gii trong cc b ny. Ti Trung
quc, nhng thm quyn v tn ngng ny rt nhiu,
Thp tr t-b-sa lun , Thnh gi Long Th to, Cuma-la-thp dch, 17 quyn. Taish 26 No 1521. TS
6
Thp a kinh lun , Thin Thn B-tt to, B--lu-chi
dch, 12 quyn. Taish 26 No 1522. TS
255
nhng ch c bn dng truyn tha sau y c nhn nhn:

(1)
(2)
Pht Tng, ngi

n Trung hoa
khong 310-348
o An (584-708)
Hu Vin
B Lu chi (Bodhiruci)
ngi n Trung hoa
khong . 503-535
Hu Sng
o Trng
m Loan (Doran, 476-542)
i Hi (Daikai)
Php Thng (Hj, 495-508)
(3)
B Lu chi
(4)
T Mn (Jimin)
sang n trong i ng (618-709)
v tip nhn tn ngng Di- ti
Gandhra.
m Loan
o Xc
(Dshaku, khong 645)
Thin o (Zend, mt 681)
Hoi Cm (Ekan)
Thiu Khang (Shk)
Nhng nh c thm quyn quyt nh c Thn Loan

(1173-1262) nhn l m Loan, o Xc v Thin o;
nh ni h, tt c nhng chi tit v con ng d v s
nng da ni Pht lc c ch gii k.
Nht c rt nhiu thm quyn (lch s v tn ngng ny
rt di) mc d Nguyn Tn (Genshin, 942-1017) v Php
Nhin (Hnen, 1133-1212) l nhng nh tin phong truyn
xng thuyt ny. Truyn thuyt cho l Thnh c thi t
vo triu i ca n hong Suiko (Suy C; 593-628) cng
tin Pht Di-. Du sao, ngi ta cng tm thy mt trong
cc bn ngha thch ca Thi t c nhc n Ty Phng
256
CHNG XII. TNH TNG
Cc lc. Hu An (Ein) mt tng s i Hn, tng ging

thuyt kinh V Lng Th cho hong triu. Vo thi i
Nara (710-793), c ngi cho l Hnh C tng vn du
qung b tn ngng ny trong qun chng. Gim Chn,
mt lut s Trung hoa, tng n Nara nm 754, truyn th
tn ngng Di- cho t ngi Nht l Vinh Du (Eiei)
vo m trc ngy cht ca v t ny ti Qung ng.
Nhng trong thi i Nara, tn ngng Di- khng c
ging dy c h thng, mc d chc chn c vi ngi theo
tn ngng ny mt cch ring r, Thin thai tng bt u
sng bi Pht Di- v xng nh l mt tn ngng bao
qut tt c. V chnh Vin Nhn (Enin) v t th ba l ngi
lp nn hai cch thc tng nim danh hiu A-di-, ng v
ngi, v gii thiu mt nhc iu m t v ci Cc lc. Cho
n nay, cc tn vn ly kinh Di- tiu bn lm kha
tng hng ngy. V l ny, h chng i Php Nhin mnh
lit l lng, v sng lp mt tng phi cc oan v Di-
gio. Vic cm on Tnh tng (Jdo) khng lm tha
mn h v h nh lng nhc n c th xc ca Php
Nhin mc d by gi c chn ct ri. Trn ni T
du (Hiei) c mt s tn ca tn ngng Di- tn tm
hc tp v hnh tr theo tng ny. Mt i biu sng chi l
Nguyn Tn (Genshin), cng c gi l Hu Tm (Eshin),
trc tc mt s lun gii quan trng v tn ngng ny v
sng kin mt ngh thut hi ha hnh nh c bit v th
gii Cc lc ni c A Di- i n nhng tn gi nhit
thnh. Mt hc gi thuc dng truyn tha ca ng l
Lng Nhn (Rynin) lp nn mt phi chit trung gia
Thin thai v Tnh , gi l Dung thng nim Pht
(Yznembutsu) m thc t l mt ha hp gia hc thuyt
Php hoa v tn ngng Di-. Truyn thuyt cho rng ng
c chnh Pht A Di- hin thn thuyt php v chn l:
257
mt trong tt c, tt c trong mt; mt hnh ng cho tt

c, tt c cho mt. l quan nim v cu nh ni tha
lc; h tng h tr l tng cn bn. Theo mt hnh
vi sng tn A-di- ca ngi ny s gip ch cho ngi
khc. Thc hnh ca h khng phi ch v h m thi m v
c s cu cho ton th x hi na. Tn ngng ny bin
mt ngay sau khi Lng Nhn mt, nhng li c Php
Minh (Hmy), cng l mt tn , lm sng dy nm
1321. Tuy phi ny thuc Di- gio, nhng li dng kinh
Php hoa v c kinh Hoa nghim. Do , ta c th xem n
nh l thuc hc thuyt Thnh o hn l thuc hc
thuyt Tnh (Xem s sai khc ca hai hc thuyt ny
phn trit l). Trung tm ging php ca phi ny t ti tu
vin Dainembutsuji (i nim Pht t), Hirano, gn
Osaka, qun tr gn 357 ngi cha.
Theo , ta cn phi nh rng ngay chnh trong Thin thai
tng c mt chi phi gi l Chn thnh (Shinsei) thnh lp
vo thi i c xuyn (Tokugawa; khong 1780) vn
chuyn th phng A-di- v qun tr hn 400 ngi cha;
trong lc hai chi phi Sn mn (Sammon) v T mn
(Jimom), phi trc hn 3.000 v phi sau hn 800 ngi
cha. S sng bi A-di- kh c u th ti trung tm ca
Mt tng Cao d sn, cng nh ti trung tm ca Thin
thai tng ni T du; nhng chng ta khng th bit gio
thuyt ny c Mt tng nghin cu v thc hnh n u,
giai on s thi. Tuy nhin, trong khong 66 ngi cha
Cao d sn, ti nhng ngi c t, Pht A-di- thng l
i tng sng bi chnh yu. Vo cui thi i Bnh an
(Heian), Hng Gio i s (Kky, 1095-1145), hiu Gic
Tng (Kakuban), mt i s danh ting ca cha i truyn
php (Daidepin) Cao d v sau l sng t ca phi
Chn ngn tn ngha, tht hng hi tn tm vi tn ngng
258
CHNG XII. TNH TNG
Di- v thng kht vng c thc sinh vo ni Cc lc

quc . Do , ta c th cho rng Tnh tng gy c
nhiu nh hng ni cc tng phi khc.
Lng Bin (khong nm 1200), mt nh s bc hc cha
Kongsammaiin (Kim cang tam mui vin), tng t xng
l tn ca Di-, vn du sang Tanabe, vng Kii (K y),
v ci ha c ng trng lng nh c y. V theo li
dy ca Thy, ngi ny lin n Cao d sn v dng ln
Ngi mao am (Karukaya) sau ny tr nn trung tm tn
ngng ca Di- gio. Hu ht mi ngi trong tng lp
hin minh (Hijiri: Thnh) ti Cao d sn u l tn ca
A-di-, v h vn du khp vng truyn b cho phi ny.
Ni no chng ti n cng u nghe tng Pht hiu Di c ghi trong mt k lc gi v Triu nh. Pha
trc, pha sau cc t vin, di gc cy, bn l ng,
khp Thnh a u no nhit n ni khng ai c th an
tm qun tng thin nh c. Gia Khng i s
(Iyeyasu) cui cng phi truyn dy Pht hiu Di- ch
c tng nim bn trong chnh in ca Ngi mao am
(Karukaya).
Khng D (Kya, 903-972) l tn Di- u tin truyn
b rng ri tn ngng ny. C ngi cho rng ng l con
ca H Thin hong (Daigo), hay nu khng th cng l
dng Hong tc. ng vn du khp ni ng rung, dng
cu, o ging cho dn chng ni no cn n. Vo nm
938, S n Kyoto v i khp cc ng ng, n u S
cng tng vang cc bi tn Pht A-di-, c bit do S
sng tc, trm bng theo nhc iu, nh chung v nhy
ma. Dn chng gi ng l Thnh ch (Th Thnh). ng
xy cha Lc Ba-la (Rokuhara), trong thit tr tng
Thp nht din Quan m v mt b Tam tng kinh. Bnh
259
nh Thnh (Tairo no Sadamori) noi theo gng ng vi

nim ngng m su xa v nhn cch ca ng, ng vn du
tn min Ainu, v ln u tin Pht gio c th dn y
tin theo. Pht hiu Di- nim theo cch thc ca ng c
gi l Khng D nim Pht, v li v ma ca ng gi l
Kim Khu (hachitataki, nh chung). Phi ca ng ni
ting vi danh hiu Khng D tng. Cha Quang thng
(Ksh, mt trong nhng php hiu ca ng) thng c
gi l Khng D ng, vn cn tn ti Shij, Kyoto, v
con ng c gi l Kim khu l, da theo li v
ma ca ng. Khi ng tch th phi ny cng dit theo mc
du Thi tng (Ji), thuc Di- gio, khi dy n v tn
Khng D lm chnh sng t ca tng ny, qun tr hn 486
ngi cha tt c.
3. TRIT L V TN GIO.
Tn ngng Di-, c tiu biu bi Tnh tng (Jdo)
ca Php Nhin (Hnen), Chn tng (Shin) ca Thn Loan
(Shinran) v Thi tng (Ji) ca Nht Bin (Ippen), cho thy
mt sc thi c o ca Pht gio. Trong lc tt c cc
tng phi khc ca i tha chuyn ch v t gic, th cc
tng trn y li dy y ch ni Pht lc. c Pht ca
nhng tng kia l Thch-ca Mu-ni trong lc c Pht ca
nhng tng ny l A-di- (Amita), hay V Lng Quang
(Amitabh) hay V Lng Th (Amitayus). Quc ca
Ngi Ty phng, thng c gi l Tnh (Jdo; ci
thanh tnh).
Phn gio theo quan im ca Php Nhin l chia thnh hai
thuyt Thnh o v Tnh , nguyn lai do o Xc
xng Trung Hoa vo khong 645. Hc thuyt u l
nan hnh o, trong lc hc thuyt sau l d hnh o
c Long Th xc nh nh thy trn. Cn mt li
260
CHNG XII. TNH TNG
phn chia khc do Th Thn xng, v o Xc minh

gii, l nhng con ng t lc v tha lc. Tha lc y
c ngha l nng lc Pht A-di-, ch khng phi ca bt
c ai khc nh theo Dung thng nim Pht tng
(Yznembutsu). Ai i theo Thnh o c th thnh Pht
qu trong th gian ny nu h y cn c, trong lc
nhng ngi kht vng v Tnh ch c th thnh Pht
ni ci Cc lc (Sukhvat), tc Tnh , m thi.
By gi, th tm hiu xem th no l Cc lc v ai l V
Lng Quang hay V Lng Th. Chng ta bit V
Lng Quang hay V Lng Th l mt v Pht c l
tng ha t c Pht lch s Thch-ca Mu-ni. Nu Ngi
ch thun l l tng trn nguyn tc, n gin l V
Lng. V Lng nh th s l mt vi Chn nh. V
Lng, nu miu t xt theo khng gian, s l V Lng
Quang, nu trn cng v thi gian, th l V Lng Th.
y l Php thn (Dharmakya). Php thn ny l Bo thn
(Sambhoga-kya) nu Pht c coi nh l c Pht ging
h th gian. Nu ngi c coi nh mt B-tt ang tin
ln Pht qu, th ngi l mt v Pht s thnh, nh B-tt
cn kh (Thch-ca Mu-ni). Chnh c Thch-ca Mu-ni
ch thn m t hot ng ca B-tt Php Tng
(Dharmkra) nh mt tin thn ca Ngi.
Th nguyn ca v B-tt hay ngay c ca c Thch-ca
Mu-ni, c biu l y bng 48 li nguyn trong kinh.
Nguyn th 12 v 13 ni v V Lng Quang v V Lng
Th rng: Nu ta khng chng c V Lng Quang v
V Lng Th, ta s khng thnh Pht. Khi Ngi thnh
Pht, Ngi c th to nn ci Pht ty . Mt c Pht, l d
nhin, tr ti Nit-bn v tr, v do m c th bt c
ni no v khp mi ni. Nguyn ca Ngi l lp nn mt
261
ci cc lc cho tt c chng sinh. Mt quc l tng

trang nghim bng bo vt, c cy qu, c ao qu, n
i nhng thin tn thun thnh. Nguyn th 18, c xem
l quan trng nht, ha cho nhng ai y ch hon ton ni
Pht lc vi trn tm lng thanh tnh v chuyn nim Pht
hiu, s c thc sinh ci Cc lc ny. Th 19, nguyn
tip dn trc gi lm chung nhng ai c nhiu cng c.
Nguyn th 20, ni rng ai chuyn nim danh hiu Ngi vi
nguyn thc sinh vo ni quc ca ngi th s c
nh .
Khi gii thch v ba nguyn ny, c nhiu im khc nhau
gia cc tng phi. Ni chung, Tnh tng chp cht vo
vn t ca chng, trong lc Chn tng minh gii mc ch
ca chng mt cch t do hn ph hp vi ton th kinh
in. Theo Tnh tng (Jdo), ba nguyn ny phi c
xem nh l ng ring r, v l nhng nguyn c lp,
mc du c nhng sai khc v gi tr.
Tri li, i vi Chn tng, ba nguyn tng h nhau.
Nguyn 18 l cn bn, th 19 v 20 ph thuc. Mc du
nguyn th 18 i hi s tin tng duy nht ni Pht Di-,
nhng ngi theo nguyn th 19 v 20 th li nng da
ni nghip lc ca h; theo nguyn 19 th y ni hin hnh
v theo nguyn 20 th do ni lin tc nim Pht hiu. H
khng li hon ton ni Pht lc. Do , ch nhm ca
h khng phi l Tnh . H, theo Chn tng, phi tri qua
mt ni gi l bin a hay nghi thnh7 (trong th gi
Cc lc) sm tr nghip chng m trong kinh bn n.
Sau h c chuyn nghip v cui cng c dn
7
Cf. Thn Loan, Hin Tnh phng tin ha thn vn loi

(Taish 83 No 2646, tr. 626c). TS
262
CHNG XII. TNH TNG
n Cc lc quc.
i vi hin thn ca A Di- hay V Lng Quang,
kin ca nhng phi ny cng c t nhiu sai bit. A Di-
c tin l c t a-tng-k kip trc. l Tnh tng y
theo vn t ca kinh. Chn tng cho rng cu t mi atng-k kip trc c ngha l t lu i ri v c th l
nhc ti hin thn th hai hay th ba ca Ngi, Pht nguyn
thy c th l xa xa hn na. Nh th hc thuyt Php hoa
c p dng vo tn ngng Di- y.
Kinh A-di- (Tiu bn Sukhvat-vyha) l mt bn tot
yu hay trch yu ca i kinh Sukhvat-vyha (i V
Lng Th kinh). B cht trong s ba kinh, Qun V Lng
Th kinh (Amitayur-dhyna stra)8 cho ta bit nguyn lai
ca gio l Tnh do c Pht Thch-ca-mu-ni thuyt. Ax-th (Ajtaatru), Thi t nc Ma-kit- (Magadha),
ni lon chng li vua cha l Bimbisara v h ngc nh vua
ny. Hong hu cng b giam vo mt ni. Sau , hong
hu thnh c Pht ch cho b mt ch tt p hn, ni
khng c nhng tai bin xy ra nh vy. c Th Tn lin
hin thn trc mt b v th hin cho thy tt c cc Pht
, v b chn quc ca Pht A-di- coi nh ti ho.
Pht bn dy b cch tng nim v quc ny sau cng
c thc sinh vo . Ngi dy b bng gio php ring
ca Ngi v ng thi ging gio php ca Pht A-di-.
C hai gio php cui cng ch l mt. iu ny ta c th
thy r theo nhng li Ngi dy A-nan on cui ca cc
bi php: Ny A-nan! Hy ghi nh bi thuyt php ny v
lp li cho i chng trn ni K-x-qut nghe. Thuyt
8
Pht thuyt qun V Lng Th kinh, Cng-lng-da-x dch, 1

quyn. Taish 12 No 365. Cng gi l Qun kinh. TS
263
gio ny, ta gi y l kinh A-di-.9 T , ta c th kt

lun rng i tng ca bi thuyt php ny l s tn th
Pht A-di-. Nh vy, ta thy rng gio thuyt ca Pht
Thch-ca-mu-ni cui cng cng khng khc vi ca Pht
A Di- cht no.
S sai khc chnh yu gia Tnh tng v Chn tng l
ni thi i vi vic nim Pht hiu. Theo Tnh tng,
vic chuyn tm nim Pht l cn thit o su c tin,
v nu khng c c tin ny th khng bao gi c s cu
trn vn. Trong lc theo Chn tng nim Pht ch l mt
thi tri n hay mt cch biu l lng tri n, sau khi mt
Pht t c Pht lc gia tr. Chn tng ch th c nht
Pht Di-, v thm ch Pht Thch-ca cng khng chu th;
cm on cht ch khng cho cu nguyn v bt c nhng
t li no, v th tiu tt c nhng k lut v i sng tng
s hay tu hnh, ri lp thnh mt cng ng gm hon
ton l nhng tn ti gia. Tnh (Jdo) tng chnh
thng, cng vi nhng phi l thuc, vn gi y cuc sng
tng l ngy xa, nn hon ton khc bit vi Chn tng
(Shin).
Thi tng, li khc na. Tng ny c Nht Bin (12381289) sng lp nm 1276. ng nu ra nghi thc tng nim
ca Thin o, su thi trong mt ngy. Do m tng ny
c tn l Thi tng. Trn l thuyt, ng ly t kinh Php
hoa, cng nh Lng Nhn ca phi Dung thng nim
Pht; nhng khi thc hnh, ng li theo Khng D l ngi
sng to li ca ma bnh dn ph b tn ngng Di. Do m tng ny c sc thi hon ton khc bit vi
cc tng khc ca Di- gio. Truyn thuyt cho rng Nht
9
Tc gi tm tt kinh. Xem, ibid., tr. 346b15. TS.
264
CHNG XII. TNH TNG
Bin c n miu Hng d (Kumano) K y nm 1275, ni

ny ng c gi hng bi mt bi k m ng tin rng do
ni cc thn linh trong miu ny to nn. Mi mt trong ba
cu u ca bi k bt u bng nhng s 6, 10, 10.000
theo th t, v cu cht bng ch dn, cng chung li l
600.000 dn. Tc th ng lp nguyn phi cu cho c
mt s chng sinh nhiu nh th, bng cch truyn b tn
ngng ny. Ngy nay, Di- gio, vi tt c cc phi ca
n, c hn na phn dn s Nht Bn tin theo.
Tn ngng Di- gm c 4 sc thi:
1.- Sc thi Thin thai (Tendai) v Chn ngn
(Shingin), theo Pht Di- l mt trong Ng tr Nh lai
(Dhyni-Buddha), ng Ty phng, c c i Nht Nh
lai (Mahvairocana) gia.
2.- Sc thi Dung thng nim Pht (Yznembutsu)
theo , gi tr ca mt ngi tin tng ni A Di- c th
truyn n ngi khc v ngc li. Ngha l, mt tn gio
h tng h tr bng c tin.
3.- Ca Tnh tng (Jdo) trong tn ngng Di-
c nht ch c ging theo ni ba b kinh Di-, c bit
cn c trn nhng li nguyn ca c Pht A-di-.
4.- Ca Chn tng (Shin), theo tn ngng ny
c ging dy mt cch cht ch theo nguyn th 18 ca
A Di-, m t trong kinh Sakhvat bn ln.
Theo Tnh v Chn tng, Pht Di- th thng hn c
trong s Ng tr Nh lai; mc du quc ca Ngi Ty
phng ch khng Trung ng. Trong bn sc thi ny,
th nht bt ngun t Mt gio; th hai nh hng cc l
tc ca Php hoa; th ba cn c chnh yu trn ba li
nguyn v th t qui chiu vo mt nguyn ca Pht Di-.
265
Nh th, chng ta thy cc quan nim ca cc tng phi Di v vn Pht lun ca i tha. Theo thuyt Tnh
c ca Thin thai v Lng b bt nh ca Chn ngn
tng, nguyn l mt trong tt c v tt c trong mt
c sn sng chp nhn. Trong s Ng tr Nh lai, c
Pht Di- phng Ty c th ng nht vi Trung ng
i Nht Nh lai, l c Pht ca Php gii th tnh.
Khng ni n Mt gio, cc bn nguyn ca A-di-, s
chng c Pht qu V Lng Quang v V Lng Th, v
s thit lp Cc lc quc , c m t y trong kinh
Sukhvat. L ng nhin, khi c Thch- ca Mu -ni,
trong kinh Php hoa, n d cho cc t rng khng nn
xem Ngi nh mt v Pht 80 tui gi vi vc ngi nh
th, bi v Ngi thc s l mt v Pht lu i lu kip, v
hin thn y khp v tr; phi c coi Ngi nh l mt
vi c Pht V Lng Quang v V Lng Th. S y ch
hon ton ni Pht lc nh vy ch l mt kt qu hp l
ca gio thuyt ny. Thn Loan chuyn trnh by giai on
cui cng ca quan nim ny. ng nhn mnh vo c tin
tuyt i ni Pht A-di- m khng cn phi t cn kh tu
chng. Tn phi c chuyn v tuyt i y ch ni A-di. Tn tm l phng tin duy nht gii thot. Theo
ng, nhn n mt nim tn tm cng l c ca Pht v s
tng nh hay chuyn nim Pht hiu ch l biu hiu ca
nguyn tri n i vi Ngi m thi.
266
CHNG XIII
NHT LIN TNG
Tn Php Hoa - i Tha

1. CNG YU
T khi Diu Php Lin Hoa Kinh c Cu-ma-la-thp
(Kumrajva) dch v ph bin, th Kinh ny tr nn mt
trong nhng ch ph bin nht trong cng cuc nghin
cu Pht hc, song song vi Kinh Bt-nh v Kinh Nitbn. Khi nn trit hc v tnh c hay hc thuyt Tht
tng lun c Tr Khi (531-406) truyn b da trn c
bn ca Php hoa, th c gi l Thin thai tng. Chnh
Ti Trng tc Truyn Gio i s (Dengy, 767-822) du
hnh sang Trung hoa v tip nhn hc thuyt ny, v khi tr
v nc nm 804, sng lp nn tng ny Nht. Huyn
ngha ca ng, tc gii thch trn l thuyt v gio ngha
Php hoa, c l khng sai khc my vi tng phi c sc
Trung hoa, nhng khi p dng thc tin hc phi ny vo
s sng tn ca quc gia v thi ha hp vi tt c nhng
phi Pht hc khc ph thuc tng ny th hnh nh n l
nhng sc thi mi m do ni ti nng ca i s. Ngoi
gio ngha Php hoa, S cn ging thuyt Chn ngn tng,
Di- gio, Thin cng nh i tha Lut. i vi ng,
y l nhng gio thuyt ph thuc Php hoa, hay d sao i
na, y cng l nhng h thng hip tr hon tt hc
thuyt ch yu ny. Tuy nhin, theo dng thi gian, trong
nhm mn ca S c mt vi ngi chuyn tm vo
mt trong nhng h thng ny v thnh thong gy nn kt

qu l tch bit khi tng chnh. Vo thi i Heian (7811183), nhng nghi thc thn b v nhng cuc l t chc
theo mt gio do tng ny xng i n ch ct lm
tha mn ci phong cch qu tc ng thi. V sau li
khi ln mt tng phi chuyn tu theo tn ngng Di-,
pht trin t cn ca tng ny. Qua nh hng ca hai
dng hot ng tn gio, mt cuc ci cch Pht gio ln
xy ra trong i sng v t tng ca quc gia Nht bn
trong triu i ny.
S tinh luyn vn hc bn x, to o diu cho cc ngh
thut thm m, s pht trin ngh thut kin trc v k
ngh quc gia, nhng cung cch phong nh v nhng
phong tc ca giai cp u t, tt c u do nh hng ca
vn ha Pht gio. Rt c th l nh s o luyn ca Pht
gio m ngi Nht t ra c tinh thn i ng, khoan dung
v qun trit trong vic kho cu. Nhng ha bnh thng
a n nhu nhc. C nhin s thi nt ca chnh tr v s
v ca x hi thng khng d g ngn nga c. By
gi m ra c hi tt cho v lc, v c l hn th, tranh
chp, gia triu thn, cc th tc, cc lnh cha v cc ng
phi xy ra cn nhiu hn l nhng iu m chng ta bit
qua trong lch s. Trong nhng ngy tn ca triu i Bnh
an (Heian), khp thin h trn ngp chin tranh v bin
lon. Khi triu nh qun phit c thnh lp trong thi
Lim thng (Kamakura), dn chng tin tng l ha bnh
v trt t s c vn hi, nhng tht qu l v vng.
Nhng cuc mu , v xung t vn tip din hn trc.
Trong i sng cng ng ca quc gia ngi ta c cm
gic ang n hi mt vn ca tn gio. Hnh nh yu sch
khn thit l mt cuc canh tn ton din trong sinh hot
268
CHNG XIII. NHT LIN TNG
chnh tr cng nh tn gio. Thm quyn ca hai tng phi

c l Thin thai v Chn ngn ht thi, hay ng hn,
phi chu cng s phn vi giai cp qu tc. Tng phi mi,
Di- gio ca Php Nhin (Hnen) tuy ng vng trong
qun chng, vn cha c nh hng ng k vi giai cp
thng tr. Thin tng lc by gi, tuy c v thch hp cho
vic hun luyn tinh thn v hip ca lp ngi qun s,
vn cha c quyn lc no i vi nhng vn chnh tr.
Mt ngi, c nhn thc t nh v bn tnh c quyt nh
Nht Lin (Nichiren, 1122-1282), nu c tim nhim vi
nim tin tn gio quyt lit, chc chn khng th khng
phn ng trc tnh th y.
Mun tm hiu Nht Lin v tng phi ca S, trc ht
chng ta phi tm hiu bn kinh Php hoa, c im ca tt
c cc quan nim v cc lun chng ca s. Th no l
Php hoa kinh?1 Kim im bn vn cho thy nguyn lai
kinh Php hoa gm c 21 phm v sau , do thm tht v
phn chia khc i m tng ln n 28 phm. Bn Hn dch
sm nht do Php H (Dharmaraksa), vo nm 286; bn
dch th hai do Cu-ma-la-thp (Kumrajva) nm 406 v
bn th ba (y nht) do X-na-qut a (Jnagupta) v
t-ma-cp-a (Dharmagupta) nm 601. Trong my bn
dch ny, bn th hai l vn chng hay nht v c thm
quyn nht v Php hoa, c cc nh thm quyn nht v
Php hoa tha nhn. Mc du c dch sau, nhng bn
ny tiu biu hnh thc sm hn i vi ln dch trc (ca
1
Taish 262, Diu php lin hoa kinh. Anh dch: The Lotus of the True
Law, do H. Kern, Sacred Book of the East, Vol. XXI, The Clarendon
Press, 1884; The Lotus of the Wonderful Law, dch bi W. E. Soothill,
Oxford, 1930.
269
Php H), do phn xt nhng chng c ni ti; th d, theo

trch dn ca Long Th, v vn vn. Ngoi ra, cc yu t
ni dung ca nhng phm c thm vo ny phn chia ra
vn cn nm trong hnh thc ca bn kinh 21 phm. Tuy
nhin, bn kinh 28 phm ny c Tr Khi, Ti Trng, v
chnh Nht Lin dng. y l bn dch duy nht c dng
Nht, k c trong hay ngoi Nht Lin tng. By gi hy
tm tt qua ni dung ca kinh v lp trng ca Nht Lin
trong hc thuyt Php hoa.
2. LCH S
Nhng g c tnh cch lch s i vi nhng tng phi t
tng khc th li l tnh cch c nhn i vi tn ngng
Php hoa ca Nht Lin, bi v chnh c tnh ca Nht Lin
to nn sc thi ca tng ny. Khng phi ngu nhin m
tng ny c gi theo danh hiu ca sng t ca n. Nht
Lin sinh nm 1222, con ca mt ng ph Kaminato,
Awa (An phng tiu tu) min nam duyn hi Nht. S
c gi n Thanh trng (Kiyozumi), mt ngn i gn
nh, lm tiu trong mt tu vin. S xut gia nm 15 tui.
Thc mc sm nht ca s: Th no l S Tht m c
Pht ging dy? Khng c gii p y. ng lin
n Lim thng v sau n hc o ti ni T du
(Hii). Mi nm hc tp ti ni ny (1243-1253) gy cho
s nim xc tn rng ch c s phc hot ca nn trit l
Thin thai mi l con ng ngn nht bc ti o.
V trit l Thin thai, Nht Lin khng mun ni l ci trit
l m mnh ang hc tp, nhng l iu c chnh Truyn
Gio i s (Dengy) ging dy. Thin thai nguyn thy
ca Tr Khi chnh yu l mt trit thuyt, trong lc Thin
thai Nht bn ca Truyn Gio i s th va thc tin va
270
l thuyt. Nhng sau hai v i s, T Gic (Jikaku) v Tr

Chng (Chisho) th kha cnh thc tin ca Thin thai tr
thnh nhng nghi l thn b hay tn ngng Di-; l
nhng iu c v quan trng nht i vi hai v ny. Chn
l cn bn ca hc thuyt Php hoa hu nh b gt qua mt
bn, xem nh l mn m trit l. Nht Lin khng th no
chp nhn thi ny, cho nn, nm 1253, ng b tr v
ngi cha c Kiyozumi; ni ny, xng hc thuyt
mi ca ng, rng ch c Php hoa mi duy nht cu
chng sinh khi thi i suy i lc by gi. Php thc ch
yu l c: Nam m Diu php lin hoa kinh. l
Dharma-smti (nim Php) ch khng phi l Buddha-smti
(nim Pht) nh l trong tng nim ca Di- gio. Php l
l tng c th hin bi c Pht bn hu. Tt c chng
sinh u c cu do xng tng ni Diu php Lin
hoa, v ch c Php hoa, ng tuyn b, duy nht l thng
ip sau cng chn tht nht ca c Pht m thi.
Ngi phng trng v cc tng chng khc u chng i
ng khin ng phi trn i Kamakura, ni ng dng mt
tho am v n c mt thi gian; ng ging hc thuyt ca
mnh trn ng l hay trong cng vin, cng kch cc tng
phi khc tht mnh kit. ng vit Lp chnh An quc2 m
ng trnh ln Nhip chnh vng Bc iu (Hj) nm
1260. Bin lun chnh yu ca ng nhm kch Di- gio
ca Php Nhin, m ng xem nh l chu trch nhim chnh
yu v nhng t hi v suy i trong v ngoi nc. Trong
lun ny, ng kt n Php Nhin nh l k th ca ch
Pht, ca Php, Tng v ca tt c chng sinh. Nhim v
ca chnh quyn l, ng ni, phi chm dt t gio ny, nu
2
Lp chnh an quc lun, Nht Lin son . Taish 84 No 2688.
271
cn thit phi dng n li kim cng nn. tng thng

nht tn gio vi sinh hot quc gia c biu l sut trong
b lun ny.
S phn loi v thi mt php ca Nht Lin bt u t
nm 1050, tnh t ngy Nit bn. Bin c sau cng ca 7
cn lon lc, ngoi xm, c tin on trong . ng ch
trng rng ho bnh v thnh vng ca t nc ch c
th t c bng s thng nht tt c cc tng phi Pht
gio qua hc thuyt Php hoa. Sau , ng kch cc tng
phi hin hu lc by gi v a ra kin nh sau: Tnh
tng l a ngc; Thin tng l yu ma; Chn ngn tng (b
mt gio) l dit vong quc gia v Lut tng l phn bi.
Bn tng phi ny thc t bao gm tt c chi phi hin hu
ng thi v l nhng hc thuyt vn ty thuc vo Thin
thai.
V Di- gio ca Php Nhin, Thn Loan v nhng ngi
khc, c nh hng nht trong qun chng; khuynh hng
t tng Thin c bit li cun c cp v bin by gi,
c l l hc thuyt c nh hng th yu. Nh hot ng
ca Vinh Ty (1141-1215), o Nguyn (1200 v Vin Nh
(kh. 1235) Kyoto v cc Thin s Trung hoa nh Lan
Kh, T Nguyn v Nht Ninh Kamakura, Thin chc
chn ang to c mt a v quan trng trong i sng v
vn ha quc gia. Cn v Chn ngn tng, th lc thn b
m n tng tiu khng bao gi mt ch ng trong tm
tng dn chng. Chn ngn tng c nh hng khp ton
quc Nht bn. Lut tng do Du Tn ci t, l ngi tng
phng chiu lp n t thn cu chng li cuc xm lng
Mng c ti mt n th Thn o (Shinto) Iwashimizu,
v Qui Sn Thin hong (Kameyama) thn hnh d l trong
dp ny, Thin hong nguyn hy sinh tnh mng ca mnh
272
nh i ly s an ninh cho t nc. Do m Ritsu

chc chn c nh hng ln vi triu nh.
Nhng trn cng kch cc tng phi ny ca Nht Lin tr
nn v cng mnh lit hn trc khi ng b vy nh, ui
xua ti Izu nm 1261. Ngay c sau khi ng tr v
Kamakura v hi hng thm thn mu bnh nng, ng vn
khng ngng chng bng chnh quyn cng nh cc tng
phi mt cch kch lit v qu hng n ni ni rng, Nhip
chnh vng Bc iu Thi Li (Hj-Tokiyori), l ngi
tin tng theo Thin v thng mc tng bo, ang sng
trong a ngc, v ngi nhip chnh k tip Tokumune,
ang trn ng i n a ngc. Nhn vic s thn
Mng c sang i cng vt, S khng co triu nh phi
n p cc tng phi khc v nhn nhn hc thuyt Php
hoa nh l ng li duy nht a quc gia ra khi s dit
vong. Nm 1271, ng b bt, kt n v x t hnh. Nhng
vi mt php l, ng thot khi cuc x t v b y ra o
hoang Sa- (Sado) vo cui nm .
Mc du phi tri qua nhiu gian kh v kh khn y,
Nht Lin cng vit c nhiu tc phm. Trong Khai mc
sao,3 nguyn danh ting ca ng l: Ta s l ct tr ca
Nht bn, ta s l con mt ca Nht bn, ta s l huyt mch
ca Nht bn. y, ng t nhn ng l B-tt Thng
Hnh (Viiacarita Bodhisattva) l v m c Pht ph thc
cng vic bo v Chnh php.
Sau ba nm, c php tr v Kamakura, nm 1274. S
khng khng chu bt c ha hon, tha thun, hay khoan
dung no c, mc d chnh quyn n lc. ng lui v ni
3
Khai mc sao, Nht Lin son, 2 quyn. Taish 84 No 2689.
273
Thn din (Minobu), pha ty Ph s sn (Fuji) v sng an

bnh y. ng th tch ti Ikegami, gn Tokyo, nm 1282.
Tinh thn hiu chin ca Nht Lin vn sng cn vi cc
ca ng, trong c su ngi tht l nhng ngi
truyn b hng say. Mt trong nhng ngi ny, Nht Th
(Nichiji) du hnh sang Ty-b-li- nm 1295, nhng sau
bt tm dng lun. Tng ny, lun lun mang mu sc
ca thi u tranh, gy nhiu tranh bin vi cc hc
phi khc. T d nh, nm 1532, xung t vi Thin thai, l
tng phi gc ca Nht Lin, c gi l cuc chin
Tembun. Mt phi trong Nht Lin tng mnh danh phi
Bt th Bt thi (Fujifuse) t chi khng tun gi lut l
hnh o do chnh quyn t t ra nn b chnh ph c
Xuyn Tng qun (Tokugawa Shogun) cm on nm
1614 cng lt vi Thin cha gio. Hin ti c tm phi
Nht Lin, trong c hai l quan trng: 1. Nht lin tng,
trung tm t ti Minobu, gm c 3.600 t vin; 2. Hin
bn Php hoa tng (Kenpon-Hokke) cn c gi phi
Diu mn t (Mymanji), vi 580 ngi cha.
3. TRIT L V TN GIO
Cng nh nhn cch ca Nht Lin to nn Nht lin tng
m tinh yu l cu nht tng: Nam m Diu php Lin hoa
kinh, cng vy chnh nhn cch ca c Pht to nn gio
thuyt Php hoa. Ton b kinh Php hoa c th l mt bn
kch, nh gio s Kern tng tng, nhng c Pht khng
phi ch l nhn vt chnh ca v tung m c Pht cn
l ngi t chc hay s hu ca bn kch na. Chn l
trong kinh Php hoa khng phi l mt th chn l cht
cng v hn; m l l tng; l chn l bng sng, thm
ngt v kt ht nh hoa sen, l chn l tch cc, chn l
274
c ha thn trong c Pht, l Php thn, l t thn Gic

ng, Nng gic v S gic u l mt. Nh vy, c Pht
chn tht trong kinh khng phi l sc thn ca c Pht
gic ng di ci b , chuyn php lun ln u ti Vn
Nai Ba-la-ni v nhp Nit bn ti rng Sala
Kusinagra lc tm mi mt tui - m ngi l c Pht
ca V lng a-tng-k kip, l bc Nng Gic thng tr
thuyt php. Ngi th hin t tm i vi chng sinh qua s
gic ng cho tt c. Do bi tm, Ngi ni ra gio php quyn
nghi. Ngi thc s l ngi t chc v kch, v Ngi cng
t ng vai chnh ca v kch, hng dn tt c cc din
vin khc, ngay c nhng ngi km kh nng sau mt thi
gian cng s c th ng c vai tr. Ba tha, l d nhin,
cng nh -b-t-a k hung c v Long n, tt c u
nm trong s Gic ng ca c Pht. Th gii gic ng ca
c Pht xa xa c gi l bn mn v th gii gic ng
ca ha thn Pht c gi l tch mn. Ch mn,
y khng c ngha l mt phn b hay ni chn bit lp.
N ch c ngha l hot ng ca Pht trong bn v
nguyn thy (bn mn bn ha) hay hot ng ca Pht
c biu l cn lu du tch (tch mn tch ha). Bn a
(Bn v nguyn thy) v thy tch (biu l du tch) l
nhng vn tranh lun trng k trong cc trng phi
thuc Php hoa v tt c u qui ch vo nhn cch ca
Pht, l Pht lun. Khi p dng vo kinh Php hoa,
vn trc tin l: c Pht no khai th chn l?.
Trn i th, ngi ta cho rng 14 phm u ca kinh, gm
mt phn ta, mt phn chnh tng v on kt, dnh ring
ni v Tch mn; 14 phm cui, cng gm c phn ta,
mt phn chnh tng v on kt, ni v Bn mn. Ch
ch ca ton b Php hoa l khai th chn l. Phn trc,
275
ch yu l phm Upya hay phng tin, Pht khai th

rng Ngi thuyt php trong hn 40 nm trc thi Php
hoa ch l phng tin; ni chnh xc hn, l php thuyt
cho cc t trc tip (Thanh vn), cho cc c gic
(Pratyekabuddha) v cho cc B-tt s pht tm, php
thuyt cho c ba tha ch l phng tin, v Ngi ch nh
r rng rng ch c Nht tha mi l Chn l (khai tam hin
nht). phn sau, nht l phm Th lng, Pht ni v
nhn cch ca chnh Ngi v khai th rng hin hu lch s
m Ngi gn hon tt y khng phi l chn thn ca
Ngi, v ch dy rnh mch rng chnh Php thn mi tht
l th hin chn tht ca a-tng-k kip qu kh (khai cn
hin vin).
Phn trc ni v hc thuyt trong chn l c khai
th; phng tin c thuyt nh l phng tin v chn
tht nh l chn tht. Phn sau, tri li, ni v nhn cch
trong chnh c Pht t khai th, m t thn by gi ch
l ha thn cn c i mi l bn thn chn tht. Nht
Lin ng vi Truyn Gio i s im ny. Tuy
nhin, Nht Lin da trn hc thuyt v nhn cch, c quyt
rng tt c nhng php thuyt trc thi Php hoa v ngay
c phn u ca kinh Php hoa cng ch l tch mn tch
ha. ng thit lp tng phi ca mnh trn cn bn ca
kinh Php hoa bn mn bn ha. Do , tng ny hoc
c gi l Nht Lin tng theo danh hiu ca sng t hay
l Bn mn Php hoa tng (Hommon Hokke) theo hc
thuyt.
S sai bit v cc quan im gia Truyn Gio i s v
Nht Lin li c tm thy trong thi vi bn cht ca
kinh Php hoa. Hc thuyt Php hoa cho l c mi gii,
mi nh v ba mn. Truyn Gio i s t s quan
276
trng ni nguyn l v tch mn. Tch mn li ch bn n

chn gii, thuyt v trng thi nhn duyn ca s tu tp
(tng nhn mn) v t quan nim tm v l nhng yu
t quan trng trong cng cuc tu tp v sau cng cho rng
th gii hin tng ty thuc vo gio ngha duy thc. Cc
im nh Nht tm tam qun v Nht nim tam thin
c ging dy chi tit. Theo Nht Lin tng, th Thin thai
tng qu thin trng n kha cnh l thuyt ca chn l,
nn qun mt kha cnh thc hnh ca n. Nht Lin tin
rng bn mn thuyt v trng thi hiu lc ca gic ng
(qun ha mn) v nhn cch ca Pht l trng tm ca
chn l; thc ti ca cc th gii hin tng quy t ni tm
im nhn cch ca Pht v tt c hnh gi cn phi c
hng dn n th nghim Php thn L th ca Ngi.
Kinh Php hoa khai th c Pht bn hu m l v hnh
ca Ngi c gii thch y trong cc phn chnh yu
ca kinh. iu m nh sng t ny cho l quan trng l
hnh cu Pht, ch khng phi l l. Ngi no thm hiu
v thi hnh cc phng din hnh ca Pht th s l mt
hnh gi ca Php hoa kinh (Php hoa kinh hnh ta),
cng nh mt v B-tt c hnh ng ti thng
(Viiacarita: Thng Hnh B-tt) c t vo a v
tuyt nh trong kinh ny. Ai tu tp theo s thnh tu
Pht qu, gic ng vin mn ngay trong thn xc ny (tc
thn thnh Pht). c Pht bn hu cng ging nh mt
trng trn tri v Pht ca cc kinh nh: Hoa nghim, Ahm, Phng ng (Vaipulya), Bt-nh, Kim quang minh
(Suvaraprabhsa), Di- v i nht ch l nhng vng
trng phn chiu trong cc dng nc t mt mt trng bn
hu. Ch c k in mi c cng vi bt nh trng trong
nc.
277
Ta kinh Php hoa tm tt tt c nhng l v hnh ca

tt c ch Pht bn mn, v i vi Nht Lin, l phng
php tu b duy nht cu vn tnh trng suy i ca thi
mt php, bt chp mi phn ng t nhng cht c (cc
tng phi khc) hin hnh. Bn cnh ng Nht Lin
xng nh ta thy trn, l ci ch lng danh cho th
hn i vi tt c cc tng phi khc ca Pht gio Nht
bn, bi v khu hiu ny i lp vi tn ngng Di- ca
Tnh tng (Jd), vi ch trng trc gic ca Thin,
vi thn b thc ca Chn ngn v vi lut nghi cu n hnh
thc ca Ritsu (Lut tng). y l bi bc ton din tt c
nhng tng phi Pht gio hin hnh tr Thin thai tng
ca Truyn Gio i s, m ng (Nht Lin) c gng ci
sa v gi ng hnh thc nguyn thy ca n.
278
CHNG XIV
TN LUT TNG
i tha Lut tng
1. CNG YU
Lut (vinaya) l php in o c ca Pht gio, v Nht
ng c nh c dch l ritsu (lut). Ton th gii bn
hay php in gm c 250 iu khon cho nam gii v 348
cho ni gii c mt t thi Pht ti th. L tng gii hng
thng mnh danh b-tt (upoadha) hay ngy trai gii
c tun th vi mc ch tng c gii bn, c tng
iu khon mt, kim im xem trong hng thnh
chng c ai phm ti li no c ghi trong hay khng.
Pht l (th ti), sm hi, sa tr, pht cm, tn xut, hay
bt c phng tin cn thit no c thc hin theo phn
xt t ra cho ng s. Bn cht ca gii, hay gii th, c
hai phn:
Tc tr gii, nhng gii iu tch cc, nhng gii iu dnh
cho thc thi, ngha l nhng lut nh phi c thc thi
trong cc c hi nh l th gii t-kheo (bhiku), l tng
gii bn hng thng, l kit h hng nm tu hc ca tng
chng, v l gii h hay t t; cc lut nh v phng x,
thuc men, y phc; cc bin php chm dt tranh chp
trong chng hi; v c n nhng lut nh v hi ngh,
php nh ngh s, biu quyt v quyt ngh, x l nhng
cng th, phn phi cc t hu.
Ch tr gii, ngha l nhng cm gii khng c phm.

Bn cht ca loi ch tr gii c hai: a) ngn nga trnh
xa cc ti li, nh cm ung ru, v ru c th khin cho
phm ti; b) ngn cm nhng ti c khng c phm, nh
git hi, trm cp, ni lo, t hnh, v.v v chng l nhng
ti li ngay trong bn cht. Ton b gii bn gm c: 1.
Ba-la-di (prjika), nhng ti b tn xut (nam c 4, ni c
8); 2. Tng tn (saghvaea: tng-gi-b-thi-sa), nhng
ti b treo quyn t-kheo (nam c 13, ni c 17); 3. Ba-dt (pyattika), nhng ti cn phi pht l v sm hi (nam
c 90, ni c 178); 4. Ba-la--x-ni (pratideanya), nhng
ti ch cu sm hi (nam c 4, ni c 8); 5. Ni-tt-k
(naisargika),1 nhng ti pht nh2 (nam c 30, ni c 30);
6. Bt nh (anitya), nhng hnh vi khng th xc nh l
c ti hay khng3 (nam c 2, ni khng c); 7. Chng hc
(sabahul aik dharm), nhng iu khon ngn
cm nh nht (nam c 100, ni c 100); 8. Dit trnh
(adhikaraamatha), bin php xt x cc tranh chp
(nam c 7, ni c 7). Tng cng c tt c 250 iu cho nam
v 348 iu cho ni.
1
Tc gi khng lit k theo th t ng theo T phn gii bn. Trong

, ni-tt-k, mt phn ca thin ti ba-dt- nn c trc 90 badt-. Hai iu bt nh (anitya) v cha xc nh r ti danh gia bala-di cho n ba-dt , do c t sau 13 tng-gi-b-thi-sa v trn
30 ni-tt-k. y l th t bt buc ch khng phi ty tin. Tt c cc
gii bn ca tt c cc tng phi u nh vy. TS
2
Ti danh ni-tt-k c dch l x a, v vi phm lin quan n vt
dng khng hp lut, nn x pht gm c x b vt dng cho Tng
Tng ty phn phi li cho ng lut. TS
3
Bt nh, khng c ngha l c phm hay khng (offences or not),
m v bng chng buc ti cha c xc nh gia cc thin ti: ba-ladi, hay tng-gi-b-thi-sa hay ba-dt-. TS
280
CHNG XIV. TN LUT TNG
Tiu tha ch hnh thc c khuynh hng chp cht vn t,

ngn ng v cc hnh thc ca lut. Do , mi gy ra mt
cuc tranh chp v tnh cch hp php ca mi php ha
kh, hay mi phi php (nh ch c ct gi tin bc
dng cho tng chng), v hi ngh Vaili nhm hp
tho lun quyt nh. i tha ch duy tm thin trng tinh
thn ca cc lut nh hn l chp vo vn t. D i tha
c v vi phm cc lut nh, nhng vn ty thun vi tinh
thn ca ch Pht, l nhng v ch gii.
Ngi tr gii phi thuc nm lng bn sc thi ca gii
lut: 1. Gii php, cc yu t ca gii; 2. Gii th, tinh th
ca gii; 3. Gii hnh, hnh vi ca gii; 4. Gii tng, hnh
thc ca gii. Trong s , quan trng nht l gii th, nu
thiu, vic gi gii s khng bao gi hon b c. Gii th
l v biu nghip (avijapyi-karma), tc nng lc tc
lun lun hot ng nh mt n tng vng chc thu nhn
c lc tr gii mt cch trung thnh. S thc, y l kt
qu ca t nguyn din ra vo lc trang nghim th gii.
Nng lc ny phi t bc l trong t tng, ngn ng v
hnh vi bt c lc no cn thi hnh nhim v, nh ngi
ta s hnh ng thch ng vi gii. Gii th nh th l mt
sc mnh o c hot ng trong tm, ging nh thc.
C hai loi th gii, mt dnh cho s khi u tp s th
nm gii cm, v mt dnh cho vic th mi gii
thnh t-kheo.4 C hai u l nhng gii iu ca lun l
qun l (khng git, khng trm, khng lo, khng t
C l tc gi nhm ln. Sa-di (novice) th 10 gii. T kheo, truyn

gii th ch khng truyn gii tng, ngha l khi th gii khng k
250 gii theo T phn. TS
281
hnh,5 khng ung ru, v.v) Hai loi ny l nhng l

th gii hp thc m c Tiu tha ln i tha u thi hnh
v c th gi l l th gii t-kheo (bhiku).6 Cn mt l th
gii pht nguyn khng hp thc khc ch c thc thi
i tha, cn c theo kinh Phm vng (Brahm-jala Stra).
Trong thi Ni lng (Nara; 710-794), ch c l th gii tkheo, nhng t thi Bnh an (Heian; 794-1183), l th Btt gii cng thnh hnh.
2. LCH S
Thnh V Thin hong (724-748) tng c mi mt
gio s gii t Trung hoa o luyn cc tng ni Nht bn
v Lut hc (Ritsu). Ngi gi i hai nh s, Vinh Du (Eiei)
v Ph Chiu (Fush), thc hin mc ch ny. Nhng,
Hong Trung hoa by gi l ng Huyn tng a thch
Lo gio hn nn khng mun gi bt c mt gio s Pht
gio no sang Nht. Do , cuc thng lng vi mt
Lut s rt thnh danh l Gim Chn (Ganjin) bt thnh.
Tuy nhin, v nhu cu chnh yu phi c mt ngi dy,
nn o Tuyn (Dsen), mt trong cc ca v Lut s
, c gi sang Ni lng (Nara) trc. S n y nm
735, v chuyn tm dy cc hc thuyt v Lut, Thin, v
Thin thai, trong khi ch i thy ca mnh n.
Trong lc , Gim Chn (Ganjin) m thm sa son khi
hnh vi s tr gip ca hai ngi hc tr, Vinh Du v
Ph Chiu. Thc ra S nm ln ng tu vi s h tr
5
Commit adultery, phm t dm; iu khon ny thuc 5 gii ti gia.

10 gii sa-di v 250 gii ca t kheo cm hnh dm dc. TS.
6
Thc s, khng c l th gii t-kheo, m ch c l truyn th c tc
(upasapad), do php tng-yt-ma (saghakarmavana), thnh tkheo. TS.
282
ca cu Tha tng L Lm Ph, v mt s ngi khc,

nhng ln no cng tht bi v tu h. Cui cng, S i
theo tu ca cc s gi Nht bn hi hng v n Ni
lng nm 754. S c Triu nh n tip v mt ngi
cha c bit, cha ng chiu (Tshdaiji), cng nh
n trng th gii c thit lp cho S. Tt c Hong gia,
dn u bi Hong hu, Thi thng hong v cc i thn,
ln u tin th gii vi S. Lut hc ca S thuc truyn
thng Lut T phn (lut m-v-c, Dharmaguptiya),
cn gi l Nam sn lut tng c thit lp bi o Tuyn,
ca Huyn Trang.
Truyn Gio i s (Dengy Daishi; 767-822) th gii
nhng sau b, v bt u th gii mi l B-tt cn c
theo hc thuyt Thin thai; l gii thun ty i tha
nhng khng hp thc, c gi l gii cn c trn hc
thuyt vin n, tc hc thuyt Php hoa, hc thuyt trn
y, hon b, m thnh qu ca n c th t n tc khc
(n). T Ni lng, li tri dy mt cuc chng i mnh
chng li n. Ch sau khi S mt, thin triu mi cho php
thit lp li th gii mi . n trng cho li th gii ny
c dng trn ni T du v tr thnh c s th gii cho
tt c cc tng phi khc, Thin tng (Zen), Tnh tng
(Jdo) v cc chi phi ca chng. Ngay c Nht Lin
(Nichiren) mun c mt n trng th gii ring ging nh
th nhng khng thnh cng.
Trong thi Ni lng, c ba a im linh thing th
gii: 1. Cha ng i (Tdaji) Ni lng (Nara), 2.
Cha Qun th m (Kwanseonji) Trc tin (Tsukusho); 3.
Cha Dc s (Yakushij) H d (Shimozuke). Trong
thi Bnh an (Heian) c mt gii n khc trn ni T du,
nguyn thu c phc ha bi Truyn Gio i s
283
(Dengy Daishi). Chn ngn tng (Shingon) ca Hong

Php i s (Kbu Daishi) c n qun nh ti cha ng
t (Tji) Kyoto, thay th cho gii n. Sau ny, khi cc
mn ca Tr Trng i s (Chish Daishi) ti cha Tam
tnh (Mii-dera) bt u tranh chp vi cc mn ca T
Gic i s (Jikaku Daishi) ti ni T du, h khng th th
gii trn ni ny na dng mt gii n mi mnh danh l
Tam mui gii n (Sama Kaidan). Nh th trong thi Bnh
an trn thc t c nm n trng th gii ti Nht bn.
Trong s , kiu mu l gii n vin n cn c trn
tng ch vin n ca Php hoa.
Gii th c coi nh l mt sc mnh o c khng l ra
ngoi (musa: v tc, mt dch ng khc ca avijapti, v
biu) nm ngay trong tm ngi th gii (hng tm bn
c). Vy chng ta c th nhn ra rng tm quan trng y
c t trn hiu nghim tinh thn ca vic th gii hn l
vic c hnh nghi l.
Cha ng i (Tdaiji) Ni lng do triu nh thit lp
v lm tng n c thm quyn cho tt c vic hc tp hc
ca o Pht. Gim Chn (Ganjin), ngi sng lp Nam
sn Lut tng, truyn cho cc t gii ca mnh l Php
Tin (Hshin) t Trung hoa, Nh Bo (Joh) t Arsak,
ng Ba t, c hai sng trong thi Bnh an v tham d
l th gii ca Hong gia. Cho n ngy nay tng ny vn
tn ti bit lp, nhng lut hc chnh thc cha h ph
thng ti Nht bn, mt phn v s du nhp ca mt hc
thuyt Tiu tha mi, do Ngha Tnh (635-713) t n
mang v v mt phn v s hng khi i tha lut ca
Thin thai tng.
284
3. TRIT L V TN GIO
Php thc ca Lut tng l ct thc hin lut in gii bn,
c v mt tch cc cng nh tiu cc, y theo vn t hn l
tinh thn. Gi lut theo vn t v ngn ng l mi bn tm
chnh yu ca cc tng phi trong thi Ni lng khi lut
T phn c Gim Chn mang vo. l lut Tiu tha,
nhng, v khng c thay i no ht, nn c chp nhn
chung cho c Tiu tha v i tha. Chng ta c gi n l
Lut tng. Ti Nht bn, k t thi Thnh c Thi t
(Shtoku, 574-622) c nim v mt ngnh lut hc
khng hnh thc, gi y tinh thn gii bn c hu ca Pht.
Ngnh lut hc khng hnh thc ny l quan nim then cht
qun xuyn tt c cc tng phi trong mi thi ti Nht bn.
Trong khi hnh gi ca ngnh lut hc hp thc ch cht l
tng l, th nhng ngi theo lut hc khng hnh thc l
cc B-tt, khng phn bit tng hay tc.
Tng qut m ni, s quan trng ca lut hc da trn ci
m chng ta gi l tinh th ca lut hay gii th, tc th lc
tinh thn c to ra trong tm khi pht nguyn v lun
lun tc ng mnh lit chng li bt c s vi phm no i
vi nguyn . Hu b, tc Cu x tng, coi th ny thuc
sc php (rpa), tc cht th khng biu hin (v biu sc:
avijapti-rpa), cn Khng lun tc Thnh tht tng coi n
l mt php c bit, phi tm phi vt, thiu hot ng ca
c hai. Li na, duy tm Php tng tng coi n nh mt
hnh thi tri gic nhn c lc th gii, m k thc l pht
hin t chng t ca t tm s (cetan). y l tc dng
tm l khng l din gi cho ngi th gii ng hp vi s
tr gi ca ring mnh. N l n tng su sc nht hot
dng ging nh thc.
Gii t th
285
Trong lut hc chnh thc, phi c mt v ha thng

(upadhya), mt v yt-ma a-x-l (karma-carya) v cc
v tn chng. 7 L th gii phi c thc hin qua mt
cuc tp hp ca tng gi (sagha). Khi iu khon ca
gii bn c c ln, ngi th gii phi pht th vng
gi. Nhng trong mt vi trng hp, khi khng th tha
mn mt nhu cu chnh thc nh vy, ngi ta c th thc
hin mt cuc t pht th khng chnh thc. C th gi
l gii t nguyn, thut ng gi l gii t th i s,8 nh
trng hp vinh d ca hong hu Thng Man (rml)
trong kinh Thng man. Thnh c Thi t ging kinh
ny hai ln trc Ngai vua. Ln th hai, Suy C Thin
hong (N hong Suiko), ng dy trc Pht v ln ting
lp li cc li nguyn ca Thng Man Phu nhn coi nh l
nhng li nguyn ca chnh mnh. y l gng u tin
cho gii t nguyn thng c thc hnh ti Nht bn. L
th gii t nguyn c cho php trong kinh Phm vng.
Trong trng hp khng kim ra minh s truyn th, ngi
ta c th t mnh pht th th gii. l mt kiu th Btt gii.
Gii t hu
Tri vi li th gii chnh thc, Truyn Gio i s ngh
mt li th gii l tng. Ngi gi l l th gii vin
n. Nh ni trn, vin n ch cho hc thuyt
Php hoa, tng ch vin ton, m hiu qu c th thu lm
c ngay tc khc. l thun ty i tha, v c
Phi k thm mt v gio th hng dn gii t, v by v lm chng.

TS
8
Gii B-tt c th t th, nhng gii t-kheo th nht thit khng c
php. TS
286
Thin thai tng coi nh l mt l th gii ch dnh ring

cho B-tt. Theo tng ch Php hoa, tt c cc gii lut u
c sn trong tm, khng phi l sn phm ca mt n lc
c bit no . C th gi l gii t hu (thut ng: t
tm bn c), v l gii c bit cho Thin thai tng.
Gii t tnh
Thin tng trong thi Lim thng (Kamakura; 1183-1331)
c mt li th gii cng ging nh vy. Theo tng ny,
nim v gii lut nguyn lai c sn trong bn tnh ca con
ngi. Nu hi quang phn chiu, ngi ta c th ko n ra
m thc hnh. Kha cnh hnh thc hay chnh thc ca lut
hc ngy nay cng c Thin tng tun hnh cn thn,
nhng bn cht ni qun ca Thin khi tu tp to cho l th
gii c tnh cht su m v rt kch lit.
Ngoi cch th gii ca Thin tng ny, cn c nghi thc
qun nh ca Chn ngn tng v ng trng tng truyn
ca Tnh tng. Cc loi ny thay th cho l th gii
nhng c th b qua khng cn lu y v bn cht ca
chng c ch hi khc.
Trong Lut tng, c mt tro lu mi vo thi k ny, khi
t Lut tng ca Nam sn hay ca T phn lut. Tro lu
ny khi xng do Du Tn (Eison, 1201 1290) trn cn
bn ca gii t nguyn. N l mt hc phi ci tin, c
gi l Tn Lut tng. Trn thc t, y l s phc sinh ca
th gii t nguyn ca Thnh c Thi t, nh tng
c N hong Suy C thc thi. Du Tn hc Lut tng
(Vinaya) ti cha ng i, v khi S ch tm n tng
t nguyn din ra trong cc kinh Thng Man v Phm
Vng, cng nh Thin thai v Thin tng, S cng vi mt
ngi bn ng hc lp ra Tn Lut tng theo php thc t
287
nguyn. S phc hi quan im nguyn thy ca Pht v

ca Thnh c Thi t, theo khuynh hng chung ca Pht
gio di thi Lim thng. Tuy nhin, ng tic l chng
ta khng c nhng chi tit v quan nim tu tp ca s.
Thnh danh ca S, vi t cch l mt ngi ci cch ln
ca Lut, truyn i rt xa, v do nh hng ca S m
ngnh lut hc ny chng kin thi i ua n sau thi
Ni lng ca Gim Chn. Nm 1281, Hu V a Thin
hong (Gouda) lnh cho Du Tn hnh l cu o n th
Otokoyama chng li cuc xm lng ca Kubilai Khan.
Trn bo ni ln tuyt dit 100.000 qun xm lng c tin
tng l p ng li s cu o thnh khn ca S. Tc
hiu Hng Chnh B-tt (Ksh) c triu nh ban cho
Du Tn vo nm 1300.
Di thi Pht gio phc hng ca triu c Xuyn (16031876), c hai ngnh lut hc ch hnh thc, Diu php lut
(Myh-ritsu) ca Tnh Nghim (Jgon) Giang h
(Yedo), v Chnh php lut (Shb-ritsu) ca T Vn (Jiun)
H Ni (Kawachi). Hai phi ny c mt vi lin h vi
ngnh lut hc mi ca Du Tn, hoc trc tip hoc gin
tip. C hai chi phi do di thi c Xuyn khng thnh
lm, nhng cc nh sng lp ca chng u l nhng hc
gi ti ba, gii Phn ng v lm sng dy ngnh n
hc kh ln.
288
KT LUN
kt lun, ti mun ni thm v nhng vn siu hnh

v bin chng ca Pht gio, bi v nhng trang trc, ti
qu ch tm m t chi tit lch s v c im ca cc
tng phi khc nhau nn phi b qua kho st nhng vn
trit l lin h n cc hc thuyt c bit ny.
V vn sng th lun v v tr lun, Pht gio khng c
l thuyt dnh ring cho chng, v hnh nh vay mn
l thuyt c hu v th gii h, gm c ni Tu-di (Sumeru)
v Ta-b th gii (Sah-lokadhtu). Tuy nhin, c mt l
thuyt hn hi v thi k v tr hay kip (kalpa), m t bn
cht, n l mt l thuyt ca S lun (Sakhy) v K-na
gio (Jain) n . S lun (Sakhy) c th l sng t
ca l thuyt v kip, theo Garbe (Richard Garbe: Die
Samkhya Philosophie), v Pht gio cng nh K-na gio
c th vay mn t . Mc d c ba cng m t nh
nhau v cc thi hoi kip (vivarta-kalpa) v thnh kip
(savarta-kalpa), nhng Pht gio li m t rt nhiu chi
tit v s xut hin ca cc c Pht v dn chng trong
mi mt kip ca bn nh k v tr.
V chu k ca kip s c lp li theo thi hn, Pht gio
khng cp n s sng th hay ng sng to no. Thc
t m ni, Pht gio khng c sng th lun, khng c thn
hc, khng c khi tnh hc. Brahm, Phm thin hay i
ng, m Pht gio coi nh mt Thn linh hu ng, cng ch
l mt chng sinh ci thin gii n th lnh gio php
ca Pht. Nh vy, vic thn thnh ha c Pht, nh mt

s ngi gi thuyt, khng thnh vn .
V tr, theo quan nim Pht gio, khng c im ng tm.
N l mt cng ng to tc ca tt c mi loi. Hn na,
mi chng ta u t tc v t th. Bao lu m tt c chng
sinh cn cng chung mc tiu, ng nhin cn c cc
nhm chng sinh ng dng nh nhau. Pht gio khng tin
tng cc hc thuyt cho rng tt c pht xut t mt
nguyn nhn, m qu quyt rng vn hu nht nh xut
hin do nhiu nhn; ni cch khc, tt c u l sn phm
do nng ta ln nhau.
V vn bn th lun, Pht gio chng my khi ch n,
bi v ci (tattva), vn d ch nh cho vt cht, khng
phi l ci m Pht gio ch trng, s khng cho php bn
ci g v nhng vt t thn, hay t th chn tht. Tri li,
Pht gio quan tm n Chn nh (tathtva, tathat,
trng thi ca s hu nh th l nh th), mt dng ng
nguyn dng ch nh cho sc (rpa) hay hnh
(saskra), khng phi ch cho vt cht. Khng phi ngu
nhin m thc ti lun (Cu x tng) hay duy tm lun
(Php tng tng) ca Pht gio bt u vi sc v khng
bao gi ni n vt cht hay bn th trong bn lit k 75
php hay 100 php hu vi v v vi (saskta v
asaskta). Mt s ngi c th nghi ng rng ngay t
khi thy v ng cha chc ch chung cho vn hu,
nhng thc t, cu ni nht thit php v ng (sarvadharma-nairtmya) khng cho php c mt tin no nh
vy.
Thc ti lun (Thuyt nht thit hu b, Sarvstivda), cho
rng vn hu u c thc, c mt l thuyt v cc vi hay
nguyn t, nhng cc vi ch hin hu trong thong chc v
290
KT LUN
khng c vt no nguyn trng trong hai thi hn k tip

nhau (sarva-dharma-anitya: nht thit php v thng).
Thuyt st-na dit (kaa-bhga) cng c cc hc phi
i tha cng nhn, coi th gii nh khng ngng bin
chuyn.
Ngi ta ht sc nghi ng rng Pht gio cha chc c
quan nim v ci Mt i lp vi ci Nhiu hay Tuyt i
i lp vi Tng i. Chc chn, Pht gio chng li
nhng tng nh nguyn v thng ph nhn tnh cch a
nguyn sai bit trong s hng thng t tu dng ca con
ngi. Tuy nhin, n khng bao gi tin ti quan im nht
nguyn mt cch quyt lit. Ngay c hc thuyt i tha
ca M Minh (Avaghoa) nh trong i tha khi tn
lun, cng gii hn Chn nh trong tm ca ngi, m nu
c iu ng bi nguyn nhn tnh th tm hng
thng, nu b thc y bi nguyn nhn nhim th n
thoi ha. Chn nh do nh l trng thi trung ha. Thc
t, dng ng ny c ngha l trng thi ca s hu nh th
l nh th, hay ni ch l, l Pht qu. Php gii (dharmadhtu) c n hai ngha, va ch cho v tr hin thc v th
gii khng hn nh (Nit bn); trong trng hp sau, n
chnh l Chn nh ca Pht. Nit-bn (tch dit), va c
ngha l s dit tn ca th xc con ngi, v va l s dit
tn ca cc iu kin sinh t (theo tch cc). Nh lai tng
(tathgata-garbha), cng vy, c hai ngha: Nh lai (Pht)
hm n sn trong thai tng (nhn tnh), v l Pht tnh
trong t tnh. Pht tnh, ch cho cc loi hu tnh, v Php
tnh, ch thc ch chung cho vn hu, thc t cng ch l
mt, nh l trng thi ca gic ng, (ni theo qu) hoc nh
l kh nng s gic ng (ni theo nhn). Thng thng
ngi ta bit rng Php thn cng c hai ngha: Bn thn
gio php ch cho gio in tn ti lm biu tng cho bn
291
thn ca Pht sau khi Ngi khut bng v Bn thn l th

ch cho Gic ng nh l bn thn V tng. C hai ngha
cng ch lun cho Tnh khng (nayat). Tnh Khng t
khi c ngha nh l h v hay v s hu ca phn bin
chng. Theo ngha cao nht, n ch nh tnh trng vng bt
tt c mi iu kin ca sinh t. Do , i khi Khng cng
c ni l Bt Khng (anya). Chnh xc hn, n khng
phi l mt trng thi trong khng c g hin hu, m li
l mt trng thi trong khng th g c th hin hu.
l th gii thot ly hon ton mi tc nghip a n th
sinh. Tht tng hay Thc ti Chn tht cng y nh th.
Thc ti Chn tht c ni l khng thc ti; hay chng ta
c th ni rng tht tng l v tng. Trong nhng trng
hp nh vy, cc dng ng thc ti v (bn) tng phi
c hiu theo vn ngha thng thng ca chng trong lc
tnh t (chn) tht xc nh ngha ch th ca chng.
Nh th, trong Pht gio, t ng no c th biu th cho
mt ci g nh l Nguyn L u Tin u lun lun phi
c gii thch bng hai mt ngha, bi v Pht gio chp
nhn mt s tht thuc th tc v cnh , xng mt
s tht cao hn hay tuyt i, thng hoa n ln (Chn ).
Nhng dng ng nu ra trn y u l biu th, hoc
theo ch quan hoc theo khch quan, v nguyn l chn
tht ca thin nhin, th gii v nhn loi, v cui cng
ch r s gic ng vin mn hay t do hon ton. Pht gio,
du sao, cng khng nh mt c th hay nhn cch, bi v
kt qu l khng g ngoi s ton thin ca nhn cch hay
th hin ca L tng - Sng thc. nh mt ng tnh
khng thnh vn . Ngi ta c th ngh rng c mt th
gii siu c th hin hu bn ngoi th gii ca c nhn tnh
m chng ta tng tng l ngi ta nhy vo ng lc v
292
KT LUN
tt c tr thnh mt. Quan nim v mt th gii bit lp phi

c th nh vy tht ra cng ch l s thng hoa ca mt th
gii c th rng ln hn m thi. Mt th gii nh vy
quyt nhin khng th chp nhn trong t tng Pht gio;
tuy nhin, v mt tn gio m ni, bc gic ng c th
ni mt phn no v th gii khng quyt nh tnh (Nitbn) khi Ngi bc xung th gii quyt nh tnh gio
ha chng sinh.
V nhng vn tm l hc, Pht gio khng chp nhn s
hin hu ca mt linh hn c cho l chn tht v bt t.
V ng (antma) p dng cho tt c vn hu (sarvadharma), hu c hay v c. Trong trng hp nhn sinh,
theo cng khng c linh hn, khng c ci ng chn tht
no l bt t; cn trong trng hp ch chung cho vn hu,
cng khng c bn th, khng c bn cht no m khng
bin dch. Bi v khng c mt ci ng chn thc theo
khng gian, ngha l khng c thc th, nn khng bao gi
c thng hng, ngha l khng c k gian. Do , khng
th tm thy hnh phc trong th gian.
Khng c vn th mt lun thng thng trong Pht
gio, bi v tt c chng sinh u chm m trong dng sinh
ha v cng tn. Tuy nhin, nn nh rng, ci sng m
ng cho ci cht v ri ci cht li m ng cho ci
sng. Sng v cht l hai hin tng tt nhin ca chu k s
sng, n khng ngt ti din. Cng ch ca chui t to
ch gin d l th hin cuc sng. L tng, ngha l, khng
gy ra mi iu kin th sinh: ni cch khc, l thnh tu t
do ton vn, khng cn b l thuc vo nhn duyn trong
thi-khng na. Nit bn l trng thi t do ton vn .
V tri thc lun, Pht gio khng bn n nhiu nh cc
trit hc khc. i vi ngun gc ca nhn thc, Pht gio
293
nhn nhn c th gii ca cm gic: th gii hin lng

(pratyaka-prmna); c th gii suy lun: th gii t lng
(anumna); v c th gii ca trc gic thun ty: th gii
thin nh (dhyna). Nh vy, cc gic quan, l tnh v kinh
nghim ni ti s cung ng cho ni dung ca tr thc. Ngoi
ra, bt c lc no chng ta cng c th vin ti Thnh gio
lng (gama) tc ngn ng c pht ra t th gii ca
gic ng vin mn (bodhi), ngha l ngn ng ca Pht,
ng Gic ng.
Nu khng c gii hnh thanh tnh s khng th nh ch s
lon ng ca t tng; khng nh ch s lon ng ca t
tng s khng c s thnh tu ca tu gic (praj). S
thnh tu ca tu gic c ngha l s vin mn ca tri thc
v tr tu, tc gic ng trn vn. l kt qu ca chui t
to v l l tng ca i sng t tc ch.
c Pht, trn cng v mt con ngi, dy con ngi
lm th no tr thnh con ngi ton vn. Nguyn l ch
yu ca t to l s pht trin dn dn ca tri thc v tr tu,
ch ch l s ton mn ca nhn cch. S th hin ca L
tng - Sng thc l Pht qu. Nhng khng c s gic ng
khch quan no ngoi ng Gic ng, khng c tha ng
tuyt i.
Hc thuyt v Trung o khi thy c ngha l con ng
gia ca hai thi cc lc quan v bi quan. a v chnh gia
nh vy li l thi cc th ba, khng nghing theo bn
ng ny hay bn ng kia. Chc chn, v c Pht bt
u bng con ng gia ny coi nh l mt bc tin duy
nht cao hn nhng cc oan thng thng kia. Tuy nhin,
tng cp hng thng ca nc thang bin chng s nng
dn chng ta ln cao mi cho n lc t ti giai on loi
hn thin kin ca phn v hu v v, v siu vit chng
294
KT LUN
bng mt tng duy tm lun. Trung o c cng v nh

l Chn L Ti thng.
Phn trn y ch yu ni v nhng vn siu hnh v
trc qun ca t tng Pht gio. By gi, chng ta bn n
nhng vn bin chng. Phng php lun chng ca
Long Th (Ngrjuna) c c bit ch y. Y theo
ng li ca Pht, Long Th bt u t ch nh gi chn
l thng tc hay th tc v gi l tc (samvtisatya). Ri ngi xng ln song song chn l cao c
nht, nht ngha (parama-artha-satya) m khng cn
ph nh tc . nht ngha khng c ngha l chn l
cao c nht khi im, m ch l cao c nht bt c lc
no. Tht ra, n ch l mt s tht cao hn, nh c ch r
trong ch xut th gian (lokottara). Theo tun t, th gii
thng tc s vn ti s thc cao hn c t ra t
trc, v n y s thc ny tr thnh chn l thng tc.
Song song , ngi Long Th (Ngrjuna) ra mt s
thc cn cao hn na, v ri cng theo tun t, s thc ny
s tr thnh chn l thng tc. Nh th, chun ch ca tc
s c nng ln cao mi cho ti lc n nghim nhin
vn ti nht ngha , m theo cch ng Ty phng
ngi ta c th coi nh l Tuyt i th, cng khng phi l
ci Mt, bi v ai cng c th t ti giai on t do ton
vn .
nht ngha m Long Th thnh lp bng phng
php bin chng v bng ng li tch cc khng cn s
dng n bt c phng php no c tnh cch phn v
tiu cc nh th thut ca Hegel. Thm vo su nguyn l
cn bn ca t tng Pht gio m ti m t chng
III (phn I), y c th thm vo Nguyn l Thm
nh Tc ny, y l thi chnh Pht th hin sut
295
trong thi gian ha o ca Ngi ch khng phi l c

sng ca Long Th. Phng php trit tiu cc cng
c Long Th s dng trong Bt Bt lng danh ca ngi.
Theo th tt c mi giai on ca sinh ha hay ca cc
iu kin th sinh u b ph nh. Bt sinh, bt dit; bt
thng, bt on; bt nht, bt d; bt lai, bt kh l nhng
tiu thc ph nh trong bn cp v tm v. Nu c nhng
quan im hay kin chp no va din ra l ngi bc
khc chng tc khc. Kt qu k cng trong li ph nh
ca Long Th l ci Khng. khng phi l ci trng
khng thc th; k thc l trng thi vng bt cc iu
ring bit ca th gii th sinh.
Nhn y, chng ta khng nn b qua phng php quan
trng ca Long Th khi khai th chn l t tt c cc quan
im c th c. Phng php ny c gi l phn bit t
c, nh ti cp n Chng IV (Phn II): 1. khng
nh (hu); 2. ph nh (v); 3. va khng nh va ph
nh (va hu va v); 4. khng phi khng nh khng
ph nh (phi hu phi v). Bn trng hp c coi nh
l tt c cc quan im kh hu m chng ta c th pht
biu. Tt c cc nhm tr thc trong thi c Pht khng
tha mn vi cu tr li n gin l c hay khng, bi
v hu ht mi i th ca Ngi u s dng quan im t
gic ny, v Pht s dng n cn thn khi bc khc bt c
ch no ca cc i th ca Ngi. Chng hn, khi hi v
Nguyn nhn Ti s: 1. c to ra do chnh n? 2. Hay
c to ra bi mt ci khc? 3. Hay c to ra do c hai?
4. Hay khng c to ra bi c hai? Cng vy, nu ch
l th tnh: quan im trc ht l khng nh n (hu); k
n l ph nhn n (v); th ba s ty trng hp khng
nh hai quan im trn y, nh trong trng hp phi duy
tm lun ca Pht gio (khng nh ni gii nhng ph
296
KT LUN
nhn ngoi cnh). Tuy nhin, quan im th t s ph nh

c hu ln v. S p dng phng php ny cho bt c li
bi bc no s trit tiu tt c mi kh hu tnh ca mt vn
c lp lun. Theo ti, c th gi y l Nguyn tc
Hin chnh, v c th thm vo cc Nguyn l cn bn ca
t tng Pht gio c cp trn.
y ti s khng tho lun chi tit v lun l hc Pht
gio ca Long Th (Ngrjuna), Th Thn (Vasubhadu), v
Trn Na (Dignaga), vy xin c tc phm tuyt ho ca
Stcherbtsky: Lun l hc Pht gio (Buddhist Logic). y
ch cn ni rng lun l hc Pht gio khng phi l mt
nn lun l hnh thc ca t tng, m k thc l mt
nn lun l cho bc nn hay tranh bin, nhn mnh ch
truy cu v nguyn nhn, cc quan h v kh hu tnh, v
do n l mt ngh thut lp lun hay bi bc. Mn hc
v nguyn nhn (nhn minh hc, hetu-vidy) l danh t
c dnh cho lun l hc Pht gio; chnh c Pht i
khi cng c gi phn bit gi (vibhajya-vdin), ngha
l nh lun l.
Mc ch ca Pht l thit lp Vng quc ca Chnh php.
Cn c ca mt Vng quc nh th, khi v ch t ca n
c tc hiu l Chuyn lun vng (Cakravartin), c
thit nh bng cch phng mt bnh xe vo khng gian.
Kim lun, bnh xe bng vng, c phng ln nh th,
xoay vng gia h khng, trong by ngy s tr lui v v tr
nguyn thy. ng vng c v ra do s vn chuyn ca
bnh xe trong by ngy s xc nh phm vi ca Vng
quc do v ch t ng tr.
Chuyn php lun (Dharma-cakra-pravartana) thc t
thng c ngha l tuyn thuyt L tng ca Pht hay
297
th hin L tng ca Pht trong th gian, ngha l kin

lp Vng quc ca Chnh php.
L tng ca Pht, tc Chnh php m Ngi tip th, s
kh m hiu cho thu nu khng nhc ti nguyn l ca
Brahman, nguyn l ph qut, theo cc kinh Upanishad, l
saccidnadam, tc hu (sat), t (cit) v h (nandam).
Vy th, Brahman, Nguyn nhn Ti s, nhng ci s l
T hu, Bin tri, v Chn lc.
Nguyn l thi danh ca Pht gio c ba:
1. Nht thit php v ng (sarvadharma-antmat),
khng c bn th thng tr.
2. Nht thit hnh v thng (sarva-saskraanityat), mi yu t c do to tc u khng thng,
khng c k gian thng hng.
3. Nht thit kh (sarva-dukha), khng c chn hnh
phc.
i khi cn thm vo mt nguyn l na: Nit-bn tnh
lc (Nirva sukham), Nit bn l Chn hnh phc. Chng
thng c gi l Ba php n, hay Bn php n, phn
bit Pht gio vi cc hc phi khc. L thuyt th nht ca
Pht ni khng c bn ng thng tr, i lp vi thuyt
ca B-la-mn gio v thuyt th thng hng (sat), v
chng li bt t tnh ca c th linh hn v hin hu ca
linh hn hay thn hn v tr hoc Sng th ch (Mahtman, i ng). l thuyt v khng bn cht chn
thc. Ph nhn mt sinh th bt t l ph nhn bt t tnh.
Thuyt th hai ca Pht ni rng ht thy mi loi v mi
vt u v thng, thuyt c hng ti im ny. Tt
c hin hu u thong chc v gi tm. Khng c g gi
nguyn dng trong hai khonh khc k tip nhau. S sng
298
KT LUN
l dng bin chuyn bt tuyt, tc ln sng ca i sng.

Cc ln sng tri chy lin c th to ta mt gi tng
thng hng nhng ch l o gic. y l thuyt khng
c k gian.
V th gii khng c bn th thng tr v khng c
thng hng tn tc, chng ta s khng c ci hoan lc no
trong th gian ny. Phi chp nhn au kh nh l au kh,
khng t nh la bng ci hnh phc gi to; ng c lc
quan bi v tt c chung cuc trong au kh; cng ng c
chy trn n bi v khng c ch trn rt ro no c. Phi
i din vi n bng tt c s dng cm v nhn ni, v
vt qua n. y l thuyt khng c chn hnh phc, i
nghch thng vi thuyt chn hnh phc ca B-la-mn
gio.
V thuyt t hay tri (cit) ca B-la-mn gio v sau
thuyt ny c qui kt thnh tr o (jnaka) ca
Upanishad, Pht ra thuyt v minh (avidy), tc ch
sinh tn m qung, lm cn nhn cho mi hai Nhn
duyn. Con ng dit tr v minh l nn tn gio v T
tc T th ca Ngi, cn c trn tri thc tr tu. S thnh
tu vin mn ca nhn cch, tc Gic ng vin mn
(Bodhi).
Theo , trc ht Pht ging v kin o (darsanamrga). Bn Thnh v kh, v dit tn ca kh, mi
hai Nhn duyn v nguyn tc khng quyt nh tnh ca
mi loi mi vt, cho thy quan im ca Ngi v s sng.
Bn tnh khng quyt nh ca nhn loi c xc nh bi
T tc T Th. K Ngi ging con ng t tu dng,
tu o (bhavnamrga). y Ngi o luyn cc t
hoc bng lp lun bin chng hay bng t duy trc gic
pht khi tri thc v tu gic ca h. Theo thi gian, cc
299
tng phi Pht gio pht trin cc phng php thnh

tu gic ng ca ring h. Ph nh duy l lun ca Long
Th (Ngrjuna) v thun ty trc gic ca B--t-ma
(Bodhidharma) l nhng in hnh nht cho s pht trin.
Kt qu ca t tu dng do cc phng php ny, cc
nguyn l Tng tc, Chn nh, v Vin dung, nh m
t Chng III (phn I), c thnh lp. Cui cng, i
vi V hc o, c nguyn l Nit bn, tc t do ton mn,
ch thnh tu trng thi bt nh v phn bit. y l s th
hin L tng-Sng trong Pht gio.
300
BNG T VNG PHN-VIT-HN

abhva S vng mt, s khng hin hu. Hn v,
v hu, v tnh, v vt, v th, phi
hu.
abhi Ngay trn, gn, hng v, ni v, lin quan n. Hn:
a-t, v t, i.
Abhidhammattha-sagaha (Pli) Tn sch. Vit, Thch
Minh Chu dch: Thng php tp yu lun.
Abhidharma Siu hnh hc Pht gio. Hn: i php,
thng php, hng php, Lun. Phin m
a-t-t-ma, a-t-m, t-m.
Abhidharmakoa Tn sch; tn tng phi Pht gio. Hn:
i php tng, i php cu x.
Abhidharmika Tn tng phi Pht gio. Hn: At-m tng.
abhimukh i mt, hin tin. Hn hng, i,
i hng, hin tin.
abhieka S vy nc, s ty ra; l tc v. Hn: to
dc, qun nh; th v, th chc.
acala Khng chuyn ng. Hn bt ng, v
ng, phi ng, bt bin ng, v
s khuynh ng.
daranajna Tr tu vin mn chiu sng nh gng soi.
Hn minh knh tr, () (i vin) knh
(cnh) tr.
adhi-citta Tng thng tm, mt trong tam hc. Hn:

tng thng tm, tng thng .
Adhidharma-hidaya Mt tc phm ca hc thuyt A-tm. Hn: A-t-m tm lun.
adhikaraamatha nh ch, dt tr cc tranh chp. Hn:
dit trnh.
adhipatipratyaya iu kin chi phi; iu kin gin tip
nh hng. Hn tng thng duyn.
adhi-praj Mt trong tam hc. Hn: tng thng
tu.
adhi-la Mt trong tam hc. Hn: tng thng
gii, thanh tnh gii.
adhihna Ni, ch ; sc mnh, sc h tr. Hn: y
x; gia h, gia tr lc, nhip tr.
adravya Vt khng tht, vt khng c gi tr.
gama Kin thc, truyn thng, gio php. Hn: lai;
tri thc; gio, l gio, thnh gio,
gio php, thnh ngn.
gama Kinh in A-hm. Hn: thnh gio. Phin m
a-hm, a-cp-ma, a-gi-ma.
Ajtaatru Tn vua. Hn: V Sinh On. Phin m:
A-x-th.
ka Bu tri, khong khng. Hn: h, khng,
h khng, thi h khng, khng gii.
ksnantyyatanam Khong khng v tn. Hn:
khng v bin x, khng v bin nhp,
v bin h khng x.
akhyati Khng c tn gi. Hn v danh.
ii
T VNG THUT NG
kicanyyatanam Ni khng c g tn ti. Hn:

v s hu x.
akuala-mahbhmika Bt thin, php bt thin cn bn,
ph qut. Hn: i bt thin a php.
alakaa Khng c c tnh, yu tnh. Hn: phi
tng, v tng.
lambana-pratyaya i tng hay mi trng cho thc
xut hin. Hn: s duyn duyn.
laya-vijna Thc A-li-da. Hn: tng thc,
chn thc.
amala vijjna Thc v cu. Hn: tnh thc,
v cu thc, ly cu thc.
Amita Khng th lng. Hn: v lng, v
hu lng, v cc, v tn.
Amitabh Danh hiu Pht. Hn: V Lng Quang.
Amitayur-dhyna stra Tn kinh. Hn Qun
v lng th kinh.
Amitayus Danh hiu Pht. Hn: V Lng Th.
Phin m: A-di-.
Amoghavajra Tn ngi. Hn Bt Khng
Thnh Tu Kim Cng.
anrya Khng phi ngi A-rien; khng phi Thnh. Hn:
phi thnh phi hin thin gi.
antman Khng c ci ti thc. Hn: v ng,
phi ng, v hu ng.
anitya Khng thng xuyn, khng thng hng. Hn:
v thng, phi thng.
aniyata Khng nh r, khng xc nh. Hn: bt
nh, bt quyt nh.
iii
aniyata-bhmika Bc cha c xc nh; a v bt nh.

Hn: bt nh a, bt nh a php.
au Nguyn t, vt cc nh. Hn: cc vi, vi
trn.
anumna S suy din, s suy lun. Hn: t, t tri,
t lng, ty lng.
Anurudha Tn ngi. Hn: V Dit, Nh .
Phin m: A-na-lut, A-nu-lu-.
aprmadhyna Thin vi i tng v hn. Hn:
v lng thin.
aprptavya-nyat Ci khng tuyt i, ci khng khng
th nm bt. Hn: tt cnh khng, v s
c khng.
aprpti Nng lc phn ly vt th vi ch hu, s khng t
n, khng chng c. Hn bt c, v c,
phi c, v c.
aprptitva S khng c ci nm bt. Hn: v s
c.
apratisakhy-nirodha S dit tn do khng cn cc
duyn. Hn: phi duyn dit, phi trch dit.
apratihita-nirva Nit bn khng cn ch rng buc no
na, khng tr bt c u. Hn: v tr x nit
bn.
Arahat Hn: A-la-hn.
arcimati T duy nh nh la; a th ba ca B-tt. Hn
.
arpyadhtu Cnh vc khng c hnh th, phi vt th,
khng sc tng. Hn: v sc gii.
iv
T VNG THUT NG
rya Bc Thnh; ngi cao qu. Hn: qu, Thnh,

Thnh gi, Diu Thnh, Hin Thnh
Thin.
rya-dharma Php ca bc Thnh. Hn: Thnh php,
Hin Thnh php.
rya phala Qu v ca bc Thnh. Hn: Thnh qu.
rya sagha Cng ng cc bc Thnh. Hn: Thnh
chng, Thnh tng.
rya-agika-mrga Thnh o tm chi. Hn:
Bt Chnh o.
rya-pudgala Ngi cao qu, bc Thnh. Hn: Thnh
nhn.
rya-vinaya Gii lut ca bc Thnh, c Thnh tn thn.
Hn: Thnh lut.
aaika-mrga Giai on th ba trong qu trnh tu chng,
khng cn phi tu hc na. Hn v hc o.
asaskta Ci khng b to tc, khng l thuc iu kin.
Hn: v vi.
asaskta-dharma Hn: v vi php.
sana Ch ngi. Hn: ta, sng ta, ta c.
Asaga Tn ngi. Hn: V Trc.
Aoka Tn vua. Hn: V u. Phin m: A-dc,
A-n-gi.
Aa-grantha Tn sch. Hn Bt kin lun.
anya Trng thi khng rng khng. Hn: phi
khng, bt khng.
asvabhva Trng thi khng c t tnh, khng c yu tnh
t hu. Hn: v tnh, v t tnh, phi
t tnh, ly t tnh; v th, v thc

th tng.
Asvaghoa Tn ngi. Hn M Minh.
tman T ng. Hn: ng, thn thc.
atyanta-nyat Ci khng siu vit, tuyt i rng khng.
Hn: tt cnh khng.
Avatasaka Tn kinh. Hn: .
avidy Hn: si, v minh.
avijapti S khng hin th cho thy. Hn: v tc,
v gio, v biu, v biu th.
avijapti-karma Nghip khng hin l. Hn: v
biu nghip.
avijapti-rpa Sc khng hin l. Hn: v biu sc.
avikalpa-vijna Tr khng vng tng, tr khng phn
bit. Hn: v phn bit tr.
Ayodhy Tn thnh. Hn: Bt kh chin. Phin m:
A-du-x.
bala Sc mnh, th lc. Hn : lc.
bhava Giai on hnh thnh sinh th, tn ti. Hn: hu.
bhvana-mrga Giai on tu dng, tu tp. Hn: tu
o.
Bhvaviveka Tn mt lun s ca hc phi Trung qun.
Hn: Thanh Bin.
bja-akara m vn, t mu, nh l biu tng ca thc
ti. Hn: chng t t.
Bimbisara Tn vua nc Ma-kit-. Hn nh
Thng, nh Thng Vng, nh Kin
Vng. Phin m Tn-b-sa-la, Tnt-sa-la.
vi
T VNG THUT NG
Boddhisattva-yna B-tt tha. Hn B-tt tha.

bodhi Tr nng, s tnh gic; tr tu vin mn. Hn gic,
o.
Bodhidharma Tn s t ca thin tng Trung Hoa. Phin
m B--t-ma.
Bodhisattva B-tt; ngi khai ng, ngi tin b;
chng sinh hng n gic ng. Hn khai s, i
s.
Bodhisena Tn ngi. Phin m B--tin-na.
Brahm-jala Stra Tn kinh. Hn Phm vng
kinh.
Brahman Nguyn nhn ti s; Thn Sng to. Hn
chn tnh, diu tnh, thanh tnh, tnh khit,
thanh khit, tch khit. m: Phm (thin) .
Buddhabhadra Tn ngi. Hn Gic Hin.
Buddhaplita Tn ngi; lun s Trung qun. Hn
Pht H.
Buddhanta Tn ngi. Hn: Gic nh. Phin m
Pht--phin-a.
Buddha-smti S nim Pht. Hn: nim Pht,
Pht nim.
Buddhasvabhva T tnh Pht. Hn: Pht t tnh.
Buddhat Hn: Pht tnh.
Buddhayna Pht tha, tha chn tht. Hn: Pht
tha, chnh ng gic tha.
caitasika Hn: tm s php.
Cakravartin Hn: Chuyn lun vng,
Chuyn lun thnh vng.
vii
Candrakrti Tn ngi; lun s Trung qun. Hn

Nguyt Xng.
catvari rya-satyni Bn thnh . Hn T diu .
cetan Hn: t (tm s), c .
citta Hn tm.
citta-saprayukta Tm tng ng. Hn tng ng
tm.
citta-samprayukta samskra Hn tm tng ng
hnh.
citta-viprayukta Tm khng tng ng, khng thuc sc
cng khng thuc tm. Hn tm bt tng ng.
citta-viprayuktasaskra Hn: tm bt tng
ng hnh.
darana S thy; quan im. Hn: qun, kin,
kin chiu.
darana-bhga Hn: kin phn.
darana-mrga Hn: kin o.
Daabhmi-stra Tn kinh. Hn Thp a kinh.
Dhammapada Tn kinh. Hn Php c.
dhraa Tr gi, ch ng. Hn th tr, tng tr,
h tr, nhip tr.
dhra Ch, chn ngn. Hn: tng tr, tng
tr ch; -la-ni.
dharma Hn php, chnh php, gio php.
dharmacakra Bnh xe chnh php. Hn php lun,
chnh php lun.
dharma-cakra-pravartana Quay bnh xe php, th hin l
tng ca Pht. Hn chuyn php lun,
chuyn diu php lun.
viii
T VNG THUT NG
dharmadhtu Cc yu t ca php. Hn php gii.

dharmadhtu-sampatti Hn : php gii nh.
Dharmagupta Tn ngi. Hn: Php H;
t-ma-cp-a.
dharmaguptiya Lut m-v-c, lut T phn. Hn:
t phn lut.
Dharmkra Danh hiu ca B-tt. Hn Php
Tng B-tt.
dharmakya Nguyn l ti hu t quan im nhn cch.
Hn php thn.
Dharmakrti Tn ngi; nh lun l hc Pht gio. Hn
Php Xng.
dharma-lakaa Yu tnh, c tnh ca php. Hn:
php tng.
dharma-maala Hn: php mn la.
dharmamegha Php nh my; a th mi ca B-tt.
Hn: php vn.
Dharmaraka Tn ngi. Hn Php H.
Dharma-smti S nim php. Hn: php nim.
dharma-nyat Tnh bt thc, rng khng ca vn php.
Hn: php khng.
dharma-svabhva Yu, tnh, t th ca php. Hn:
php t tnh.
dharmat Hn: php tnh.
dharmatathat Chn nh, nh tnh, ca vn php. Hn:
php chn nh.
Dharmatrta Tn ngi. Hn dch Php Cu;
t-ma-a-la.
ix
Dharmottara Tn ngi. Hn Php Thng, Php

Thng.
dh: dhrati Gi, mang, duy tr. Hn: th tr,
phng tr, chp, th h.
dhyna Hn: thin, thin-na t duy,
tnh l.
Dignaga Tn ngi; lun s Duy thc, v lun l hc Pht
gio. Hn: Trn Na.
Dignga Nh trn.
Divkara Tn ngi. Hn Nht Chiu, Nht
Quang.
Divapraj Tn ngi. Hn: Vn Bt Nh.
dravya Ci c thc, thc th, vt th. Hn: vt, s,
bn, bn s, ti ha, ti vt.
dukha Hn: kh.
dragama Giai on i xa, vt qua sinh t; a th 7
ca B-tt. Hn: vin hnh a.
Dvdasa-dvra Tn sch, ca Long Th. Hn
Thp nh mn lun.
eka-satya Chn l tuyt i. Hn nht .
Ekayna Hn nht tha.
Gaa-vyuha Tn kinh. Hn
i Phng Qung Pht Hoa Nghim Kinh Nhp Php
Gii Phm.
Gandhra Tn mt a phng n . Hn: Kin--la.
Garbhakoa Hn: Thai tng gii.
Garbhakuki Nh trn.
Ghoa m thanh, ting vang. Hn: m, thanh,
m thanh, hng, m hng, diu m.
T VNG THUT NG
gotra Loi, chng tnh. Hn: chng tnh, chng

tc.
Harivarman Tn ngi, lun s Thnh tht lun. Hn
Ha-l-bt-ma.
hetu Nguyn nhn. Hn: nhn.
hetupratyaya iu kin l nguyn nhn ch yu; duyn l
nhn. Hn: nhn duyn.
hetu-vidy Khoa lun l Pht gio. Hn: nhn minh.
Hinayna Pht gio tiu tha. Hn: tiu tha
Homa Mt trong bn cch t t thi V . Hn: h-ma
, thiu th.
icchantika Hng ngi khng th thnh Pht. Hn:
Nht-xin-.
Jain K na gio.
jvitndriya Nng lc duy tr tui th. Hn: mng cn.
Jnagupta Tn ngi. Hn: c Ch. Phin m
X-na-qut-a.
jnakanda Thuyt tri o ca Upanihad. Hn: tr
o.
Jnaprasthna Tn sch. Hn: Pht tr lun,
Bt kin lun.
kalpa Nghi thc t t ca Mt gio. Hn: nghi qu,
t php s, phng tin.
Kapilavastu Tn nc, thnh bang; qu hng ca Pht.
Hn: Ca-t-la-v.
kraa-hetu Mt trong su nhn; yu t a n mt hu
qu, nguyn nhn tc thnh. Hn: tc nhn,
nng tc nhn, ty to nhn.
xi
karma Hnh ng. Hn: nghip, tc, hnh,

tc nghip, hnh nghip.
karma-carya V thy tng c. Hn yt ma
a-x-l.
karma-maala Mn la bng hnh nh iu khc. Hn
yt ma mn la.
Karmasthna, kammatthna (Pli) Mt trong cc phng
php t duy phn bit, mc thin qun. Hn:
nghip x.
Kamra Tn t. Hn: K tn, Ca-thp-dila.
Katha-Vatthu (Pli) Tn sch. Hn Lun s tp.
Ktyyanputra Tn ngi. Phin m Ca-adin-ni-t.
kya Thn th. Hn: thn, th, thn th, khu,
t, chng.
klea-mahbhmika Cc php b nhim bi tham dc.
Hn: i phin no a php.
ktynusthnajna Tr tu hon tt nhng g cn lm.
Hn: thnh s tc tr.
kaa-bhga S hu dit trong tng st-na.. Hn:
st na hoi, st na dit.
knti-pramit S vin mn bng c tnh bao dung, tu
tp nhn nhc. Hn: nhn ba-la-mt-a.
Kumrajva Tn ngi. Hn: ng Th. Phin m:
Cu ma la thp.
kusala-mahbhmika Cc php ph bin c tnh thin.
Hn i thin a php.
xii
T VNG THUT NG
lakaa c tng. Hn tng, nng tng,

bn tng, sc tng.
lakaa-abhva S ph nhn thc th ca tng. Hn:
v tng, phi hu tng.
lakaa-bhga i tng b thy. Hn: tng phn.
lakaa-nisvabhva Tng khng c thc th. Hn:
tng v tnh.
Lakvtara Tn kinh. Hn: Lng-gi kinh.
laukika-satya Hn: th tc .
lokalakaa-nityat Hn: th gian tng
thng tr.
lokottara Siu vit th gian. Hn: xut th,
xut th gian, ly th, siu xut th gian.
Lokottaravda Mt b phi Pht gio. Hn:
Thuyt xut th b.
madhyam pratipad Hn: trung o.
Madhymika Mt b phi Pht gio. Hn: Trung
qun phi.
Mdhyamika-stra Tn sch, ca Long Th. Hn
Trung lun
Mdhyntavibhaga Tn sch, thuc Duy thc tng. Hn
Bin trung bin Trung bin phn bit
lun.
mahbhmika Cc tm s ph qut. Hn: i a,
i x.
Mahkyapa Tn Hn: i m Quang,
Ma-ha-ca-dip.
mah-maala Mt trong bn loi mn la. Hn:
i mn la.
xiii
Mahparinirva-stra Tn kinh. Hn i
bt nit bn kinh.
Mahprajpramit stra Tn sch. Hn i
tr lun.
Mahsaghika Tn b phi Pht gio. Hn: i
chng b.
Mahtma , Mah-tman Hn: i ng.
Mahvairocana Danh hiu c Pht i Nht. Hn
i Bin Chiu Kim Cng. Phin m
i t-l-gi-na.
Mah-vairocana-gharbha-koa Hn: i nht
thai tng.
Mahvibh Tn sch. Hn: i t b sa
lun.
Mahyna Tng phi Pht gio. Hn: i tha.
Mahyna-sagraha Tn sch. Hn Nhip i
tha lun.
Mahsaka Tn b phi Pht gio. Hn: Ha a
b.
Maitreya Danh hiu Pht. Hn t, t th; Di
Lc.
Maitreyastra Tn kinh. Hn: Di-Lc h sinh
kinh.
manas Hn .
Maala Hn: lun vin; mn--la .
Majur Danh hiu B-tt. Hn:; Diu c,
Diu Ct Tng. Phin m: Vn-th-s-l.
manoja S sinh t , s sinh t tm. Hn: sinh,
i.
xiv
T VNG THUT NG
manomaya S tc thnh bi tm, bi . Hn: sinh,

thnh, tm s thnh, ty s
ha sinh..
manovijna Hn thc.
mantra Hn: ng ngn, ngn t; chn ngn,
mt ch, thn ch..
Mantrayna Hn: Mt tha.
mrga Con ng. Hn: o, thnh o,
chnh o.
moka S gii thot. Hn thot, gii thot,
chn gii thot.
mdra Hn: n quyt, th n, n tng.
Ngbodhi Tn ngi. Hn: Long Tr.
Ngrjuna Tn ngi. Hn Long Th.
Nagasena Tn ngi. Hn: Na-tin t kheo.
naisargika Hn: ni-tt-k; x ti.
naisargika-pyattika Hn: ni-tt-k ba-dt; x a.
Naivasajnsajyatanam Hn: phi
tng phi phi tng x, phi hu tng phi
v tng.
nmamtra Hn: duy hu danh, duy danh,
n danh.
nma-rpa Hn: danh sc.
nisvabhva Hn: v t tnh, v tnh,
ly t tnh.
Nirmakya Hn: ha than, bin ha than .
nirodha satya Hn: dit .
nirodha-sampatti Hn: dit tn nh.
xv
Nirva Hn: Nit-bn; dit, dit ,

tch dit.
Nirva sukham Nit bn chn hnh phc. Hn:
Nit bn tnh lc.
nirva-ntam Nit bn vng lng. Hn: Nit
bn tch tnh.
niprapaca. Hn v h lun, ly h lun.
nivta-avykta Hn: hu ph v k.
niyama S tit ch,cch ng, c ch. Hn: ni ch,
quyt nh.
niyata Hn: nh, quyt nh, tt nh,
quyt .
nyya S suy l ng. Hn: chnh l, thnh l.
pada Bc chn, du chn. Hn: b, o, tc
tch.
padma Hoa sen. Hn: lin hoa, xch lin hoa,
hng lin hoa.
Pacaikha Mt danh hiu ca B-tt Vn Th. Hn
Ng nh.
prjika Hn: () ba-la-di ti.
parama-au Vt v cng nh, nguyn t. Hn: cc
vi.
parama-artha-satya, paramrtha-satya Chn l cao nht,
chn l tuyt i. Hn: nht ngha ,
thng ngha , chn .
Paramrtha Tn ngi. Hn: Chn .
paramrtha myat Ci khng cao nht, tnh khng
tuuyt i. Hn: thng ngha khng,
nht ngha khng.
xvi
T VNG THUT NG
paramrtha-nisvabhva Hn: Thng ngha v

tnh.
pramit B bn kia, n b bn kia. Hn: ba-lamt-a, b ngn, o b ngn, .
paratantra Da vo, da vo ci khc. Hn: y tha,
y tha khi.
paratantra-lakaa Tng l thuc vo mt php khc.
Hn: y tha khi tng.
parikalpita Hn: phn bit s tc, bin
k s chp.
parikalpitalakaa Hn phn bit tng,
bin k s chp tng.
pariirva S tch dit vin mn. Hn: bt-nitbn, dit , vin tch.
parinipanna Hn: vin thnh, vin thnh
tht, chn tht tnh.
parinipannalakana Hn: vin thnh tht
tng.
Paliputra Tn thnh. Hn: ba-tra-l-pht,
Hoa th thnh.
Pyattika, prryacittika, Hn: ba-dt-, a.
prabhkar Giai on th ba trong mi giai on tu chng
ca B-tt. Hn: () pht quang (a).
Prajpramit-stra Tn lun. Hn: i tr
lun.
praj Hn tu, diu tu, thng tu,
gic tu, tr, tr tu.
praj-pramit Hn: bt-nh-ba-la-mt-a,
tr tu o b ngn.
xvii
prajaptivda Hn: Thuyt gi b.

Prajtara Tn ngi. Phin m: Bt-nh-a-la.
prakti Hn: tnh, t tnh; bn lai, t
nhin.
Pramudit Giai on th nht trong mi giai on tu
chng ca B-tt. Hn: () Hoan h (a).
prayma Qun hi th, mt trong tm yu t ca Dugi. Hn: s tc.
prpti S th c. Hn: c, s c.
pratideanya Hn: ba-la--x-ni, hi
qu php.
pratisakhy-nirodha Hn: trch dit.
pratisandhi Giai on u tin ca s sng, giai on kt
thai. Hn: kt, kt sinh.
prattyasamutpda Hn: duyn sinh, duyn
khi, duyn khi php, chng nhn
duyn sinh php.
pratyhra Ch ng cm xc, mt trong tm yu t ca
Du-gi. Hn: ch cm.
pratyaka-prma Hn: hin lng, chng
lng.
pratyvekaajna Tr tu qun st tn tng. Hn:
Diu qun st tr.
pratyaya Nguyn nhn, duyn. Hn nhn, duyn,
nhn duyn, ng duyn, duyn khi.
Pratyekabuddha Hn: Bch-chi-pht, c
gic Pht, Duyn gic Pht.
Pratyekabudddha-yna Hn: c gic tha, Duyn
gic tha, c gic tha.
xviii
T VNG THUT NG
pudgala-nyat Hn: nhn khng, ng khng.

puarika Sen trng. Hn: phn--l; bch
lin hoa.
Rjagha Tn thnh. Hn: La-duyt-k;
Vng-x (thnh).
rajas Hn: trn, vi trn.
ratna Hn: bo, trn bo, nh bo.
Ratnamat Tn ngi. Hn: Bo Hu.
rpa Hnh dng, tng mo; vt cht. Hn: sc,
sc tng; hnh tng.
rpadhtu Hn: sc gii.
sabhga-hetu Hn: ng loi nhn.
saccidnadam Nguyn l ca nguyn nhn ti s: t hu,
bin tri v chn lc. Hn: hu t h.
a-yatana Su quan nng ni gii. Hn: lc nhp,
lc x.
Saddharma-Puarka Tn kinh. Hn Php hoa
kinh.
Sdhumati Giai on th chn trong mi giai on tu
chng ca B-tt. Hn: () Thin hu (a).
sagaramdra samdhi Hn: hi n tam mui
nh.
sahabh-hetu Hn: cu hu nhn, cng
sinh nhn.
sah-lokadhtu Hn: sa-b th gii.
sktkri bhga, svasavedana Hn: t chng
phn.
samdhi Hn: tam-ma-a, tam-mui;
nh.
xix
samanantrapratyaya Hn: ng v gin duyn,

th duyn.
Samantabhadra Danh hiu B-tt. Hn: Ph Hin.
samatjna Tr tu bnh ng. :Hn bnh ng
tnh tr.
amathavipayana Php thin ch qun. Hn:
Xa-ma-tha-t-bt-x-na, ch qun.
samaya-maala Hn: tam-ma-da-mn-
(tr)-la.
sabahul aik dharm Cc gii cm nh. Hn:
chng hc.
Sambhogakya Thn th dng ch th hin cho B-tt. Hn:
bo thn; th dng thn.
sakhy Hn: s, ton s, ch s, s
mc.
samprayukta-hetu Hn: tng ng nhn.
samsra Hn: sinh t, sinh t lu chuyn,
lun hi.
saskra Hn: hnh.
saskta Hn: tc, hnh, hu vi, s tc,
tng t.
saskrita dharma Hn: hu vi php.
savarta-kalpa Thi tn th. Hn: hoi kip.
samvti-satya Chn l ca th gian, chn l togn i, theo
quy c. Hn: tc , th tc .
Samyak-sambuddha Hn: Tam-ma-tam-pht,
tam-miu-tam-pht-, chnh ng
gic.
xx
T VNG THUT NG
Samyukta-abhidharma-hridaya Tn mt thch lun. Hn:

Tp A-t-m tm lun.
Samyukta-gama, (P. Samyutta-Nikya) Hn: Tp
A-hm; Tng ng A-cp-ma.
sagha Hn: tng gi, chng.
saghvaea Hn: ; tng s tn,
tng tn.
sapta rya-dharma By s c ca Thnh gi. Hn:
tht Thnh php.
Saramati Tn ngi. Hn: Kin Hu.
sarva Hn: nht thit.
sarva nyat Hn: () nht thit (php) khng.
sarva-asti-vda Thuyt ch trng vn php u hin hu,
a nguyn thc ti lun. Hn: nht thit php
hu.
sarva-dharma-antman, sarvadharma-antmat Vn hu
u khng c t ng. Hn: nht thit ch
php v ng.
sarva-dharma-anitya Vn hu khng thng tn. Hn:
nht thit php v thng.
sarva-dharma-nairtmya Vn hu u khng c t ng.
Hn: nht thit php v ng.
sarva-dharma-sdhraa Tc dng cng ng ca vn
hu. Hn: ch php cng hu.
sarva-dharma-nyat Tnh khng ca vn php. Hn:
nht thit php khng.
sarva-dharma-svalakaat Tht tng ca cc php. Hn:
ch php tht tng.
xxi
sarva-dukha Nguyn l th ba ca Pht gio, vn hu u

th kh. Hn: nht thit kh.
sarva-sasksra Cc php hu vi. Hn: ch hnh,
nht thit hu vi hnh tng.
sarva-saskra-anitya, sarva-saskra-anityat Vn hu
chu v thng chi phi. Hn: nht thit hnh
v thng.
Sarvstivda Hn: Thuyt nht thit hu b.
sarva-nyat Ch trng vn hu u khng. Hn:
nht thit giai khng.
Sarvanyvda Hn: nht thit khng tng.
sarvatraga-hetu Nguyn nhn ph bin. Hn: bin
hnh nhn.
atastra Tn mt tc phm thuc Trung qun tng. Hn:
Bch lun.
Sautrntika Tn mt tng phi Pht gio. Hn:
Kinh lng b.
Siknanda Tn ngi. Phin m: Tht-xoa-nan.
la-pramit Gii c vin mn. Hn: gii bala-mt.
spara Quan nng xc chm. Hn: xc.
rvaka-yna Hn: Thanh vn tha.
rml Tn ngi. Hn: Thi-l-ma-la,
Thng Man Phu Nhn.
rmitra Tn ngi. Hn: Thi-l-mt-a, Ct
Hu.
ruti Hn: Khi th lc.
Sthiramati Tn ngi. Hn: An Hu.
xxii
T VNG THUT NG
Subhakarasiha Tn ngi. Hn: Thin V y.

Suddhodana Tn vua. Hn: Tnh Phn Vng.
Sudhana Tn ngi. Hn: Thin Ti.
sudurjaya Giai on th nm trong mi giai on tu
chng ca B-tt. Hn: Nan thng a.
Sukhavati Hn: Tnh .
Sukhvatvyha Tn kinh. Hn: V lng th
kinh, A-di- kinh.
Sumeru Tn ni. Hn: Tu-di.
nyat Hn: khng tnh.
nyavda Hn Tnh khng lun.
Sryaprabhsa Tn ngi. Hn: Nht Chiu.
stra Kinh in. Hn: tu-a-la, kh kinh.
strnta Hn: Kinh b.
Suvaraprabhsa Tn kinh. Hn: Kim quang
minh kinh.
svabhva Bn tnh ca vn php. Hn: t tnh,
bn tnh.
svabhva-alakaa T tnh khng tn ti. Hn:
tnh v tng.
svabhva-nyat Ci khng ca t tnh. Hn: t
tnh khng.
svalakaa c tnh, yu tnh ring bit. Hn t
tng.
svalakaa-abhava Hn: t tng khng.
tathgata Hn: Nh lai.
tathgata-garbha Hn: Nh lai tng.
Tathat, tathtva Tht tnh, chn nh. Hn: nh tnh,
nh th tnh, chn nh.
xxiii
tattva Tht th, chn thc. Hn: chn, tht, chn

tnh.
Tattva-sagraha Tn lun. Hn: Nhip chn tht.
Theravda (Pli) Hn: Thng ta b.
trikya Ba thn ca Pht. Hn: Tam thn.
Triik Tn sch. Hn Tam thp tng.
Tripitaka Tam tng kinh in. Hn: tam tng.
tri-ratna Hn: tam bo.
triika, tissra ik Ba mn hc ca Pht gio. Hn
tam hc.
t S ham mun, s kht khao. Hn: kht, i,
kht i.
Udraka Ramaputra Tn ngi. Hn: Ut-ulam-pht, Cc H.
updna Hn: th, th trc, nhip th.
upadhi C s chp th tn ti. Hn: u-b-,
y; sinh y, un; t; tham dc; phin
no.
updhyya Hn: ha thng, -ba--da,
than gio s.
Upaklea Hn: ty phin no, tiu phin
no, thng phin no.
upaklea-bhmika Hn: tiu phin no a
php.
Upaniad Tn sch. Hn: u-ba-ni-sa-,
o ngha th.
upya Hn: phng k, xo tin, phng
tin, quyn phng tin, nhn duyn
phng tin.
xxiv
T VNG THUT NG
utpatti-nisvabhva Hn: sinh v tnh.

Vaibhika Tn mt tng phi Pht gio. Hn:
T-b-sa-s, Phn thuyt gi.
vaipulya S trin khai, s qung bc. Hn: phng
qung, phng ng, phng qung gio,
diu phng tin.
Vaisali Tn thnh. Hn: T-x-ly, T-da-ly,
Qung nghim thnh.
vajra Hn: kim cng, kim cng x.
Vajrabodhi Tn ngi. Hn: Kim Cng Tr.
Vajracchedika Tn kinh. Hn Kim cang bt
nh, Nng on kim cang.
vajradhtu Hn: Kim cang gii.
Vajrapni Danh hiu B-tt. Hn: Kim Cang Th.
Vajra-ekhara Tn kinh. Hn Kim cang nh.
Vajra-ekhara-yoga Tn kinh. Hn: Kim
cang nh du-gi.
vajrayna Hn: Kim cang tha.
vk Ting, li. Hn: ng, ngn ng.
Vasubandhu Tn ngi. Hn Th Thn, Thin
Thn.
Vasumitra Tn ngi. Hn: Th Hu.
Vtsiputriya Tn mt tng phi Pht gio. Hn:
c t b.
vedan Cm th, cm gic. Hn: th.
vibhajya-vdin Ngi l lun, ngi phn bit. Hn:
phn bit gi.
Vibhs-stra Tn sch. Hn T-b-sa lun.
xxv
vidhi Hnh thc nghi l ca Mt gio. Hn: nghi thc,

nghi qu.
vijna Tm thc, s nhn thc. Hn: thc .
vijnntyyatanam Hn: thc v bin x.
vijnavda Hn: Duy thc lun.
vijapti S biu th, s thong tri. Hn: liu bit,
thc, biu.
vijnaptimtra Hn duy thc.
Vijaptimtrat Tn mt tng phi Pht gio. Hn:
Duy thc tng.
Vijaptimtratsiddhi Tn sch. Hn Thnh duy
thc lun.
Vijaptimtrattriik Tn sch. Hn: Duy
thc tam thp tng.
Vijaptimtravda Hn: Duy thc tng.
Vimal V cu, ly cu, khng cu nhim; giai on th hai
trong mi giai on tu chng ca B-tt. Hn: ()
Ly cu (a).
Vimalakrti Tn ngi. Hn: Duy-ma-ct.
vinaya Hn: t-ni, t-ni-da, lut.
vipka S chin mui, kt qu chin mui. Hn: d thc,
bo.
vipka-hetu Nhn gy hu qu trong mt i sng khc.
Hn: d thc nhn.
vipka-phala Hn: d thc qu, qu bo.
vrya Ngh lc. Hn: tinh tin, dng kin.
viaya i tng, hot trng ca nhn thc. Hn: cnh,
cnh gii.
xxvi
T VNG THUT NG
Viiacarita Bodhisattva Danh hiu ca B-tt. Hn:

Thng Hnh B-tt.
Visuddhi Magga (Pli) Tn sch. Hn Thanh
tnh o lun.
vivarta-kalpa Thi k th gii thnh lp. Hn: thnh
kip.
yama Mt trong tm yu t ca Du-gi. Hn: ch gii.
yna C xe. Hn tha.
yoga Mt php tu tp. Hn: du-gi, tng ng.
yogacra Hc phi Du-gi. Hn: Du-gi hnh
(tng).
Yogcra-bhmi Tn sch. Hn: Du-gi s
a lun.
xxvii
SCH DN
A-ka-i (ngi), 70
A-li-da duyn khi, 50, 52,
55, 148, 175
A-li-da thc, 50, 126, 128,
129, 137, 138, 140, 142,
143, 146, 152, 170
n kh, 226
n mt hin liu cu thnh
mn, 186
Anh ng v y tm (thin
tha), 218
o-ngha th, 94
A-ri-en (ngi), 25, 33, 34,
235
A-tu-la, 213
A-t t-ma Cu-x, 90
Ba nghn cnh vc, 214
Bch gii Thin nh, 213
Bch phi, 157
Bch-sa-nga (tn thnh), 90
Ba-dt-, 280, 343
Ba-la--x-ni, 280
Ba-la-di, 280
Ba-la-mt, 27, 127, 227, 347
Bn c tam thin, 214
Bn a, 274
Bn mt cu cnh, 213
Bn mn, 274, 276
Bn mn bn ha, 274
Bn thn gio php, 292
Bn thn l th, 292
Bn th thng tr, 65, 299,
300
Bn tn tam-ma-a, 226
Bn tr, 65
Bn v nguyn thy, 274
Bnh xe Sinh ha, 41, 42, 45,
46, 47, 48
Bo thn, 128, 258
Bt bt, 156, 161, 163
Bt bt trung o, 163, 156
Bt n Khng, 119
Bt d, 161
Bt dit, 160, 164, 227, 251
Bt nh (gii bn), 103, 205,
280
Bt nh php, 103
Bt on, 160, 161
Bt ng a, 193
Bt kh c khng, 156
Bt lai, bt kh, 297
Bt nghip nhn chng tm
(c gic tha), 218
Bt nh ba-la-mt, 200
Bt nht, bt d, 297
Bt sinh, 160, 164
Bt sinh, bt dit, 297
Bt th Bt thi, 272
Bt thng, bt on, 297
By B phn, 37
By Thnh Gic Chi, 34
B mt trang nghim tm (Kim
cang tha), 219
Bi v lng, 236
Bin a, 259
Bin hnh nhn, 105
Bin k s chp, 127, 142, 343
Bin k s chp tnh, 144
Sch dn
Bin k s chp tng, 135
Bin tri, 299
Bit gio, 206
Bit nghip, 48, 91
Bit tng, 188
Bnh ng tnh tr, 146
B-tt gii, 212
B-tt tng, 164
Bn i, 101
Bn Thnh , 33
Bn Thnh Qu, 33
B-tt, 69, 279
B-tt Hnh C, 169
B-tt tha, 204
B-tt Thng Hnh, 272
B-tt Vn-th, 168
Cn bn php lun, 164
Cn nhn, 104, 105, 106
Cnh gii ca l tc, 176
Cnh gii v danh v tng,
158
Ca-thp di-la (tn t), 90
Cu hu nhn, 104
Chn , 88, 120, 293, 343
Chn hu, 146
Chn hu tnh, 144
Chn khng, 146
Chn lc, 299
Chn l nh , 158
Chn ngn -la-ni, 226
Chn nh duyn khi, 52, 54,
55, 178
Chn Tnh, 145
Chn tng v tng, 247
Chn vng ha hp thc, 128
Chnh nh, 21, 35
Chnh kin, 35
Chnh l, 21
Chnh mng, 35
Chnh nghip, 35
Chnh ng, 35
Chnh nim, 35
Chnh Php, 75
Chnh php lut, 289
Chnh Php nhn tng, 240
Chnh tinh tn, 35
Chnh t duy, 35
Ch cm, 236
Ch gii, 236
Chi mt php lun, 164
Ch qun, 176, 237, 246, 345
Ch tr gii, 279
Chit php khng, 119
Chnh bo, 49
Chnh ng Chnh gic, 77
Ch php tht tng, 211, 347
Ch php tng tc t ti mn,
185
Chng ng phn, 103
Chng hc (gii bn), 280
Chng sinh gii, 214
Chng t, 51, 52, 138, 139,
142, 143, 175, 286
Chng t bn hu, 140
Chng t tn hun, 140
Chng t tng, 128
Chng t thc, 127
Chui duyn sinh, 40
Chuyn lun vng, 298, 337
Chuyn php lun, 299
Chng t chng phn, 135,
136
Cng nghip, 48, 68
Cc lc quc , 255, 263
Cc trng nghip, 49
Cc vi, 94
Cc v t tnh tm, 219
Danh-Sc, 43
xxix

Dn nghip, 48
D hnh o, 249, 257
D sinh k dng tm, 218
D thc nhn, 105, 350
D tng, 188, 189
Dic hu dic v, 151
Dim hu a, 193
Dit , 117, 342
Dit tn nh, 103, 111, 342
Dit trnh, 280
Diu hu, 146
Diu php lut, 289
Diu qun st tr, 146, 344
Dng chnh, 158
Dung thng nim Pht, 24,
254, 261, 262
Duy tm duyn khi, 192
Duy tm hi chuyn thin
thnh mn, 188
Duy thc duyn khi, 148
Duy thc s hin, 145
Duy un v ng tm (Thanh
vn tha), 218
Duyn hi, 165
c, 103
c d tnh, 189
c tng, 103, 123, 124, 190
i bt thin a php, 102
i-Bt-nit-bn, 74, 77, 78,
178, 197
i chng, 108, 117, 118
i a php, 102
i hi Vng x, 69
i mn la, 229
i ng, 26, 290, 300, 340, 341
i Nht Nh lai, 262
i phin no a php, 102
i thin a php, 102
i T-l-gi-na, 222, 226
xxx
i Vin cnh tr, 146

n khng, 165
ng v gin duyn, 105, 107
o chng tr, 199, 200
nht ngha , 133, 296
nht ngha khng, 165
a ngc, 213
nh n, 227, 228
c nh cnh, 137, 138
c gic tha, 140, 164, 192,
204, 207, 274, 344
c gic Pht, 212
i cht cnh, 137, 138
i thin chnh, 162
i thin trung, 162
n tc, 164
ng loi nhn, 104
ng lc, 43, 346
ng mt, 219, 223
ng nht tnh, 62
ng thi c tc tng ng
mn, 185
ng tng, 188
Gi bt sinh gi bt dit, 164
Gi , 209
Gia hnh v, 238
Gi hu tnh, 144
Gia tr lc, 226, 333
Gic tm bt sinh tm, 219
Gii ba-la-mt, 193
Gii c vin mn, 193
Gii hnh, 281
Gii php, 281
Gii th, 281, 284
Gii tng, 281
Hi n Tam mui, 180
H, 37, 349
H v lng, 236
Sch dn
Hin ti thc hu, qu v v
th, 119
Hin tin a, 193
Hnh thnh Sinh th, 45
Ho thn, 80, 121
Hoa th (ngn ng), 70, 343
Hoc, 50, 52, 211
Hoi tng, 188, 189
Hoan h a, 192
H khng, 103
H khng gii, 214
H v tng, 244
Hun tp, 138, 139, 140, 141
Hng tm bn c, 284
Hu b, 113
Hu d y Nit bn, 79
Hu khng phi hu khng, 163
Kt sinh thc, 43
Khai cn hin vin, 275
Khai tam hin nht, 274
Khi th lc, 70, 347
Khinh an, 37
Kh, 22, 50, 52, 97
Kh qu, 50
Khng D nim Pht, 256
Khng , 209
Kin o, 21
Kin o v, 238
Kin phn, 135, 136
Kin--la (tn t), 84, 90
Kit ma mn- la, 229
Kim cang gii, 223, 227, 228,
230
Kim Cang Th, 226
Kim cang tha, 217, 219
Kim Khu, 256
Lin hoa cnh gii, 246
Lin hoa tng, 56, 68, 192
Lun hi, 41, 47, 48, 107, 119,

346
Lun vin, 57, 341
Lun vin c tc, 192
lut m-v-c, 283
Lut nghi, 82
Lc i v ngi, 227
Lc , 28
Lc nhp, 43
Lc thp Hoa nghim, 167,
172
Lc Tng, 172
Lc vin mn, 193
Lng b bt nh, 263
Ly cu a, 193
L c tam thin, 214
l php gii, 56, 67, 183
L php gii, 183
L php thn, 227
L s v ngi php gii, 56,
67, 183
L tc duyn khi, 175
L th, 75, 128, 276
L thc v bit php, 133
L vin dung, 174, 181
L v c, 163, 166
Mn nghip, 48
Mng cn, 103
Mt-na thc, 51, 137, 143
Mt ch, 225
Mt tha, 217, 341
Mi hai Nhn duyn, 49, 176
Mi hai x (6 cn v 6 cnh),
181
Mi huyn mn, 184, 190
Mi tm gii (6 cn, 6 cnh
v 6 thc), 181
Nm un (sc,th, tng, hnh
thc), 181
xxxi

Nan hnh o, 249, 257
Nan thng a, 193, 348
Nng gic, 216, 273
Nng tc nhn, 104, 106
Ng qu, 213
nghi qu, 225, 226, 339, 350
nghi qu n trng, 230
Nghi qu qun nh, 230
Nghi thnh, 259
Nghi thc qun nh, 288
Nghip bo, 77
Nghip cm, 47, 48, 177
Nghip cm duyn khi, 7, 41,
54, 148, 175
Nghip qu, 50
Nghip thc, 52
Nghip x, 238, 239, 339
Ngoi trng, 185
Ngn vong l tuyt, 151
Ng B Tm Qun, 230
Ng i sn, 168, 169, 241
Ng nh, 168
Ngu ng tr trai tm (nhn
tha), 218
Ng nghip, 101
Ng tnh cc bit, 140
Ng tr Nh lai, 262
Ng trng tng truyn, 288
Ng un, 214
Nguyn l Cn nhn, 39
Nguyn l Duyn khi, 39
Nguyn l Nh thc, 39
Nguyn l Php gii Duyn
khi, 67
Nguyn l Tt nh v Bt
nh, 39
Nguyn l Tng i, 39
Nguyn l vin dung, 39, 67,
68
xxxii
Nguyn nhn cht th, 107

Nguyn nhn cu cnh, 107
Nguyn nhn nht, 39
Nguyn nhn hnh th, 107
Nguyn nhn hu hiu, 107
Nguyn nhn Ti s, 59, 297,
299
Nguyn tc Hin chnh, 298
Nguyn l Thm nh Tc ,
296
Nguyn vin mn, 193
Nhn duyn, 50, 105, 106
Nhn gii, 213
Nhn khng, 116, 142, 177,
345
Nhn nhc, 28
nhn nhc vin mn, 193, 340
Nhn thc, 51, 129
Nhn--la vng cnh gii
mn, 187
Nht chn Php gii, 56, 66,
192
Nht a tng dung bt ng
mn, 185
Nht o v vi tm, 219
Nht , 208, 338
Nht gi nht thit gi, 209
Nht khng nht thit khng,
209
Nht nim tam thin, 214, 275
Nht sc nht hng v phi
trung o, 215
Nht tm tam qun, 275
Nht thit chng tr, 199, 200
Nht thit hnh v thng,
207, 299, 347
Nht thit kh, 299
Nht thit Khng, 113, 120
Nht thit php khng, 347
Sch dn
Nht thit php v ng, 207,
291, 299
Nht thit tr, 53, 199, 200
Nht thit tc nht, 206
Nht tha, 20, 23, 55, 141,
179, 180, 184, 219, 274
Nht trung nht thit trung,
209
Nht tc nht thit, 206
Nh , 157, 158, 159, 163,
193, 209
Nh hip minh trung o,
164
Nh ngha, 154
Nh trung o, 163
Nh thc, 51, 129
Nhip mt qui bn php lun,
164
Nh lai tng, 52, 54, 55, 66,
170, 175, 176, 292, 348
Nh lai tng duyn khi, 178
Nh lai thin, 237, 238
Nh nh, 210
Nh thc, 54, 64, 66, 77, 78
Nh thc tri kin, 28
Nht-xin-, 140
Nim, 37, 85
Nit bn tch tnh, 207, 342
Nit bn V tr x, 79
Nit-bn hu d y, 77
Nit-bn kinh, 154, 178
Nit-bn thng tr, 198
Nit-bn tnh lc, 299
Ni-tt-k, 280
Ni ch, 236
Ni hm, 185
Ph t hin chnh, 156
Phm thin, 26, 59, 290
Phn bit chn tc , 156
Phn bit gi, 298, 350

Phn bit t c, 297
Php gii, 36, 55, 66, 68, 74,
76, 77, 78, 168, 174, 176,
183, 292
Php gii duyn khi, 55, 57,
174, 175, 176
Php gii th tnh, 263
Php hoa kinh hnh ta, 276
Php hu, 99, 101, 103, 104,
117, 177, 291, 346, 347
Php hu Ng v, 97
Php hu vi, 99
Php khng, 103, 116, 120,
127, 142, 177, 192, 217,
338
Php mn la, 229
Php mn v mn, 247
Php st-na sinh dit, 94
Php thn, 67, 69, 74, 75, 128,
197, 198, 215, 225, 228,
247, 258, 273, 275, 276,
292
Php th ca Vn php, 174
Php th hng hu, 97, 181
Php tnh, 74, 292
Php ti thng, 82
Php t chng, 203
Php t tnh, 165, 338
Php vn a, 194
Php v vi, 99, 103, 119
Pht i Nht, 167, 226, 227,
341
Pht a, 35
Pht gii, 212, 213
Pht l, 279
Pht quang a, 193
Pht tha, 164, 207, 336
Pht t tnh, 67, 336
xxxiii

Phi c, 103
Phi hu phi khng, 146, 163
Phi hu phi v, 151
Phi phi bt hu phi phi bt
khng, 163
Phi phi hu phi phi khng, 163
Phi trch dit, 104
Phi tng phi phi tng x
nh, 237
Qun duyn khi, 239
Qun hnh, 123, 193
Qun ha mn, 276
Qun php nh php, 239
Qun sai bit gii, 239
Qun tm nh tm, 239
Qun thn nh thn, 239
Qun th gian bt tnh, 238
Qun th nh th, 239
Qun t bi, 239
Qung hip t ti v ngi
ngn, 185
Rng Ni (vn minh), 26
Sc gii thin, 237
Sc gii thin, 236
Sc php, 101
Sai bit tnh, 189
St-na bin dit, 22
St-na tm, 214
Sinh v tnh, 145, 349
Sinh-t, 77
S duyn duyn, 106, 107
S gic, 216, 273
S tc, 236
S php gii, 56, 67, 183
S s v ngi php gii, 56,
67, 183, 184
S tng ca tt c s tng,
176
Sc sinh, 213
xxxiv
Ta-b th gii, 289

Tam , 209
Tam ma da mn la, 229
Tam mui gii n, 284
Tam php n, 207
Tam quyn nht tht, 181
Tam th thc hu, 97, 181
Tam thc Nht quyn, 141
Tam tr nht tm trung c,
201
Tm bt tng ng hnh, 103,
135, 337
Tm bt tng ng hnh php,
135
Tm php, 99, 101
Tm s php, 99, 102
Tm tim thc, 43
Tng thc, 50, 51, 52, 55, 127
Tn thin chnh, 162
Tn thin trung, 162
Tng tn, 280
Tng thng duyn, 106, 107
Tng thng gii, 127, 238
tng thng tm, 238, 332
Tng thng tu, 238
Tng-gi-b-thi-sa, 280
Tha duyn i tha tm, 219
Tha th dng thn, 216
Thc s hin php sinh gii
mn, 187
Thai mt, 219, 223
Thai tng gii, 223, 227, 228,
230, 338
Thn ng, 235, 237
Thn nghip, 101
Thn thc, 51, 129
Thng ngha khng, 165
Thng ngha v tnh, 145
Thng php, 81, 98, 332
Sch dn
Thnh Chng, 32
Thnh o tm chi, 33, 35, 36,
37
Thnh nht ngha, 241
Thnh gi trung, 162
Thnh gio lng, 295
Thnh Lut, 33
Thnh nhn, 33, 335
Thnh Php, 33
Thnh s tc tr, 146
Thnh tr v tr, 247
Thnh tng, 188, 189
Thanh vn gii, 212
Thanh vn tng, 164
Thp a B-tt, 192
Thp huyn duyn khi, 192
Thp Huyn mn, 172
Thp th cch php d thnh
mn, 187
Thp tr tm, 218
Tht tng n, 208
Th chnh, 158
Th gian tng thng tr, 211
Th gii hin lng, 294
Th gii t lng, 294
Thin gii, 213
Thin hu a, 193
Thin khng, 119, 143, 165,
206
Thin mnh, 57, 59
thit thc, 51, 129
Th dng thn, 128, 216
Thi Bt-nh, 204, 207
Thi n ha, 204
Thi o thi, 204
Thi D dn, 203
Thi Hoa nghim, 206
Thi Hi nht thit php, 204
Thi Lc uyn, 206
Thi Php hoa, 204

Thi Phng ng, 203, 206
Th, 45, 50, 155, 173, 349
Thun hu nghip, 49
Thun hin nghip, 49
Thun sinh nghip, 49
Thc Tng, 145
Thng hu ng, 59
Thy tch, 274
T lng, 94, 334
T thc, 51, 129
T-b-sa s, 85
Tch mn, 274, 275
Tch mn tch ha, 274
Tin ng thc, 129, 137, 146
Tiu Ng, 26
Tiu phin no a php, 102,
111
Tiu tha Thanh vn, 192
Tnh cnh, 137
Tnh c, 214, 263
Tnh c tam thin, 214
Tnh Khng, 62, 67, 117, 292
Tnh l, 236
Tinh tn, 37
Tinh tn vin mn, 28, 29, 35,
193, 334
Tnh thc, 127
Tnh v tng, 178
Ta php, 236
Tng tr, 236
Tng tng, 188
Trch dit, 103
Trch php, 37
Tr n, 227
Tr php thn, 227
Trc gic lun ni quan, 21
Trc gic qun chiu, 22
xxxv

Trung o, 29, 66, 145, 149,
162, 199, 210, 295
Trung , 209
Trung ng i Nht Nh lai,
263
Tu tp v, 238
T chng phn, 135, 136
T c, 120, 121, 151, 157
T hu, 299
T tc T th, 300
T tm s, 286
T th i s, 286
T th dng thn, 216
T tnh, 235
T Tnh Thn, 80
T t, 279
T v lng, 236
Tc thn thnh Pht, 276
Tng nhn mn, 275
Tng phn, 135, 136
Tng ng nhn, 105
Tng ng tu, 236
Tng v tnh, 145, 182
Ty Loi Ha Thn, 80
Tuyt i chnh, 162
Tuyt i trung, 162
ng ha thn, 215, 216
Vn thy, 247
Vt t thn, 290
V , 70, 217, 339
Vi t tng dung an lp mn,
186
Vi trn, 94
Vi t, 94
Vin c tam thin, 214
Vin n, 23, 283, 284
Vin dung tam , 209, 215
Vin hnh a, 193
vin ly thc ti t hu, 165
xxxvi
Vin ly t tnh, 165

Vin mn tr, 82
Vin thnh tht, 127, 128, 142,
145, 343
Vin thnh tht tnh, 144
V D y Nit bn, 78
V biu nghip, 101, 281, 335
V biu sc, 99, 101, 109, 286,
336
V cu, 20, 129, 142
V hc o, 21, 192
V h lun, 151, 342
V Lng Quang (Pht), 251,
257, 258, 263, 333
V lng Thin, 236
V Lng Th (Pht), 154,
250, 251, 258, 263, 334
V ng, 22, 32, 61, 97, 294
V phn bit tr, 127, 128
V sc, 35
V sc gii thin, 237
V sc gii thin, 236
V s c khng, 156, 334
V thng, 22, 97
V t php, 81
V tr Nit bn, 128
V t tnh, 165, 335
V t tng, 165
V tng, 80, 142, 144, 208,
333, 340
Vng hu tnh, 144
X, 37
X v lng, 236
Xut th, 35
Xut th gian, 296, 340
Xc gic, 49
Y bo, 49
Y tha khi, 127, 128, 142, 343
Y tha khi tnh, 144
Sch dn
Y tha khi tng, 135
ch Sinh tn, 43
lc, 50, 52, 77
nghip, 50, 60, 101, 148,
335
yt-ma a-x-l, 286
xxxvii

Chu trch nhim xut bn: Quang Thng
Bin tp ni dung: Nguyn Hoe
Sa bn in: Phng Hin
Trnh by v ba: Hnh Vin
In ln th nht 1000 cun, kh 14 x 20.5 cm
Ti x nghip in Fahasa.
774 Trng Chinh, Tn Bnh, TP. H Ch Minh
S ng k k hoch xut bn:
Cc xut bn k ngy
In xong v np lu chiu thng 10 nm 2007.

Tinh Hoa Triet Hoc Phat Giao

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Tinh hoa Trit hc Pht gio

TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO

c Vin ny mi lm Gio s bit thnh, ging kha

TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO

Bc-gi-Phn-ca, bn dch ting Nht

TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO

TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO

v ng Mt hay ch ngha huyn b ca ng t (N.

Annam trong nguyn bn. DG

c u c tn tr ti Nht bn, trong khi mt s b tht

Taish Shinsh Daiky i Chnh tn tu i tng

TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO

cc nim Pht gio trong quyn Lun l hc Pht gio4

Trong bng ny, Gio s Schertbatsky c nu r cc tng

Th. Stcherbatsky: Buddhist Logic, 2 tp (Bibliotheo Buddhica Vol.

TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO

Theo biu ca ti, Ngrjuna (Long Th), trit gia sm

sch cc tng phi ny c thit lp v kin ton trn t

A. Sng lp [trc Ty &

B. Hon thin [trong thi

Tam lun tng

Nhng tng c in m c truyn vo Nht bn.

TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO

Nhip lun tng

[Pundarika, Php hoa]

Trong nhng tng phi ny, c mi tng (2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 10,

TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO

v mt b c mt hc gi Trung hoa chn lm ch

Tc gi mun ni n b Thng man ngha s c Minh Khng

cho r rng, ti s sp cc tng phi theo hai tiu : cc

Qu trnh tu chng: 1. Kin o (darana-mrga), giai on trc

TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO

th ni, nu sp Thc ti lun vo trong h Duy l lun ph

Introspective Intuitionism, ch ngha trc gic ni quan, dch ca

3. Duy tm lun (Idealism, Duy thc tng:

TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO

d) Tng Hunh B (baku),do n Nguyn

TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO

Ni mt cch vn tt, B-la-mn gio (Brahmanism), tn

CHNG II. BI CNH N

B-la-mn gio, nn trit hc n , v Pht gio, c hai

Antman, v ng, ph nhn t ng nh l bn th hay thc th thng

TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO

b khinh tm. c Pht dy rng c hai cc oan hng lc

CHNG II. BI CNH N

hai, khoi lc v au kh u phi c chng ta d dt v

TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO

CHNG II. BI CNH N

Nu mi vt u hin hu ty thuc vo trng nhn duyn

TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO

dit), theo nguyn tc v thng v v ng. Nit Bn c

CHNG II. BI CNH N

danh t A-ri-en (rya) 2 c ngha l cao qu v chng ta

TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO

vo mi im quan trng trong gio php ca c Pht.

CHNG II. BI CNH N

ngi cn ang tu tp hay nhng ngi t c thnh

Ch hng Thnh gi hu hc v Thnh gi V hc (A-la-hn). TS

TINH HOA TRIT HC PHT GIO

Phi tng phi phi tng x thin

Thc v bin x thin (Vijnntyyatanam)

Khng v bin x thin (ksnantyyatanam)

Tam thin thin

Thnh o tm chi khng phi l t hp ca nhng con