26/12/2013

Cch vit mt bi bo khoa hc (phn 2 - dn nhp)

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CCH VIT MT BI BO KHOA HC (PHN 2 - DN NHP)

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Cch vit mt bi bo khoa hc (phn 2 - dn nhp)

THURSDAY, 31 OCTOBER 2013 09:30 DUCSUTRAN

y l lot b i hng dn vit mt b i b o khoa hc (C b n nht) c copy t trang web ca gio s Nguyn Vn
Tun. BTC Gii thng Khoa hc Eurka xin gii thiu cc b n tham kho. Xin gi li xin php ti gio s Nguyn
Vn Tun, chc GS mnh kho v cng tc tt.
Lot b i hng dn ny gm c 5 phn, cc b n ang xem phn 2.
Xem phn 1 ti y
Tun qua ti bn v cch t ta bi bo v cc vit mt abstract; tun ny, ti s ch cch vit phn dn nhp
(introduction hay background). Phn dn nhp l phn tng i quan trng, v n ni ln kin thc ca tc gi n u
trong chuyn ngnh. Ngi kinh nghim ch cn c qua phn dn nhp c th nh gi s qua v kh nng ca tc
gi n u, c cp nht ha kin thc nh th no, v k nng vit lch ra sao (ch nhn qua cch dng thut ng l c
th on c).
Do , tc gi cn phi nhn c hi vit phn dn nhp thuyt phc ngi c v chng minh cho h thy rng mnh
cng bit cu chuyn. Ti s ly vi v d minh ha cho phn ny, v gi khch quan, ti s khng nu tn tc
gi.
Dn nhp (introduction)

N V NG HNH

Trong phn ny, tc gi cn phi tr li cu hi Ti sao lm nghin cu ny? (Why did you do this study?) Phn dn
nhp phi cung cp nhng thng tin sau y: (a) nh ngha vn ; (b) nhng g c lm gii quyt vn ; (c)
tm lc nhng kt qu trc c cng b trong y vn; (d) v mc ch ca nghin cu ny l g.
i vi cc tp san y khoa ln v tng qut (nh New England Journal of Medicine, JAMA, Annals of Internal

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Cch vit mt bi bo khoa hc (phn 2 - dn nhp)

Medicine,v.v) th nh ngha vn rt quan trng, bi v c gi khc ngnh c th nm c vn v bit c tc

gi ng trn gc no. Chng hn nh mt nghin cu v gene v long xng, th on u tin c th nn (a)
nh ngha long xng l g (v nhiu ngi vn cha rnh), (b) tm quan trng ca long xng ra sao (cu ny
nhn mnh y l vn ln, v v ln nn phi cng b trn cc tp san ln!) Chng hn nh, tc gi c th vit
Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and deteriorated bone architecture which ultimately lead to
increased susceptibility of fragility fracture. Cu k tip s ni tm quan trng ca gy xng nh th no, nh tng
nguy c t vong, ti gy xng, gim cht lng cuc sng, v.v Nhng i vi cc tp san chuyn ngnh long xng
v ni tit, th cu nh ngha trn c khi khi hi. Khi hi l v i a s c gi cc tp san u bit long xng
l g, v h s thy kh chu nu tc gi ln lp h v mt nh ngha s ng! Thng thng, nhng tc gi vit cu
nh ngha trong cc tp san chuyn ngnh l nghin cu sinh, ch chuyn gia cp cao hn khng ai vit nh th.
Trong phn dn nhp, tc gi cn phi nu cho c tm quan trng ca vn nghin cu. nu tm quan trng,
tc gi c th trnh by nhng thng tin nh tn s ca bnh (prevalence) trong cng ng, h qu ca bnh n nguy
c t vong, tng nguy c mc cc bnh khc (bin chng), nh hng ca bnh n nn kinh t nc nh, gim cht
lng cuc sng. Chng hn nh cu In postmenopausal women, one in three women will sustain a fragility fracture
during their remaining lifetime l mt cch nu ln qui m ca vn gy xng; nhng nu h qu th c th vit
mt cu khc nh Fragility fracture is associated with increased risk of pre-mature mortality (cu ny nhn mnh premature mortality, tc l cht sm!) nn s gy ch .
Trong phn im qua y vn, tc gi cn phi trnh by nhng thng tin c bn cho ngi c nm c vn ,
ngha v tm quan trng ca vn , v hiu mc tiu ca cng trnh nghin cu. Ch nn trnh by nhng thng tin c
lin quan trc tip n vn , ch khng nn im qua nhng thng tin gin tip.
Phn ln nhng tng trong phn dn nhp xut pht t y vn, tc nhng cng trnh cng b trc y. Khi im
qua y vn, nn gii hn trong nhng nghin cu cng b trong vng 5 nm tr li y, trnh nhng nghin cu
trn 20 nm hay trnh nhng thng tin trong sch gio khoa v c th nhng thng tin nh th khng cn hp thi na.
Tuy trnh by thng tin qu kh, nhng phi l nhng cu ch ca chnh tc gi, ch khng phi trch dn qu nhiu hay
lp li cu ch ca ngi i trc. Tt c nhng thng tin trong phn dn nhp phi n khp vi ti liu tham kho. Tc
gi nn c nhng ti liu tham kho , ch khng nn trch dn theo nhng nhng bi bo trong y vn (secondary
citation).

Hm nay
Hm qua

795
1135

Tun ny

3869

Tun trc
Thng ny
Thng trc
Tt c

7433
28283
36306
554296

KHOAHOCTRE TRN CC MNG X HI

Trung tm Pht trin Khoa
hc v Cng ngh tr
Thch

Cch vit
V mt cu trc, phn dn nhp bao gm mt s on vn khng cn tiu (heading). Tuy nhin, vit tt phn dn

3.292 ngi thch Trung tm Pht trin Khoa hc v

Cng ngh tr.

nhp, kinh nghim ca ti cho thy cn phi ch n mt s im cn bn sau y:

(a) Khng nn vit qu di. Vit qu di rt d lm cho ngi c sao lng vn chnh, v c khi lm mt th gi ngi
c phi c nhng thng tin khng cn thit.
(b ) Khng nn im qua y vn theo kiu vit s. Phn ln nhng ngi c bi bo l ng nghip chng ta, cho nn
h c mt s kin thc c bn. Do , tc gi khng cn phi im qua y vn t thi Hippocrate hay Khng T, cng
khng cn phi ln lp [hay khoe vi] ngi c v nhng khi nim c bn m ngi lm trong ngnh phi bit. Mt
iu quan trng l nhng thng tin trnh by trong phn dn nhp phi c lin quan n vn nghin cu.

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(c) Phn dn nhp phi pht b iu mc ch nghin cu. on vn cui ca phn dn nhp l ni tc gi, sau khi
im qua vn v y vn, pht biu mc ch ca cng trnh nghin cu. C gng duy tr nguyn tc t tng quan n
c th, tc l trong phn pht biu vn th cu vn mang tnh chung chung, nhng phn mc ch th phi c th.
Trong nhiu trng hp, trc phn mc ch, tc gi nn pht biu gi thuyt nghin cu. Chng hn nh We
hypothesize that blah blah blah, ri mt cu k tip This study was designed to test the hypothesis by addressing the
following specific aims: blah blah blah.
(d) V vn phm, phn dn nhp nn vit b ng th qu kh, nht l khi m t nhng kt qu trong qu kh. Tuy nhin,
khi cp n nhng thng tin mang tnh c in m c cng ng chuyn ngnh chp nhn, tc gi c th dng th
hin ti.

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Cch vit mt bi bo khoa hc (phn 2 - dn nhp)

Mt vi v d

Gii thng khoa hc

Eurka

Trong bi bo sau y, tc gi vit phn dn nhp mt cch ngn gn, ch 1 on vn, nhng cung cp y thng tin
cn thit bn c bit vn .
Fragility fracture is a serious public health problem, because it is prevalent in the elderly and is associated with
increased risk of mortality [1]. Measurement of bone mineral density predicts subsequent risk of fractures among the
elderly [2-4]. However, bone mineral density in later decades of life is a dynamic function of peak bone mass achieved

Thch
4.769 ngi thch Gii thng khoa hc Eurka.
Mc Min

during growth and its subsequent age-related rate of loss [5]. It has been estimated that over a lifetime, a typical woman
loses about half of her trabecular bone and one third of her cortical bone [6], although some women experience greater
loss than others.
It is not clear whether the rate of bone loss is an independent risk factor for osteoporotic fractures. We hypothesized that
patients with excessive bone loss are at increased risk of fracture. The present study was designed to test the

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hypothesis by assessing the contribution of bone loss to the risk of osteoporotic fractures in elderly women
Cu u (Fragility fracture is a serious public health problem, because it is prevalent in the elderly and is associated
with increased risk of mortality) tc gi nh ngha vn v c gng thuyt phc rng gy xng l vn nghim trng
v lm tng nguy c t vong.

LIN KT WEBSITE
--- Cc Website lin kt ---

Trong cu th hai (Measurement of bone mineral density predicts subsequent risk of fractures among the elderly) tc
gi cho bit mt xng l mt yu t tin lng gy xng.
Hai cu k tip (However, bone mineral density in later decades of life is a dynamic function of peak bone mass
achieved during growth and its subsequent age-related rate of loss. It has been estimated that over a lifetime, a typical
woman loses about half of her trabecular bone and one third of her cortical bone [4], although some women experience
greater loss than others) tc gi cho bit mt xng thay i thay tui, v ty thuc vo hai thng s: mt xng
ti a trong thi xun th, v t l mt xng sau thi k mn kinh.
Cu k tip tc gi cung cp thng tin c th hn, cho bit mt ph n trung bnh mt khong 50% xng xp v 1/3
xng c, v t l mt xng dao ng ln gia cc ph n. Cu vn th t (It is not clear whether the rate of bone loss
is an independent risk factor for osteoporotic fractures) cho chng ta bit khong trng trong y vn: l cha ai bit t l
mt xng c lin quan g n gy xng hay khng.
Sau khi t vn , tc gi pht biu gi thuyt nghin cu (We hypothesized that patients with excessive bone loss are
at increased risk of fracture), v mc ch nghin cu (The present study was designed to assess the contribution of
bone loss to the risk of osteoporotic fractures in elderly women.)
y l mt dn nhp c th ni l rt logic, v tng ni kt nhau. Cu vn u cho n cu vn cui l mt vng trn
khp kn. C l ci hay ca tc gi l ch tm gn phn dn nhp trong mt on vn duy nht vi 114 t! Vit dn nhp
ngn gn v sc tch nh th i hi kinh nghim chuyn mn tt v cch dng ch mt cch chin lc.
Nhng nu chng ta xem xt phn dn nhp sau y:
It is well recognised that nonsocomial infection is associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality together with a
significant economic cost [1]. Patients in Intensive Care units develops nonsocomial infections more frequently than
other hospitalised patients [2]. This is a result of severity of illness, multiple exposure to invasive procedures and
multiple therapies [3]. Patients in surgical and orthopaedic wards are also at a high risk of developing nonsocomial
infections. These patients are exposed to various invasive procedures (including surgical wounds) which may be similar
to those in ICU. Because of the expected differences in the nature of risk factors, patients' illnesses in the therapeutic
and infection control measures in the above wards, it was necessary to conduct a study to assess the nonsocomial
infection rates.
Cch vit ny khng t, nhng kh c th xem l tt. Cu vn u tin (It is well recognised that nonsocomial infection is
associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality together with a significant economic cost [1]) tc gi cho bit vn
quan trng v lin quan n t vong v tn km. Nhng cu vn sau, tc gi c gng gii thch vn nhim trng
bnh nhn cp cu v bnh nhn qua phu thut chn thng chnh hnh, m h ngh rng c cng nguy c. Tuy nhin,
tc gi khng cho bit vn l g, c ai nghin cu g, v khong trng ca tri thc l g. y th m n cu vn k
tip, tc gi gii thch l do cho nghin cu! (Because of the expected differences in the nature of risk factors, patients'
illnesses in the therapeutic and infection control measures in the above wards, it was necessary to conduct a study to
assess the nonsocomial infection rates). Tht ra, mc ch nghin cu cng cha r rng, v tc gi khng pht biu
gi thuyt lm nn tng cho nghin cu l g. Sau khi c xong phn dn nhp, c l ngi c khng bit ngha v
tm quan trng ca nghin cu ny ra sao. Tht vy, tc gi cha thuyt phc c gi ti sao h thc hin cng trnh
nghin cu! Nn trnh cch vit nh th ny.
on vn di y cng l phn dn nhp ca mt bi bo trn mt tp san ton Vit Nam. Bi bo ny tht ra khng
phi l mt cng trnh nghin cu ton, m l mt bi vit v lch s pht trin b mn ton c tn l complex analysis
(cha bit dch sang ting Vit l g) Vit Nam.
In the development of contemporary mathematics in Vietnam complex analysis occupies a special place. In this note we
give a brief survey of the development of complex analysis in Vietnam. We describe how complex analysis in Vietnam
developed under very special conditions: the anti-French resistance, the struggle for the reunification of the country, the
American war, the economic crisis, and the change toward a market economy.

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Cch vit mt bi bo khoa hc (phn 2 - dn nhp)

ng trn quan im vit bo khoa hc, phn dn nhp ny cha t. Tm b qua nhng sai st v ting Anh v vn
phm ting Anh (kh hin nhin), c th thy rng cc cu vn khng mang tnh ni tip v khc chic. Trong cu vn
u, tc gi khng nu vn l g, m i thng vo v tr c bit ca complex analysis Vit Nam. Nhng cu th hai
th khng thy tac gi ni c bit nh th no; thay vo , tc gi gii thiu ni dung bi vit! n cu th 3 th chng
ta mi bit c bit l g (l pht trin trong bi cnh chin tranh). Ni cch khc, phn dn nhp ny cha t, v cha
ni ln c vn , cha tr li cu hi ti sao phi c bi bo ny. Cch trnh by tng cng cha mch lc. Nn
trnh cch vit ny.
C ngi ngh rng ch cn vit ngn gn, nhng i vi vn chng khoa hc th ti ngh quan im khng ng.
Vit phn dn nhp qu ngn lm cho ngi c cm nhn rng tc gi thiu suy ngh su, thiu tng, hay thiu
thng tin (nn chng bit vit/ni g thm). Vit di qu th c gi li ngh tc gi c l do thiu tng nn c tnh ko
di cu chuyn! Do , cch vit dn nhp tt nht l va , khng qa di v cng khng qu ngn. Theo kinh
nghim ca ti, phn dn nhp ca mt bi bo y khoa ch nn gii hn trong vng 1 trang A4. iu quan trng nht l
sau khi c xong phn dn nhp, ngi c bit c tm quan trng ca nghin cu, v ti sao tc gi lm nghin
cu. c nh th th c th xem nh tc gi t c mt mc tiu ca mnh: l lm cho ngi c phi c
phn k tip (phn Phng php).
(Cn tip)

Thch

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